Anthropology Appreciating Human Diversity 17th Edition By Conrad Kottak - Test Bank

Anthropology Appreciating Human Diversity 17th Edition By Conrad Kottak – Test Bank

 

Instant Download – Complete Test Bank With Answers

 

 

Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

CHAPTER 7

THE PRIMATES

 

 

 

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

 

1. Primatology helps anthropologists make inferences about the early social organization of hominids and untangle issues of human nature and the origins of culture. Of particular relevance to these types of questions are two kinds of primates:
2. those with whom we share the least number of homologies, and those with whom we share the most analogies.
3. those that are in the tribe hominini, and those in the family hominidae.
4. those whose ecological adaptations are similar to our own (terrestrial monkeys and apes), and those most closely related to us, the great apes (chimpanzees and gorillas).
5. catarrhines and platyrrhines.
6. Gigantopithecus and Pierolapithecus.

Answer: C

Learning Objective: Remember the scope and subject matter of primatology and its specific relationship to the discipline of anthropology.

Topic: Primatology in anthropology

 

2. Which of the following is an example of an analogy?
3. the mammary glands of dogs and the mammary glands of cats
4. similarities in chromosomal DNA between apes and humans
5. pentadactyly (having five digits on the hands and feet) among baboons and macaques
6. dolphin fins and fish fins
7. bony eye sockets in chimps and similar structures in gorillas

Answer: D

Learning Objective: Understand how the human relationship to other primates is represented in zoological taxonomy, including the role of analogies and homologies in determining this relationship.

Topic: The human relationship to other primates in taxonomy

 

3. What is the term for a trait that organisms have jointly inherited from a common ancestor?
4. analogy
5. homology
6. phenotype
7. allele
8. meiosis

Answer: B

Learning Objective: Understand how the human relationship to other primates is represented in zoological taxonomy, including the role of analogies and homologies in determining this relationship.

Topic: The human relationship to other primates in taxonomy

 

4. Common ancestry isn’t the only reason for similarities between species. Similar traits can also arise if species experience similar selective forces and adapt to them in similar ways. This process is known as
5. gene flow.
6. genetic evolution.
7. molecular convergence.
8. homology.
9. convergent evolution.

Answer: E

Learning Objective: Understand how the human relationship to other primates is represented in zoological taxonomy, including the role of analogies and homologies in determining this relationship.

Topic: The human relationship to other primates in taxonomy

 

5. What is a taxonomy?
6. an adaptive trait due to convergent evolution
7. a classification scheme where organisms are assigned to categories
8. a trait inherited from a common ancestor
9. a set of selective forces enacted on one lineage
10. a way to define an organism’s repertoire of social behaviors

Answer: B

Learning Objective: Understand how the human relationship to other primates is represented in zoological taxonomy, including the role of analogies and homologies in determining this relationship.

Topic: The human relationship to other primates in taxonomy

 

6. Which of the following are most closely related to chimpanzees?
7. humans
8. gibbons
9. lemurs
10. siamangs
11. orangutans

Answer: A

Learning Objective: Understand how the human relationship to other primates is represented in zoological taxonomy, including the role of analogies and homologies in determining this relationship.

Topic: The human relationship to other primates in taxonomy

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

7. The tribe hominini consists of
8. all the human species that ever existed (including extinct ones), excluding chimps and gorillas.
9. what scientists used to refer to as hominoids 20 years ago.
10. all bipedal primates that are represented in living species today.
11. all the great apes.
12. all primates that share a genetic relationship with humans.

Answer: A

Learning Objective: Understand how the human relationship to other primates is represented in zoological taxonomy, including the role of analogies and homologies in determining this relationship.

Topic: The human relationship to other primates in taxonomy

 

8. Which of the following is NOT a hominoid?
9. gibbon
10. lemur
11. Homo sapiens
12. D. orangutan
13. siamang

Answer: B

Learning Objective: Understand how the human relationship to other primates is represented in zoological taxonomy, including the role of analogies and homologies in determining this relationship.

Topic: The human relationship to other primates in taxonomy

 

9. Which of the following is NOT one of the general primate adaptations discussed in the textbook?
10. relatively large brain size
11. aquatic lifestyle
12. five-fingered hands
13. small litter size
14. stereoscopic vision

Answer: B

Learning Objective: Understand trends in primate adaptation and evolution as exemplified by monkeys, apes, and humans.

Topic: Primate adaptations

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

10. Which of the following primate traits are believed to have been selected for life in trees?
11. fewer offspring and bipedalism
12. meat eating and aggression
13. larger females and gentle males
14. fingernails (instead of claws) and soft fingertips
15. stereoscopic vision and an opposable thumb

Answer: E

Learning Objective: Understand trends in primate adaptation and evolution as exemplified by monkeys, apes, and humans.

Topic: Primate adaptations

 

11. Which of the following is NOT an adaptive trend in anthropoids?
12. stereoscopic vision
13. enhanced sense of touch
14. grasping hands and feet
15. decreased sociality
16. increased brain complexity

Answer: D

Learning Objective: Understand trends in primate adaptation and evolution as exemplified by monkeys, apes, and humans.

Topic: Primate adaptations

 

12. Which of the following is shared by all anthropoids?
13. the ability to knuckle-walk and carry tools
14. bipedalism; and one offspring born at a time
15. prehensile tails
16. a decrease in the size of canines and an increase in the size of molars
17. stereoscopic vision

Answer: E

Learning Objective: Understand trends in primate adaptation and evolution as exemplified by monkeys, apes, and humans.

Topic: Primate adaptations

 

13. Ancient anthropoids began to have fewer offspring that required longer and more attentive care. What did this select for?
14. pair bonding, which resembles the nuclear family, among 90 percent of present-day anthropoids
15. a greater capacity for brachiation
16. a greater reliance on nuts and tubers
17. increased reliance on life in trees, which protected the young from predators
18. increased social complexity

Answer: E

Learning Objective: Understand trends in primate adaptation and evolution as exemplified by monkeys, apes, and humans.

Topic: Primate adaptations

 

14. Which of the following is NOT considered an anthropoid trend?
15. a shift from a moist muzzle and tactile hairs to fingers as the primary organs of touch
16. the evolution of a complicated visual system
17. an increase of cranial capacity relative to body size
18. an increase in hearing capacity at the expense of color vision
19. a decrease in litter size

Answer: D

Learning Objective: Understand trends in primate adaptation and evolution as exemplified by monkeys, apes, and humans.

Topic: Primate adaptations

 

15. Which of the following was NOT one of the trends that distinguished anthropoids from other primates?
16. a shift from reliance on smell to reliance on sight
17. improved stereoscopic and color vision
18. increased reliance on smell
19. a tendency toward being active during the day
20. none of these; all were part of anthropoid evolution

Answer: C

Learning Objective: Understand trends in primate adaptation and evolution as exemplified by monkeys, apes, and humans.

Topic: Primate adaptations

 

16. New World monkeys are the only anthropoids that
17. have rough patches of skin on the buttocks.
18. exhibit sexual dimorphism.
19. have prehensile tails.
20. are capable of brachiation.
21. have orthograde posture.

Answer: C

Learning Objective: Remember the differences between New World and Old World monkeys.

Topic: Old World and New World monkeys

 

17. Which of the following primates is arboreal, active during the day, and has a prehensile tail?
18. prosimian
19. New World monkey
20. Old World monkey
21. gibbon
22. extinct

Answer: B

Learning Objective: Remember the differences between New World and Old World monkeys.

Topic: Old World and New World monkeys

 

 

 

 

18. Platyrrhines are to catarrhines as
19. terrestrial is to arboreal.
20. Old World monkeys are to New World monkeys.
21. New World monkeys are to Old World monkeys.
22. brachiators are to non-brachiators.
23. prosimians are to anthropoids.

Answer: C

Learning Objective: Remember the differences between New World and Old World monkeys.

Topic: Old World and New World monkeys

 

19. Which of the following statements about orangutans is true?
20. The large size of the orangutan protects it from extinction.
21. Orangutans are the most sociable primates.
22. As is typical of arboreal species, the orangutan exhibits little sexual dimorphism.
23. Orangutans are less arboreal than gorillas.
24. Orangutans used to live over much of Asia but now are found only on two islands in Indonesia.

Answer: E

Learning Objective: Understand how to identify and distinguish among the apes.

Topic: The apes

 

20. Bonobos, which belong to the same genus as chimpanzees, are exceptional among primates because of
21. their ability to withstand the pressures of deforestation.
22. their male-centered communities.
23. the frequency with which they have sex, a behavior associated with conflict avoidance.
24. their marked sexual dimorphism.
25. their cannibalism.

Answer: C

Learning Objective: Understand how to identify and distinguish among the apes.

Topic: The apes

 

21. To what primate suborder do tarsiers belong?
22. Haplorrhini
23. Strepsirrhini
24. Prosimian
25. Prehensile
26. Orthograde

Answer: A

Learning Objective: Understand the difference between and the separation of the Strepsirrhini and Haplorrhini primate suborders.

Topic: The primate suborders

 

 

 

 

22. Behavioral ecology studies the evolutionary basis of social behavior. What is one of the discipline’s main assumptions?
23. Phenotype is the overwhelming result of genotype.
24. Certain behaviors may be related to differential reproductive success.
25. Natural selection best translates to “survival of the fittest.”
26. There is no distinction between individual and inclusive fitness.
27. Individual fitness among hominins is measured differently than in other nonhuman primate species.

Answer: B

Learning Objective: Understand the study of behavioral ecology and the difference between reproductive, individual, and inclusive fitness.

Topic: Behavioral ecology and fitness

 

23. How is individual fitness measured?
24. with techniques developed for anthropometry
25. by the number of direct descendants an individual has
26. by maximum lung capacity
27. by the amount of genetic diversity in a breeding population
28. by the gene an individual shares with relatives

Answer: B

Learning Objective: Understand the study of behavioral ecology and the difference between reproductive, individual, and inclusive fitness.

Topic: Behavioral ecology and fitness

 

24. How is inclusive fitness measured?
25. with techniques developed for anthropometry
26. by the number of direct descendants an individual has
27. by maximum lung capacity
28. by the amount of genetic diversity in a breeding population
29. by the gene an individual shares with relatives

Answer: E

Learning Objective: Understand the study of behavioral ecology and the difference between reproductive, individual, and inclusive fitness.

Topic: Behavioral ecology and fitness

 

25. What are the eras of ancient, middle, and recent life, respectively?
26. Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic
27. Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic
28. Jurassic, Cretaceous, Tertiary
29. Proterozoic, Paleozoic, Recent
30. Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian

Answer: A

Learning Objective: Understand the primary periods and epochs of the Cenozoic era, including why the fossil record does not provide a representative sample of extinct primates.

Topic: Primary periods and epochs of the Cenozoic era

 

26. What helped create an ecological niche that enabled primates to spread and diversify?
27. spread of grasslands
28. extinction of primate predators
29. separation of the primate suborders
30. long period of global cooling
31. spread of flowering plants

Answer: E

Learning Objective: Understand the primary periods and epochs of the Cenozoic era, including why the fossil record does not provide a representative sample of extinct primates.

Topic: Primary periods and epochs of the Cenozoic era

 

27. A tiny complete skeleton found recently in China supports the view that
28. our earliest ancestors were nocturnal, like Asian tarsiers.
29. Asian primates were the first primates to live in the Paleozoic.
30. the first primates evolved in Asia.
31. larger primates lived only in Europe.
32. the specimens previously thought to be primates from Europe and North Africa were actually mislabeled.

Answer: C

Learning Objective: Understand the primary periods and epochs of the Cenozoic era, including why the fossil record does not provide a representative sample of extinct primates.

Topic: Primary periods and epochs of the Cenozoic era

 

28. Which of the following statements about the Oligocene epoch is NOT true?
29. Hominins first appeared during this epoch.
30. It belongs to the Tertiary period.
31. This period dates to 34–23 m.y.a.
32. It was a time of major geological and climatic change.
33. Most of what we know about primates from this period comes from fossils found in the Fayum.

Answer: A

Learning Objective: Understand how to identify and distinguish among the Early Cenozoic primates and the Oligocene proto-monkeys.

Topic: Early Cenozoic primates and the Oligocene proto-monkeys

 

29. When do the first hominin fossils appear?
30. Oligocene
31. Miocene
32. Pliocene
33. Pleistocene
34. Holocene

Answer: B

Learning Objective: Understand the primary periods and epochs of the Cenozoic era, including why the fossil record does not provide a representative sample of extinct primates.

Topic: Primary periods and epochs of the Cenozoic era

 

30. Which of the following statements about Proconsul is NOT true?
31. It is the name of a group of proto-apes that lived during the early Miocene.
32. It was replaced by other apes by the middle of the Miocene.
33. It was a carnivore.
34. It had marked sexual dimorphism.
35. Its skeleton was monkey-like.

Answer: C

Learning Objective: Remember the hominoids that lived during the Miocene epoch.

Topic: Miocene hominoids

 

31. In primate evolution, in which of the following epochs did proto-monkeys dominate?
32. Miocene (23–5 m.y.a.)
33. Paleocene (65–54 m.y.a.)
34. Oligocene (34–23 m.y.a.)
35. Eocene (54–34 m.y.a.)
36. Pliocene (5–2.6 m.y.a.)

Answer: D

Learning Objective: Understand the primary periods and epochs of the Cenozoic era, including why the fossil record does not provide a representative sample of extinct primates.

Topic: Primary periods and epochs of the Cenozoic era

 

32. What species do some think coexisted with Homo erectus in Asia?
33. Afropithecus
34. Pierolapithecus
35. Gigantopithecus
36. Sivapithecus
37. Dryopithecus

Answer: C

Learning Objective: Understand how to identify and distinguish among the Early Cenozoic primates and the Oligocene proto-monkeys.

Topic: Early Cenozoic primates and the Oligocene proto-monkeys

 

33. Based on scientific theories of evolution, humans are not descended from gorillas or chimps. Rather,
34. they are descended from gorillas.
35. they are descended from chimps.
36. it is the other way around: gorillas and chimps are descended from humans.
37. humans and African apes share a common ancestor.
38. humans are descended from Adam and Eve.

Answer: D

Learning Objective: Understand how to identify and distinguish among the Early Cenozoic primates and the Oligocene proto-monkeys.

Topic: Early Cenozoic primates and the Oligocene proto-monkeys

 

 

 

TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS

 

34. The study of terrestrial primates and the great apes is of particular relevance to anthropologists.

Answer: True

Learning Objective: Remember the scope and subject matter of primatology and its specific relationship to the discipline of anthropology.

Topic: Primatology in anthropology

 

35. Humans and apes belong to the same taxonomic superfamily, Hominoidea.

Answer: True

Learning Objective: Understand how the human relationship to other primates is represented in zoological taxonomy, including the role of analogies and homologies in determining this relationship.

Topic: The human relationship to other primates in taxonomy

 

36. When scientists use the word hominid today, they mean pretty much the same thing as when they used this word twenty years ago.

Answer: False

Learning Objective: Understand how the human relationship to other primates is represented in zoological taxonomy, including the role of analogies and homologies in determining this relationship.

Topic: The human relationship to other primates in taxonomy

 

37. Homologies are similarities between two species that have been jointly inherited from a common ancestor.

Answer: True

Learning Objective: Understand how the human relationship to other primates is represented in zoological taxonomy, including the role of analogies and homologies in determining this relationship.

Topic: The human relationship to other primates in taxonomy

 

38. Analogies are similarities that are shared by organisms that belong to the same genus.

Answer: False

Learning Objective: Understand how the human relationship to other primates is represented in zoological taxonomy, including the role of analogies and homologies in determining this relationship.

Topic: The human relationship to other primates in taxonomy

 

39. Arboreal primates tend to be smaller and more agile.

Answer: True

Learning Objective: Remember the differences between New World and Old World monkeys.

Topic: Old World and New World monkeys

 

 

 

40. Opposable thumbs evolved as early primates adapted to terrestrial life.

Answer: False

Learning Objective: Understand trends in primate adaptation and evolution as exemplified by monkeys, apes, and humans.

Topic: Primate adaptations

 

41. Because primates are highly social animals, they provide less care to offspring over a shorter period of time.

Answer: False

Learning Objective: Understand trends in primate adaptation and evolution as exemplified by monkeys, apes, and humans.

Topic: Primate adaptations

 

42. The primate suborder Haplorrhini is found only in Madagascar.

Answer: False

Learning Objective: Understand the difference between and the separation of the Strepsirrhini and Haplorrhini primate suborders.

Topic: The primate suborders

 

43. Platyrrhines are New World monkeys.

Answer: True

Learning Objective: Remember the differences between New World and Old World monkeys.

Topic: Old World and New World monkeys

 

44. Most New World monkeys have a tendency to use an orthograde posture.

Answer: False

Learning Objective: Remember the differences between New World and Old World monkeys.

Topic: Old World and New World monkeys

 

45. Old World monkeys include both arboreal and terrestrial species.

Answer: True

Learning Objective: Remember the differences between New World and Old World monkeys.

Topic: Old World and New World monkeys

 

46. Old World monkeys are both terrestrial and arboreal.

Answer: True

Learning Objective: Remember the differences between New World and Old World monkeys.

Topic: Old World and New World monkeys

 

47. Sexual dimorphism tends to be more pronounced in terrestrial primate species.

Answer: True

Learning Objective: Remember the differences between New World and Old World monkeys.

Topic: Old World and New World monkeys

 

 

 

48. Because they are predominantly terrestrial, gorillas exhibit only minor sexual dimorphism.

Answer: False

Learning Objective: Understand how to identify and distinguish among the apes.

Topic: The apes

 

49. Chimpanzees’ social networks involve complex systems of dominance relationships.

Answer: True

Learning Objective: Understand how to identify and distinguish among the apes.

Topic: The apes

 

50. We live in the Cenozoic era.

Answer: True

Learning Objective: Understand the primary periods and epochs of the Cenozoic era, including why the fossil record does not provide a representative sample of extinct primates.

Topic: Primary periods and epochs of the Cenozoic era

 

51. Primates evolved along with the expansion of flowering plants.

Answer: True

Learning Objective: Understand the primary periods and epochs of the Cenozoic era, including why the fossil record does not provide a representative sample of extinct primates.

Topic: Primary periods and epochs of the Cenozoic era

 

52. It was during the Oligocene that proto-monkeys became the most numerous of the primates.

Answer: True

Learning Objective: Understand how to identify and distinguish among the Early Cenozoic primates and the Oligocene proto-monkeys.

Topic: Early Cenozoic primates and the Oligocene proto-monkeys

 

 

ESSAY QUESTIONS

 

53. Discuss two cases of confirmed or possible convergent evolution between different primate species, indicating similarities and differences in natural selective forces and means of adaptation.

Learning Objective: Understand how the human relationship to other primates is represented in zoological taxonomy, including the role of analogies and homologies in determining this relationship.

Topic: The human relationship to other primates in taxonomy

 

54. Phylogenetically, who are our closest relatives? What evidence is used to support this relationship?

Learning Objective: Understand how the human relationship to other primates is represented in zoological taxonomy, including the role of analogies and homologies in determining this relationship.

Topic: The human relationship to other primates in taxonomy

 

55. Describe the features that Old World monkeys, apes, and humans have in common that confirm they share more recent common ancestry with each other than they do with New World monkeys and proto-monkeys.

Learning Objective: Remember the differences between New World and Old World monkeys.

Topic: Old World and New World monkeys

 

56. Primates are among the most endangered of Earth’s creatures, and anthropologists who study them have played key roles in efforts to save them. What threats do primates face? In terms of expanding anthropological knowledge, why is it important to conserve our nearest relatives?

Learning Objective: Remember the scope and subject matter of primatology and its specific relationship to the discipline of anthropology.

Topic: Primatology in anthropology

 

57. What are the general trends in hominoid evolution during the Miocene? What derived hominoid traits appeared during this time?

Learning Objective: Remember the hominoids that lived during the Miocene epoch.

Topic: Miocene hominoids

 

58. Review this chapter and answer the following questions: What are the parts of the skeleton that seem to be more commonly found as fossils? What are the anatomical clues that these fossils provide to help scientists address questions about hominin origins?

Learning Objective: Remember the scope and subject matter of primatology and its specific relationship to the discipline of anthropology.

Topic: Primatology in anthropology