Engineering Psychology And Human Performance 4th Edition By Christopher D. Wickens – Test Bank

 

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Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

Chapter 5: Spatial Cognition Navigation and Manual Control

Multiple Choice Questions

 

Correct answers are indicated by *

 

1. Which of the following dimensions has the least salient endpoints?
2. up/down

* b. left/right

1. front/back
2. top/bottom

 

2. Left-right, front-back, and up-down refer to:
3. an exocentric reference frame
4. an allocentric reference frame

* c. an egocentric reference frame

1. a world-centered reference frame

 

3. An exocentric reference frame uses _________as dimensions.
4. left-right, front-back, up-down

* b. east-west, north-south, up-down

1. left-right, north-south, up-down
2. none of the above

 

4. FORT stands for

* a. frame of reference transformation

1. frame of relation translation
2. frame of rotation transformation
3. free rotation translation

 

5. Which of the following best describes the cost of mental rotation
6. an increasing cost from 0-180 degrees, a decreasing cost from 180-360 degrees
7. an increasing cost from 0 to 90 degrees, a decreasing cost from 90-180, little cost from 180 to 360 degrees
8. an increasing cost from 0 to 90 degrees, little cost from 90 to 270 degrees, a decreasing cost from 270 to 360 degrees

* d. little cost from 0 to 90 degrees; an increasing cost from 90-180, a decreasing cost from 180 to 270, and little cost from 270 to 360

 

6. In the function describing performance cost as a function of angle of rotation, what happens around 180 degrees?
7. a peak (a small increase in cost) around 180 degrees
8. a very large increase in cost around 180 degrees
9. a gradual rise in cost to a peak at 180, and a drop thereafter

* d. a dip (a small decrease in cost) around 180 degrees

 

7. Which of the following implications does NOT properly reflect the cost of mental rotation (FORT costs)?
8. track up maps are preferred to north up maps

* b. the “you are here” map should never be rotated from north up

1. forward mental rotation is less difficult than rotation “around the side”
2. we have little difficulty using a “you are here” map even if it is mounted vertically

 

8. Line of sight ambiguity means that
9. the location of objects in 3D space is ambiguous when presented on a flat viewing surface
10. position differences along the light of sight are highly compressed
11. the movement of objects in 3D space is ambiguous when presented on a flat viewing surface

* d. all of the above

1. none of the above

 

9. Which of the following display formats is most effective for spatial understanding tasks?
10. 3D immersed (narrow field of view)

* b. 3D exocentric (broad field of view)

1. verbal route list
2. 2D coplanar

 

10. Choose the typical order of stages of navigational knowledge:

* a. landmark, route, survey

1. survey, route, landmark
2. route, landmark, survey
3. route, survey, landmark

 

11. Which of the following best summarizes the findings concerning map scale?
12. a) maps showing a larger area better support global understanding; a large GFOV generally supports global understanding
13. b) maps showing a smaller area better support global understanding; a small GFOV generally supports global understanding
14. c) maps showing a larger area better support navigation; a large GFOV generally supports navigation
15. d) maps showing a smaller area better support navigation; a small GFOV generally supports navigation

* e) a and d

1. f) b and c

 

12. Which of the following best summarizes the findings concerning data base overlay?
13. an overlay decreases clutter, and decreases scanning

* b. an overlay increases clutter, but decreases scanning

1. separate displays for each data base increases clutter and increases scanning
2. separate displays increase clutter but decrease scanning

 

13. Highlighting offers a solution to the problem of display clutter. Which of the following is NOT a reason for its success?
14. highlighting can speed up the search process by using features that are pre-attentively processed.
15. highlighting can be used to select one coding class (e.g., search the red symbols) for search, reducing set size
16. some aspects of shape can be used as a pre-attentive filter

* d. highlighting requires only a few keystrokes for the user

 

14. Decluttering tools hide certain information (e.g., hide information from particular data bases), thereby reducing display clutter. Decluttering can produce side effects. Which of the following offers the best summary of such side effects?
15. increased time and keystrokes required to toggle information on and off
16. when information is hidden, it is “out of mind”
17. toggling imposes cost working memory cost

* d. all of the above

1. a and b but not c
2. a and c but not b

 

15. When separating information from different data bases, ________ is reduced. However, separate “side-by-side” displays can also introduce problems like ________ and ___________.

* a. display clutter; reduced display resolution; difficulty performing integration tasks

1. display resolution; reduced clutter; difficulty performing focused attention tasks
2. display size; reduced clutter; difficulty performing focused attention tasks
3. display size; increased resolution; difficulty performing integration tasks

 

16. The most familiar view of remembering a spatial environment, like a neighborhood, is known as:

* a. canonical orientation

1. subjective alignment
2. subjective landmark structure
3. rectilinear orientation

 

17. When people reconstruct their mental model of a spatial environment, they have a tendency to:
18. straighten curved features like rivers
19. reconstruct intersections to be at 90 degree angles
20. position landmarks along a north-south-east-west grid

* d. all of the above

 

18. When Carlson applies the concept of compatibility to environmental design, she refers to compatibility between:

* a. Functionality of design and task

1. landmark knowledge and survey knowledge
2. landmarks and orientation
3. tasks and orientation

 

19. Information visualization is used for four different kinds of data structures. Which of the following is not one of these:
20. network
21. tabular

* c. linear

1. all of the above are examples.

 

20. In information visualization, which dimension represents a poor compatibility choice for to represent the concept of amount:
21. length of a line
22. texture of a surface
23. brightness of a color patch

* d. hue of a color patch. *

 

21. The concept of “brushing” in visualization is often used compatibly to represent:
22. links

* b. time

1. nodes
2. the global view.

 

22. The shape of a geometric objects is a compatible representation of_____ aspects of the date:

* a. qualitative

1. ordinal
2. interval
3. ratio

 

23. Which feature of display frame of reference is best suited to satisfy the first phase of three functions in visualization recommended by Schneiderman & Plaisant:
24. egocentric

* b. exocentric

1. co-planar
2. 2D

 

24. The general principle of visualization tool design, offered by Schneiderman & Plaisant, advocates that three functions be supported in this order:
25. details, then overview, then zoom & filter
26. zoom & filter, then details, then summary

* c. overview, then zoom & filter, then details

1. overview then details, then zoom & filter

 

25. Two ways of providing details on demands are: “point and click” and navigating (flying) into a 3D data base. Evidence suggests that:
26. point & click is superior
27. 3D flying is superior
28. 3D flying is superior only for network data bases

* d. neither technique is superior

 

26. Application of the proximity compatibility principle to data visualization has been achieved by careful use of:
27. point & click
28. 4D navigation

* c. synchronous changes

1. compatibility of data base structure.

 

27. When the same part of an environment is represented in two different views of the environment, this represents which principle of visual momentum?
28. use consistent representations
29. use graceful transitions

* c. highlight anchors

1. display continuous world maps

 

28. Which of the following is not a principle of visual momentum:
29. use graceful transitions

* b. exploit animation

1. display continuous world maps
2. all of the above ARE principles of visual momentum

 

29. Fitts’ law describes:

* a. the time to move a cursor to a fixed target

1. the accuracy of moving to a fixed target
2. the accuracy of tracking a moving target
3. the optimal gain to track a moving target

 

30. Fitts’ law best applies to:
31. reducing the system lag in a control system

* b. designing a button size on a keypad

1. optimizing the compatibility of mapping between a display and control orientation
2. designing the color code for different dimensions of information visualization

 

31. When A = Amplitude, G = Gain, and W = target width, Fitts’ law is expressed by the equation: MT =
32. G + Log (A)

* b. Log (2A/W)

1. Log (W/2A)
2. Log (G + W)

 

32. When the speed of a car increases on a curvy road, this increases the ____ of the tracking task:
33. lag
34. instability

* c. bandwidth

1. control order

 

33. Increasing the control order of a tracking system dynamics will:

* a. increase lag

1. decrease lag
2. increase gain
3. decrease gain

 

34. The relation between steering wheel angle and heading of a car is a _____ system.
35. 0 order

* b. 1^st order

1. 2^nd order
2. 3^rd order

 

35. Positioning a mouse cursor on a word on the screen while text editing is a ____ tracking task.

* a. 0 order

1. 1^st order
2. 2^nd order
3. 3^rd order

 

36. Predictive displays will be most useful in tracking tasks that are:
37. 0 order
38. 1^st order
39. 2^nd order

* d. 3^rd order

 

37. Closed loop instability or “pilot-induced oscillations” will be most likely to occur with systems that have:
38. high gain and short time delay
39. low gain and short time delay

* c. high gain and long time delay

1. low gain and long time delay

 

38. Which (if either) is harder when tracking multiple “things”?
39. tracking multiple axes

* b. tracking multiple systems or entities

1. both are equally difficult
2. multi-axis is more difficulty only when the gain is high

 

39. In most tracking systems:
40. lower gain is better
41. higher gain is better
42. gain doesn’t matter (equally good at all gains)

* d. mid-levels gain is better

 

40. Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of a virtual environment:
41. ego-centered frame of reference
42. three-dimensional viewing
43. closed-loop interaction

* d. static images

 

41. What is the key difference between virtual and augmented reality?
42. there is no difference—they are the same thing
43. VR is three-dimensional; AR is not

* c. AR incorporates real-world objects or environments; VR does not

1. VR uses head mounted displays: AR does not
2. Which of the following best describes the term, “presence”?
3. like sitting in a movie theater

* b. like being in the virtual environment

1. like watching TV
2. none of the above

 

43. What factors are important in achieving presence?
44. high image fidelity
45. realistic action
46. egomotion
47. a and b

* e. b and c

 

44. What are some advantages of training in a virtual environment versus training in the real world?
45. training in a virtual environment is less dangerous
46. training in a virtual environment can be less dangerous

* c. both a and b

1. neither a nor b

 

45. What is important to ensure when VR is used to treat anxiety phobias?
46. that the virtual environment is mounted on a high platform

* b. that the virtual environment actually produces as anxiety response in the patient

1. that the virtual environment is attractive
2. that the virtual environment does not produce an anxiety response

 

46. What best describes the virtual ruler?
47. a way to measure distances in a virtual environment
48. a way to control an augmented environment

* c. a continuum between a real and virtual environment

1. The width of a head-mounted display

 

47. Why is lag a problem for virtual and augmented reality?
48. leads to errors in presented visual direction
49. compatibility between position of real and virtual components
50. feedback from later actions affects earlier actions
51. leads to communication delays

* e. a and d

 

48. Which of the following is not true about cybersickness?
49. it leads to nausea, dizziness, and disorientation
50. it can be produced by display lag

* c. is more likely if the direction of gaze corresponds to the direction of motion

1. it can be produced if there is a gain mismatch between head and display movement

 

49. Which of the following biases/distortions is not observed in a virtual environment:

* a level surface appears to slope downhill away from the observer

1. distances in depth are underestimated
2. virtual space appears smaller than it actually is
3. pincushion distortion

 

50. Which of the following would not be considered a typical feature of a virtual environment?
51. closed-loop interaction
52. three-dimensional viewing

* c. exocentric frame of reference

1. dynamic

 

 

 

Short Answer Essay Questions

 

1. Graph the relationship between angle and mental rotation cost. What are the implications for electronic map design?
2. What is meant by FORT transformation? Provide an example.
3. Describe the stages of navigational knowledge and how they are acquired.
4. What is map clutter? What are some solutions?
5. What are some prominent characteristics of our mental models of 3D environments? What do they imply for the design of 3D spaces (e.g., building interiors)?
6. Using a table, depict the relationship between data representation (data type) and display representation (visual variable).
7. Describe the concept of visual momentum, and three ways to instantiate it.
8. Consider a task where a user presses two buttons in sequence on their smart phone. Describe what Fitts’ law says about the factors that might influence the time taken to do this.
9. Describe five factors that make dynamic tracking difficult.
10. What are five factors that influence the sense of presence of a virtual environment?

Essay Questions

 

1. What is meant by “frame of reference”? Why is it important for spatial cognition and navigation?
2. “Overview first, then zoom and filter, then details on demand”. What is the evidence for this claim? What does it imply for the design of visualization software? Discuss.
3. The design of virtual environments for training often involves consideration of a trade-off between providing certain features (e.g., head tracking, high resolution) versus the cost of including that feature in the system. How should this trade-off be resolved?
4. Explore the relationship between the proximity compatibility principle (PCP) and augmented reality (AR). What would the PCP say about how good AR should be designed?
5. Distinguish between virtual and augmented reality. Be sure to discuss the virtual ruler (and the multimodal virtual ruler) in your answer.