Health Psychology A Cultural Approach 3rd Edition by Regan A.R. Gurung - Test Bank

Health Psychology A Cultural Approach 3rd Edition by Regan A.R. Gurung – Test Bank

 

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Chapter Five—Coping and Social Support

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1. Which of the following is FALSE regarding coping?

a.	It involves cognitive efforts to manage the outcomes of stress
b.	It involves behavioral efforts to manage the outcomes of stress
c.	It includes whatever individuals do to reestablish homeostatic balance.
d.	It is a one-time event that results in favorable outcomes.

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   WHAT IS COPING?

 

2. One of the most important reasons that studying coping is difficult is due to the fact that:

a.	stressors can be positive or negative
b.	there is severe cultural diversity in stress
c.	individual differences in people and stressors make it difficult to study
d.	there are too many subtypes of coping

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   WHAT IS COPING?

 

3. People who have high levels of social support often cope better than people with low levels of social support. In this case, social support can be said to be a(n):

a.	anti-stressor	c.	mediator
b.	coping mechanism	d.	moderator

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   MODERATORS VERSUS MEDIATORS

 

4. Most of the following variables can be mediators and moderators except for:

a.	happiness	c.	social support
b.	optimism	d.	age

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   MODERATORS VERSUS MEDIATORS

 

5. A _____ is the intervening process through which one variable has an effect on another variable.

a.	moderator	c.	control
b.	mediator	d.	buffer

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   MODERATORS VERSUS MEDIATORS

 

6. One of the most commonly studied mediators in health psychology is:

a.	sex	c.	health behaviors
b.	social support	d.	stress

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   MODERATORS VERSUS MEDIATORS

 

7. Our general predispositions to deal with stress are best described as:

a.	coping strategies	c.	coping genes
b.	coping styles	d.	avoidant coping

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   THE STRUCTURE OF COPING

 

 

 

 

8. If you have stress from a roommate who does not wash her own dishes, and you take the time to talk to her directly about your wish that she wash her own dishes, this type of coping style is called:

a.	emotion-focused coping .                   c.   avoidant coping.
b.	approach coping.                              d.   positive reinterpretation.

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   THE STRUCTURE OF COPING

 

9. Which of the following coping techniques is considered to be both problem-focused and emotion-focused?

a.	social support	c.	using religion
b.	using humor	d.	distraction

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   THE STRUCTURE OF COPING

 

10. Problem-focused coping is associated with more positive outcomes when the source of stress is ________.

a.	limited.	c.	flexible
b.	controllable.	d.	emotionally overwhelming.

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   THE STRUCTURE OF COPING

 

11. Each of the following is considered one of the “Big Five”factors in personality except:

a.	extraversion	c.	agreeableness
b.	neuroticism	d.	optimism

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   PERSONALITY AND COPING

 

12. If you are soft-hearted, trusting, and helpful, you are high on the Big Five personality trait of:

a.	optimism	c.	conscientiousness
b.	agreeableness	d.	neuroticism

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   PERSONALITY AND COPING

 

13. In contrast to early research on the Type A personality, current views hold that the most unhealthy component of the Type A profile is:

a.	being competitive	c.	being hostile
b.	showing a sense of time urgency	d.	being hardy

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   PERSONALITY AND COPING

 

14. An individual with Type A coronary-prone are found to be at a higher level of risk for:

a.	coronary heart disease.	c.	muscular-skeletal injuries
b.	diabetes.	d.	renal failure.

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   PERSONALITY AND COPING

 

15. _______ is the relatively stable tendency of an individual to believe one’s life is under one’s own control.

a.	Optimism	c.	Conscientiousness
b.	Hardiness	d.	Mastery

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   PERSONALITY AND COPING

 

 

 

16. People who enjoy challenges, have a high level of control, and are committed to their lives, are high in_______.

a.	optimism	c.	extraversion
b.	hardiness	d.	mastery

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   PERSONALITY AND COPING

 

17. Which of the following empirical statements is TRUE?

a.	Optimists tend to cope better with stress than pessimists.
b.	Optimists are more likely to use avoidant coping strategies than pessimists.
c.	Optimists tend not to practice healthy behaviors because they assume most outcomes will be positive.
d.	Optimism is correlated with better psychological health, but is not predictive of longevity.

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   PERSONALITY AND HEALTH

 

18. A student that has a high level of mastery believes:

a.	he is in control of the classroom environment
b.	he has the capability to succeed at whatever task is at hand.
c.	he does not have much control over his environment
d.	that he has a lot to learn this semester.

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   PERSONALITY AND HEALTH

 

19. Two of the most closely related personality concepts that both predict better coping are:

a.	conscientiousness and neuroticism	c.	mastery and optimism
b.	optimism and hardiness	d.	hardiness and resilience

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   PERSONALITY AND HEALTH

 

20. Which of the following is FALSE regarding resilience?

a.	Resilience has been studied with children, but not adults.
b.	Cultural factors have been shown to correlate with resilience.
c.	Resilience correlatates positively with hardiness.
d.	Resilience can be studied at the group level.

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   PERSONALITY AND COPING

 

21. The United States and European coping styles tend to follow:

a.	collectivist values.
b.	Individualistic values
c.	collectivistic values, emphasizing interdependence on others.
d.	Research has not examined cultural differences in coping because culture is too difficult to measure.

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   COPING AND CULTURE

 

22. For immigrants, the rate of psychiatric disorder may ______ with duration of time living in the United States.

a.	decrease
b.	stay the same
c.	improve and then decrease after five years.
d.	increase

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   COPING AND CULTURE

 

23. Which of the following is FALSE regarding the Alameda County Study?

a.	It is a study of a single community in California.
b.	It is a cross-sectional study examining two age groups..
c.	It found that men and women who were socially integrated lived longer than those who were not socially integrated.
d.	It was a 9-year epidemiological study.

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   SOCIAL SUPPORT

 

24. Regarding social support:

a.	Men give and receive more social support over their lives.
b.	Both men and woman give an equal amount of social support over their lifespan.
c.	Woman give and receive the most social support over their lifespan.
d.	Gender is not one of the predictors of social support.

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   SOCIAL SUPPORT

 

25. Married women are more likely to seek social support from:

a.	their husbands	c.	their same-sex friends
b.	members of their church	d.	their mothers

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   SOCIAL SUPPORT

 

26. Which of the following is FALSE regarding acculturation?

a.	Acculturation has been shown to affect  physical health.
b.	Acculturation has been shown to affect mental health.
c.	Acculturation can have different affects on men than women.
d.	There have not been any significant benefits associated with acculturation.

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   COPING AND CULTURE

 

27. As Dan has grown older, he has adjusted his group of friends to include those who he feels he needs for emotional support, and others he needs for instrumental support, like helping him fix his bicycle.  This is an example of:

a.	social convoy model	c.	familialism
b.	socioemotional selectivity theory	d.	received an perceived support

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   THEORIES OF SOCIAL SUPPORT

 

28. According to empirical data found by Gurung, Taylor & Seeman (2003), men are more likely to receive emotional support from:

a.	their children	c.	their same-sex friends
b.	their spouses	d.	their work team

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   CULTURAL VARIABLES IN SOCIAL SUPPORT

 

29. Higher social support is associated with higher infant birth weight among:

a.	foreign-born Latinas	c.	Latinas born in the United States
b.	European American woman	d.	African American women

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   CULTURAL VARIABLES IN SOCIAL SUPPORT

 

 

 

 

 

30. The concept that as we age, we prune our social networks to maintain a desired emotional state depending on the amount of limited time we have in our lives is:

a.	familialism	c.	escape avoidance
b.	socioemotional selectivity theory	d.	distancing

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   THEORIES OF SOCIAL SUPPORT CHANGE

 

31. Data from large longitudinal studies such as the MacArthur Successful Aging Study showed that:

a.	social support increases with time
b.	only young people report receiving adequate support.
c.	social support decreases with time
d.	the quality of social support is similar across individuals regardless of psychological or cognitive function.

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   THEORIES OF SOCIAL SUPPORT CHANGE

 

32. The Ways of Coping Questionnaire:

a.	measures only problem-focused coping.
b.	measures how people generally cope with stress.
c.	measures only social support.
d.	measures both problem-and emotion-focused coping.

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   COMMON MEASURES OF COPING

 

33. Active coping, planning, restraint coping, and acceptance are all forms of coping assessed by:

a.	guided imagery.
b.	The Social Readjustment Reappraisal scale
c.	The Social Support questionnaire
d.	The COPE

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   COMMON MEASURES OF COPING

 

34. Hypnosis is one form of coping that is found in:

a.	Biofeedback.	c.	cognitive-behavioral approaches.
b.	the COPE.	d.	relaxation-based approaches.

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   KEYS TO COPING WITH STRESS

 

35. Mindfulness is a relaxation-based technique that:

a.	intentionally bringing one’s attention to internal and external experiences occurring at the present moment.
b.	has not been empirically demonstrated to result in increased immune activity.
c.	increases the breathing rate to distract the person from stressful thoughts..
d.	focuses the mind on positive events from the past.

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   KEYS TO COPING WITH STRESS

 

36. Guided imagery and biofeedback are similar in that:

a.	they both utilize electronic monitoring devices
b.	they both need a therapist to assist you in your journey
c.	they both slow your pulse rate down
d.	you can observe your progress on a feedback machine

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   KEYS TO COPING WITH STRESS

 

37. If you have a fear of heights, this technique of classical conditioning is commonly used to help you to reduce this phobia:

a.	systemic desensitization	c.	cognitive-behavioral therapy
b.	psychoanalysis	d.	yoga

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   KEYS TO COPING WITH STRESS

 

38. Which of the following is NOT considered a relaxation-based approache to coping with stress?

a.	aromatherapy	c.	guided imagery
b.	disclosure in writing	d.	biofeedback

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   KEYS TO COPING WITH STRESS

 

39. Mai is utilizing a coping technique that asks her to focus on a specific thought, word image, or phrase.  Which of the following coping technique might she be using?

a.	biofeedback	c.	guided imagery
b.	meditation	d.	all of the above

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   171

 

40. CJ is utilizing a coping strategy that requires him to slow down his breathing and to clear his mind of stressful thoughts. CJ is probably utilizing the following coping strategy:

a.	Mindfulness meditation	c.	Stress-innoculation training
b.	expressive writing	d.	Rational-emotive therapy

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   KEYS TO COPING WITH STRESS

 

41. Sky is trying a new technique to help him to stay well.  He writes in a journal about emotional issues, including relationships about others, his past, the present, the future, and his goals and plans.  Research has shown that this cognitive-behavioral approach will likely:

a.	improve physical activity.
b.	increase levels of depression as a result of focusing on troubling, emotional issues.
c.	reduce levels of stress and negative mood
d.	lead to relaxation through the process of systemic desensitization

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   KEYS TO COPING WITH STRESS

 

42. An individual with body dysmorphic disorder, the condition where their body image perception is different than reality, can utilize this form of treatment to learn how to identify and change their irrational beliefs

a.	biofeedback	c.	guided imagery
b.	relaxation therapy	d.	rational-emotional therapy

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   KEYS TO COPING WITH STRESS

 

43. Which of the following is FALSE regarding systematic desensitization?

a.	You pair relaxation with the least stressful event in your anxiety hierarcy, and then move down the list until you can imagine your most stressful event and be relaxed.
b.	You start by confronting your worst fears by going to the source of your stress
c.	It is a form of classical conditioning.
d.	It is considered a relaxation-based approach to coping with stress.

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   KEYS TO COPING WITH STRESS

 

 

 

44. Carlos wants to set up a routine exercise schedule.  From what you have learned about exercise and stress reduction, what could you tell Carlos about how exercise affects stress?

a.	Exercise must be completed for one hour each day in order for any benefits to be seen in stress studies.
b.	Individuals who follow an exercise routine have lower pulse and mean arterial pressure when put under stress.
c.	Individuals who exercise put themselves at risk of cardiovascular disease  if they are also working under stressful conditions.
d.	Exercise does not affect stress, it only improves mood.

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   KEYS TO COPING WITH STRESS

 

45. When comparing the coping support systems among all cultural groups research indicates the following groups have the highest amount of support from other individuals within their cultural groups:

a.	Individuals with strong religious ties
b.	African American individuals who get the most support from their families, and women
c.	European American men
d.	athletes and college students

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   CULTURAL VARIABLES IN SOCIAL SUPPORT

 

TRUE/FALSE

 

1. Research indicates that the approach coping works better in the short term than the long term.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   THE STRUCTURE OF COPIING

 

2. Avoidant, emotion-based coping may be beneficial in the short term because this coping style gives your body time to recover from the physiological responses to and the shock of the stressor. For example, if you are diagnosed with cancer, and you are so anxious you can not function, it may benefit you to be emotion-focused and to cope with your emotions first and then deal with the issue later.

 

ANS:  T

 

3. The critical aspect of the Type A personality style that predicts coronary artery disease is a sense of time urgency.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   PPERSONALITY AND COPING

 

4. Secondary appraisals entail the person’s perception of their coping ability.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   WHO COPES WELL?

 

5. Measures of social support all have in common the fact that they measure number of people in one’s social network.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   SOCIAL SUPPORT

 

6. Mental health outcomes are worse for immigrants to the United States, as opposed to people from the same cultural group born in the United States who tend to have better mental health outcomes.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   CULTURAL VARIABLES IN SOCIAL SUPPORT

 

7. One acculturation-physical health link is: in general, recent immigrants are healthier then better-acculturated non-immigrants.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   CULTURAL VARIABLES IN SOCIAL SUPPORT

 

8. If Josh has social support from his friends while he is recovering from cancer, epidemiological studies indicate that he will have a decrease in the risk for depression due to the fact he has social support.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   SOCIAL SUPPORT

 

9. Biofeedback monitors your respiratory rate and your brain waves, and you use your mind to alter your respiratory rate.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   KEYS TO COPING WITH STRESS

 

10. Questionnaires used to measure coping assess how they generally cope with stress, but currently there are no measures to assess how one copes with a specific stressor.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   COMMON MEASURES OF COPING

 

ESSAY

 

1. If you were researching coping, what type of questionnaire would you prefer to use: the COPE or the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ)? Explain your rationale.

 

ANS:  Answers will vary; some may argue that it is more accurate to examine how people cope with a specific stressor because each stressor invokes different strategies. Others might argue that it is better to assess coping in general because it is a more representative look at coping with a variety of stressors in multiple contexts.

 

REF:   COMMON MEASURES OF COPING

 

2. How do the personality characteristics hardiness and resilience assist people in moderating the effects of stress, and improving their ability to cope?

 

ANS:  Hardiness: strongly committed to their lives, enjoy challenges, and have a high level of control over their lives, resilience: able to bounce back even if challenged with a series of stressful events

 

REF:   PERSONALITY AND COPING

 

3. How would you describe your own coping mechanisms? Use the theories and vocabulary that from the textbook in your description.

 

ANS:  Key words: personality, Type A, optimism, masterycultural factors including childhood stressors, global coping, adaptive coping, maladaptive hardiness and resiliencecoping, and sociocultural support.collectivistic and individualisticacculturation.

 

REF:   STRUCTURE OF COPING/PERSONALITY AND COPING

 

 

 

 

4. Compare and contrast received support and perceived support. Give some examples of how these two types of support can affect the health outcome of an individual.

 

ANS:  Received support: the actual social support an individual was provided to him or herperceived support: the social support believed to be available to the same person. Received or perceived support can be instrumental (material), informational (advice), or emotional (people say they care for you). During pregnancy, social support from the baby’s father predicted less anxiety, but not a difference in a depressed mood.

 

REF:   SOCIAL SUPPORT

 

5. If you were a therapist working with a woman who wants to learn how to cope with stress in her life due to care-giving challenges, what kind of approaches would you introduce to her as options for her treatment? Discuss two approaches that you learned about in the textbook.

 

ANS:  Relaxation-based approaches, guided imagery, biofeedback, cognitive-behavioral approaches, exercise

 

REF:   KEYS TO COPING WITH STRESS