Essentials Of Pathophysiology Concepts of Altered States 4th Edition By Porth
Essentials Of Pathophysiology Concepts of Altered States 4th Edition By Porth
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Chapter 3- Inflammation, the Inflammatory Response, and Fever
Complete Chapter Questions With Answers
Sample Questions Are Posted Below
| 1. | A client with poor arterial circulation in the lower limbs has developed areas of inflammation and “weeping” clear serous exudate. Since chronic inflammation lasts for a long time, it has been associated with which of the following changes in physiological response? Select all that apply. | |
| A) | Formation and development of new blood vessels | |
| B) | The death of one or more cells in the body within a localized area | |
| C) | Release of a number of potent inflammatory mediators, altering adhesive properties | |
| D) | Regulation and modulation of the immune response through synthesis and release of inflammatory mediators | |
| E) | Release of scavenger cells capable of engulfing bacteria through phagocytosis | |
| Ans: | A, B | |
| Feedback: | ||
| Chronic inflammation is of a longer duration, lasting for days to years, and is often associated with the proliferation of blood vessels (angiogenesis), tissue necrosis, and fibrosis (scarring). Endothelial cells are also key players in the inflammatory response. They regulate leukocyte extravasation by expression of adhesion molecules and receptor activation and contribute to the regulation and modulation of immune responses through synthesis and release of inflammatory mediators. Activated platelets also release a number of potent inflammatory mediators, thereby increasing vascular permeability and altering the chemotactic, adhesive, and proteolytic properties of the endothelial cells. Neutrophils are scavenger cells capable of engulfing bacteria and other cellular debris through phagocytosis. | ||
| 2. | During a lecture on inflammation, the physiology instructor discusses the major cellular components involved in the inflammation response. The instructor asks, “Which of the following cells arrives early in great numbers?” The student with the correct response is: | |
| A) | Basophils | |
| B) | Lymphocytes | |
| C) | Neutrophils | |
| D) | Monocytes | |
| Ans: | C | |
| Feedback: | ||
| Neutrophils are the primary early arrival cells and are signified by an elevated neutrophil count that includes mature (PMNs) and immature (bands) cell forms. Basophils respond later. Lymphocytes have a slower arrival and stay longer. The half-life of circulating monocytes is about a day, after which they begin to migrate to the site of injury and mature into larger macrophages, which have a longer half-life and greater phagocytic ability than do blood monocytes. | ||
| 3. | A diabetic client has injured his foot while walking barefoot on the lawn. On admission, which of the following assessment findings would be considered a localized cardinal sign of acute inflammation? | |
| A) | Temperature of 101°F | |
| B) | Fatigue with listlessness | |
| C) | Redness and edema at the injured site | |
| D) | Urine output of less than 500 mL/24 hours (low) | |
| Ans: | C | |
| Feedback: | ||
| Localized manifestations include redness, swelling, and heat. Fever and fatigue are systemic manifestations of acute inflammation. Low urine output is not a localized sign but could be a systemic manifestation if the client goes into septic shock. | ||
| 4. | An older adult client has just sheared the skin on her elbow while attempting to boost herself up in bed, an event that has precipitated acute inflammation in the region surrounding the wound. Which of the following events will occur during the vascular stage of the client’s inflammation? | |
| A) | Outpouring of exudate into interstitial spaces | |
| B) | Chemotaxis | |
| C) | Accumulation of leukocytes along the epithelium | |
| D) | Phagocytosis of cellular debris | |
| Ans: | A | |
| Feedback: | ||
| The vascular stage of acute inflammation includes the outpouring of exudate into the extravascular spaces. Margination (epithelial accumulation of leukocytes), chemotaxis, and phagocytosis take place during the cellular stage. | ||
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