Criminal Justice in Action The Core, International Edition, 7th Edition by Larry K. Gaines - Test Bank

Criminal Justice in Action The Core, International Edition, 7th Edition by Larry K. Gaines – Test Bank

 

Instant Download – Complete Test Bank With Answers

 

 

Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

CHAPTER 5— Test Bank

 

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1. What is the ultimate goal of a bureaucratic organization, such as a police department?

a.	Administration development
b.	Efficiency
c.	Low employee turnover
d.	Work satisfaction for the employee

 

 

ANS:    B          REF:    p. 129              OBJ:    LO 1

 

2. A hierarchically structured administrative organization that carries out specific functions is a/an
3. Bureaucracy
4. Delegation
5. Chain of command
6. Strategy

 

ANS:    A        REF:    p. 129             OBJ:    LO 1

 

3. This is the smallest stretch that a police officer or group of police officers regularly patrol.
4. beats
5. district
6. stations
7. zone

 

ANS:    A        REF:    p. 130             OBJ:    LO 1

 

 

4. Which of the following is NOT a purpose of police patrol listed in the text?

a.	Deterrence of crime
b.	Maintenance of public order
c.	Improvement of public attitudes towards the police
d.	Provision of services that are not crime related

 

 

ANS:    C          REF:    p. 131              OBJ:    LO 1

 

5. The majority of a patrol officer’s time is spent on:

a.	Preventive patrol
b.	Calls for service
c.	Administrative duties
d.	Officer-initiated activities

 

 

ANS:    A         REF:    p. 132              OBJ:    LO 1

 

 

6. Paperwork takes up to ____ of a patrol officer’s time.

a.	20%
b.	40%
c.	60%
d.	80%

 

ANS:    A         REF:    p. 132              OBJ:    LO 1

 

7. After a crime has been committed and the patrol officer has gathered preliminary information from a crime scene, the responsibility of identifying the offender is delegated to the:

a.	Detective
b.	Internal affairs unit
c.	Patrol officer
d.	Police chief

 

 

ANS:    A         REF:    p. 133              OBJ:    LO 1

 

8. The most common way for someone to become a detective is to ___________________.

a.	Attend graduate school in criminal justice
b.	Attend specialized training in the field
c.	Earn an undergraduate college degree
d.	Be promoted from patrol officer

 

 

ANS:    D         REF:    p. 133              OBJ:    LO 1

 

9. Aggressive investigation strategies include:

a.	Crackdowns
b.	Undercover operations
c.	Roadblocks
d.	Increased patrol of hot spots

 

 

ANS:     B          REF:    p. 133              OBJ:    LO 2

 

10. Because of __________ police officers are limited in what they can do to convince the target of an undercover operation to participate in an illegal activity.
11. Duress
12. Entrapment
13. Necessity
14. Self-defense

 

ANS:     B         REF:    p. 133             OBJ:    LO 2

 

11. Today, most undercover officers are used to infiltrate large scale __________ operations.
12. Burglary
13. Car theft
14. Narcotics
15. Serial killer

 

ANS:     C         REF:    p. 133             OBJ:    LO 2

 

 

12. The term “clearance rate” refers to:

a.	The percentage of reported crimes
b.	The percentage of crimes that result in arrest and prosecution
c.	The percentage of crimes that result in a criminal conviction
d.	The percentage of stolen goods that are returned to victims of crime

 

 

ANS:    B          REF:    p. 134              OBJ:    LO 2

 

13. Which crime is investigated most thoroughly and thus results in the highest clearance rates?
14. Burglary
15. Computer theft
16. Murder
17. Stolen vehicle

 

ANS:    C         REF:    p. 134             OBJ:    LO 2

 

14. Which is not an example of trace evidence?

A     Ballistics

1. Blood
2. Fingerprints
3. Hair

 

ANS:    A        REF:    p. 134             OBJ:    LO 3

 

15. Ballistics is the study of __________.
16. DNA
17. Fingerprinting
18. Firearms
19. Response time

 

ANS:    C         REF:    p. 135             OBJ:    LO 3

 

16. The establishment of a connection between a suspect and a crime, often through the use of DNA evidence, in the absence of an ongoing investigation is a(n):

a.	Proactive solve
b.	Clearance rate
c.	Random hit
d.	Cold hit

 

 

ANS:    D         REF:    p. 135              OBJ:    LO 3

 

17. A database containing the DNA of more than 4.5 million people is:

a.	CODIS
b.	AFIS
c.	IBIS
d.	NCVS

 

 

ANS:    A         REF:    p. 135-136       OBJ:    LO 3

 

 

18. For more than a century the most important piece of trace evidence has been ____________.

a.	DNA
b.	The human fingerprint
c.	Human hair
d.	Blood evidence

 

 

ANS:    B          REF:    p. 135              OBJ:    LO 4

 

19. Who operated the National Combined DNA Index System?
20. ATF
21. DEA

c      FBI

1. ICE

 

ANS:    C         REF:    p. 136             OBJ:    LO 3

 

20. A reactive approach to policing that emphasizes a speedy response to calls for service is:

a.	Community policing
b.	Directed policing
c.	Problem-oriented policing
d.	Incident-driven policing

 

 

ANS:    D         REF:    p. 138              OBJ:    LO 4

 

21. Time elapsed between the instant a call for service is received and the instant a police officer arrives on the scene, otherwise referred to as ____, has become a benchmark for police efficiency.

a.	Differential response
b.	Directed patrol
c.	Incident-driven policing
d.	Response time

 

 

ANS:    D         REF:    p. 138              OBJ:    LO 4

 

22. In which type of patrol do officers make the rounds of a specific area with the purpose of carrying out the various patrol functions?

a.	Directed
b.	Incident-driven
c.	General
d.	Scattered Indirect

 

 

ANS:    C          REF:    p. 139              OBJ:    LO 4

 

23. The Kansas City Experiment showed that decreasing preventive patrol:

a.	Had little or no impact on crime
b.	Decreased crime
c.	Increased crime
d.	Increased the number of reported offenses

 

 

ANS:    A         REF:    p. 139              OBJ:    LO 4

 

 

24. An area that is concentrated with high criminal activity to which there is a directed police response is a:

a.	Ghetto
b.	Heavy spot
c.	Hot spot
d.	Slum

 

 

ANS:    C          REF:    p. 140              OBJ:    LO 4

 

25. What type of technology is utilized by police departments to locate and identify hot spots?

a.	Arrest rates
b.	Crime mapping
c.	Preventive patrol
d.	Rapid response

 

 

ANS:    B          REF:    p. 140              OBJ:    LO 4

 

26. The “broken windows theory” is based on the theory that by cracking down on ____ crimes, police can significantly reduce all crime in an area.

a.	Felony
b.	Property
c.	Quality-of-life
d.	Violent

 

 

ANS:    C          REF:    p. 141              OBJ:    LO 4

 

27. A policing philosophy that moves beyond responding to incidents and attempts to solve the root causes of criminal behavior is ___________________________.

a.	Problem-oriented policing
b.	Community policing
c.	Incident-driving policing
d.	Proactive policing

 

 

ANS:    A         REF:    p. 142              OBJ:    LO 5

 

28. A broad term used to describe the basic assumptions and values that permeate law enforcement agencies and are taught to new members of a law enforcement agency as the proper way to think, perceive, and act is called:

a.	Blue curtain
b.	Police cynicism
c.	Police subculture
d.	Socialization

 

 

ANS:    C          REF:    p. 144              OBJ:    LO 5

 

29. Which of the following is defined as “a metaphorical term used to refer to the value placed on secrecy and the general mistrust of the outside world shared by many police officers?”

a.	Blue curtain
b.	Loyalty
c.	Police cynicism
d.	Police subculture

 

 

ANS:    A         REF:    p. 144              OBJ:    LO 5

 

30. The use of force by police officers occurs in about ____ percent of all police-public encounters.

a.	9
b.	4
c.	1
d.	6

 

 

ANS:    C          REF:    146                  OBJ:    LO 6

 

31. In ____, the U.S. Supreme Court set the limits for the use of deadly force by law enforcement officers.

a.	Miranda v. Arizona (1963)
b.	Tennessee v. Garner (1985)
c.	Graham v. Conner (1989)
d.	Rovario v. United States (1957)

 

 

ANS:    B          REF:    p. 147              OBJ:    LO 6

 

32. A ____ is when an officer actively demands payment from an individual or a business in return for certain services.

a.	Gleaning
b.	Mooching
c.	Payoff
d.	Shakedown

 

 

ANS:    C          REF:    p. 149              OBJ:    LO 7

 

33. When police officers accept free gifts from citizens (a passive form of corruption), this is called:

a.	A shakedown
b.	A payoff
c.	Mooching
d.	Bribery

 

 

ANS:    C          REF:    p. 149              OBJ:    LO 7

 

34. The ____ is a division within a police department that receives and investigates complaints of wrongdoing by police officers.

a.	Administrative Department
b.	Citizen Oversight Committee
c.	Ethics Department
d.	Internal Affairs Unit

 

 

ANS:    D         REF:    p. 150              OBJ:    LO 7

 

35. According to Sherman, in the first stage of moral decline of a police officer, the officer:

a.	Accepts minor gratuities
b.	May force another party to pay for unwanted police services
c.	No longer passively accepts bribes
d.	Takes in large amounts of money through involvement in drugs, gambling or prostitution organizations

 

 

ANS:    A         REF:    p. 150              OBJ:    LO 7

 

CASES

 

Case 5-1

Officer Richards was driving his beat when he saw a man running down the street at the same time that he receives a radio dispatch that a convenience store was robbed and the cashier was shot.  Officer Richard jumps out of his car and chases the man down.  He arrested the man because he believed this is the man that just committed an armed robbery at the local convenience store.  In the robbery, the cashier was shot three times.  There were also bullet holes in the wall.  When arresting the suspect, Officer Richards did not find a gun on the suspect’s person.

 

36. What category of routine patrol activity was Officers Richards participating in when he was driving down his beat attempting to prevent crime from occurring?
37. Preventive patrol
38. Calls for service
39. Administrative duties
40. Officer-initiated activities

 

ANS:     A        REF:    p. 132             OBJ:    LO 1

 

37. When crime scene investigators respond to the convenience store, what trace evidence will they immediately protect from contamination?
38. Blood
39. Fingerprints
40. Hair
41. All of these

 

ANS:    D        REF:    p. 134             OBJ:    LO 2

 

38. Crime scene investigators will also study the ballistics at the crime scene. Ballistics is:
39. the study of firearms, including the weapon and the flight of the bullet
40. the identification of a person based on a sample of her or his DNA
41. the comparison of the number of crimes cleared compared to the number of crimes committed
42. the time that passed between the call to report the robbery and when police arrived on the scene

 

ANS:    A        REF:    p. 135             OBJ:    LO 2

 

39. Officer Richards was patrolling this particular area because there had been multiple reports of robberies and illegal narcotics transactions in this area at this time of day. Officer Richards was most likely participating in:
40. General patrol
41. Directed patrol
42. Crime mapping
43. Community policing

 

ANS:    B         REF:    p. 139             OBJ:    LO 4

 

 

40. While placing the suspect under arrest, there was no resistance. What level of force would Officer Richards appropriately be able to use?
41. Officer presence
42. Verbal commands
43. Intermediate weapons like a baton or taser
44. Deadly force

 

ANS:    A        REF:    p. 147             OBJ:    LO 6

 

Case 5-2

Officer Torres is new to the police force.  She was the top of her class in the police academy and received positive feedback from her field training officer.  She has been on the job for approximately one year and has soon realized that working as a police officer is very different from what they learned in the police academy.

 

41. Officer Torres is having a difficult time because many of her fellow officers are trying to “teach” her the way to think, perceive, and act. This is known as:
42. proactive policing
43. reactive policing
44. police subculture
45. police use of force

 

ANS:    C         REF:    p. 144             OBJ:    LO 5

 

42. Officer Torres’ fellow officers are very secretive with outsiders about the police department and generally mistrust the outside world. This is known as the:
43. blue curtain
44. green curtain
45. red curtain
46. yellow curtain

 

ANS:    A        REF:    p. 144             OBJ:    LO 5

 

43. Officer Torres believes that she is suffering from burnout and feels that there are many stressors that are causing this. Which would not be considered a common stressor for law enforcement officers?
44. Fear of being a victim of violent crime
45. The need to comply with the law in nearly every job action
46. Lack of community support
47. Positive media coverage

 

ANS:    D        REF:    p. 145             OBJ:    LO 5

 

 

44. Officer Torres was recently in a situation where she was apprehending a burglary suspect. The suspect was actively resisting by pulling away from Officer Torres and even attempted to punch her in the stomach.  Which weapon would Officer Torres not be allowed to use to subdue the offender?
45. Baton
46. Gun
47. Strikes
48. Taser

 

ANS:    B         REF:    p. 147             OBJ:    LO 6

 

45. Officer Torres is also stressed because her partner, Officer Williams, often coerces money from local drug dealers and keeps the money for himself. Officer Williams is using which type of police corruption?
46. Bribery
47. Extortion
48. Mooching
49. Shakedowns

 

ANS:    D        REF:    p. 149             OBJ:    LO 7

 

 

TRUE/FALSE

 

 

 

1. In most police departments the police responsibilities are divided according to zones as well as by time.

 

ANS:    T         REF:    p. 130             OBJ:    LO 1

 

2. The first goal of policing is to provide services to the community that are not crime related.

 

ANS:    F         REF:    p. 131             OBJ:    LO 1

 

3. In large police departments as many as two-thirds of all employees are sworn officers.

 

ANS:    T          REF:    p. 131              OBJ:    LO 1

 

4. The vast majority of patrol shifts are completed without a single arrest.

 

ANS:    T          REF:    p. 129              OBJ:    LO 1

 

5. Officer-initiated activities account for the most amount of patrol time.

 

ANS:     F         REF:    p. 132             OBJ:    LO 1

 

6. Because there are more stolen vehicles than murder in most jurisdictions, law enforcement agencies use more resources and time to investigate stolen vehicles than murders.

 

ANS:     F         REF:    p. 134             OBJ:    LO 2

 

7. Confidential informants are generally police officers who are working undercover to infiltrate criminal organizations.

 

ANS:    F          REF:    p. 132              OBJ:    LO 2

 

8. Police departments are only using DNA fingerprinting to solve murders and rapes.

 

ANS:     F          REF:    p. 136             OBJ:    LO 3

 

9. DNA taken from a crime scene may soon be able to provide law enforcement with a physical description of a suspect.

 

ANS:    T          REF:    p. 137             OBJ:    LO 3

 

10. Police response time is a benchmark used for police efficiency.

 

ANS:    T          REF:    p. 138             OBJ:    LO 4

 

11. The most pressing shortcomings of America’s 911 services are organizational.

 

ANS:    F          REF:    p. 138             OBJ:    LO 4

 

12. Directed patrol strategies are also known as preventive patrol.

 

ANS:    F          REF:    p. 139             OBJ:    LO 4

 

13. Reactive arrests are associated with general patrol activities.

 

ANS:    T          REF:    p. 139              OBJ:    LO 4

 

14. The “broken windows theory” proposes that cracking down on violent crime will allow police to reclaim neighborhoods.

 

ANS:    F          REF:    p. 140              OBJ:    LO 4

 

 

15. Community oriented policing is a philosophy that requires police to identify potential criminal activity and develop strategies to prevent or respond to that activity.

 

ANS:    F          REF:    p. 142             OBJ:    LO 5

 

16. Rookies begin the process of socialization from the first day on the job.

 

ANS:    T          REF:    p. 144             OBJ:    LO 5

 

17. Tennessee v. Garner (1985) outlawed the use of deadly force by police officers.

 

ANS:    F          REF:    p. 147              OBJ:    LO 6

 

18. Police officers use physical force in about 25% of police-public encounters.

 

ANS:    F          REF:    p. 146              OBJ:    LO 6

19. A police officer who accepts free “gifts” such as cigarettes, liquor or services in return for favorable treatment of the gift giver is said be participating in mooching.

 

ANS:    T          REF:    p. 149              OBJ:    LO 7

 

20. Duty is the obligation to act in a certain manner.

 

ANS:    T          REF:    p. 152              OBJ:    LO 8

 

 

COMPLETION

 

1. ________________ is a hierarchically structured administrative organization that carries out specific functions.

 

ANS:    Bureaucracy                            REF:    p. 129             OBJ:    LO 1

 

2. A __________ is the smallest stretch that a police officer or group of police officers regularly patrol.

 

ANS:    beat                                         REF:    p. 130             OBJ:    LO 1

 

3. ________________ are those officers authorized to make arrests and use force.

 

ANS:     Sworn officers                                                                                                      REF:    p. 131              OBJ:    LO 1

 

4. The application of science to establish facts and evidence during the investigation of crimes is ___________________.

 

ANS:     Forensics                                REF:    134                 OBJ:    LO 2

 

5. The study of firearms, including the firing of the weapon and the flight of the bullet is _______________.

 

ANS:     Ballistics                                                                                                                                        REF:    p. 135              OBJ:    LO 2

 

6. __________ is the genetic material found in the cells of all living things.

 

ANS:     DNA                                       REF:    p. 136             OBJ:    LO 3

 

7. ____________________ is a strategy for answering calls for service in which response time is adapted to the seriousness of the call.

 

ANS:     Differential response                REF:    p. 137             OBJ:    LO 4

 

8. Since the mid-1900s, a number of metropolitan areas have introduced ___________________call systems to reduce the strain on 911 operations.

 

ANS:     311 nonemergency                   REF:    p. 138             OBJ:    LO 4

 

9. General patrols are _______________ because the officers spend a substantial amount of their shifts hoping to notice any crimes that may be occurring.

 

ANS:     random                                   REF:    p. 139             OBJ:    LO 4

 

10. Areas that contain a greater number of criminals and higher-than-average levels of victimization are often labeled _______________.

 

ANS:    Hot spots                                                                                                                                      REF:    p. 140              OBJ:LO 4

 

11. The aspects of police work and life that lead to feelings of stress are _______________.

 

ANS:    Stressors                                 REF:    p. 145             OBJ:    LO 5

 

12. An officer suffering from _______________ will re-experience the traumatic event through nightmares and flashbacks.

 

ANS:    Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)  REF:   p. 126 OBJ:   LO 5

 

13. __________________ is force applied by a police officer that is likely or intended to cause death.

 

ANS:    Deadly force                           REF:    p. 147             OBJ:    LO 6

 

14. The misuse of authority by a law enforcement officer is _______________.

 

ANS:     police corruption                                                                                        REF:    p. 149              OBJ:    LO 7

 

15. _______________ is when an officer accepts money in exchange for allowing a certain criminal activity to continue.

 

ANS:     Bribery                                   REF:    p. 149             OBJ:    LO 7

 

16. The ______________________ is a division within a police department that receives and investigates complaints of wrongdoing by police officers.

 

ANS:     Internal Affairs Unit                REF:    p. 150             OBJ:    LO 7

 

17. Many communities rely on an external procedure for handling citizen complaints, which is known as ___________________________.

 

ANS:     Citizen oversight                     REF:    p. 150             OBJ:    LO 7

 

18. _______________________________corruption is knowing misconduct by a police officer with the goal of attaining what the officer believes is a “just” result.

 

ANS:     Noble cause                             REF:    p. 151             OBJ:    LO 8

 

 

19. The obligation to act in a certain manner is __________.

 

ANS:    Duty                                                                                                                                                                 REF:    p. 152              OBJ:    LO 8

 

 

20. The four categories of ethical dilemmas involve discretion, duty, honesty, and _____________.

 

ANS:    Loyalty                                      REF:   p. 152              OBJ:    LO 8

 

 

ESSAY

 

1. List and discuss the three primary purposes/goals of police patrol.

 

ANS:

 

• The deterrence of crime by maintaining a visible police presence
• The maintenance of public order and a sense of security in the community
• The twenty-four-hour provision of services that are not crime related.
• Each department has its own methods and strategies for accomplishing these goals

 

REF:    p. 131-132       OBJ:    LO 1

 

2. Discuss two aggressive investigation strategies

 

ANS:

• Going undercover is one investigation strategy. This occurs when a law enforcement agent assumes a false identity in order to obtain information concerning illegal activities.  Each department has its own guidelines on when undercover operations are necessary.  All that is required is a suspicion thatcriminal activity is taking place.  Undercover officers are most commonly used to infiltrate large-scale narcotics operations or those run by organized crime.
• Some police departments use confidential informants as an investigation strategy. CIs are people involved in criminal activity who give information about that activity and those who engage in it to the police.  Police departments are not required to disclose the identity of an informant unless a court finds that information is needed to determine the guilt or innocence of a suspect.

 

REF:    p. 133-134       OBJ:    LO 2

 

3. Describe how forensic experts use DNA fingerprinting to solve crimes.

 

ANS:

o	DNA provides a “genetic blueprint” or “code” for every living organism. DNA fingerprinting is useful in criminal investigations because no two people, have the same genetic code. Therefore, lab technicians can compare the DNA sample of a suspect to the evidence found at the crime scene.
o	Operated by the FBI since 1998, CODIS gives local and state law enforcement agencies access to the DNA profiles of a wide variety of persons who have been convicted of murder and sexual assault. This can provide police with what is referred to as a “cold hit.”

 

 

REF:    p. 134-137       OBJ:    LO 3

 

 

4. How do differential response strategies enable police departments to respond more efficiently to 911 calls?

 

ANS:

• A differential response strategy allows a police department to distinguish among calls for service so that officers may respond to important calls more quickly.
• A “hot” crime like a burglary in progress will receive more immediate action that a crime that occurred several days earlier.
• Overall response time is not as critical as response for the most important calls.

 

REF:    p. 138-139       OBJ:    LO 4

 

5. Discuss the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment.

 

ANS:

• There was a debate as to whether the presence of a police officer would deter criminals from attempting to commit crime.
• In 1972 and 1973 researchers tested this theory when they chose three research areas.
• Over a 12 month period police applied one of three patrol strategies including control beats, proactive beats, and reactive beats.
• Control beats use normal preventive measures where a single automobile drove the streets when not answering calls for service.
• On the proactive beats, the level of preventive measures was increased, with automobile patrols being doubled or tripled
• On the reactive beats, preventive patrol was eliminated entirely, and patrol cars only answered calls for service
• The results of the study were surprising because researchers found that increasing or decreasing preventive patrol had little or no impact on crimes, public opinion, the effectiveness of the police, police response time, traffic accidents or reports of crime to police.

 

REF:    p. 139             OBJ:    LO 4

 

6. Explain community policing and its contribution to the concept of problem-oriented policing.

 

ANS:

• Community policing involves proactive problem solving and a community-police partnership in which the community engages itself along with the police to address crime and the fear of crime in a particular geographic area.
• By establishing cooperative presence in a community, police officers are better able to recognize the root causes of criminal behavior there and apply problem-oriented policing methods when necessary.

 

REF:    p. 141-143       OBJ:    LO 5

 

 

7. Discuss police subculture and how police officers become socialized.

 

ANS:

• Police subculture is a broad term that describes the values and perceptions that are shared by members of a police department and, to a certain extent, by all law enforcement agents.
• Feelings of frustration and mistrust toward civilians are hallmarks of police subculture.
• Every organization has a subculture. Police subcultures are formed in an environment characterized by danger, stress, boredom, and violence.
• Through socialization rookies adopt a police subculture. This is the process through which a police officer is taught the values and expected behavior of the police subculture. This process is aided by rituals that are common to the law enforcement experience.
• The following rituals are critical to the police subculture:

• • Attending a police academy
  • Working with a senior officer
  • Making the initial felony arrest
  • Using force to make an arrest for the first time
  • Using or witnessing deadly force for the first time
  • Witnessing major traumatic incidents for the first time

 

REF:          p. 144             OBJ:    LO 5

 

8. Discuss the use of force and when police are justified in using deadly force.

 

ANS:

• Police officers may have to use force in their day-to-day patrol activities
• The use of physical force by law enforcement personnel is rare, occurring in only about 1% or all police-public encounters.
• Police officers are justified in using force to protect themselves and other citizens. To provide guidance for officers, nearly all law enforcement agencies use a use of force matrix.
• There are two kinds of force, non-deadly and deadly force. Most force used by law enforcement is non-deadly and is often considered reasonable.  Reasonable force is the degree of force that is appropriate to protect the police officer or other citizens and is not excessive.
• Deadly force is applied by a police officer that is likely to cause death.
• Deadly force is allowed if the officer has probable cause to believe that a suspect poses a threat of serious injury or death to officers or others.

 

REF:    p. 146-148       OBJ:    LO 6

 

 

9. Identify and discuss the three traditional forms of police corruption.

 

ANS:

o	One of the three forms is bribery, in which the police officer accepts money or other forms of payment in exchange for “favors,” which may include allowing a certain criminal activity to continue or misplacing a key piece of evidence before a trial. Related to bribery are payoffs, in which an officer demands payment from an individual or a business in return for certain services.
o	Shakedowns, another form of police corruption, occur when an officer attempts to coerce money or goods from a citizen or criminal.
o	Mooching is a type of corruption in which the police officer accepts free “gifts” such as cigarettes, liquor, or services in return for favorable treatment of the gift giver.

 

 

REF:    p. 149-150       OBJ:    LO 7

 

10. Explain what an ethical dilemma is and name four categories of ethical dilemmas typically faced by police officers.

 

ANS:

o	Criminologists Joycelyn M. Pollock and Ronald F. Becker define an ethical dilemma as a situation in which law enforcement officers:
	·	Do not know the right course of action;
	·	Have difficulty doing what they consider to be right; and/or
	·	Find the wrong choice very tempting.
o	There are four categories of ethical dilemmas:
	·   Discretion. The law provides rigid guidelines for how police officers must act and how they cannot act, but it does not offer guidelines for how officers should act in many circumstances.
	·   Duty. The concept of discretion is linked with duty, or the obligation to act in a certain manner.
	·   Honesty. Of course, honesty is a critical attribute for an ethical police officer. A law enforcement agent must make hundreds of decisions in a day, and most of them require him or her to be honest in order to properly do the job. ·   Loyalty. What should a police officer do if he or she witnesses a partner using excessive force on a suspect? The choice often sets loyalty against ethics, especially if the officer does not condone the violence.

 

REF:    p. 151-152       OBJ:    LO 8