Memory Foundations And Applications 3rd Edition By Bennett L. Schwartz - Test Bank

Memory Foundations And Applications 3rd Edition By Bennett L. Schwartz – Test Bank

 

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Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

Chapter 5: Semantic Memory

 

Test Bank

 

Multiple Choice

 

1. Semantic memory is:
2. a working memory system.
3. a long-term memory system for general world knowledge.
4. a long-term memory system for the words in our native languages.
5. a working memory system for visual information.

Ans: b

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Semantic Memory

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

2. Lexical memory is:
3. a working memory system.
4. a long-term memory system for general world knowledge.
5. a long-term memory system for the words in our native languages.
6. a working memory system for visual information.

Ans: c

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Semantic Memory

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

3. Which is an example of retrieval from lexical memory?
4. A person rehearses the digits that are just presented.
5. A person uses a sentence with the word “onomatopoeia” in it.
6. A person remembers the sunset she saw on her vacation in Hawaii.
7. A person shoots a jumpshot in basketball.

Ans: b

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Semantic Memory

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

4. An associative model means that:
5. we represent information in semantic memory in terms of connections among units of information.
6. we represent information in semantic memory directly in terms of how neurons fire.
7. we represent information in semantic memory in terms of its relation to episodic memory.
8. we represent information in semantic memory without regard to the behaviors involved in knowledge.

Ans: a

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Associative Structures in Semantic Memory

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

5. When someone says “Mike Pence” the node in memory for “Donald Trump” is also activated. This is called:
6. reverse semantics.
7. node removal.
8. spreading activation.
9. interference.

Ans: c

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Semantic Memory

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

6. The term “spreading activation” means:
7. the nodes that represent individual information.
8. the course through which a schema is retrieved.
9. the activation of a lemma when a lexeme has been remarked.
10. the transfer of activation from one node to an associated node.

Ans: d

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Associative Structures in Semantic Memory

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

7. In a semantic priming task,
8. presenting one word interferes with identifying a related word in a lexical decision task.
9. presenting one word makes it easier to identify a related word in a lexical decision task.
10. presenting one word makes it easier to identify an unrelated word in a lexical decision task.
11. presenting one word makes it more difficult to identify a unrelated word in a lexical decision

Ans: b

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Semantic Priming and Lexical Decision Tasks

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

8. If a person sees a string of letters like “Xvvsvo,” the person should:
9. respond “yes” as quickly as possible in a lexical decision task.
10. tell the experimenter something is wrong with the lexical decision task.
11. respond “yes” only after careful consideration in a lexical decision task.
12. respond “no” as quickly as possible in a lexical decision task.

Ans: d

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Semantic Priming and Lexical Decision Tasks

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

9. In a spreading activation network, a word like “lime” can prime “lemon,” and “lemon” can then prime “law.” If “lime” primes “law,” this is called:
10. mediated priming.
11. instigated priming.
12. transfer priming.
13. a tweetle-beetle battle.

Ans: a

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Associative Structures in Semantic Memory

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

10. In a sentence verification task, participants decide as quickly as possible:
11. if a sentence is true or false.
12. if they have seen the sentence before.
13. if they can retrieve the sentence later.
14. if they can pronounce the sentence in less than five seconds.

Ans: a

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sentence Verification Tasks

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

11. “Birds have wings” will be verified faster than “Birds have blood,” because:
12. activation spreads more quickly between related nodes.
13. more general characteristics are always more quickly mediated.
14. more general characteristics are often primed by sentence activation.
15. activation does not spread across categories.

Ans: a

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Associative Structures in Semantic Memory

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

12. A concept, in cognitive psychology, is:
13. a result of activating individual nodes in a spreading activation unit.
14. something that can only be represented in episodic memory.
15. a mental illusion, comparable to visual illusions.
16. a mental construct that contains information associated with a specific idea.

Ans: d

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Semantic Memory

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

13. Restaurant is to “McDonald’s” as:
14. a category is to an example.
15. semantic memory is to episodic memory.
16. spreading activation is to node associations.
17. sentence verification is to lexical decision.

Ans: a

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Concepts and Categories

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

14. Categories are “fuzzy” because:
15. they resist easy definitions or clear boundaries.
16. psychologically, they elicit warm feelings in us.
17. their memory representations are not stored in the cerebral cortex.
18. we associated them with strong sensory responses.

Ans: a

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Categories are Fuzzy

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

15. “Book – novel – romance” is an example of:
16. a spreading activation network.
17. a triad of semantic retrieval.
18. levels of categorization: superordinate, basic, and subordinate.
19. an innate schema: only possible in literate cultures.

Ans: c

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Concepts and Categories

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

16. Levels of categorization have psychological reality based on which finding?
17. Research has demonstrated that basic level information is not accessible during spreading activation.
18. Research has demonstrated that basic level information is retrieved faster than subordinate or superordinate information.
19. Research has demonstrated that basic level information is always transformed at the time of input into a fuzzy category.
20. Research has demonstrated that basic level information is less likely to be accurately recalled.

Ans: b

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Concepts of Categories

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

17. Superordinate information in categorization is more based on neural processes in the:
18. parietal lobe.
19. parental lobe.
20. pre-frontal lobe.
21. posterior lobe.

Ans: c

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Concepts and Categories

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

18. Family resemblance means that:
19. membership in a category is defined by items’ similarity to other members of the category.
20. membership in a category is defined by common ancestry of the concept.
21. membership in a category is defined by each item’s ability to activate superordinate structures.
22. membership in a category is defined by the joining of perceptual and semantic characteristics.

Ans: a

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Family Resemblance

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

19. According to prototype theory,
20. prototypes form the central feature in our representation of categories.
21. prototypes activate the retrieval of subordinate exemplars.
22. prototypes are only active in the subconscious.
23. common members of the category do not resemble the prototype.

Ans: a

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prototype Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

20. Among Americans, a golden retriever is a very common and “prototypical” dog. Compared to a golden retriever, it will take Americans:
21. less time to verify that a Boston terrier is a dog.
22. more time to verify that golden retrievers make good pets.
23. more time to verify that a Boston terrier is a dog.
24. because all people have innate concepts, one should expect no difference.

Ans: c

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Categories are Fuzzy

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

21. When participants are asked to generate examples of a particular category, they tend to:
22. produce unusual members of the category first.
23. be unduly influenced by spreading activation.
24. show no signs of spreading activation.
25. produce prototypical members of the category first.

Ans: d

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Concepts and Categories

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

22. In exemplar theory, categories are classified by:
23. overlooking the fuzziness of the category.
24. comparing the exemplar to the prototype.
25. maintaining a small number of specific instances of the category.
26. maintaining a large number of specific instances of the category.

Ans: d

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Exemplar Theory and Feature Comparison Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

23. Feature comparison theory states that:
24. we compare the prototype to the exemplar.
25. we compare the lemma to the lexeme.
26. we maintain a list of features for each category.
27. we maintain an unusual number level of categorization.

Ans: b

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Exemplar Theory and Feature Comparison Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

24. Defining features are:
25. necessary to invoke a superordinate category.
26. required for an example of a particular category.
27. implied by the nature of semantic memory.
28. generally accompany an instance of the category but are not required.

Ans: b

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Exemplar Theory and Comparison Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

25. Characteristic features are:
26. necessary to invoke a superordinate category.
27. required for an example of a particular category.
28. implied by the nature of semantic memory.
29. they generally accompany an instance of the category but are not required.

Ans: a

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Exemplar Theory and Feature Comparison Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

26. Which of the following sentences is true?
27. A schema is a script used to generate lexical knowledge.
28. A schema is generalized knowledge about an event, a person, or a situation.
29. A schema is a means of activating individual category nodes.
30. A schema is a superordinate category.

Ans: b

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Schemas and Scripts

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

27. Sofia, a seven-year old girl, describes what she does before going to sleep. She puts on her pajamas, brushes her teeth, says goodnight to mom and dad, then gets into bed. Sofia is recalling what kind of knowledge?
28. lexical knowledge
29. subordinate categorical knowledge
30. well-learned script knowledge
31. an episodic rehearsal pattern

Ans: c

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Schemas and Scripts

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

28. Brewer and Treyens (1981) asked people to remember details from a waiting room. The participants recalled:
29. more schema-neutral material than schema-adverse material.
30. more schema-consistent information than schema-neutral information.
31. mostly falsely recalled the schema-consistent information.
32. failed to use lexical memory when retrieving the relevant information.

Ans: b

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Schemas and Scripts

Difficulty Level: Hard

 

29. Bransford and Johnson (1972) presented participants with confusing passages to read. They found that:
30. having an organizing title aided recall.
31. the confusion led to an inconsistent data; semantic memory experiments should be done strictly in the lab.
32. confusion boosted memory for schema-relevant details.
33. schema-consistent knowledge was improperly activated.

Ans: a

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Schemas and Scripts

Difficulty Level: Hard

 

30. Bartlett (1932) asked his participants to play a “telephone game.” He showed that:
31. participants demonstrate veridical recall.
32. the errors were consistent with participants’ schemas.
33. sentence verification led to the best memory performance.
34. each participant activated a separate associative node.

Ans: b

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Reconstruction of Events

Difficulty Level: Hard

 

31. In Bartlett’s (1932) study, upper-class British university students tended to:
32. recall “war of the ghosts” verbatim because they had been taught to memorize poems.
33. not attend to the story because it was not about British life.
34. show unintentional distortions consistent with their own schemas.
35. remember better when the story was not given a supernatural title.

Ans: c

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Reconstruction of Events

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

32. Psycholinguistics is:
33. the study of practical semantic memory.
34. the study of the interaction between memory and language.
35. the study of communication science.
36. the study of the psychological processes involved in human language.

Ans: d

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Semantic Memory

Difficulty Level: Hard

 

33. Spreading activation refers to the concept of transferring activation from:
34. neuron to a neuron.
35. dendrite to a dendrite.
36. node to a node.
37. memory to a memory.

Ans: c

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Associative Structures in Semantic Memory

Difficulty Level: Hard

 

34. Phonology is the study of:
35. grammatical units of language.
36. basic written units of language.
37. sounds and how they are used in a language.
38. contextual variables in language.

Ans: c

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Knowledge

Answer Location: Semantic Priming and Lexical Design Tasks

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

35. Syntax refers to the:
36. grammatical structure of language.
37. basic written units of language.
38. sounds and how they are used in a language.
39. meaning inherent in a language.

Ans: a

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Semantic Memory and Music

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

36. Morphology refers to:
37. sounds and how they are used in a language.
38. how words are constructed within a language.
39. the basic sounds used in a language.
40. the written form of the language.

Ans: b

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Semantic Memory

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

37. Lemmas contain information about ______ and lexemes contain information about ______.
38. semantics; phonology
39. semantic memory; episodic memory
40. the episodic buffer; spreading activation
41. phonology; orthography

Ans: a

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Language, Lexical Memory, and Semantic Memory

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

38. The lexeme is the:
39. level of representation that stores the meaning of an item.
40. level of representation that stores the phonology of a word.
41. level of representation that stores how to categorize the word.
42. level of representation of its level of categorization.

Ans: b

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Language, Lexical Memory, and Semantic Memory

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

39. Retrieving the word “attorney” when we meant to retrieve the word “barrister” is an example of a:
40. word-exchange error.
41. phonological flip.
42. node association error.
43. lexical transposition.

Ans: a

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Language, Lexical Memory, and Semantic Memory

Difficulty Level: Hard

 

40. The two theories that account for the bilingual lexicon are the single-store view and the dual store view. These two views differ with respect to:
41. how many levels of categorization bilinguals have.
42. whether there are multiple lexeme levels.
43. their explanation of coordinate bilinguals.
44. if lemmas are shared across languages.

Ans: d

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Bilingual Representation

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

41. Cross-language priming studies show that:
42. words related in meaning do not prime across language.
43. only phonological priming works across languages.
44. neither semantic nor phonological priming works across language.
45. words related in meaning prime similar words in a bilingual’s other language.

Ans: d

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Bilingual Representation

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

42. A prototype forms this in our representation of categories.
43. tools
44. memories
45. central characteristic
46. mental representation

Ans: c

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Exemplar Theory and Feature Comparison Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

43. When an infant uses the word “chair” just to the chair and not the chair and the floor underneath it, this is an example of the:
44. use of distributional information.
45. whole-object assumption.
46. lexeme mapping.
47. lexical constraint assumption.

Ans: b

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Concepts and Categories

Difficulty Level: Hard

 

44. Research shows that the best way for adults to learn a new language is:
45. the submersion method.
46. the immersion method.
47. the audiolingual method.
48. the submersible method.

Ans: b

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Bilingual Representation

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

45. In a neuroimaging study on semantic-verification tasks, Raposo et al. found that:
46. greater frontal lobe activity was needed to do sentence verification when the non-associative distance between the verb clause and antecedent was not definable.
47. areas of the left prefrontal lobe and areas of the left medial temporal lobe were particularly active during sentence verification.
48. areas of the right medial temporal lobe were the primary area activating during sentence verification tasks.
49. greater right medial temporal activity was need to parse verb clauses.

Ans: b

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Semantic Priming and Lexical Decision Tasks

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

46. Which of these statements about music and semantic memory is true?
47. Melodic structure is crucial to meaning in semantic memory for music.
48. Meaning can only be inferred from music when vocal parts are included.
49. People can learn large amounts of music because it lacks a semantic memory component.
50. All of the above are true.

Ans: a

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Semantic Memory and Music

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

47. In a Basque-English multilingual, it was shown that a Basque word like “bazkaria” (meaning lunch) can prime English words like “dinner.” This supports the:
48. department store view of language.
49. multiple-store view of bilingual representation
50. single-store view of bilingual representation
51. dual-store view of bilingual representation

Ans: c

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Bilingual Representation

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

48. In an experiment on prototypes and semantic priming, Miles and Minda (2012) found that priming:
49. led to faster judgments for prototypical category members.
50. led to slower judgments for prototypical category members.
51. priming does not affect prototype affirmation.
52. priming was not measurable when judgment processes were not affected.

Ans: b

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Semantic Priming and Lexical Decision Tasks

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

49. In an experiment in which all the participants were Economics and History majors, it was found that the name “Keynes” (a famous economist) led to faster judgments about economic terms than did the name “Churchill.” This is an example of:
50. spreading activation in an associative network.
51. dual-store view of bilingual representation
52. prototype ratification.
53. sentence verification.

Ans: a

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Associative Structures in Semantic Memory

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

50. Which is an example of a fuzzy category?
51. all isosceles triangles
52. whole numbers
53. Asian-Americans
54. none of the above

Ans: c

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Categories are Fuzzy

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

 

True/False

 

1. Lexical memory is a working memory system.

Ans: F

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Semantic Memory

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

2. An associative model means that we represent information in semantic memory in terms of connections among units of information.

Ans: T

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Associative Structures in Semantic Memory

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

3. In a sentence verification task, participants decide as quickly as possible if a sentence is true or false.

Ans: T

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sentence Verification Tasks

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

4. According to prototype theory, prototypes activate the retrieval of subordinate exemplars.

Ans: F

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Prototype Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

5. Feature comparison theory states that we compare the lemma to the lexeme.

Ans: F

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Exemplar Theory and Feature Comparison Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

6. Bransford and Johnson (1972) presented participants with confusing passages to read. They found that having an organizing title aided recall.

Ans: T

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Schemas and Scripts

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

7. Morphology refers to sounds and how they are used in a language.

Ans: F

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Language, Lexical Memory, and Semantic Memory

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

8. Lexical memory is our mental dictionary.

Ans: T

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Semantic Memory

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

9. A major difference between human language and animal communication systems is that animals tend to only use communication when absolutely necessary for immediate survival, whereas humans talk for the sake of talking.

Ans: F

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Semantic Memory

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

10. Research shows that the best way for adults to learn a new language is the immersion method.

Ans: T

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Bilingual Representation

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

11. Retrieving the word “attorney” when we meant to retrieve the word “barrister” is an example of a phonological flip.

Ans: F

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Language, Lexical Memory, and Semantic Memory

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

12. Cross-language priming studies show that words related in meaning prime similar words in a bilingual’s other language.

Ans: T

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Bilingual Representation

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

13. The lexeme is the level of representation that stores the meaning of an item.

Ans: F

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Language, Lexical Memory, and Semantic Memory

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

14. An associative model means that we represent information in semantic memory in terms of connections among units of information.

Ans: T

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Associative Structures in Semantic Memory

Difficulty Level: Hard

 

15. In a sentence verification task, participants decide as quickly as possible if they can retrieve the sentence later.

Ans: F

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sentence Verification Tasks

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

 

Short Answer

 

1. Research shows that the best way for adults to learn a new language is the ______ method.

Ans: immersion

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Bilingual Representation

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

2. Superordinate information in categorization is more based on neural processes in the ______ lobe.

Ans. pre-frontal

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sentence Verification Tasks

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

3. Retrieving the word “attorney” when we meant to retrieve the word “barrister” is an example of a ______.

Ans: word-exchange error

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Language, Lexical Memory, and Semantic Memory

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

4. A ______ is generalized knowledge about an event, a person, or a situation.

Ans: schema

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Schemas and Scripts

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

5. The effect of one word or idea on the processing of a related word or idea is called ______.

Ans: semantic priming

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Semantic Priming and Lexical Decision Tasks

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

6. A ______ is a mental construct that contains information associated with a specific idea.

Ans: concept

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Concepts and Categories

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

7. A ______ is a mental construct referring to a set of objects or ideas that are grouped together or are associated with each other.

Ans: category

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Schemas and Scripts

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

8. ______ are well-learned sequences of events associated with common activities.

Ans: Scripts

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Schemas and Scripts

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

9. Schemas and scripts are higher order ______ memory representations.

Ans: semantic

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Summary

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

10. Bartlet showed that ______ has an important role in schemas.

Ans: culture

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Summary

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

 

Essay

 

1. Explain the cross-language semantic priming effect.

Ans: The effect a word in one language has on a related word in a different language.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Bilingual Representation

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

2. Explain semantic priming and its relation to the term lexical decision task.

Ans: Semantic priming is typically measured by use of a lexical decision task.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Cortical Areas of the Brain Associated With Memory

Difficulty Level: Hard

 

3. Describe the associative model of memory.

Ans: We represent information in semantic memory in terms of connections among units of information. A node is the unit of memory, which is then connected to other nodes.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Associative Structures in Semantic Memory

Difficulty Level: Hard

 

4. Explain Semantic Memory.

Ans: The neurocognitive memory system that encodes, stores, and retrieves information concerning knowledge of the world.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Semantic Memory

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

5. Explain the Exemplar theory.

Ans: Categories are classified by maintaining a large number of specific instances of a category that are associated with each other in semantic memory. Category is an exemplar.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Exemplar Theory and Feature Comparison Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

6. Explain the Feature Comparison theory.

Ans: Categories are defined by maintaining a list of features for any particular category.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Exemplar Theory and Feature Comparison Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

7. Explain the Prototype theory.

Ans: Prototypes form the central characteristic in our representation of categories. A prototype is the most typical member of a category.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prototype Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

8. Explain the Situated Simulation theory.

Ans: The representation of a particular concept varies as a function of the situation or context.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Situated Simulation Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

9. What is spreading activation?

Ans: It refers to the transfer of activation from one node to an associated node.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Associative Structures in Semantic Memory

Difficulty Level: Medium