Introduction to Psychology 11th Edition by James W. Kalat - Test Bank Instant Download - Complete Test Bank With Answers Sample Questions Are Posted Below 1. If you were conducting a cross-sectional study of development, what would you do? a. Compare people to monkeys and chimpanzees. b. Compare people from …
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Introduction to Psychology 11th Edition by James W. Kalat – Test Bank
Instant Download – Complete Test Bank With Answers
Sample Questions Are Posted Below
1. If you were conducting a cross-sectional study of development, what would you do?
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2. What is meant by a cross-sectional design?
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3. A cross-sectional research study of development examines what?
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4. A researcher studies people of different ages at the same time in which type of study?
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5. A psychologist compares the attitudes of students and their parents at approximately the same time. What type of research is this?
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6. A psychologist compared the drawings of 4-year-olds to those of their older brothers and sisters. This is an example of which kind of study?
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7. A researcher surveys people at one time and compares the answers for people of different ages. Which kind of research design is this?
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8. If you were conducting a longitudinal study of development, what would you do?
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9. What is meant by a longitudinal design?
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10. A longitudinal research study of development examines what?
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11. A researcher studies one group as they grow older in which type of study?
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12. Some researchers want to compare 60-year-olds to 80-year-olds, but they worry about finding similar groups of people. Which design would be best for minimizing that problem?
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13. A researcher studies 5-year-olds and then studies them again 2 and 4 years later. What kind of research design is this?
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14. Infants who cry easily are likely to grow up to have much anxiety in adulthood. That statement must be based on which kind of study?
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15. A psychologist poses some questions to 12-year-olds, and compares their responses to the same questions at age 18. This study follows which design?
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16. Someone finds that people’s personality at age 20 correlates highly with their personality at age 30. This research must have used which type of design?
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17. A psychologist wishes to study whether students who do well on the first test also do well on the final exam. What type of research does this question require?
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18. An investigator tests children at age 4 and again at ages 6, 8, and 10. What type of research is this?
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19. What is one advantage of a cross-sectional study over a longitudinal study?
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20. Which of the following studies would be impossible to answer by a cross-sectional study?
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21. What is meant by selective attrition?
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22. When is the problem of selective attrition most likely to arise?
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23. Psychologists study some 5-year-olds, 7-year-olds, and 9-year-olds. They study the same groups two years later, and again another two years later. What type of research is this?
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24. Which of these helps explain why most college seniors have higher grade averages than freshmen?
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25. What do we call research that combines cross-sectional and longitudinal methods?
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26. Why is a sequential design desirable, when possible?
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27. What does the term cohort mean?
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28. What people are in the “same cohort” as you?
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29. When might a researcher find a “cohort effect”?
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30. Most young adults today use social networks more than their parents, who use more than the grandparents. Which of these is the probable reason?
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31. The ways in which people of different generations differ from one another are considered to be what?
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32. Which of these observations is probably due to a difference in cohorts?
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33. Which of the following is the clearest example of a cohort effect?
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34. If people differ because of a “cohort effect,” what caused the difference?
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35. Comparing people from different birth cohorts at the same time is which kind of study?
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36. What type of research study, if any, is most strongly influenced by cohort effects?
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37. What causes a human fetus’s first muscle movements?
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38. At what age do people begin to yawn and hiccup?
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39. How does alcohol lead to the behavioral problems associated with fetal alcohol syndrome?
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40. How does drinking alcohol during pregnancy endanger a developing fetus?
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41. Which of these attracts the most attention by a 2-day-old human infant?
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42. Does a newborn infant look longer at one type of display or another? If so, what?
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43. Which of these best describes the developing ability to recognize faces?
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44. How do infants acquire a fear of crawling over unsafe edges?
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45. After infants learn not to crawl off ledges, why is it misleading to say they learned a fear of heights?
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46. Before infants can do much, psychologists can test their hearing by measuring which behavior?
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47. An infant increases its sucking rate when it hears a sound. After repetitions of that sound, the sucking rate declines. What term applies to this decrease of response?
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48. An infant responds less and less to a repeated sound, but increases its response to a slightly changed sound. What term applies to this increase of response?
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49. An infant shows habituation after repetitions of the sound “ba.” When the sound shifts to “pa,” the infant increases responses. What do psychologists infer?
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50. What evidence, if any, shows that newborn infants hear a difference between “ba” and “pa”?
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51. What evidence indicates that newborn infants can distinguish between the sounds “ba” and “pa”?
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52. A researcher played the sounds “ba-ba-ba-ba-ba . . .” until infants’ response habituated, and then substituted “pa.” What happened to the infants’ responses, and what conclusion follows?
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53. Suppose an infant habituates to the sound “ba” and fails to change its sucking rate when we substitute the sound “bla.” What interpretation would follow from this result?
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54. Infants less than 3 days old sucked on a nipple to hear their mother’s voice or another woman’s voice. What happened?
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55. What evidence (if any) indicates that infants less than 3 days old can recognize their mother’s voice?
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56. What evidence shows that a newborn prefers the sound of his/her mother’s voice?
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57. What evidence do we have that babies can hear, even in the first 3 days after birth?
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58. What evidence, if any, shows that infants remember melodies they heard before birth?
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59. Experimenters played a melody for fetuses before birth and tested them after birth. What happened?
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60. Suppose a newborn sucks to hear its father’s voice. When the response habituates, the experimenters substitute a different man’s voice. What do we infer if the sucking rate increases?
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| 61. Suppose a newborn sucks to hear its father’s voice. When the response habituates, the experimenters substitute a different man’s voice. What do we infer if the sucking rate remains the same?
The newborn hears a difference between the voices.
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62. A 2-month-old infant can learn to do which of the following?
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63. What was Jean Piaget’s main emphasis?
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64. Which of these best describes Piaget’s view of children’s cognitive development?
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65. According to Piaget, what are the main elements in a child’s cognitive development?
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66. Which of Piaget’s terms means applying an old schema to a new object or problem?
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| 67. If a child tries to change a photo on the wall with a remote control, what is she displaying?
If a child tries to change a photo on the wall with a remote control, what is she displaying?
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68. What did Piaget mean by accommodation?
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69. What was the order of stages in Piaget’s theory of development?
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70. Which of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development is characteristic of infants?
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| 71. Which is the final one of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?
The sensorimotor stage
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72. Which of these did Piaget say about stages of intellectual development?
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73. According to Piaget, when do children respond only to what they see and hear at the moment?
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74. According to Piaget, what does “object permanence” mean?
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75. How did Piaget test a child’s concept of object permanence?
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76. How did Piaget determine whether a child understands object permanence?
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77. What observation persuaded Piaget that young children lack the concept of object permanence?
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78. When infants watch a toy car go down a ramp and through a spot where something should have blocked it, what happens?
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79. In what way do young infants show evidence of object permanence?
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80. A 6-month-old watches a toy car go behind a curtain and through where a block should have stopped it. What happens, and what do psychologists infer?
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81. Infants show object permanence if the investigator measures which of the following?
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82. An infant watches a toy car go down a track, behind a screen presumably hiding a block, and then out the other side. How does the infant react?
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83. An infant watches a toy car go behind a screen presumably hiding a block. When the car quickly emerges on the other side, the child stares. This result implies that infants have which concept?
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84. Comparing two ways of measuring object permanence supports which of these generalizations?
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85. Comparing two ways of measuring object permanence supports which of these generalizations?
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86. A psychologist watches when a young child looks in the mirror and sees a red spot on the face. What concept is the psychologist probably testing?
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87. Why do psychologists infer that many 2-year-old children have a “sense of self”?
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88. What did Piaget mean by an “operation” (as in “concrete operations”)?
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89. According to Piaget, which of the following does “egocentric” mean?
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90. How might Piaget determine whether a child’s thinking is egocentric?
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91. According to Piaget, which of these is an example of egocentric thinking?
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92. According to Piaget, which of these is an egocentric thought?
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93. A professor gives complex lectures to introductory students, assuming that they understand everything that she does. This is an example of which of the Piaget’s concepts?
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94. A child watches a mother move some chocolate while “Maxi” isn’t watching. A psychologist asks, “Where will Maxi look for the chocolate?” What concept is the psychologist testing?
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95. A child who lacks “theory of mind” fails to understand which of these?
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96. Maxi saw chocolate in the blue cupboard. While he was absent, his mother moved it to the green cupboard. What does it mean if a child thinks Maxi will return and look in the blue cupboard?
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97. Maxi saw chocolate in the blue cupboard. While he was absent, his mother moved it to the green cupboard. What does it mean if a child thinks Maxi will return and look in the green cupboard?
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98. When children are in Piaget’s preoperational stage, what do they often have trouble distinguishing?
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99. What do most 3-year-olds understand, that most 2½-year-olds do not?
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100. A 2½-year-old child sees a toy hidden in a tiny room, and then looks for a larger toy in “the same place” in a full-sized room. Under what circumstances can the child find the toy quickly?
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101. A 2½-year-old child is told to “find a toy in the same place in the big room where you see the little toy in the little room.” The child fails to find it, unless we change the instructions as follows:
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102. A 2½-year-old child sees a toy in a dollhouse room. The psychologist asks the child to find the same toy “in the same place” in the full-size room. The child succeeds if the psychologist says this:
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103. According to Piaget, which concept do children lack when they are in the preoperational stage?
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104. An experimenter shows equal glasses of water, pours the water from one of them into a different-shaped glass, and asks whether the new glass has more or less water than before. What concept is the experimenter testing?
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105. A psychologist shows equal rows of coins, spreads out one row, and asks which row has more. What concept is she probably testing?
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| 106. Piaget filled two glasses equally, poured one of them into a tall thin glass, and asked a child which glass had more water. What was he testing?
Identity achievement
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107. How might an investigator test for the concept of conservation?
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108. An investigator shows two equally full beakers of water and pours one of them into a tall, thin container. The child says that the thinner container has more water. What does the child lack?
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109. According to Piaget, children in the concrete operations stage have difficulties with what?
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110. To see whether a child has reached the stage of formal operations, what might a psychologist test?
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111. How does a child in the concrete operations stage differ from one in the formal operations stage?
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112. What can children do in the formal operations stage but not in the concrete operations stage?
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113. A psychologist who is asking abstract and hypothetical questions might be trying to determine whether a child is in which stage of cognitive development?
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114. Someone who understands that objects maintain their weight and volume after changes in shape, but has trouble answering abstract or hypothetical questions, is in which of Piaget’s stages?
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115. Which of the following can people do ONLY after reaching the stage of formal operations?
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116. In which of Piaget’s stages might someone fail tests of object permanence?
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117. Piaget believed his stages were distinct, and that a child made a complete transition from one to another. Which observation argues against that position?
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118. According to Vygotsky, what is “the zone of proximal development”?
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119. What did Lev Vygotsky argue that educators should consider?
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120. With which of these statements would Lev Vygotsky strongly disagree?
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121. According to Vygotsky, is it possible for educators to help children with the concept of conservation?
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122. If you want a larger than average drink, how should you ask for it?
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123. How are Piaget’s cognitive stages similar to Erikson’s stages of social and emotional development?
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124. Whose theory proposes that people begin in the stage of basic trust versus mistrust?
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125. What point did Erik Erikson’s stages of development emphasize?
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126. When someone has social or emotional difficulties, what explanation did Erik Erikson emphasize?
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127. What did Erik Erikson regard as the main social need of a newborn infant?
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128. How old are people who are in Erikson’s age of basic trust versus mistrust?
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129. In the “Strange Situation” that Mary Ainsworth devised, psychologists evaluate a child’s reactions to which of the following?
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130. The Strange Situation attempts to evaluate which of the following?
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131. A child with both happy and angry responses to the mother shows which attachment style?
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132. An infant who mostly ignores the mother in the Strange Situation shows which attachment style?
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133. Research on the Strange Situation supports which of these conclusions?
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134. Differences in the tendency to be active or inactive, outgoing or reserved, are known as what?
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135. People who differ in their temperament differ in which of the following?
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136. The probability of developing a secure attachment in the Strange Situation relates in part to genetic differences in what?
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137. Why is it sometimes difficult to compare children’s attachment in a variety of cultures?
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138. On average, which of these starts at an earlier age today than it did 100 years ago?
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139. Why are adolescents more likely than adults to make risky decisions?
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140. According to Erikson, who is most concerned with the identity crisis?
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141. According to Erikson, which of these is a major concern of adolescents?
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142. What is meant by the term identity diffusion?
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143. Someone who unquestioningly accepts a parent’s recommendations about career, family, and so forth, is in which state?
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144. What is meant by “identity moratorium”?
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145. If you explored various identities and then decided about your future, you are in what state?
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146. According to David Elkind, which of these is an example of the “personal fable” of adolescents?
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147. Many adolescents silently believe “I will succeed in all my ambitions,” and “Everyone notices how I look.” What term did David Elkind use to characterize these and similar beliefs?
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148. Consider someone who knows an act is risky, but who believes “I will be safe anyway.” This attitude is an example of what?
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149. What do people do during both an adolescent identity crisis and a midlife transition?
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150. Which of the following is known to improve old people’s intellectual performance?
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151. On average, which of the following is truer for old adults than young adults?
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152. What can a nursing home staff do to improve retired people’s health, alertness, and morale?
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153. Terror-management theory focuses on the psychological consequences of which of these?
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154. According to terror-management theory, how do people react to a reminder of death?
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155. According to terror-management theory, people reaffirm their self-esteem, hope, and values in response to which of the following?
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156. On which of the following do women generally perform better than men?
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157. At least in the United States, how do men and women differ with regard to apologies?
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158. At least in the United States, what do women say more often than men?
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159. How do boys and girls compare in math abilities in the United States?
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160. Why do so many more men than women become grand masters at chess?
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161. In which of these regards do boys and girls show the greatest difference?
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162. Which of the following has been shown to influence which toys a young child prefers?
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163. How is a girl affected if she was exposed to above-average levels of testosterone before birth?
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164. Which of these biological factors has been shown to influence a child’s preferences among toys?
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165. What evidence suggests a cultural influence on children’s choices of toys?
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166. Which of these might define something as “a man’s job” or “a woman’s job”?
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167. Which of these is true about nonromantic hugs?
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168. Which of these generalizations tends to be true about cultural differences?
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169. According to a popular generalization, which of these terms applies to Chinese culture?
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170. Evidence suggests that which of these prompts people to develop a “collectivist” culture?
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171. What apparently determines whether people develop a collectivist or individualistic culture?
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172. On average, which immigrants adapt to a new culture most easily?
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173. How has the condition of biracial children apparently changed over decades?
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174. What is a fault of many studies comparing firstborn and later-born children?
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175. To do research on the psychological effects of birth order, what should a researcher do?
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176. A researcher finds that, on average, the firstborns at one high school have higher grades than second- and third-born children. Other than birth order, what else might explain this result?
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177. Of all the students at a particular college, how do firstborns differ from later-borns, on average?
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178. When comparing firstborn to later-born children, what must researchers remember and consider?
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179. If you compare all the firstborns in your class to all the later-borns, what might influence the results, other than birth order?
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180. “Authoritative” parents set high standards and communicate sympathetically. They tend to have well-behaved children. What conclusion, if any, follows?
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181. A psychologist reports that authoritative parents tend to have well-behaved children. Before we conclude that parenting style influences children’s personality, what should we check?
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182. Why can we not draw firm conclusions from most research on parenting style and children’s behavior?
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183. What is the relationship between the personality of adopting parents and their adopted children?
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184. What evidence suggests that parental behavior has little effect on children’s personality?
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185. Under which condition are children of a single mother likely to do as well as children of two parents?
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186. According to current evidence, how are children affected if they are reared by gays or lesbians?
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187. According to current evidence, what is likely for children reared by a gay or lesbian couple?
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188. Research has demonstrated what effect of divorce on the children?
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Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
