The Psychology Of Sex And Gender 1st Edition by Jennifer Katherine Bosson – Test Bank

 

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Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

Chapter 5: The Contents and Origins of Gender Stereotypes

 

Test Bank

 

Multiple Choice

 

1. MacNell and colleagues (2015) manipulated whether students in an online anthropology course were told their instructor was male or female. What was the outcome of this manipulation?
2. Men rated the instructor more favorably when they were told he was male, but women showed the opposite pattern.
3. Student evaluations were affected by the actual sex of the instructor but not by the perceived sex.
4. Instructors were rated as more warm and friendly when perceived to be female.
5. Instructors were rated as more effective when perceived to be male.

Ans: D

Learning Objective: 5-1: Describe the contents and structure of gender stereotypes, especially in terms of the dimensions of agency and communion.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Contents and Origins of Gender Stereotypes

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

2. Which of the following is the most likely explanation of the evidence presented by MacNell and colleagues (2015) study on gender bias in teaching evaluations?
3. Gender bias in teaching evaluations is driven by explicit, conscious sexism.
4. Instructor evaluations are biased by gender stereotypes outside of students’ awareness.
5. Bias in evaluations favoring men is mainly driven by the attitudes of male students.
6. Individualistic, Western culture increases gender bias in teaching evaluations favoring men.

Ans: B

Learning Objective: 5-1: Describe the contents and structure of gender stereotypes, especially in terms of the dimensions of agency and communion.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Contents and Origins of Gender Stereotypes

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

3. Which of the following best matches the definition of stereotypes?
4. attitudes toward individuals
5. attitudes toward groups
6. feelings toward individuals
7. feelings toward groups

Ans: B

Learning Objective: 5-1: Describe the contents and structure of gender stereotypes, especially in terms of the dimensions of agency and communion.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Are the Contents and Structure of Gender Stereotypes?

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

4. Which of the following is NOT one of Deaux and Lewis’s (1984) proposed four components of gender stereotypes?
5. verbal characteristics
6. trait dimensions
7. role behaviors
8. physical appearance

Ans: A

Learning Objective: 5-1: Describe the contents and structure of gender stereotypes, especially in terms of the dimensions of agency and communion.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Are the Contents and Structure of Gender Stereotypes?

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

5. ______ is(are) a defining feature of stereotyping.
6. Generalizing from traits assigned at the group level to individuals
7. Negative affect
8. Unfavorable trait ascriptions
9. Explicit, conscious awareness of group level attitudes

Ans: A

Learning Objective: 5-1: Describe the contents and structure of gender stereotypes, especially in terms of the dimensions of agency and communion.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Are the Contents and Structure of Gender Stereotypes?

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

6. While on average women are rated more highly than men on traits such as ______, men are rated more highly on ______.
7. effectiveness; competitiveness
8. emotional sensitivity; cooperativeness
9. competence; agreeableness
10. kindness; assertiveness

Ans: D

Learning Objective: 5-1: Describe the contents and structure of gender stereotypes, especially in terms of the dimensions of agency and communion.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Communion and Agency

Difficulty Level: Hard

 

7. Where do women as a group fall on dimensions of communion and agency relative to other social groups?
8. average on both communion and agency
9. slightly below average on communion and well below average on agency
10. very high on communion and moderately high on agency
11. very high on communion but slightly below average on agency

Ans: C

Learning Objective: 5-1: Describe the contents and structure of gender stereotypes, especially in terms of the dimensions of agency and communion.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Stereotype Content Model

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

8. Williams and Best (1990) found what about the generalizability of the stereotype content model across culture?
9. Across all cultures, stereotypes toward men tended to be more favorable.
10. Men and women were stereotyped as being the most alike in European countries.
11. Eastern cultures have the most positive stereotypes toward women.
12. Women are consistently associated with communal traits and men with agentic traits.

Ans: D

Learning Objective: 5-1: Describe the contents and structure of gender stereotypes, especially in terms of the dimensions of agency and communion.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Stereotype Content Model

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

9. Haines and colleagues (2016) present evidence that gender stereotypes in the United States have followed what trend from 1983 to 2016?
10. Gender stereotypes have grown weaker.
11. Gender stereotypes have grown stronger.
12. The strength of gender stereotypes has fluctuated following a parabolic function.
13. The strength of gender stereotypes has not changed.

Ans: D

Learning Objective: 5-1: Describe the contents and structure of gender stereotypes, especially in terms of the dimensions of agency and communion.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Stereotype Content Model

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

10. What is meant by the “women-are-wonderful effect?”
11. Stereotypes of women tend to be rated as more favorable than stereotypes of men.
12. Women are more likely to be rated high on both communal and agentic traits.
13. Women are less likely to be blamed than men for the same transgressions.
14. The halo effect causes more positive evaluations of women generalized from physical attractiveness.

Ans: A

Learning Objective: 5-1: Describe the contents and structure of gender stereotypes, especially in terms of the dimensions of agency and communion.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Women-Are-Wonderful Effect

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

11. Researchers find evidence for each of the following downsides or limitations of the “women-are-wonderful effect” EXCEPT ______.
12. Nontraditional women are not stereotyped as warm relative to other social groups.
13. Lower class women are stereotyped as lower in both communion and agency than middle-class women.
14. Men are perceived as more moral because of their stereotyped agency.
15. Men are more respected than women because of their stereotyped agency.

Ans: C

Learning Objective: 5-1: Describe the contents and structure of gender stereotypes, especially in terms of the dimensions of agency and communion.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Women-Are-Wonderful Effect

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

12. When Terri Conley (2013) asked Blacks, Asian Americans, and Latinas/os about their attitudes toward White women she found that people of color stereotype White women as ______.
13. dumb and sexually easy
14. intelligent and beautiful
15. bossy and condescending
16. nitpicky and conscientious

Ans: A

Learning Objective: 5-1: Describe the contents and structure of gender stereotypes, especially in terms of the dimensions of agency and communion.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Women-Are-Wonderful Effect

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

13. Which of the following social groups should, on average in the United States, be rated highest on communal traits?
14. White women
15. Black women
16. women with low socioeconomic status
17. White men

Ans: A

Learning Objective: 5-1: Describe the contents and structure of gender stereotypes, especially in terms of the dimensions of agency and communion.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Women-Are-Wonderful Effect

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

14. Thomas Eckes (2002) compared subgroups of male and female participants on communal and agentic traits finding that ______.
15. sex differences on communal and agentic traits are consistent across subgroups
16. many subgroups of men and women are stereotyped differently than men and women as a whole
17. thinking about subgroups, rather than men or women as a whole, increases the use of gender stereotypes
18. individuals identify belonging to a small number of subgroups

Ans: B

Learning Objective: 5-1: Describe the contents and structure of gender stereotypes, especially in terms of the dimensions of agency and communion.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Subgroups and Intersectionality

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

15. Research shows that ______ is an effective strategy for increasing tendencies to view people as unique individuals, as similar to ourselves, and to like them.
16. considering the multiple subgroups that people belong to
17. describing people in agentic rather than communal traits
18. stereotyping people according to superordinate rather than subordinate identities
19. participating in intergroup competitions

Ans: A

Learning Objective: 5-1: Describe the contents and structure of gender stereotypes, especially in terms of the dimensions of agency and communion.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Subgroups and Intersectionality

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

16. What describes the stereotypes applied to someone who belongs to multiple subordinate groups, each with their own stereotypes?
17. They reflect a sum of the stereotypes of each of their group identities.
18. The stereotypes associated with the group of the highest power to which they belong carry the most weight.
19. Crosscutting identities carry their own unique stereotypes that are not always applied to either subordinate group.
20. Conflicting stereotypes tend to balance each other out resulting in less extreme trait ascriptions.

Ans: C

Learning Objective: 5-1: Describe the contents and structure of gender stereotypes, especially in terms of the dimensions of agency and communion.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Subgroups and Intersectionality

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

17. Which of the following groups will be stereotyped most similarly to men overall?
18. White men
19. Black men
20. Middle Eastern men
21. Latino men

Ans: A

Learning Objective: 5-1: Describe the contents and structure of gender stereotypes, especially in terms of the dimensions of agency and communion.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Subgroups and Intersectionality

Difficulty Level: Hard

 

18. Stereotypes about Middle Eastern men have fewer unique traits than stereotypes about Middle Eastern women. What is the cause of this finding according to intersectional theory?
19. Middle Eastern women are ascribed both communal and agentic traits, whereas Middle Eastern men are only ascribed agentic traits.
20. People’s views of Middle Eastern men are especially rigid and simplistic.
21. Middle Eastern women fulfill more roles in society than Middle Eastern men.
22. Middle Eastern men are more likely to serve as the group prototype because they hold more power than Middle Eastern women.

Ans: D

Learning Objective: 5-1: Describe the contents and structure of gender stereotypes, especially in terms of the dimensions of agency and communion.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Subgroups and Intersectionality

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

 

19. Which of the following is FALSE of stereotypes about transgender people?
20. Male-to-female stereotypes are largely consistent with stereotypes about cisgender women.
21. Female-to-male men are stereotyped as more androgynous.
22. Transgender people are stereotyped as being gay.
23. Non-binary people are stereotyped as lacking sex drives.

Ans: D

Learning Objective: 5-1: Describe the contents and structure of gender stereotypes, especially in terms of the dimensions of agency and communion.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Transgender Stereotypes

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

20. Which stereotype do gay men share with heterosexual men?
21. assertiveness
22. extraversion
23. competitiveness
24. sexual promiscuousness

Ans: D

Learning Objective: 5-1: Describe the contents and structure of gender stereotypes, especially in terms of the dimensions of agency and communion.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexual Orientation Stereotypes

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

21. Which of the following groups tend to evoke the most negative stereotypes overall?
22. heterosexual women
23. gay men
24. lesbian women
25. bisexual people

Ans: D

Learning Objective: 5-1: Describe the contents and structure of gender stereotypes, especially in terms of the dimensions of agency and communion.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexual Orientation Stereotypes

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

22. Matsick and Conley (2016) discovered that members of the LGBQT community hold unique stereotypes about heterosexual men and women. For example, heterosexual men were stereotyped as ______ while heterosexual women were stereotyped as ______.
23. appearance obsessed; intolerant
24. unintelligent; ignorant
25. macho; hyper feminine
26. efficient; caring

Ans: C

Learning Objective: 5-1: Describe the contents and structure of gender stereotypes, especially in terms of the dimensions of agency and communion.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexual Orientation Stereotypes

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

23. Traits such as athletic, self-reliant, and rational are examples of ______ for men.
24. gender proscriptions
25. gender prescriptions
26. sex differences
27. gender schemas

Ans: B

Learning Objective: 5-1: Describe the contents and structure of gender stereotypes, especially in terms of the dimensions of agency and communion.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Are Some Consequences of Gender Stereotyping?

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

24. The status incongruity hypothesis argues that gender role violating women are viewed negatively because they ______.
25. are less warm and affable
26. justify gender hierarchies and the unjust status quo
27. are incongruous with the low social status that women are expected to have
28. threaten men’s feelings of economic security

Ans: C

Learning Objective: 5-2: Discuss the social consequences of violating prescriptive and proscriptive gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What Are Some Consequences of Gender Stereotyping?

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

25. Which of the following is an example of stereotype threat?
26. participants rating a Black male as more threatening and intimidating than a White male
27. a female performing worse in an online video game following a reminder that few women play the game
28. police officers targeting suspects based on race
29. feelings of anxiety that result from being in the presence of racial outgroups

Ans: B

Learning Objective: 5-2: Discuss the social consequences of violating prescriptive and proscriptive gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: What Are Some Consequences of Gender Stereotyping?

Difficulty Level: Hard

 

 

26. ______ refers to when members of negatively stereotyped groups feel anxiety about the possibility of confirming negative group stereotypes.
27. Self-fulfilling prophecy
28. Stereotype threat
29. Discrepancy accuracy
30. Prototype anxiety

Ans: B

Learning Objective: 5-2: Discuss the social consequences of violating prescriptive and proscriptive gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Are Some Consequences of Gender Stereotyping?

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

27. Which of the following explanations of the origins of gender stereotypes is most consistent with evolutionary psychology?
28. People associate men with competitive and dominant traits because of their high social status in society.
29. Men are prone to risk taking because society rewards risky behavior in men more than women.
30. People infer women are nurturing because they observe them caring for children more than men.
31. People associate men with assertiveness because such traits facilitated man’s likelihood of reproducing.

Ans: D

Learning Objective: 5-3: Evaluate the major theories of gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Where Do Gender Stereotypes Come From?

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

28. Which of the following theories argues that stereotypes attributing high agency to men are the result of intrasexual competition for mates?
29. biosocial constructionist theory
30. evolutionary psychology
31. social role theory
32. genetic recapitulation

Ans: B

Learning Objective: 5-3: Evaluate the major theories of gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Where Do Gender Stereotypes Come From?

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

29. Social role theory proposes that gender stereotypes ultimately originate from ______.
30. sex-based divisions of labor
31. modern depictions of gender roles in the media
32. hormonal differences between males and females
33. the unique adaptive problems faced by males and females

Ans: A

Learning Objective: 5-3: Evaluate the major theories of gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Where Do Gender Stereotypes Come From?

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

30. Which of the following describes the results from Eagly and Steffen’s (1984) test of social role theory?
31. participants relied on gender stereotypes regardless of the target’s occupation
32. participants rated women as higher on communion across conditions
33. information about the target’s job overrided gender stereotypes
34. men were rated higher on agency than women in business occupations

Ans: C

Learning Objective: 5-3: Evaluate the major theories of gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Where Do Gender Stereotypes Come From?

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

31. Labor statistics indicate that Black men are overrepresented in roles such as athletes and laborers. According to findings from social role theory, about what correlation should exist between the ratings of these occupations on communion/agency and the communion/agency traits ascribed to Black men?
32. r = −.70
33. r = .20
34. r = .70
35. r = .00

Ans: C

Learning Objective: 5-3: Evaluate the major theories of gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Where Do Gender Stereotypes Come From?

Difficulty Level: Hard

 

32. Which of the following theories suggests that men and women are genetically disposed toward displaying different personality traits?
33. biosocial constructionist theory
34. evolutionary psychology
35. social role theory
36. genetic recapitulation

Ans: B

Learning Objective: 5-3: Evaluate the major theories of gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Where Do Gender Stereotypes Come From?

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

33. Which of the following theories would predict the slowest and smallest changes in gender stereotypes over time?
34. biosocial constructionist theory
35. evolutionary psychology
36. social role theory
37. genetic recapitulation

Ans: B

Learning Objective: 5-3: Evaluate the major theories of gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Where Do Gender Stereotypes Come From?

Difficulty Level: Hard

 

34. Which of the following theories proposes that gender stereotypes ultimately originate from physical differences between men and women but rejects genetically based sex differences in personality?
35. biosocial constructionist theory
36. evolutionary psychology
37. social role theory
38. genetic recapitulation

Ans: A

Learning Objective: 5-3: Evaluate the major theories of gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Where Do Gender Stereotypes Come From?

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

35. Halpern and colleagues (2011) found what about the accuracy of gender stereotypes for cognitive tasks?
36. Stereotypes accurately reflect the size of sex differences but not the direction.
37. People tend to overestimate the size of sex difference in cognitive abilities.
38. Gender stereotypes about cognitive abilities are largely accurate for direction.
39. Stereotypes are accurate for boys cognitive abilities but not for girls.

Ans: C

Learning Objective: 5-4: Analyze research and perspectives on the accuracy of gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cognitive Stereotypes

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

36. Researchers assess stereotype accuracy with respect to both ______ and ______.
37. strength; validity
38. validity; reliability
39. consistency; discrepancy
40. discrepancy; direction

Ans: D

Learning Objective: 5-4: Analyze research and perspectives on the accuracy of gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Challenges: Defining “Reality” and Accuracy

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

 

37. Which of the following best describes Löckenhoff and colleagues (2014) findings regarding stereotype accuracy for personality traits?
38. Stereotypes for men’s traits are accurate but not for women.
39. Stereotypes are accurate for communal traits but not for agentic traits.
40. Stereotypes overestimate the size of sex differences in personality.
41. Stereotypes are correct for direction and close to the actual size of personality differences.

Ans: D

Learning Objective: 5-4: Analyze research and perspectives on the accuracy of gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Personality Stereotypes

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

 

38. Holleran and colleagues found that gender stereotypes are inaccurate for which of the following traits/behaviors?
39. talkativeness
40. extraversion
41. interruptions
42. verbal ability

Ans: A

Learning Objective: 5-4: Analyze research and perspectives on the accuracy of gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Nonverbal and Verbal Communication Stereotypes

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

39. Swim (1994) examined the rank-order accuracy of gender stereotypes, allowing her to test whether ______.
40. the direction (i.e., favoring men versus favoring women) of stereotypes is accurate
41. some stereotypes are more central to people’s judgmental than others
42. certain stereotypes are more accurate than others
43. people understand that sex differences are larger in some domains than others

Ans: D

Learning Objective: 5-4: Analyze research and perspectives on the accuracy of gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Stereotypes Across Multiple Domains

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

40. When it comes to judging which sex differences tend to be largest and which tend to be smallest people are ______.
41. poor judges
42. reasonably accurate
43. biased according to their own gender
44. motivated to rate differences that favor men as larger than differences that favor women

Ans: B

Learning Objective: 5-4: Analyze research and perspectives on the accuracy of gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Stereotypes Across Multiple Domains

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

41. Which of the following is TRUE regarding gender stereotype accuracy across the domains of personality, cognitive ability, and communication?
42. Stereotypes are accurate for personality but not for cognitive abilities.
43. Stereotypes are only accurate for women in the domain of communication.
44. The evidence for stereotype accuracy is mixed across all domains.
45. In general, gender stereotypes for direction, discrepancy, and rank order are fairly accurate across all three domains.

Ans: D

Learning Objective: 5-4: Analyze research and perspectives on the accuracy of gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Stereotypes Across Multiple Domains

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

42. Based on Cuddy and colleagues’ (2015) analysis of cross culture gender stereotypes, you might predict that ______ are stereotyped as relatively high in social sensitivity ______.
43. women; in Japan
44. men; in United States
45. men; in South Korea
46. women; across all cultures

Ans: C

Learning Objective: 5-3: Evaluate the major theories of gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: So How Universal Are Gender Stereotypes Really?

Difficulty Level: Hard

 

43. Cuddy and colleagues’ (2015) reanalysis of Williams and Best’s (1990) cross-cultural data on gender stereotypes revealed what subtle pattern?
44. Gender differences in stereotypes are larger in countries with low socioeconomic status.
45. Men are stereotyped as holding the most culturally valued traits.
46. Women are stereotyped as more agentic than men in Western cultures that score highest on gender egalitarianism.
47. Stereotypes are most accurate in collectivist cultures.

Ans: B

Learning Objective: 5-3: Evaluate the major theories of gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: So How Universal Are Gender Stereotypes Really?

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

44. Cuddy and colleagues’ (2015) analysis suggests what about the relationship between gender stereotypes and systems of status and power across cultures?
45. The contents of gender stereotypes work against systems of power in countries that value communal roles.
46. Groups with little power are stereotyped as communal to keep them out of agentic roles.
47. High status groups are attributed more agency to rationalize their role as leaders.
48. Dominant groups are ascribed the most valued traits to justify status differences.

Ans: D

Learning Objective: 5-3: Evaluate the major theories of gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer location: So How Universal Are Gender Stereotypes Really?

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

 

45. The stereotype content model proposes what two dimensions of evaluation dominate group stereotypes?
46. morality and agency
47. agency and communion
48. sociability and intelligence
49. extraversion and neuroticism

Ans: B

Learning Objective: 5-3: Evaluate the major theories of gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer location: The Stereotype Content Model

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

46. The interpersonal process–in which a stereotypes shapes how group members are treated, which then yields outcomes that “prove” the stereotype true–is referred to as ______.
47. subtyping
48. confirmation bias
49. stereotype threat
50. a self-fulfilling prophecy

Ans: D

Learning Objective: 5-2: Discuss the social consequences of violating prescriptive and proscriptive gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer location: Confirming Negative Stereotypes

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

47. Suppose a math teacher stereotypes male students as better at math than female students, and this in turn causes the teacher to give more attention to male students. This ultimately results in male students performing better in the teacher’s class than female students. This is an example of ______.
48. subtyping
49. confirmation bias
50. stereotype threat
51. a self-fulfilling prophecy

Ans: D

Learning Objective: 5-2: Discuss the social consequences of violating prescriptive and proscriptive gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Confirming Negative Stereotypes

Difficulty Level: Hard

 

48. Which of the following reasons most likely explains why there is little research examining stereotypes of heterosexual women and men?
49. Because heterosexuality is the “normal” sexuality, and its stereotypes mimic those applied to women and men generally.
50. There is widespread bias against heterosexual women and men in academia.
51. Stereotypes toward heterosexuals are obvious and research examining them would not make a substantial scientific contribution.
52. Stereotypes toward heterosexual men and women are weak and inconsistent.

Ans: A

Learning Objective: 5-1: Describe the contents and structure of gender stereotypes, especially in terms of the dimensions of agency and communion.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sexual Orientation Stereotypes?

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

49. Traits that society says women and men should exhibit are called gender ______, while traits that society disapproves of in women and men are called gender ______.
50. stereotypes; prejudices
51. prescriptions; proscriptions
52. norms; anti-norms
53. rewards; threats

Ans: B

Learning Objective: 5-2: Discuss the social consequences of violating prescriptive and proscriptive gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Are Some Consequences of Gender Stereotyping?

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

 

50. What is the purpose of gender rules according to the status incongruity hypothesis (Rudman et al., 2012)?
51. to facilitate the division of labor in society
52. to bring about social change and progress toward egalitarian goals
53. to take advantage of men and women’s psychological and physical differences
54. to justify and reinforce the unequal gender hierarchy

Ans: D

Learning Objective: 5-2: Discuss the social consequences of violating prescriptive and proscriptive gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Penalizing Gender Role Violators

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

True/False

 

1. One defining characteristic of stereotypes is that they are conscious and explicit.

Ans: F

Learning Objective: 5-1: Describe the contents and structure of gender stereotypes, especially in terms of the dimensions of agency and communion.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Are the Contents and Structure of Gender Stereotypes?

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

2. Overall, the content of gender stereotypes is largely consistent across culture.

Ans: T

Learning Objective: 5-1: Describe the contents and structure of gender stereotypes, especially in terms of the dimensions of agency and communion.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Communion and Agency

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

3. Endorsement of gender stereotypes in the United States has weakened significantly over the past 30 years.

Ans: F

Learning Objective: 5-1: Describe the contents and structure of gender stereotypes, especially in terms of the dimensions of agency and communion.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Communion and Agency

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

 

4. Favorable stereotypes about women as warm, nurturing, and generous are consistent across race and socioeconomic status.

Ans: F

Learning Objective: 5-1: Describe the contents and structure of gender stereotypes, especially in terms of the dimensions of agency and communion.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Women-Are-Wonderful Effect

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

5. Stereotypes toward people who belong to multiple social groups (e.g., Black and Muslim) are simply the aggregate of the stereotypes toward each of the individual groups.

Ans: F

Learning Objective: 5-1: Describe the contents and structure of gender stereotypes, especially in terms of the dimensions of agency and communion.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Subgroups and Intersectionality

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

6. Stereotypes of White women share more in common with stereotypes of women in general than do stereotypes of Black women.

Ans: T

Learning Objective: 5-1: Describe the contents and structure of gender stereotypes, especially in terms of the dimensions of agency and communion.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Subgroups and Intersectionality

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

7. Modest men are viewed less favorably than modest women.

Ans: T

Learning Objective: 5-2: Discuss the social consequences of violating prescriptive and proscriptive gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Penalizing Gender Role Violators

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

8. The effects of stereotype threat upon girls and women’s math performance are strongest in regions characterized by greater gender inequality.

Ans: T

Learning Objective: 5-2: Discuss the social consequences of violating prescriptive and proscriptive gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Confirming Negative Stereotypes

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

9. Evolutionary psychology postulates that changes in gender stereotypes will occur more rapidly over time than biosocial constructionist theory predict.

Ans: F

Learning Objective: 5-3: Evaluate the major theories of gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Where Do Gender Stereotypes Come From?

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

10. Biosocial constructionist theory argues that gender stereotypes are ultimately the result of how labor has been divided throughout history.

Ans: T

Learning Objective: 5-3: Evaluate the major theories of gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Where Do Gender Stereotypes Come From?

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

11. Genetic predispositions among males and females to display different personality traits are consistent with social role theory.

Ans: T

Learning Objective: 5-3: Evaluate the major theories of gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Where Do Gender Stereotypes Come From?

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

 

12. In general, gender stereotypes tend to be fairly accurate.

Ans: T

Learning Objective: 5-4: Analyze research and perspectives on the accuracy of gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Are Gender Stereotypes Accurate?

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

13. People are reasonably accurate about the relative size of sex differences across domains (e.g., personality, cognitive abilities).

Ans: T

Learning Objective: 5-4: Analyze research and perspectives on the accuracy of gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Stereotypes across Multiple Domains

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

14. Collectivist cultures are more likely to stereotype men as communal.

Ans: T

Learning Objective: 5-3: Evaluate the major theories of gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: So How Universal Are Gender Stereotypes, Really

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

15. Members of the LGBQT community hold the same stereotypes of heterosexuals as straight people do.

Ans: F

Learning Objective: 5-1: Describe the contents and structure of gender stereotypes, especially in terms of the dimensions of agency and communion.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexual Orientation Stereotypes

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

Short Answer

 

1. Describe the “women are wonderful effect.” For what groups of women is this effect least likely to occur?

Ans: The women are wonderful effect refers to the observation that stereotypes typically applied to women are viewed more favorably than stereotypes typically applied to men. However, this does not hold true for nontraditional women, women of color and women with low SES.

Learning Objective: 5-1: Describe the contents and structure of gender stereotypes, especially in terms of the dimensions of agency and communion.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Women-Are-Wonderful Effect

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

2. Will Middle Eastern men or Middle Eastern women have more stereotypes in common with Middle Easterner in general? Why is this the case?

Ans: Stereotypes of Middle Eastern men will share more in common with the stereotypes of Middle Easterners in general than will Middle Eastern women. This is because higher status groups tend to serve as the prototype, or most typical cognitive representation of a given category. Since men hold more status than women, Middle Eastern men serve as the cognitive prototype of Middle Easterners.

Learning Objective: 5-1: Describe the contents and structure of gender stereotypes, especially in terms of the dimensions of agency and communion.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Subgroups and Intersectionality

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

3. Explain why, according to the status incongruity hypothesis, gender role violating women are viewed negatively.

Ans: The status incongruity hypothesis argues that the purpose of gender roles is to justify and reinforce unequal gender hierarchies in which men have higher status than women. When women display agentic traits it raises questions about the legitimacy of the gender hierarchy which can create dissonance. To avoid these uncomfortable feelings people punish women for displaying agentic traits.

Learning Objective: 5-2: Discuss the social consequences of violating prescriptive and proscriptive gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Penalizing Gender Role Violators

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

 

4. What is stereotype threat and under what conditions is it most likely to impact performance?

Ans: Members of negatively stereotyped groups often feel anxiety about the possibility of confirming negative stereotypes. This anxiety can then undermine performance and high-stakes testing situations. The effects of stereotype threat upon girls’ performance are largest in regions with greater gender inequality, such as southern Europe and East Africa.

Learning Objective: 5-2: Discuss the social consequences of violating prescriptive and proscriptive gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Confirming Negative Stereotypes

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

5. Briefly describe how biosocial constructionist theory relates to social role theory.

Ans: Biosocial constructionist theory is an extension of social role theory that argues human societies divided labor activities in a manner that maximizes efficiency. This produced sex-based divisions of labor based on physical differences between males and females, which in turn produced social roles associated with each gender.

Learning Objective: 5-3: Evaluate the major theories of gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Biosocial Constructionist Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

6. List and briefly explain the three different ways that researchers have assessed stereotype accuracy?

Ans: Researchers have examined the accuracy of stereotype direction (i.e., if people are accurate about which group has more of a given quality), discrepancy (i.e., whether people are accurate in perceiving the actual size of group differences), and rank order (i.e., If people understand which differences between groups are largest and smallest across a number of domains).

Learning Objective: 5-4: Analyze research and perspectives on the accuracy of gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Are Gender Stereotypes Accurate?

Difficulty Level: Hard

 

7. What differences in gender stereotypes did Cuddy and colleagues (2015) find across individualistic and collectivist cultures?

Ans: The more individualistic a nation was, the more people in that nation associated individualistic traits with men. Likewise, the more collectivist the nation was, the more people in that nation associated collectivistic traits with men.

Learning Objective: 5-3: Evaluate the major theories of gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: So How Universal Are Gender Stereotypes, Really?

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

Essay

 

1. Explain how evolutionary psychology, social role theory, and biosocial constructionist theory each account for the origins of gender stereotypes. Describe why the specific content of stereotypes applied to men and women (e.g., men as relatively high on agency and women relatively high on warmth) emerged according to each theory.

Ans: Evolutionary psychology argues that stereotypes derived from genetically inherited traits and behaviors that women and men exhibit. Women and men evolved to have different personality and behavioral tendencies because they face different adaptive problems during humans’ ancestry. Since women must invest more in parenting, they evolved higher levels of traits that facilitate child-rearing such as empathy and sensitivity toward others. Men evolved higher traits of aggressiveness and strength because these increased their chances of winning intrasexual competitions. These evolved differences are ultimately the source of gender stereotypes.

Social role theory views gender stereotypes as arising from the types of social rules that women and men typically occupy. Stereotypes describing women as more nurturing exist because women have typically been assigned to domestic and child-rearing duties. Men are stereotyped as more agentic because they more typically occupy physically demanding and risky social roles. Biosocial constructionist theory extends social role theory by arguing that human societies divided labor activities in a manner that maximizes efficiency. This produced sex-based divisions of labor based on physical differences between males and females, which in turn produced social roles associated with each gender.

Learning Objective: 5-3: Evaluate the major theories of gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Where Do Gender Stereotypes Come From?

Difficulty Level: Medium

 

2. Describe the accuracy of gender stereotypes for the domains of personality, cognitive ability, and communication. Detail the results for discrepancy, direction, and rank order accuracy.

Ans: According to one study by Halpern and colleagues (2011), stereotypes regarding cognitive abilities accurately place girls and women ahead of boys and men on most verbal tasks. They also accurately place boys and men ahead of girls and women on the majority of math and science tasks. However, people also tend to underestimate the size of real sex differences in some cognitive domains. Regarding the big five personality dimensions, people accurately stereotype women as higher than men on dimensions of extraversion related to warmth. They also accurately stereotype men as higher than women on dimensions of extraversion related to assertiveness. Overall, personality stereotypes are accurate for both direction and size in most cases. Stereotypes for sex differences in communication (e.g., number of interruptions, likelihood to use hands while speaking etc.) are also accurate in terms of direction with one exception: women are stereotyped as talking more than men but no such sex difference in talkativeness exists. Finally research on rank order accuracy has found that gender stereotypes offer reasonably accurate information about the relative sizes of sex differences across domains of personality, cognitive abilities, and communication.

Learning Objective: 5-4: Analyze research and perspectives on the accuracy of gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Are Gender Stereotypes Accurate?

Difficulty Level: Easy

 

3. Describe the findings of Williams and Best’s (1990) cross-cultural analysis of gender stereotypes and its implications for the universality of gender stereotypes. Then describe Cuddy and colleagues’ (2015) reanalysis of this data. Discuss its implications for the universality of gender stereotypes and how they may relate to systems of status and power.

Ans: Williams and Best (1990) presented university students in 27 different cultures with a list of 300 adjectives and asked them to indicate whether each adjective was associated more frequently with women or men. Across cultures, women were consistently associated with traits such as nurturance, agreeableness, and affection, while men were consistently associated with traits such as adventurousness, independence, and dominance. This suggests that gender stereotypes are somewhat universal across culture. Cuddy and colleagues (2015) reanalyzed this data while selecting 21 traits clearly capturing individualism and 27 traits clearly capturing collectivism. They found that while only looking at these subsets of traits, the more individualistic a nation was, the more people in that nation associated individualistic traits with men. Similarly, the more collectivistic a nation was, the more people in that nation associated collectivistic traits with men. This suggests that the contents of stereotypes may not be as universal as the Williams and Best (1990) analysis originally indicated. However, the tendency to ascribe a culture’s most desirable traits to the dominant sex was universal in Cuddy and colleagues reanalysis. This suggests that gender stereotypes may serve as a means by which high status groups maintain power over low status groups.

Learning Objective: 5-3: Evaluate the major theories of gender stereotypes.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: So How Universal Are Gender Stereotypes, Really?

Difficulty Level: Medium