Pharmacology An Introduction 7Th Edition By Henry Hitner - Test Bank

Pharmacology An Introduction 7Th Edition By Henry Hitner – Test Bank

 

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Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

Chapter 05

Autonomic Nervous System

 

 

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Identify an accurate statement about the autonomic nervous system (ANS).
   A. The ANS is under one’s conscious control.
   B.  The ANS is composed of nerves that innervate smooth and cardiac muscle.
   C.  The ANS is regulated by the cerebral cortex.
   D.  The ANS is composed of nerves that innervate skeletal muscles.

The ANS is composed of nerves that innervate cardiac and smooth muscle (involuntary) of the internal organs and glands.

 

ABHES: 2.a. List all body systems, their structure and functions
Blooms: Understand
CAAHEP: I.C.5. Identify the anatomical location of major organs in each body system
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Outcome: 05.01

2. The two structures that directly regulate visceral nerves are:
   A. the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.
   B.  the pituitary gland and the medulla oblongata.
   C.  the pituitary gland and the pineal gland.
   D.  the hypothalamus and the medulla oblongata.

The visceral nerves, which are not under conscious control, are regulated by the hypothalamus and the medulla oblongata.

 

ABHES: 2.a. List all body systems, their structure and functions
Blooms: Understand
CAAHEP: I.C.7. Describe the normal function of each body system
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Outcome: 05.01

 

 

3. Identify a difference between visceral nerves and somatic nerves.
   A. The somatic nerves innervate involuntary muscles, whereas the visceral nerves innervate voluntary muscles.
   B.  The visceral nerves are not under voluntary control, whereas the somatic nerves are under voluntary control.
   C.  Visceral nerves are regulated by the cerebral cortex, whereas somatic nerves are regulated by the medulla oblongata.
   D.  Somatic nerves innervate the muscles of the heart, whereas visceral nerves innervate the skeletal muscles.

The somatic nerves are under the conscious, or voluntary, control of the cerebral cortex. The visceral nerves are not under conscious control and are regulated by the hypothalamus and the medulla oblongata.

 

ABHES: 2.a. List all body systems, their structure and functions
Blooms: Analyze
CAAHEP: I.C.1. Describe structural organization of the human body
CAAHEP: I.C.7. Describe the normal function of each body system
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Learning Outcome: 05.01

4. The somatic nerves are the branches of the cranial and spinal motor nerves that:
   A. innervate skeletal muscle.
   B.  are not under one’s voluntary control.
   C.  are regulated by the hypothalamus and the medulla oblongata.
   D.  innervate the cardiac muscles and the smooth muscles of the internal organs and glands.

The somatic nerves are the branches of the cranial and spinal motor nerves that innervate skeletal muscle (voluntary).

 

ABHES: 2.a. List all body systems, their structure and functions
Blooms: Understand
CAAHEP: I.C.1. Describe structural organization of the human body
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Outcome: 05.01

 

 

5. Another name for the autonomic nervous system is:
   A. the somatic nervous system.
   B.  the sensory nervous system.
   C.  the visceral nervous system.
   D.  the spinal nervous system.

The visceral nerves are commonly referred to as the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

 

ABHES: 2.a. List all body systems, their structure and functions
Blooms: Understand
CAAHEP: I.C.1. Describe structural organization of the human body
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Outcome: 05.01

6. The special property that allows cardiac and smooth muscles to initiate their own contractions is known as:
   A. autorhythmicity.
   B.  biorhythmicity.
   C.  tachycardia.
   D.  bradycardia.

Cardiac and smooth muscles are involuntary muscles that are found in the walls of the internal organs and glands. They possess a special property, known as autorhythmicity, which allows them to initiate their own contractions.

 

ABHES: 2.a. List all body systems, their structure and functions
Blooms: Remember
CAAHEP: I.C.7. Describe the normal function of each body system
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Outcome: 05.02

 

 

7. Identify a difference between parasympathetic nerves and sympathetic nerves.
   A. Parasympathetic nerves are more active during periods of intense stress, whereas sympathetic nerves are more active during periods of rest.
   B.  Parasympathetic nerves originate from the brain and the spinal cord, whereas sympathetic nerves originate from the thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves.
   C.  Parasympathetic nerves innervate blood vessels, whereas sympathetic nerves innervate skeletal muscles.
   D.  Parasympathetic nerves release the neurotransmitter adrenaline, whereas sympathetic nerves release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

The nerves of the parasympathetic division (also known as the craniosacral division) originate from the brain (cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, and 10) and spinal cord (sacral nerves S2 to S4). The nerves of the sympathetic division (known as the thoracolumbar division) originate from the thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves (T1 to L3).

 

ABHES: 2.a. List all body systems, their structure and functions
Blooms: Analyze
CAAHEP: I.C.1. Describe structural organization of the human body
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Learning Outcome: 05.03

8. During an anatomical class, Dr. Hales removes the heart of a frog and places it in a beaker of oxygenated Ringer’s solution. He then instructs his health care trainees to observe how the muscles of the frog’s heart continue to contract even without external stimulation. What property of the muscles of the heart is Dr. Hales asking his students to observe?
   A. Autorhythmicity
   B.  Bradycardia
   C.  Tachycardia
   D.  Biorhythmicity

Involuntary muscles are found in the walls of the internal organs and glands and possess a special property, autorhythmicity, which allows them to initiate their own contractions.

 

ABHES: 2.a. List all body systems, their structure and functions
Blooms: Apply
CAAHEP: I.C.5. Identify the anatomical location of major organs in each body system
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Learning Outcome: 05.02

 

 

9. The function of the autonomic nervous system is to regulate the rate of:
   A. cardiac muscle contractions.
   B.  skeletal muscle contractions.
   C.  striated muscle contractions.
   D.  sensory conduction.

One of the functions of the autonomic nervous system is to regulate the rate of cardiac muscle contractions.

 

ABHES: 2.a. List all body systems, their structure and functions
Blooms: Understand
CAAHEP: I.C.7. Describe the normal function of each body system
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Outcome: 05.02

10. _____ is the term used to describe the situation where the nerves arising from the two separate divisions of the autonomic nervous system innervate and alternatively increase and decrease the activity of a particular organ.
    A. Single autonomic innervation
    B.  Dual autonomic innervation
    C.  Autorhythmicity
    D.  Homeostasis

Generally, each visceral organ receives a nerve from each division of the autonomic nervous system. One division usually increases the activity of a particular organ while the other decreases the activity. This is referred to as dual autonomic innervation.

 

ABHES: 2.a. List all body systems, their structure and functions
Blooms: Understand
CAAHEP: I.C.5. Identify the anatomical location of major organs in each body system
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Outcome: 05.02

 

 

11. If the heart of a frog was placed in a petri dish filled with oxygenated Ringer’s solution, what other chemical would be essential to make it contract?
    A. Norepinephrine
    B.  Acetylcholine
    C.  Serotonin
    D.  None

This process of autorhythmicity can be demonstrated by removing the heart or a piece of intestine from a frog, placing the organ in oxygenated Ringer’s solution, and observing the contractions that occur without any stimulation.

 

ABHES: 2.a. List all body systems, their structure and functions
Blooms: Apply
CAAHEP: I.C.5. Identify the anatomical location of major organs in each body system
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Outcome: 05.02

12. Identify an accurate statement about the autonomic nervous system (ANS).
    A. The ANS is under one’s conscious control.
    B.  The ANS is composed of nerves that innervate the skeletal muscles.
    C.  The ANS is regulated by the cerebral cortex.
    D.  The ultimate purpose of the ANS is to maintain homeostasis in the body.

The ANS functions to regulate the rate at which the internal organs and glands of the body work, either increasing or decreasing their activity. In this way, homeostasis, the normal balance among the body’s internal organs, can be maintained.

 

ABHES: 2.a. List all body systems, their structure and functions
Blooms: Apply
CAAHEP: I.C.7. Describe the normal function of each body system
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Outcome: 05.02

 

 

13. _____ refers to the normal state of balance among the body’s internal organs.
    A. Repolarization
    B.  Homeodynamics
    C.  Homeostasis
    D.  Euvolemia

Homeostasis refers to the normal state of balance among the body’s internal organs.

 

ABHES: 2.a. List all body systems, their structure and functions
Blooms: Remember
CAAHEP: I.C.7. Describe the normal function of each body system
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Outcome: 05.02

14. An increase in blood pressure is associated with a(n):
    A. decrease in sympathetic activity.
    B.  increase in parasympathetic activity.
    C.  decrease in parasympathetic activity.
    D.  increase in sympathetic activity.

Blood pressure is controlled by either increasing sympathetic activity to cause vasoconstriction or decreasing sympathetic activity to cause vasodilation.

 

ABHES: 2.a. List all body systems, their structure and functions
Blooms: Apply
CAAHEP: I.C.7. Describe the normal function of each body system
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Outcome: 05.03

 

15. Identify an accurate statement about the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
    A. The nerves of the parasympathetic division originate from the brain and spinal cord.
    B.  The sacral nerves of the parasympathetic division supply the internal organs and glands of the head.
    C.  Most blood vessels receive parasympathetic innervation.
    D.  The parasympathetic division is less active during periods of rest and restoration of body energy stores.

The nerves of the parasympathetic division (also known as the craniosacral division) originate from the brain (cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, and 10) and spinal cord (sacral nerves S2 to S4).

 

ABHES: 2.a. List all body systems, their structure and functions
Blooms: Understand
CAAHEP: I.C.1. Describe structural organization of the human body
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Outcome: 05.03

16. The thoracic nerves of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system:
    A. supply the lower portion of the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity.
    B.  decrease the activity of the heart during the fight or flight reaction.
    C.  supply the internal organs of the head, thoracic cavity, and upper abdominal cavity.
    D.  originate from the sacral region of the spinal cord.

The thoracic nerves supply the internal organs and glands of the head, thoracic cavity, and upper abdominal cavity.

 

ABHES: 2.a. List all body systems, their structure and functions
Blooms: Understand
CAAHEP: I.C.5. Identify the anatomical location of major organs in each body system
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Outcome: 05.03

 

 

17. The activation of the parasympathetic division will not directly reduce:
    A. gastrointestinal motility.
    B.  blood pressure.
    C.  urinary motility.
    D.  skeletal muscle contraction.

Each of the internal organs and glands receives a nerve from each division of the parasympathetic division. There are exceptions; for example, most blood vessels do not receive parasympathetic innervation. In this situation, blood pressure is controlled by either increasing sympathetic activity to cause vasoconstriction or decreasing sympathetic activity to cause vasodilation.

 

ABHES: 2.a. List all body systems, their structure and functions
Blooms: Analyze
CAAHEP: I.C.7. Describe the normal function of each body system
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Learning Outcome: 05.03

18. Patients undergoing a chemical stress test at a doctor’s office could expect to receive an injection of which neurotransmitter?
    A. Epinephrine
    B.  Acetylcholine
    C.  Serotonin
    D.  Dopamine

Patients undergoing a chemical stress test at a doctor’s office could expect to receive an injection of epinephrine. The neurotransmitter epinephrine triggers physiological changes in the body in response to stressful and emergency situations; it activates the sympathetic nervous system.

 

ABHES: 2.c. Identify diagnostic and treatment modalities as they relate to each body system
Blooms: Analyze
CAAHEP: I.C.11.a. Identify the classifications of medications including indications for use
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Learning Outcome: 05.03

 

 

19. A parasympathetic stimulating medication would be good for which condition?
    A. Hypertension
    B.  Constipation
    C.  Diarrhea
    D.  Conjuctivitis

The parasympathetic nerves increase body functions such as digestion and elimination of waste products (urination, defecation).

 

ABHES: 2.a. List all body systems, their structure and functions
ABHES: 2.c. Identify diagnostic and treatment modalities as they relate to each body system
Blooms: Analyze
CAAHEP: I.C.11.a. Identify the classifications of medications including indications for use
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Outcome: 05.03

20. A patient with tachycardia, an abnormally rapid heartbeat, is experiencing:
    A. parasympathetic activation.
    B.  parasympathetic inhibition.
    C.  sympathetic activation.
    D.  sympathetic inhibition.

Sympathetic stimulation increases heart rate and the force of myocardial contractions. It also allows for more air exchange in the lungs.

 

ABHES: 2.a. List all body systems, their structure and functions
Blooms: Apply
CAAHEP: I.C.7. Describe the normal function of each body system
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Outcome: 05.03

 

 

21. What physiological changes take place in the body during the fight or flight reaction?
    A. The heart rate decreases.
    B.  The activity of the gastrointestinal tract increases.
    C.  The breathing rate decreases.
    D.  The force of myocardial contractions increases.

During the fight or flight reaction, the sympathetic division increases the activity of certain organs to allow a greater expenditure of energy for both physical and mental exertion. For example, sympathetic stimulation increases heart rate and the force of myocardial contraction; also bronchodilation allows for more air exchange in the lungs. At the same time, there is a decrease in the activity of the organs whose functions are not required for the fight or flight reaction. For example, activity of the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts is inhibited.

 

ABHES: 2.a. List all body systems, their structure and functions
Blooms: Understand
CAAHEP: I.C.7. Describe the normal function of each body system
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Outcome: 05.03

22. While Alice is mowing her lawn, she sees a big snake slithering out from under some flower pots. In response to the sudden threat of danger, Alice’s heart rate increases, and she begins to breathe rapidly. Which of the following neurotransmitters is primarily responsible for triggering these physical reactions in Alice’s body?
    A. Dopamine
    B.  Acetylcholine
    C.  Epinephrine
    D.  Somatostatin

During the fight or flight reaction, the adrenal medulla releases epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) and some norepinephrine into the blood. These neurotransmitters then act as hormones and travel to all sympathetic receptor sites producing intense sympathetic stimulation.

 

ABHES: 2.a. List all body systems, their structure and functions
Blooms: Apply
CAAHEP: I.C.7. Describe the normal function of each body system
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Learning Outcome: 05.03

 

 

23. What is the main chemical released by the adrenal medulla in response to sympathetic stimulation?
    A. Norepinephrine
    B.  Acetylcholine
    C.  Dopamine
    D.  Epinephrine

During the fight or flight reaction, the adrenal medulla releases epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) and some norepinephrine into the blood. These neurotransmitters then act as hormones and travel to all sympathetic receptor sites producing intense sympathetic stimulation.

 

ABHES: 2.a. List all body systems, their structure and functions
Blooms: Apply
CAAHEP: I.C.7. Describe the normal function of each body system
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Outcome: 05.03

24. Which of the following neurotransmitters is released by the adrenal medulla during the fight or flight reaction?
    A. Serotonin
    B.  Dopamine
    C.  Adrenaline
    D.  Acetylcholine

During the fight or flight reaction, the adrenal medulla releases epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) and some norepinephrine into the blood.

 

ABHES: 2.a. List all body systems, their structure and functions
Blooms: Remember
CAAHEP: I.C.7. Describe the normal function of each body system
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Outcome: 05.03

 

 

25. How do parasympathetic nerves differ from sympathetic nerves?
    A. Parasympathetic nerves innervate blood vessels, whereas sympathetic nerves do not.
    B.  Parasympathetic nerves are less active than sympathetic nerves during periods of rest.
    C.  Parasympathetic nerves cannot be individually stimulated, whereas sympathetic nerves can.
    D.  Parasympathetic nerves do not release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, whereas sympathetic nerves do.

In the parasympathetic nervous system, the neurotransmitter released at both the ganglia and the postganglionic nerve endings is acetylcholine (ACH). In sympathetic nerves, the neurotransmitter released at the ganglia is also ACH, but at the postganglionic nerve endings, it is norepinephrine (NE).

 

ABHES: 2.a. List all body systems, their structure and functions
Blooms: Analyze
CAAHEP: I.C.5. Identify the anatomical location of major organs in each body system
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Learning Outcome: 05.04

26. The neurotransmitter common to both preganglionic nerve fibers in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system is:
    A. norepinephrine.
    B.  acetylcholine.
    C.  epinephrine.
    D.  serotonin.

The neurotransmitter released from preganglionic nerve fibers at the autonomic ganglion of both divisions is acetylcholine (ACH).

 

ABHES: 2.a. List all body systems, their structure and functions
Blooms: Analyze
CAAHEP: I.C.1. Describe structural organization of the human body
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Learning Outcome: 05.04

 

 

27. Which of the following effects results from parasympathetic stimulation?
    A. Mydriasis
    B.  An increase in heart rate
    C.  An increase in gastrointestinal motility
    D.  Bronchodilation

The motility of the gastrointestinal tract increases in response to parasympathetic stimulation.

 

ABHES: 2.a. List all body systems, their structure and functions
Blooms: Remember
CAAHEP: I.C.7. Describe the normal function of each body system
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Outcome: 05.03

28. Which of the following is a difference between acetylcholine and epinephrine?
    A. Acetylcholine is released from the adrenal gland, whereas epinephrine is released from the preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic nerves.
    B.  Acetylcholine produces the effects of parasympathetic stimulation, whereas epinephrine produces the effects of sympathetic stimulation.
    C.  Acetylcholine is released by adrenergic nerves, whereas epinephrine is released by cholinergic nerves.
    D.  Acetylcholine binds with adrenergic receptors, whereas epinephrine binds with muscarinic receptors.

The effects of parasympathetic stimulation are produced by the release of acetylcholine, which binds to the cholinergic receptors. The effects of sympathetic stimulation are produced by the release of norepinephrine from adrenergic nerve endings and also by epinephrine (EPI) released from the adrenal medulla.

 

ABHES: 2.a. List all body systems, their structure and functions
Blooms: Analyze
CAAHEP: I.C.5. Identify the anatomical location of major organs in each body system
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Learning Outcome: 05.04

 

 

29. In the ANS, neurons that emerge from the central nervous system form the _____.
    A. postganglionic nerve fiber
    B.  preganglionic nerve fiber
    C.  autonomic ganglion
    D.  neuroglia

In the ANS, neurons that emerge from the central nervous system form the preganglionic nerve fiber.

 

ABHES: 2.a. List all body systems, their structure and functions
Blooms: Remember
CAAHEP: I.C.1. Describe structural organization of the human body
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Outcome: 05.04

30. Identify an accurate statement about acetylcholine.
    A. Acetylcholine is produced in the adrenal gland.
    B.  Acetylcholine is released at the postganglionic nerve endings of sympathetic nerves.
    C.  Acetylcholine is released at both the ganglia and the postganglionic nerve endings of parasympathetic nerves.
    D.  Acetylcholine is the predominant neurotransmitter that is released during the fight or flight reaction.

In the parasympathetic nervous system, the neurotransmitter released at both the ganglia and the postganglionic nerve endings is acetylcholine (ACH).

 

ABHES: 2.a. List all body systems, their structure and functions
Blooms: Understand
CAAHEP: I.C.7. Describe the normal function of each body system
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Outcome: 05.04

 

 

31. Which of the following statements is true of the effects of sympathetic stimulation on the body?
    A. It decreases the rate at which the heart contracts and relaxes.
    B.  It increases the rate of atrioventricular conduction.
    C.  It stimulates the urinary bladder to contract.
    D.  It causes the pupils of the eyes to constrict.

An increase in the heart rate and atrioventricular conduction are some of the effects of sympathetic stimulation.

 

ABHES: 2.a. List all body systems, their structure and functions
Blooms: Understand
CAAHEP: I.C.7. Describe the normal function of each body system
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Outcome: 05.03

32. A high rate of sympathetic nerve firing is most likely to result in _____.
    A. bronchoconstriction
    B.  vasoconstriction
    C.  miosis
    D.  vasodilation

A high rate of sympathetic nerve firing results in vasoconstriction. Vasoconstriction increases blood pressure but reduces blood flow.

 

ABHES: 2.a. List all body systems, their structure and functions
Blooms: Remember
CAAHEP: I.C.7. Describe the normal function of each body system
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Outcome: 05.04

 

 

33. How do muscarinic receptors differ from nicotinic receptors?
    A. Muscarinic receptors are located on the cell membranes of the visceral organs and glands, whereas nicotinic receptors are located on the cell membranes of skeletal muscles and at the ganglia of nerves.
    B.  Muscarinic receptors are cholinergic receptors, whereas nicotinic receptors are adrenergic receptors.
    C.  Muscarinic receptors are stimulated by acetylcholine released from preganglionic nerve endings, whereas nicotinic receptors are stimulated by acetylcholine released from postganglionic nerve endings.
    D.  Muscarinic receptors are somatic, whereas nicotinic receptors are autonomic.

Muscarinic receptors are located on the cell membranes of the visceral organs and glands. Nicotinic-nerve receptors are located at both the parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglia. Nicotinic-muscle receptors are located on the cell membranes of skeletal muscle and are stimulated by ACH from somatic nerve endings to contract skeletal muscle.

 

ABHES: 2.a. List all body systems, their structure and functions
Blooms: Analyze
CAAHEP: I.C.5. Identify the anatomical location of major organs in each body system
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Learning Outcome: 05.05

34. The receptors that are located at both the parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglia, which are stimulated by the acetylcholine released from preganglionic nerve endings to conduct impulses across the autonomic ganglia to the postganglionic fibers of both autonomic divisions, are known as _____.
    A. nicotinic-muscle receptors
    B.  nicotinic-nerve receptors
    C.  muscarinic receptors
    D.  adrenergic receptors

Nicotinic-nerve receptors are located at both the parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglia and are stimulated by the acetylcholine released from preganglionic nerve endings to conduct impulses across the autonomic ganglia to the postganglionic fibers of both autonomic divisions.

 

ABHES: 2.a. List all body systems, their structure and functions
Blooms: Remember
CAAHEP: I.C.5. Identify the anatomical location of major organs in each body system
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Outcome: 05.05

 

 

35. Which of the following neurotransmitters is released by the postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
    A. Acetylcholine
    B.  Norepinephrine
    C.  Serotonin
    D.  Dopamine

In the sympathetic division, the postganglionic neurons release norepinephrine, which stimulates the adrenergic receptors.

 

ABHES: 2.a. List all body systems, their structure and functions
Blooms: Remember
CAAHEP: I.C.7. Describe the normal function of each body system
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Outcome: 05.05