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Corrections in the 21st Century Frank Schmalleger 8e - Test Bank
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Corrections in the 21st Century Frank Schmalleger 8e - Test Bank

Corrections in the 21st Century Frank Schmalleger 8e - Test Bank   Instant Download - Complete Test Bank With Answers     Sample Questions Are Posted Below   Chapter 05 Intermediate Sanctions: Between Probation and Incarceration Answer Key   Multiple Choice Questions 1. New punishment options developed to fill the gap between traditional probation and …

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Corrections in the 21st Century Frank Schmalleger 8e – Test Bank

 

Instant Download – Complete Test Bank With Answers

 

 

Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

Chapter 05 Intermediate Sanctions: Between Probation and Incarceration Answer Key

 

Multiple Choice Questions

1. New punishment options developed to fill the gap between traditional probation and traditional jail or prison sentences and to better match the severity of punishment to the seriousness of the crime are called:

A. terminal endorsements.

 

B. intermediate sanctions.

 

C. forcible closures.

 

D. incarcerations.

 

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2. Which of the following statements is true of intermediate sanctions?

A. They are most often used for high-risk offenders.

 

B. They tend to be more restrictive than prison.

 

C. They are generally used as a way to reduce the correctional population.

 

D. They are never used as alternatives to incarceration at initial sentencing.

 

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3. An intermediate sanction that involves regular payments to crime victims or to the courts is called a:

A. restitution.

 

B. deposition.

 

C. petition.

 

D. ratification.

 

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4. Identify a correct statement about intermediate sanctions.

A. They prevent the reintegration of offenders into the community.

 

B. They are a more expensive correctional option than jail sentencing.

 

C. They are generally more restrictive than prison.

 

D. They promote rehabilitation of offenders in society.

 

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5. Which of the following is the most inexpensive correctional option?

A. Boot camp

 

B. Incarceration

 

C. Community service

 

D. Intensive parole supervision

 

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6. The control of offenders in a community under strict conditions, by means of frequent reporting to a probation officer whose caseload is generally limited to 30 offenders is called a(n):

A. informal probation.

 

B. unsupervised probation.

 

C. intensive supervision probation.

 

D. court probation.

 

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7. Intensive supervision probation (ISP) involves:

A. strict enforcement of conditions.

 

B. random drug and alcohol testing.

 

C. frequent contact between an offender and his/her probation officer.

 

D. all of these.

 

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8. The primary purpose of intensive supervision probation (ISP) is to:

A. manage overcrowded jails and prisons.

 

B. care for the destabilized families of prisoners.

 

C. deter an offender from breaking the law or violating the conditions of release.

 

D. improve offender rehabilitation by increasing probation and parole caseloads.

 

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9. The primary purpose of intensive supervision probation is:

A. to maintain high rearrest rates.

 

B. to increase parole caseloads to 100 or more.

 

C. to protect the community.

 

D. to decrease surveillance of activities of offenders.

 

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10. Which of the following statements is true of drug-addicted offenders who enter deferred prosecution programs?

A. They are always required to plead guilty to the charges against them.

 

B. They are diverted into the drug court system before being convicted.

 

C. They are prosecuted, irrespective of whether they complete the program or not.

 

D. Their offenses are expunged from their records the moment they enroll for the programs.

 

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11. Which of the following statements is true of drug courts?

A. The aims of drug courts are much more punitive than the aims of other types of courts.

 

B. Drug courts are less cost-effective compared to probation and/or incarceration.

 

C. The aims of drug courts are nonadversarial and more healing and restorative in nature than the aims of other types of courts.

 

D. Drug courts award punishments that are more severe than punishments awarded during incarceration.

 

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12. Evidence-based studies that examined the effectiveness of drug courts show that:

A. drug courts can reduce recidivism by an average of 8 to 14 percent.

 

B. drug courts are less cost-effective than probation owing to increased victimization costs.

 

C. drug courts award punishments that are more severe than incarceration.

 

D. drug courts have significantly increased the rate of rearrests among drug offenders.

 

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13. Which of the following is a key component of drug courts?

A. Ongoing schedules of judicial status hearings

 

B. Daily health checkups by physicians

 

C. Monthly drug testing

 

D. Rare but strict monitoring and evaluation measures

 

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14. _____ programs require participants to plead guilty to the charges against them and have their sentences deferred or suspended while they are in the program.

A. Postplea

 

B. Pretrial diversion

 

C. Preplea

 

D. Perennial diversion

 

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15. In the United States, fines are rarely regarded as a tough criminal sanction:

A. because judicial and legislative attitudes always allow the use of fines for several major felonies.

 

B. because judges always have enough reliable information on an offender’s personal wealth to impose a just fine.

 

C. because, in practice, it is a criminal justice tool that often neglects to punish ordinance violations and minor misdemeanors.

 

D. because many believe that fines work a hardship on the poor, while affluent offenders often feel no sting.

 

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16. A financial penalty scaled both to the defendant’s ability to pay and the seriousness of the offense is called a:

A. bond.

 

B. bail.

 

C. parole.

 

D. day fine.

 

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17. The first step in the process of setting a day fine is:

A. to create a valuation table.

 

B. to determine the number of fine units to be imposed.

 

C. to increase recidivism rates.

 

D. to establish the dollar amount per unit for a given offender.

 

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18. A sentence to serve a specified number of hours working in unpaid positions with nonprofit or tax-supported agencies is called:

A. community service.

 

B. a workhouse.

 

C. a day fine.

 

D. intensive supervision probation.

 

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19. Community service as a criminal sanction began in the United States in 1966 in:

A. Ohio.

 

B. Florida.

 

C. California.

 

D. New York.

 

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20. Nonresidential facilities that are used as a form of intermediate sanction for offenders as a condition of probation or service delivery for offenders released from prison are called:

A. halfway houses.

 

B. residential treatment centers.

 

C. workhouses.

 

D. day reporting centers.

 

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21. Day reporting centers differ from other intermediate sanctions by:

A. a marked concentration on rehabilitation of offenders.

 

B. the lack of treatment and referral programs to assist offenders.

 

C. a restriction on participants to return home in the evenings.

 

D. correctional options that are more inhibiting than incarceration.

 

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22. Which of the following is a goal of day reporting centers?

A. To reduce jail and prison crowding

 

B. To decrease supervision and surveillance of offenders

 

C. To keep prisoners away from community treatment programs

 

D. To restrict offenders to a single location

 

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23. Identify a feature of day reporting centers.

A. They offer educational courses, employment training, and referrals for additional services to offenders.

 

B. They supervise offenders in a setting that is less secure than probation.

 

C. They generally require offenders to attend the facility for two hours each week.

 

D. They keep offenders away from halfway houses, restitution centers, and work release centers.

 

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24. Which of the following correctional goals is satisfied by remote-location monitoring?

A. Restricting an offender to a single location

 

B. Allowing an offender to socialize when not at work

 

C. Permitting an offender to stay away from his or her family

 

D. Prohibiting an offender from going to work, school, or counseling

 

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25. A medium-security correctional setting that offenders are permitted to leave regularly—unaccompanied by staff—for work, education, vocational programs, or treatment in the community but require them to return to a locked facility each evening is called a(n):

A. house of correction.

 

B. residential reentry center.

 

C. intensive confinement center.

 

D. day reporting center.

 

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26. Which of the following is an objective of residential reentry centers?

A. To increase recidivism rates among offenders

 

B. To maintain high rearrest rates

 

C. To diminish reentry programs for parolees

 

D. To facilitate reintegration of offenders into society

 

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27. Which of the following statements is true about a residential reentry center?

A. It restricts defendants from continuing their employment.

 

B. It offers a low-cost housing alternative to incarceration of nonviolent offenders.

 

C. It allows offenders to leave the facility only if they are accompanied by a staff member.

 

D. It permits offenders to return to their homes in the evenings.

 

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28. Residential reentry centers achieve community protection by:

A. administering drug or polygraph tests to offenders.

 

B. prohibiting residents from leaving their houses.

 

C. giving residents opportunities to learn legitimate skills.

 

D. teaching offenders to overcome behavioral obstacles.

 

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29. Residential reentry centers achieve offender reintegration by:

A. giving residents opportunities to learn and use legitimate skills.

 

B. confirming that when residents leave the center they go directly to counselors.

 

C. permitting an offender to stay away from his or her family.

 

D. preventing an offender from learning a specific skill.

 

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30. A short institutional term of confinement that includes a physical regimen designed to develop self-discipline, respect for authority, responsibility, and a sense of accomplishment is called a:

A. house of correction.

 

B. halfway house.

 

C. boot camp.

 

D. restitution center.

 

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31. Among all the correctional programs, boot camps are primarily promoted as a means of:

A. raising corrections costs.

 

B. alleviating prison crowding.

 

C. increasing recidivism rates.

 

D. aggravating revocation rates.

 

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32. Identify a factor that distinguishes boot camps from other correctional programs.

A. Separation of boot camp participants from the general prison population

 

B. Absence of a rigorous daily schedule of hard labor in boot camps

 

C. The idea that boot camps are different from long-term confinement but other correctional programs are not

 

D. Absence of physical training and military drill in boot camps

 

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33. Which of the following statements is true of community corrections?

A. It embraces centralization of authority from local to state levels.

 

B. It strongly discourages the use of community programs for offender rehabilitation.

 

C. It redefines the offender population for whom incarceration is most appropriate.

 

D. It cannot involve citizens in program planning, design, implementation, and evaluation.

 

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34. Noninstitutional corrections refers to correctional activities that:

A. are directly related to institutional care.

 

B. do not involve probation and parole.

 

C. are not directly related to incarceration.

 

D. primarily involve rehabilitation within confinement.

 

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35. Which of the following statements is true of the Community Corrections Acts (CCAs)?

A. Under a typical CCA, the cost of correctional programs is significantly higher than the annual cost of housing a state prisoner.

 

B. CCAs typically support residential corrections programs but not nonresidential corrections programs.

 

C. Under a typical CCA, the state is solely responsible for establishing community corrections goals and policies.

 

D. CCAs decentralize authority and engage communities in the process of reintegrating offenders into society.

 

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True / False Questions

36. Intermediate sanctions are more restrictive than prison but less restrictive than traditional probation.

FALSE

 

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37. Evidence-based research on intensive supervision probation shows that restraining offenders in the community by increasing surveillance over their activities guarantees a reduction in their criminal activities.

FALSE

 

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38. Family Drug Court targets parental substance abuse in juvenile abuse, neglect, and dependency cases.

TRUE

 

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39. In comparison with the aims of other types of courts, those of the drug court are much less punitive and more healing and restorative in nature.

TRUE

 

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40. Drug courts are less cost-effective when compared to incarceration.

FALSE

 

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41. A day fine gets its name from how much a burglar can steal in one day.

FALSE

 

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42. The planning process for introducing day fines is unique for each jurisdiction, depending on its organizational structure, traditions, personalities, and legal culture.

TRUE

 

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43. Community service is a burdensome penalty that is inexpensive to administer.

TRUE

 

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44. Community service cannot be scaled to the seriousness of the crime.

FALSE

 

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45. A day reporting center (DRC) allows participants to return home in the evenings, but they are required to maintain a strict schedule that is closely monitored.

TRUE

 

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46. A major benefit of remote-location monitoring is that it costs significantly less than incarceration.

TRUE

 

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47. For the criminal justice system, a residential reentry center offers a high-cost housing alternative to incarceration of nonviolent offenders.

FALSE

 

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48. Boot camps are promoted as a means of reducing prison crowding and corrections costs.

TRUE

 

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49. A body of evidence-based corrections literature shows that the military atmosphere of correctional boot camps does not bring about individual-level changes in thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.

TRUE

 

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50. Under a typical community corrections act, the state provides local agencies the funds to create or expand intermediate sanctions for certain offenders in the community, and in return, the state benefits by avoiding the costs of incarceration.

TRUE

 

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Fill in the Blank Questions

51. Intermediate sanctions are sometimes referred to as _____.

alternatives to incarceration

 

52. The _____ believes that intermediate sanctions, not prison, should be the backbone of the corrections systems.

American Jail Association

 

53. People who enter a(n) _____ are diverted into the drug court system before being convicted.

deferred prosecution program

 

54. _____ is a new intermediate sanction that uses the power of the court to treat, sanction, and reward drug offenders with punishment more restrictive than regular probation but less severe than incarceration.

Drug court

 

55. Day fines are also called _____.

structured fines

 

56. A financial penalty used as a criminal sanction is called a(n) _____.

fine

 

57. A financial penalty scaled both to the defendant’s ability to pay and the seriousness of the crime is called a _____.

day fine

 

58. Community service that takes away an offender’s time and energy is called a(n) _____.

fine of time

 

59. Community service as a criminal sanction began in the United States in the state of _____.

California

 

60. A sentence to serve a specified number of hours working in unpaid positions with nonprofit or tax-supported agencies is called _____.

community service

 

61. The Congress passed the _____, which mandated that felons who receive a sentence for less serious offences must be ordered to pay a fine, make restitution, and/or work in community service.

Comprehensive Crime Control Act and Criminal Fine Enforcement Act of 1984

 

62. A(n) _____ is a nonresidential facility that is used as a form of intermediate sanction for offenders as a condition of probation or service delivery for offenders released from prison.

day reporting center

 

63. _____ uses technological systems such as the GPS, voice verification, and other tracking systems to verify a person’s physical location, either periodically or continuously, 24 hours a day.

Remote-location monitoring

 

64. A short institutional term of confinement that includes a physical regimen designed to develop self-discipline, respect for authority, responsibility, and a sense of accomplishment is called a(n) _____.

boot camp

 

65. A philosophy of correctional treatment that embraces decentralization of authority, citizen participation, redefinition of the population for whom incarceration is most appropriate, and emphasizes rehabilitation through community programs is called _____.

community corrections

 

66. A(n) _____ is a judicial strategy of hearing a criminal case in the community that is most affected by the case and including that community in case disposition.

community court

 

 

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