Psychology 10th Edition by Douglas Bernstein - Test Bank

Psychology 10th Edition by Douglas Bernstein – Test Bank

 

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Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

1. In psychology, learning is best defined as ____.
a. the modification through experience of preexisting behavior and understanding
b. the systematic organization of information that facilitates later recall and use
c. a temporary change in behavior that results from past experience
d. the adaptation of instinctual responses to new environments
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Preview
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

2. Lenny cannot reach the bathroom shelf where his father keeps the electric toothbrush, but he continues trying, day after day. After seeing his brother use a stool to open the kitchen cupboards, Lenny pushes the stool into the bathroom and uses it to finally get the toothbrush. How would Lenny’s behavior be classified by learning theorists?
a. Lenny’s new behavior is the result of maturation, not learning.
b. Lenny has learned how to reach the bathroom shelf through associative learning.
c. Lenny has learned to compare his own physical growth with highplaces.
d. Lenny was classically conditioned to use stools to extend his reach.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Cognitive Processes in Learning
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

3. A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge due to experience is known as ____.
a. maturation
b. instinct
c. learning
d. consciousness
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Preview
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

4. As the months pass, Kurt begins taking more and more heroin as each dose doesn’t seem to give him the same high. Eventually, Kurt is addicted to heroin. According to opponent-process theory, ____ may be the basis of Kurt’s dangerous addiction.
a. sensitization
b. learning
c. habituation
d. classical conditioning
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Learning about stimuli
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

5. According to Solomon’s opponent-process theory, extended heroin use creates a conditioned bodily response that ____ the “high” that the user experiences.
a. intensifies
b. prolongs
c. neutralizes
d. causes
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Classical Conditioning: Learning Signals and Associations
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

6. Which scenario is an example of habituation?
a. A cat learns that the sound of the electric can opener means that she will be fed soon.
b. A child learns how to turn on the television by watching his father.
c. An infant gradually stops paying attention to a continuous buzzing noise.
d. A dog learns not to chew on his owner’s slippers after he is scolded.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Learning About Stimuli
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

7. Every time Brandy drops a cricket into the cage of her pet tarantula, Chompers, he begins to salivate. Brandy has gotten in the habit of playing her favorite CD when she feeds Chompers. After several pairings of the cricket and her favorite CD, all Brandy has to do is play the CD and Chompers begins to salivate. In this example, Chompers salivating to the cricket is a(n) ____.
a. unconditioned stimulus
b. conditioned stimulus
c. unconditioned response
d. conditioned response
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Classical Conditioning: Learning Signals and Associations
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

8. Andre is participating in a psychology study. He is sitting alone in a room and every few seconds, a bright light flashes in front of him. When the light flashes, he blinks. After a while, a phone rings right before the flash of light. Soon, Andre blinks when the phone rings. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is the ____.
a. phone ringing
b. flash of light
c. blinking after the flash
d. blinking after the ringing
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Classical Conditioning: Learning Signals and Associations
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

9. When Ken kisses Barbie, his heart races. For a month, Barbie snapped her fingers just before she kissed him. She stopped snapping her fingers, but now, whenever Ken hears someone snapping their fingers, his heart begins to race. This is an example of ____ conditioning, and finger snapping is the ____.
a. classical; conditioned stimulus
b. operant; conditioned stimulus
c. classical; primary reinforcer
d. operant; primary reinforcer
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Classical Conditioning: Learning Signals and Associations
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

10. Every time Bert slices onions, the onions burn his eyes and tears run down his face. One day, he opens the silverware drawer, pulls out the knife that he uses only to peel onions, and immediately starts to shed tears from the sight of the knife. In this situation, the onion is the ____, and the knife is the __________.
a. conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus
b. unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus
c. conditioned response; unconditioned response
d. unconditioned response; conditioned response
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Classical Conditioning: Learning Signals and Associations
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

11. If a tone is sounded each time a puff of air is delivered to the eye, the tone alone will eventually produce eye blinks. In this example, the ____ is the conditioned stimulus and the ____is the conditioned response.
a. puff of air; eye blink response to the puff of air
b. puff of air; eye blink response to the tone
c. tone; eye blink response to the puff of air
d. tone; eye blink response to the tone
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Classical Conditioning: Learning Signals and Associations
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

12. After Maria drank coffee for the first time in her life, she felt more awake. She then begandrinking coffee every morning. Now when she even smells coffee, she feels more awake. Feeling more awake after just smelling the coffee is the ____.
a. conditioned stimulus
b. unconditioned stimulus
c. conditioned response
d. unconditioned response
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Classical Conditioning: Learning Signals and Associations
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

13. Shamir reflexively kicks his leg when the doctor taps him on the knee. Then, the doctor begins saying the word “Help” and then tapping Shamir on the knee. After forty-five trials of first saying “Help,” followed immediately by tapping the knee, on the forty-sixth trial, Shamir kicks his leg after hearing the word “Help.” In this example, the word “Help” is the ____, and Shamir kicking his leg in response to the word “Help” is the ____.
a. unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response
b. unconditioned stimulus; conditioned response
c. conditioned stimulus; unconditioned response
d. conditioned stimulus; conditioned response
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Classical Conditioning: Learning Signals and Associations
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

14. In an experiment, a flash of light is paired with a mild electric shock to a subject’s finger. After several trials, the subject begins to pull the finger away after seeing the flash of light. The experimenter then begins to present just the flash, but with no shock. After several trials of the latter, the subject will ____.
a. keep pulling his finger away after seeing the light
b. pull his finger away sometimes but not others
c. gradually cease pulling his finger away after the flash of light
d. pull his finger away more quickly on each trial
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Classical Conditioning: Learning Signals and Associations
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

15. Sniffy, the rat, has been taught to press a bar in a cage to receive food. The behavior disappears, though, when Sniffy stops receiving food following bar-pressing. Several days later, Sniffy is placed in the cage again, and he immediately began to press the bar. The reappearance of this response is called ____.
a. reconditioning
b. acquisition
c. instantaneous learning
d. spontaneous recovery
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Classical Conditioning: Learning Signals and Associations
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

16. Dr. Evil presents the sound of a buzzer to his pet rabbit, and he follows it with the delivery of a small electric shock. After repeated pairings of the buzzer and shock, the rabbit learns to fear the sound of buzzers. Dr. Evil then proceeds to extinguish the rabbit’s fear of buzzers. Now suppose that, after extinction, Dr. Evil decides to present the buzzer and shock to the rabbit once again. After only a few pairings, the rabbit will demonstrate ____ and fear the buzzer again.
a. stimulus generalization
b. spontaneous recovery
c. stimulus discrimination
d. reconditioning
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Classical Conditioning: Learning Signals and Associations
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

17. Bertha becomes conditioned to cry every time she sees an onion chopper because she associates it with cutting onions, which always make her eyes water. For weeks, the onion cutter sits on the counter with no onions. Eventually, she never cries when she sees the cutter. Then the onion cutter disappears for two months, and when Bertha sees it again for the first time, she begins to cry. This response is known as ____.
a. positive reinforcement
b. negative reinforcement
c. spontaneous recovery
d. reconditioning
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Classical Conditioning: Learning Signals and Associations
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

18. Ignoring the attention-getting behavior of hyperactive children can be a helpful tool to classroom teachers because often, the frequency of the misbehavior will decrease and even stop. What operant conditioning process does this technique most utilize?
a. negative reinforcement
b. shaping
c. stimulus discrimination
d. extinction
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Classical Conditioning: Learning Signals and Associations
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

19. Baby Abbey is playing with her favorite toy rattle when her mom drops an armful of pots and pans behind her. The loud noise makes her startle and cry. Subsequently, on seeing her rattle, she cries. However, Mom continues to give Baby Abbey her favorite rattle and doesn’t drop any more pots and pans. We can expect that Baby Abbey’s crying when seeing the rattle willsoon be ____.
a. extinguished
b. generalized
c. continued through intermittent reinforcement
d. decreased because of spontaneous recovery
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Classical Conditioning: Learning Signals and Associations
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

20. Winston turns the water off in the shower when he hears someone flush a toilet so he will not get scalded. However, he does not do this when he hears someone turn on the bathroom sink faucet because he knows it will not scald him. This is because of stimulus ____.
a. generalization
b. reconditioning
c. predictability
d. discrimination
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Classical Conditioning: Learning Signals and Associations
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

21. Hugo has learned to fear the bell on his phone because every time the phone rings, a prank caller starts shouting at him. He now finds himself fearful of other bells, like bicycle bells and doorbells. Hugo is affected by stimulus ____.
a. control
b. generalization
c. degradation
d. discrimination
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Classical Conditioning: Learning Signals and Associations
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

22. Five-year-old Sandrine jumps and cringes every time she hears thunder. Soon she cringes when she sees lightning because she knows that thunder will follow. One day when she is at her first fireworks show, she cringes when she sees the flash of light from the first fireworks in the sky. Sandrine is displaying ____.
a. reconditioning
b. spontaneous recovery
c. stimulus generalization
d. stimulus discrimination
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Classical Conditioning: Learning Signals and Associations
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

23. Han is fearful of the powerful Jabba. Han becomes fearful when he hears Jabba’s low voice, but also becomes fearful when he hears any low voice. What phenomenon best explains Han’s tendency to become fearful when hearing any low voice?
a. extinction
b. reconditioning
c. stimulus generalization
d. stimulus discrimination
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Classical Conditioning: Learning Signals and Associations
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

24. Whenever your English teacher gives a quiz, he carries the copies of the quiz into the room in a black box, and you react with anticipation. If he walks into the room with any other color box, you know that it is not a quiz and feel no anticipation. This illustrates the concept of stimulus ____.
a. control
b. degradation
c. discrimination
d. generalization
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Classical Conditioning: Learning Signals and Associations
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

25. A dog in a classical conditioning experiment salivates to a continuous buzzer but not to a single bell ring. This is an example of ____.
a. stimulus generalization
b. partial reinforcement extinction effect
c. secondary reinforcement
d. stimulus discrimination
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Classical Conditioning: Learning Signals and Associations
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

26. Just before being attacked by a mugger while jogging, David had been listening to a saxophone player, watching a mime artist, and smelling the newly mown grass. According to your text, which of these stimuli is most likely to become a conditioned stimulus for fear?
a. watching the mime artist
b. smelling the newly mown grass
c. listening to the saxophone player
d. any one, depending on where David’s attention was focused
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Classical Conditioning: Learning Signals and Associations
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

27. Keren decides to try cotton candy for the first time. She enjoys it, but unfortunately, later that day, Keren comes down with the stomach flu. Now the smell or thought of cotton candy makes her shudder and feel slightly nauseous. This is an example of ____.
a. extinction
b. taste aversion
c. cotton candy phobia
d. learned immune response
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Classical Conditioning: Learning Signals and Associations
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

28. Which statement is true of taste-aversion conditioning?
a. It almost never occurs in the animal kingdom.
b. It appears to have an adaptive value.
c. It requires very short time intervals between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.
d. occurs most readily when taste is paired with visual stimuli.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Classical Conditioning: Learning Signals and Associations
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

29. Jon eats a hamburger that is contaminated with nasty bacteria. While eating the burger, Jon is watching an episode of the television show Small Wonder. Jon soon develops an aversion to hamburgers, but not to the television program, primarily because of ____.
a. higher-order conditioning
b. stimulus generalization
c. biopreparedness
d. reconditioning
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Classical Conditioning: Learning Signals and Associations
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

30. Talon drinks one too many cans of “Jooky” last night. Talon spent the morning vomiting, and now even the smell of Jooky makes Talon nauseous. Talon is experiencing a ____, which can best be explained by ____ conditioning.
a. taste aversion; operant
b. taste aversion; classical
c. learned immune response; operant
d. learned immune response; classical
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Classical Conditioning: Learning Signals and Associations
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

31. Roxanne loves eating at her favorite restaurant, Peppers. One night, she meets some friends atPeppers and then goes to see the movie Fight Club.Shortly afterwards, she becomes violently ill. After this incident, while Roxanne still enjoys watching Fight Club, she no longer enjoys eating at Peppers. This is an example of ____.
a. biopreparedness
b. the law of effect
c. vicarious experience
d. learned immune response
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Classical Conditioning: Learning Signals and Associations
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

32. Charlie Parker has been given several pairings of electric shock while listening to the Debbie Gibson song “Reverse Psychology,” and thus, has been successfully conditioned to react with anxiety to the song. Now, instead of being paired with the shock, the song is paired with a flashing green light (a previously neutral stimulus). If Charlie still reacts with anxiety when the green light is flashed without the song, he will have ____.
a. been shaped
b. displayed higher-order conditioning
c. displayed spontaneous conditioning
d. successfully discriminated stimuli
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Classical Conditioning: Learning Signals and Associations
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

33. Nic is terrified of going to the dentist office because of the discomfort and pain he has experienced before. The last time Nic had a tooth pulled, he locked his eyes onto his dentist’s white coat. Now when Nic sees someone in a white coat, he becomes afraid because the white coat predicts the
experience of pain. This example best demonstrates ____.
a. latent learning
b. reconditioning
c. higher-order conditioning
d. spontaneous recovery
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Classical Conditioning: Learning Signals and Associations
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

34. Systematic desensitization, which is used to treat phobias, is based on which learning paradigm?
a. operant conditioning
b. classical conditioning
c. social learning
d. instrumental learning
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Classical Conditioning: Learning Signals and Associations
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

35. Rosie and Ginny decide to eat at a restaurant. When they arrive, they are greeted promptly by the hostess. The waiter is efficient and the food is fantastic! They are likely to return to the restaurant because their decision to eat there was followed by a satisfying experience. This example best
illustrates ____.
a. the law of effect
b. the pleasure principle
c. Michelin’s law
d. the Garcia effect
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

36. Any response made to a specific stimulus, if followed by a reward, will be more likely to occur again in the presence of the same stimulus. According to your text, this is the law of ____.
a. shaping
b. contiguity
c. learning
d. effect
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

37. Tsvi, a three-month-old baby, stops crying when he hears his parents’ OK Computer CD. Now, whenever he begins to cry, his parents play OK Computer. Tsvi’s parents’ behavior of playing the CD is the result of ____.
a. classical conditioning
b. habituation
c. learned helplessness
d. operant conditioning
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

38. Roslyn always used to shop at Penney’s because for every purchase over $20, she would get a 10 percent discount. But since Penney’s stopped offering this promotion, Roslyn has stopped shopping there. Her shopping behavior is best explained by ____.
a. operant conditioning
b. classical conditioning
c. the principle of generalization
d. systematic desensitization
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

39. Stephanie has learned that if she cries after being put to bed, her parents will often return and pick her up. Crying is a(n) ____.
a. conditioned stimulus for Stephanie
b. conditioned response by Stephanie
c. operant response by Stephanie
d. unconditioned response by Stephanie
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

40. Every time the papergirl says to her customers, “I want my two dollars,” her customers give her money. In this example, receiving the customer’s money is a(n) ____.
a. habituation
b. unconditioned response
c. insight
d. reinforcer
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

41. Pookie, the dog, quickly learns that when she scratches at the door, her owner will allow her to go outside to play. This is an example of ____ conditioning.
a. operant
b. higher-order
c. avoidance
d. classical
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

42. Two-year-old Hannah says the word hell in the middle of dinner, and her parents immediately stop talking to each other and scold her. They spent the rest of the meal paying close attention to what Hannah said. Later, Hannah says hell repeatedly, and each time, her parents spend time talking to her and paying attention to her. In this situation, the parents’ attention is a ____ and Hannah’s inappropriate language is a(n) ____.
a. positive reinforcer; conditioner
b. negative reinforcer; operant
c. positive reinforcer; operant
d. punishment; operant
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

43. Lois and Peter want to teach Brian, their dog, to fetch the newspaper. Lois aims to encourage Brian’s behavior when he brings in the newspaper. Peter’s goal is, instead, to discourage Brian’s behavior when he brings in a stick. Lois will most likely use ____, and Peter will most likely use ____.
a. operant conditioning; classical conditioning
b. positive reinforcers; negative reinforcers
c. punishment; penalties
d. reinforcers; punishment
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

44. After Nadia spills water all over her painting, her first-grade art teacher gives her some candyto make her feel better. The next time art class meets, Nadia promptly and purposefully spills water. The candyhas acted as a(n) ____.
a. negative reinforce
b. an activity preference
c. positive reinforce
d. secondary reinforcer
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

45. One of the most difficult problems for any teacher is a child who consistently disrupts class. Researchers have shown that giving attention in the form of scolding to a disruptive child actually increases the child’s misbehavior. In the terms of operant conditioning, the scolding is a ____.
a. punisher
b. penalty
c. positive reinforce
d. negative reinforcer
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

46. Chris does not like it when his infant son, Jacob, cries. Chris finds that if he makes goofy faces while Jacob is crying, Jacob will stop. Which learning principle best explains why Chris is more likely to make goofy faces in the future to make Jacob stop crying?
a. positive reinforcement
b. classical conditioning
c. negative reinforcement
d. stimulus generalization
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

47. Lavonne despises“new age” music. So, when Lavonne refuses to clean her room, her mother makes her stay in her room and plays new age music through the intercom. Her mother tells Lavonne that as soon as she finishes cleaning her room, the music will stop. This is an example of ____.
a. positive reinforcement
b. negative reinforcement
c. punishment
d. shaping
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

48. Eve breaks things when she gets angry. Whenever Eve begins breaking anything, her parents stop what they are doing and pay attention to her. Now, Eve breaks things more than ever. Apparently, her parents’ attention serves as a(n) ____for Eve’s behavior.
a. positive reinforcer
b. negative reinforcer
c. penalty
d. punishment
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

49. It’s a very hot summer day and Ai is sweating in her apartment. She turns on the air conditioning and right away, her apartment gets cooler. The fact that Ai is now more likely to turn on the AC when she is hot to reduce her discomfort illustrates ____.
a. positive reinforcement
b. negative reinforcement
c. punishment
d. a penalty
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

50. Which action is an example of negative reinforcement?
a. not stealing cookies for fear of being spanked
b. learning to take aspirin for headaches
c. sewing a quilt to make your parents happy
d. studying for an exam to earn an A
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

51. While at the grocery store, Jeremy begins to throw a fit because he wants a candy bar. His mom gives him the candy bar so that he will stop screaming. Jeremy’s mom has experienced ____ conditioning.
a. classical
b. higher-order
c. avoidance
d. escape
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

52. Whenever Lisa’s aunts visit, they kiss her on the cheek. Lisa hates this and eventually learns that they will not kiss her if she is coughing. Now whenever her aunts enter her home, she pretends to cough. This is an example of ____.
a. avoidance conditioning
b. escape conditioning
c. latent learning
d. punishment
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

53. Whenever Calvin throws his sister’s doll in the toilet, his mother locks Calvin in his room. As soon as Calvin apologizes, his mother lets him out. Eventually, Calvin learns to apologize immediately, so that he can get out of his room sooner. Calvin is demonstrating ____.
a. punishment
b. escape conditioning
c. avoidance conditioning
d. positive reinforcement
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

54. Martina’s upstairs neighbors play their stereo loudly. Martina hates loud music and has found that if she bangs on the ceiling with a broom, they turn the volume down. Now, as soon as the loud music starts, Martina bangs on the ceiling and it is muted. This is an example of ____.
a. positive reinforcement
b. shaping
c. escape conditioning
d. avoidance conditioning
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

55. Krystle is always late for meetings. After many stern looks and being scolded by her co-workers, Krystle learns that if she brings snacks to the meetings, her co-workers will not scold her for being late. This is an example of ____ conditioning.
a. escape
b. avoidance
c. higher-order
d. latent
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

56. Tim doesn’t want to run into his ex-girlfriend on campus, so he changes the route that he used to take to get to class when he sees her. The first day this occurs, Tim does not run into his ex-girlfriend. Tim ends up using this route for a month because he fails to run into her. Tim has learned through ____ conditioning.
a. classical
b. vicarious
c. escape
d. avoidance
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

57. Carolyn knows a couple of tall people who happen to also be arrogant. Because of this, she tends to act negatively toward anyone who she sees as being tall. Carolyn’s behavior is the result of ____.
a. stimulus discrimination
b. higher-order conditioning
c. stimulus generalization
d. avoidance conditioning
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

58. Bart notices that his father, Homer, is usually in an agreeable mood after his mother, Marge, fixes him pork chops. However, Homer is quite grumpy after a meal of three-eyed fish. Bart has learned that it is much in his favor to ask Homer permission to do fun things on pork chop night and to avoid asking such questions when three-eyed fish is served. Bart is using the type of meal served as a ____.
a. discriminative conditioned stimulus
b. secondary reinforce
c. vicarious experience
d. negative reinforcement
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

59. Alex has learned that if his mom is upset and he praises her, she will cook him a great meal. However, if he praises his mom when she is in a good mood, she responds by saying, “Are you trying to butter me up?” and doesn’t cook at all. In this example, Alex’s mom’s mood is a ____.
a. discriminative conditioned stimulus
b. reinforcer
c. prohibitive control
d. stimulus predictor
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

60. Theresa discovers that reading her textbook the night before a sociology test is an effective study strategy. She decides to try the same thing in studying for psychology quizzes. We can say that her study behavior has
a. discriminated
b. been classically conditioned
c. generalized
d. been partially extinguished
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

61. Children are often aware of which conditions are most favorable when asking a parent for an advance on their allowance. Psychologists call such conditions ____.
a. discriminative conditioned stimuli
b. secondary reinforcers
c. primary reinforcers
d. conditioned stimuli
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

62. Which statement best sums up the role of stimulus discrimination and stimulus control in operant conditioning?
a. People will only learn to control the behavior of others.
b. People attempt to control their own behavior.
c. People tend to be biased toward certain types of stimuli.
d. People can learn to distinguish the situations in which a certain behavior will be rewarded.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

63. To get her roommate to start cleaning her side of the room, Alisa starts complimenting her on the smallest efforts she makes to keep her side tidy. Alisa then withholds complimenting her roommate until she does more extensive cleaning tasks. This type of strategy is known as ____.
a. shaping
b. stimulus generalization
c. primary reinforcement
d. stimulus discrimination
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

64. Gabe is trying to get his dog, Trixie, to “sit up.” He starts rewarding her first when she lies down. Then he rewards her when she is sitting on her backside. And finally he rewards her only when she sits up with her paws off the ground. Gabe has trained Trixie to “sit up” by using ____.
a. shaping
b. secondary reinforcement
c. backward conditioning
d. stimulus discrimination
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

65. Jia is a bear trainer at the circus. She wants to teach Barney the bear to ride a unicycle. To do this, Jia first rewards Barney for sitting up. Then she rewards Barney only if he sits on the unicycle seat. Next she rewards him only for sitting on the unicycle seat and raising his paws toward the pedals and so on. By show time, Barney can ride the unicycle. This method is called ____.
a. higher-order conditioning
b. reconditioning
c. shaping
d. latent learning
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

66. Fed up with his son not cleaning around the house, Jack buys a book called Shape Up, which instructs the reader to implement the operant conditioning technique of shaping. According to the book, Jack will want to ____.
a. reinforce successive approximations of the desired response
b. utilize a mixture of punishment and reinforcement
c. pair an unconditioned response with a conditioned one
d. reward his son only after the final desired response is performed
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

67. During every pay period that Shauna is not late to work, she gets a bonus added to her paycheck. As a result, Shauna is never late to work. The extra money added to her paycheck is a(n) ____,
a. discriminative conditioned stimulus
b. operant
c. primary reinforce
d. secondary reinforcer
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

68. What kind of reinforcer is money?
a. primary
b. discriminative
c. negative
d. secondary
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

69. Tyrell wants to teach his two daughters, Sarah and Mia, to practice their golf swings every day. Each time after Sarah finishes practicing, he gives her $5, and each time after Mia finishes practicing, he gives her a handful of her favorite candy pieces. Sarah is receiving a __________ reinforcer, and Mia is receiving a __________ reinforcer.
a. secondary; secondary
b. primary; primary
c. secondary; primary
d. primary; secondary
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

70. Russell’s mom wants him to study for two hours each night, so she gives him treats during the evening. Sometimes she gives him the treats after ten minutes, sometimes after thirty minutes. On the average, Russell is given a treat every twenty minutes. Which reinforcement schedule is Russell’s mom utilizing?
a. fixed-ratio
b. variable-ratio
c. fixed-interval
d. variable-interval
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

71. It has been rumored that campus parking enforcement officers receive a $10 bonus for every twenty tickets they write. An unnamed campus parking administrator has remarked off the record, “This ____ schedule of reinforcement keeps our officers diligent and busy.”
a. variable-ratio
b. fixed-ratio
c. variable-interval
d. fixed-interval
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

72. You buy a new car that always starts instantly on cold mornings (continuous reinforcement). It suddenly fails one time, and you immediately call a service station. Suppose, however, that your car often gives you trouble on cold mornings (variable reinforcement). It is likely that you will try to start the car several times before calling a service station due to the ____ effect.
a. partial reinforcement
b. successive approximation
c. secondary reinforcement
d. delayed reinforcement
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

73. Extinction will be most rapid after a history of ____ reinforcement.
a. variable-ratio
b. variable-interval
c. fixed-ratio
d. continuous
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

74. Serena is praised for every art project she brings home from school. Once this kind of continuous reinforcement is discontinued, we can predict that Serena’s reinforced behavior will extinguish ____.
a. gradually
b. intermittently
c. rapidly
d. slowly
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

75. Art has doting parents who praise him every time he sits down and studies. Ben has parents who praise him every now and then when he studies. A learning theorist would predict that if both sets of parents stopped giving encouragement for studying, ____ would continue studying longer because behaviors rewarded on a ____ schedule persist longer.
a. Art; partial
b. Art; continuous
c. Ben; partial
d. Ben; continuous
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

76. Charlie wants to get a job in which he is rewarded for his work on a fixed interval reinforcement schedule. Which job should Charlie pursue?
a. Vanguard Advertising, where he will earn $3.00 for each ad he sells
b. Burger Express, where he will earn a paycheck each week
c. Cruise-In, where the tips are split between all the servers
d. Teddy’s Carpentry, where he will earn money as the jobs are completed
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

77. Lance is a door-to-door insurance salesman. Lance finds it difficult to predict what his sales will be for any given day. On some days, he sells one policy for every three houses that he visits; on other days, he may sell one policy every twenty houses. Lance is being rewarded on a ____ reinforcement schedule.
a. fixed-ratio
b. fixed-interval
c. variable-ratio
d. variable-interval
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Bloom’s: Understand
KEYWORDS: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior

78. Teaching assistants are paid a meager sum of money once a month, whether they work hard or not. This type of payment plan demonstrates a ____ reinforcement schedule.
a. fixed-ratio
b. fixed-interval
c. variable-ratio
d. variable-interval
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

79. Chuck works on the assembly line at Widgets, Inc. Because he is a union employee, he is paid $10 for every fifteen widgets he makes. His co-worker, Sally, is a nonunion worker and is paid only when the company makes money, which averages out to be two times per month. Chuck is reinforced on a ____ schedule, while Sally is reinforced on a ____ schedule.
a. fixed-interval; variable-interval
b. variable-interval; fixed-ratio
c. fixed-interval; variable-ratio
d. fixed-ratio; variable-interval
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

80. Continued gambling behavior is best explained in terms of which process of learning?
a. classical conditioning
b. social learning
c. partial reinforcement
d. observational learning
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

81. Sally is a manager of a house-cleaning company and is paid with a monthly salary. Paul, who works for Sally, gets paid by the number of houses he cleans. Paul gets paid on a ____ reinforcement schedule, while Sally gets paid on a ____ reinforcement schedule.
a. fixed-interval; variable-interval
b. variable-interval; variable-interval
c. variable-ratio; fixed-ratio
d. fixed-ratio; fixed-interval
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

82. In her kindergarten class, Tanesha gives the children star stickers for good behavior in class (e.g., raising their hands before speaking, being polite to other children, walking in line through the hallways). Tanesha gives a star sticker every time a good behavior occurs. Tanesha is using a(n) ____
reinforcement schedule.
a. fixed-ratio
b. variable-ratio
c. continuous
d. interval
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

83. In Melody’s class, she takes attendance on average every five to ten days, and students who are present receive extra points. This is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule?
a. fixed-interval
b. fixed-ratio
c. variable-interval
d. variable-ratio
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

84. Keleka’s parents often deal with her misbehavior by not allowing her to watch her favorite TV program, Speed Racer. Marnie’s parents deal with Marnie’s misbehavior by spanking her. Keleka’s parents are using ____, and Marnie’s parents are using ____.
a. punishment; negative reinforcement
b. escape conditioning; avoidance conditioning
c. negative reinforcement; punishment
d. punishment; punishment
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

85. Jason does not complete his chores on time, despite his mother’s repeated requests for him to do so. As a result, his mother takes away his Playstation and Wii for a month. Jason’s mother is hoping to change his behavior through the use of ____.
a. learned helplessness
b. penalty
c. negative reinforcement
d. avoidance conditioning
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

86. When administering punishment, it is least effective for the punishment to be ____.
a. salient and severe enough to eliminate the undesirable behavior
b. accompanied by the identification and reinforcement of alternative, acceptable behaviors
c. administered with some explanation for the punishment
d. delayed, allowing the child to reflect on her behavior prior to punishment
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

87. Bill and Ben are about to have breakfast. Their mother asks Bill, “What would you like for breakfast?” Bill answers, “I would like some damn porridge.” She slaps him, then turns to Ben and asks, “And what would you like?” Ben answers, “I don’t really care, as long as it isn’t any of that damn porridge!” Ben’s misunderstanding highlights the importance of ____.
a. immediate and efficiently severe punishments
b. children learning through imitation
c. appropriate responses being identified and positively reinforced
d. specifying why punishment is being administered
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

88. Although punishment has several drawbacks, it is most effective when ____.
a. it occurs a couple days after the behavior
b. the punisher identifies more appropriate behavior
c. the punisher is very angry while punishing
d. the behavior is intermittently punished
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

89. Ta’Nisha, a regular smoker, is trying to quit. When she goes to bars or outdoor cafes where others are smoking, she finds the craving for a cigarette too strong to resist. Simply by avoiding bars and cafes that allow smoking, Ta’Nisha has found it easier to quit smoking completely. This example uses principles of ____.
a. skill learning
b. overlearning
c. stimulus control
d. punishment
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

90. Neural network models predict that the weaker the connection between two items, the ____ in connection strength when they are experienced together.
a. smaller the increase
b. greater the decrease
c. greater the increase
d. smaller the decrease
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

91. Your knowledge of the word frog is made up of your knowledge of the four letters in that word, as well as all the frog knowledge you have, and any other froglike experiences. This best describes ____.
a. biopreparedness
b. distributed memory
c. linguistic aptitude
d. stimulus control
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

92. Stephanie is studying her vocabulary words for German class. Each time she reads the German word and thinks of the English equivalent, she finds it easier to recall the meaning. Stephanie’s experience is best explained by the role of ____.
a. classical conditioning
b. operant conditioning
c. neural networks
d. latent learning
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

93. Hailey thinks that it makes no difference as to how hard she studies for her classes. Sometimes she studies and other times she doesn’t, but her grades are always the same. Soon, Hailey never studies because she doesn’t see any reason to do so. Hailey is experiencing ____.
a. learned helplessness
b. social learning
c. latent learning
d. observational learning
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Cognitive Processes in Learning
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

94. While she was growing up, Lindsay was repeatedly told by others that she simply does not understand math concepts and she’ll never be any good at it. By the time Lindsay reaches high school math classes, she doesn’t put any effort into the classes because she thinksthat no amount of effort will help her excel at math. This is an example of ____.
a. classical conditioning
b. higher-order conditioning
c. learned helplessness
d. stimulus discrimination
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Cognitive Processes in Learning
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

95. Learned helplessness involves learning that ____.
a. one has inferior mental abilities
b. punishment will follow certain behaviors
c. some habits are difficult to change
d. there is no relationship between one’s behaviors and their consequences
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Bloom’s: Understand
KEYWORDS: Cognitive Processes in Learning

96. Herbert, the rat, is put in a cage that is chilly. He operates in the environment by moving around the cage and bar-pressing. He discovers that moving around and bar-pressing have no impact on the temperature of the cage or anything else. Soon, Herbert stops moving around the cage at all, and when the temperature could be controlled through bar-pressing, he doesn’t figure it out. Herbert is experiencing ____.
a. learned helplessness
b. stimulus discrimination
c. punishment
d. negative reinforcement
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Cognitive Processes in Learning
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

97. Jerome tries to please his parents by always being good, but whenever Jerome’s older brother, Tom, misbehave, their parents punish both Tom and Jerome. Jerome soon stops trying to please his parents because he doesn’t think it will make any difference. This change in Jerome’s behavior is an example of ____.
a. classical conditioning
b. vicarious experience
c. positive reinforcement
d. learned helplessness
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Cognitive Processes in Learning
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

98. When she was young, Nadia’s father would always travel in a straight line through a forest if they became lost. Since she was always with her father when hiking, she never had to think much about this tactic. Many years later, while hiking alone, she becomes lost but is able to escape the forest using her father’s technique. This best demonstrates ____.
a. a cognitive map
b. avoidance conditioning
c. insight
d. latent learning
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Cognitive Processes in Learning
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

99. Mike loves Q-Mart and shops there often. One day, another customer asked Mike if he knows where turkey basters are in the store. Mike immediately gives directions to the exact aisle, even though he has never looked for turkey basters himself. Mike has displayed ____.
a. insight
b. vicarious experience
c. latent learning
d. the rectangular bias
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Cognitive Processes in Learning
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

100. Jelena is studying in her apartment when suddenly the power goes out. She has to walk to the kitchen to get a flashlight and is surprised by how well she “navigates” without bumping into anything in the dark. She is able to do this because she has formed a(n) ____.
a. conditioned response
b. cognitive map
c. unconditioned response
d. mental proposition
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Cognitive Processes in Learning
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

101. Cindy has taken the bus to and from school for the past three weeks. Today, however, she misses the bus and has to walk. Cindy has never had to walk to school before, but she makes it to school without a single wrong turn. This demonstrates ____.
a. insight
b. latent learning
c. observational learning
d. vicarious experience
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Cognitive Processes in Learning
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

102. The police blocked off the road in Carole’s neighborhood that she usually uses to get home from work, so Carole used the next quickest route. Carole easily found the different route because ____.
a. she had developed a cognitive map
b. she had been negatively reinforced
c. driving on the new road had become a conditioned response
d. the new road was an unconditioned stimulus
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Cognitive Processes in Learning
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

103. If a research team is going to Chicago to conduct a study on latent learning, they would be most interested in interviewing a ____.
a. taxi driver who can give directions to a location he’s never visited
b. street performer who learned to play guitar by watching others
c. homeless woman who believes she has no control over the outcomes of her life
d. teacher who has her first grade students solve problems in groups
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Cognitive Processes in Learning
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

104. Benji spends his days in a dog pen. After seeing another dog running around the neighborhood, Benji began to pace. Suddenly, he tips over his dog house, climbs on top of it, and jumps out of the pen. According to Wolfgang Köhler, Benji’s performance demonstrates ____.
a. insight
b. latent learning
c. skill learning
d. Skinner box conditioning
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Cognitive Processes in Learning
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

105. Brandon is trying to get out of his crib. He tries sticking his legs through the bars, hitting the bars with his arms, and butting them with his head. He realizes that he is getting nowhere. Then suddenly Brandon tries climbing over the top of the bars, and he breaks free. This illustrates ____.
a. insight
b. escape conditioning
c. use of cognitive maps
d. vicarious experience
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Cognitive Processes in Learning
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

106. One aspect common to Tolman’s research on latent learning and Köhler’s research on insight is ____.
a. negative reinforcement
b. vicarious experience
c. slow, gradual improvement in performance
d. sudden, dramatic improvements in performance
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Cognitive Processes in Learning
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

107. When an organism uses insight, it ____.
a. forms associations between actions and consequences
b. watches the actions of others
c. learns that two stimuli usually tend to occur together
d. thinks through possibilities, then reaches a sudden understanding
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Cognitive Processes in Learning
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

108. While camping, Ben attempts to put up a new tent. He forgot to bring the instructions and is having some trouble. He tries to put it together twice, but some pieces are left over and the tent quickly falls down. Confused, he stands staring at the tent stakes, poles, ropes, and tarps. Then, all of a sudden, through ____, he figures out the problem and sets up the entire tent in five minutes.
a. a cognitive map
b. a schema
c. insight
d. observational learning
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Cognitive Processes in Learning
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

109. Which is the best example of vicarious conditioning?
a. After watching her friend, a smoker, die of cancer, Laura quits smoking.
b. A chimpanzee stacks boxes and climbs them to reach a piece of fruit.
c. Children act aggressively after watching a video of an aggressive adult.
d. You remember the layout of Disney World, even though you haven’t been there in five years.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Cognitive Processes in Learning
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

110. Kong is scared to death of bananas and banana peels. However, he watches others eat bananas and receive a rewarding piece of candy every time they throw their banana peel away. Eventually, Kong begins to eat bananas and throw the peels away. Kong has learned this through ____.
a. insight learning
b. classical conditioning
c. vicarious conditioning
d. higher-order conditioning
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Cognitive Processes in Learning
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

111. Rob watches his sister, Kathryn, being punished for “smarting off” to their mom. Rob learns that he should never “smart off” to his mom, due to ____.
a. latent learning
b. avoidance conditioning
c. vicarious conditioning
d. escape conditioning
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Cognitive Processes in Learning
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

112. Kelly watched her mother get ready for work; Kelly’s mother put on makeup and fixed her hair. Then, Kelly’s mother left the room and told Kelly to get ready for school. Kelly began to imitate her mother by smearing makeup on her face and fluffing her hair. This is an example of ____.
a. vicarious conditioning
b. observational learning
c. operant conditioning
d. mock learning
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Cognitive Processes in Learning
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

113. When Imelda was young, she was fascinated by shoe commercials on TV. She was particularly impressed by how happy people seemed to be when buying shoes. As an adult, Imelda goes shopping for shoes every chance she gets. This is an example of ____.
a. operant conditioning
b. classical conditioning
c. spontaneous conditioning
d. observational learning
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Cognitive Processes in Learning
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

114. Penelope watches her mother shell a peanut before eating it. She then picks up a peanut and begins to peel away the shell, too. This is an example of ____.
a. classical conditioning
b. observational learning
c. latent learning
d. higher-order conditioning
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Cognitive Processes in Learning
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

115. To learn to look both ways before crossing the street, children merely need to hear about the consequences of getting hit by a car (instead of having to experience it themselves). This is an example of ____.
a. shaping
b. insight
c. vicarious conditioning
d. escape learning
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Cognitive Processes in Learning
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

116. The association between media violence, including violence on television and aggressive behavior, is often attributed to ____ learning.
a. programmed
b. observational
c. insight
d. avoidance
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Cognitive Processes in Learning
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

117. Austin is a very aggressive child who watches a lot of violent programs on television. Research has found a statistically significant, positive correlation between watching television and behaving aggressively. Based on this correlational evidence, which statement is true about Austin’s aggression?
a. Watching violent programs on television caused Austin to behave aggressively.
b. Austin has always been aggressive, and so, he prefers to watch violent shows.
c. If Austin’s parents refused to let him watch violent shows, Austin would stop behaving aggressively.
d. Several factors could be influencing both Austin’s aggression and his preference for violent shows.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Cognitive Processes in Learning
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

118. Jane has just begun teaching Psychology 100 and wants her students to participate during class. She hopes that discussing the material, doing writing tasks, and working in small groups will help her students understand the material better. Jane is attempting to use ____ in her class.
a. cognitive maps
b. latent learning
c. insight learning
d. active learning
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Using Research on Learning to Help People Learn
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

119. Which statement about cultural differences in scholastic achievement is true?
a. The education community in the United States believes that the methods being used in this country are the best.
b. The significance of cultural differences in learning and teaching is not yet clear.
c. As early as first grade, U.S. students are already showing deficiencies in math skills when compared to Asian students.
d. Any differences in achievement are probably inherent in the students and are not affected by classroom activities.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Using Research on Learning to Help People Learn
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

120. Gretchen absolutely loves going to school. Her teacher uses enjoyable teaching methods, such as small-group problem-solving tasks, discussion of mini-essays written in class, and short review sessions of the previous half hour of class. Gretchen’s teacher is obviously taking a(n) ____ approach.
a. identical elements
b. formal discipline
c. teaching machine
d. active learning
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Using Research on Learning to Help People Learn
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

121. Recently, Callie’s calculus TA has started having Callie’s class form small groups and work on solving problems, rather than just lecturing to them for the whole class session. Callie thinks that this method of teaching makes her think more deeply about the material than when she just sits and takes notes. Callie’s TA is using ____ as an instructional method.
a. skill learning
b. active learning
c. insight learning
d. instructional development
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Using Research on Learning to Help People Learn
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

122. The most critical component of skill learning is ____.
a. acquisition
b. guidance
c. practice
d. imagination
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Using Research on Learning to Help People Learn
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

123. Fred has decided to learn to play the harmonica. To learn this skill most efficiently, Fred should adopt an approach that emphasizes ____.
a. observation
b. visualization
c. practice
d. insight
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Using Research on Learning to Help People Learn
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

124. Sarah wants to learn to play the piano. Research on skill learning suggests that ____ will be the most critical component in Sarah’s learning process.
a. immediate feedback
b. writing music
c. repeated practice
d. continual guidance
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Using Research on Learning to Help People Learn
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

125. Grasping how to perform a complex action sequence, such as driving a car, pitching a baseball, or playing the harmonica, is referred to as ____.
a. skill learning
b. trace learning
c. insight
d. part-task learning
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Using Research on Learning to Help People Learn
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

126. Think back to one of the many episodes of your life where you have learned through classical conditioning.Recount the learning experience, being sure to point out the different stimulus  response components. Did you experience stimulus generalization? Has extinction occurred?
ANSWER: Below is a sample response:
When I was in high school, I had a date with a pretty girl that I had liked for a long time. We went out to eat pizza at Pizza Jim’s. Because we were having such a fun time, I didn’t notice how hot the pizza was until I bit into it. I jerked the pizza away from my face, but not all the pizza went with my hand. I found myself holding crust with cheese, sauce and toppings dripping down my face and shirt. The heat of the cheese, sauce, and toppings was intense, and my face hurt for a long time afterward. After this experience, the mention of Pizza Jim’s would make me feel bad and recoil. The unconditioned stimulus in this example is the hot food, and the unconditioned response is the pain. The conditioned stimulus is the restaurant, Pizza Jim’s, and the pain reaction is the conditioned response. Luckily, I did not experience stimulus generalization and was able to continue eating pizza at Walter’s Pizza Shack and Chez Eileen. But Pizza Jim’s is the best, and I would be around people who ordered it. I would smell it, and people would offer me a taste, and little by little I overcame my fear of Pizza Jim’s.
REFERENCES: Classical Conditioning: Learning Signals and Associations
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Analyze

127. Set up positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment programs that a parent could use to teach a ten-year-old child to clean his room. What are the drawbacks of using punishment? What is the most effective way to use punishment?
ANSWER: In a positive reinforcement program, a parent could give the child something that he regards as positive every time the child cleans his room. Shaping would involve giving reinforcement every time the child cleaned even a small part of his room. Some positive reinforcers could be having ice cream or pizza, going to a movie, or visiting with friends.

In a negative reinforcement program, a parent would impose a continual unpleasant situation on the child and remove it only when the child cleans his room. Some examples include grounding the child until he cleans his room, allowing no television until he cleans his room, or allowing no snacks until he cleans his room. By exhibiting appropriate behavior, the child could remove the aversive situation.
A program based on punishment would involve applying something negative with no chance of removal in the hopes of eliminating an undesired behavior. The child could be grounded for a week, allowed no snack, or allowed no television because he has not cleaned his room. This punishment would aim to eliminate the non-room-cleaning behavior.

A drawback of punishment is that the child may associate the punisher with the punishment and thus become afraid of the parent. Punishment will be ineffective unless it is administered immediately after a response and follows every response made. The child must always be punished immediately after he does not clean his room.

For punishment to be effective, the parent must specify that the child is being punished and that it is his non-room-cleaning behavior that is being punished, not the child himself. The punishment must be immediate and severe. The punishment should be paired with reinforcing a more appropriate response.
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Analyze

128. Explain the various types of intermittent schedules of reinforcement and how rates of responding differ for the different schedules.

ANSWER: There are essentially four basic types of intermittent reinforcement schedules that represent combinations of four factors. Those four factors are (1) the number of responses that occur between reinforcements, or (2) the elapsed time that occurs between reinforcements, and whether the schedule of delivery of the reinforcers is (3) fixed throughout the period of reinforcement, or (4) varies during the period of reinforcement. Thus one can use (1) fixed-interval, (2) fixed-ratio, (3) variable-interval, or (4) variable-ratio reinforcement schedules. Fixed-interval schedules deliver the reinforcers with uniform time periods between reinforcers. Fixed-ratio schedules deliver the reinforcers after the organism has responded a set number of times. Variable-interval reinforcement schedules deliver the reinforcers after some period of time has elapsed since the first response, but the elapsed time period varies between reinforcements. Variable-ratio schedules deliver the reinforcers after a given number of responses, but that number varies between reinforcements. Research has shown that both of the ratio schedules produce very high rates of responding (typically higher than interval schedules). Fixed-interval schedules have a characteristic “scallop” shape that results from a drop in the rate of responding immediately after each reinforcement.
REFERENCES: Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behavior
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Analyze