Adult Development and Aging The Canadian Experience by Lori Harper - Test Bank

Adult Development and Aging The Canadian Experience by Lori Harper – Test Bank

 

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Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

CHAPTER 5: Longevity, Health, and Functioning

 

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1. How is life expectancy defined?
2. the age at which half of the individuals born in a given year will have died
3. the average age of death for individuals born in a given year
4. the most common age of death for individuals born in a given year
5. the longest an individual born in a given year is expected to live

 

ANS: A

RAT:  Life expectancy, also known as average longevity, is the age at which half of the individuals born in a given year will have died.

REF:  p. 130 Longevity

BLM: Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember

 

 

2. Canadians born in 2011 have an overall life expectancy that is what number of years longer than Canadians born in 1921?
3. 30
4. 25
5. 20
6. 15

 

ANS: B

RAT:  Canadians born in 2011 have an average longevity of 81 years; in 1921, life expectancy was about 55 years of age.

REF:  p. 130 Longevity

BLM: Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember

 

 

3. Jean is a 65-year-old Canadian. She read in a news article that she can expect to live an additional 22.32 years, which is higher than the national average of 21.73 years. Which province does Jean live in?
4. Saskatchewan
5. British Columbia
6. Prince Edward Island
7. Nova Scotia

 

ANS: B

RAT:  British Columbia, Ontario, and Alberta all have life expectancies at age 65 that are longer than the national average of 21.73 years.

REF:  p. 130 Longevity

BLM: Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply

 

 

4. The life expectancy for people in Canada is MOST similar to the life expectancy of people living in what other country?
5. the United States
6. Greece
7. Singapore
8. Russia

 

ANS: C

RAT:  Canada and Singapore are both countries with life expectancies between 80 and 87 years.

REF:  p. 131 Gender Differences in Longevity in Canada and Around the World

BLM: Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand

 

 

5. All of the following contribute to women living longer than men EXCEPT which one?
6. women see a physician more often than men
7. men are more likely to die in work-related accidents
8. men smoke and drink alcohol more than women
9. more female babies are born than male babies

 

ANS: D

RAT:  More male than female babies are born.

REF:  p. 131 Gender Differences in Longevity in Canada and Around the World

BLM: Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand

 

 

6. Tanya works at a government office that sends out birthday cards to every Canadian who is a centenarian or older. For every 100 cards she sends to females, how many does she send to males?
7. 13
8. 43
9. 73
10. 93

 

ANS: A

RAT:  There are only 13 male centenarians for every 100 female centenarians in Canada.

REF:  p. 135 Centenarians in Canada and Around the World

BLM: Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply

 

 

7. All of the following are possible causes of the healthy immigrant effect EXCEPT which one?
8. health habits practised by immigrants before leaving their home country
9. only healthier wealthier immigrants emigrate to other countries
10. strict health screening of host countries before immigration
11. health habits practised by immigrants after they immigrate

 

ANS: D

RAT:  The health habits of immigrants after they migrate are not thought to cause the healthy immigrant effect.

REF:  p. 137 Ethnic Differences in Longevity

BLM: Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand

 

 

8. How does the gender gap in life expectancy among immigrants compare to the gender gap in life expectancy among people who were born in Canada?
9. it is more than twice as large
10. it is slightly larger
11. it is the same
12. it is slightly smaller

 

ANS: D

RAT:  Male and female immigrants have more similar life expectancies than males and females born in Canada.

REF:  p. 137 Ethnic Differences in Longevity

BLM: Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember

 

 

9. How much of a contribution do genes make in determining a person’s lifespan?
10. 15 to 20%
11. 25 to 30%
12. 45 to 50%
13. 75 to 80%

 

ANS: B

RAT:  Genes explain only about 25 to 30% of differences in lifespan.

REF:  p. 138 Other Factors Affecting Longevity

BLM: Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember

 

 

10. Dr. Oliver is a professor of epidemiology. In a recent lecture she explained to her class that the epidemiological pattern of disease has shifted over time in which of the following ways?
11. high rates of chronic disease and short life expectancy to high rates of acute disease and long life expectancy
12. high rates of chronic disease and long life expectancy to high rates of acute disease and long life expectancy
13. high rates of acute disease and short life expectancy to high rates of chronic disease and long life expectancy
14. high rates of acute disease and long life expectancy to high rates of chronic disease and long life expectancy

 

ANS: C

RAT:  People now live longer and are more likely to suffer from chronic disease than acute disease.

REF:  p. 139 The ealH Health of Older Canadians

BLM: Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply

 

 

11. Which of the following is a common criticism of the definition of health put forth by the World Health Organization (WHO)?
12. it does not consider social well-being
13. it identifies all people with chronic diseases as ill
14. it identifies all people with acute diseases as ill
15. it does not consider mental well-being

 

ANS: B

RAT:  The number of people living with chronic diseases is increasing worldwide, thus a definition of health that defines all people with chronic disease as ill is making the WHO definition counterproductive.

REF:  p. 139 The Health of Older Canadians

BLM: Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand

 

 

12. As of 2009, about one-third of Canadians over the age of 80 had what number of chronic conditions?
13. one
14. two
15. three
16. four or more

 

ANS: D

RAT:  As of 2009, 37% of Canadians over the age of 80 had four or more chronic conditions.

REF:  p. 139 The Health of Older Canadians

BLM: Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember

 

 

13. According to research discussed in the text, how accurate are self-ratings of physical health?
14. very poor
15. poor
16. good
17. very good

 

ANS: D

RAT:  People who report low self-ratings of health also have higher rates of mortality and morbidity.

REF:  p. 139 The Health of Older Canadians

BLM: Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand

 

 

14. Dr. Ye is a physician with a large number of older patients. What pattern of illness across genders has Dr. Ye MOST likely noticed?
15. women are more likely to have arthritis, men are more likely to have cancer
16. women are more likely to have cancer, men are more likely to have hypertension
17. women are more likely to have hypertension, men are more likely to have asthma
18. women are more likely to have asthma, men are more likely to have arthritis

 

ANS: A

RAT:  Women are more likely to develop arthritis, hypertension, and asthma, while men are more likely to develop cancer.

REF:  p. 142 Factors Affecting Health

BLM: Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply

 

 

15. Which of the following is LEAST likely to lead to malnutrition in an older Canadian?
16. economic disadvantage
17. dietary restrictions
18. decreased appetite
19. medications

 

ANS: A

RAT:  Most older Canadians are thought to have sufficient physical and economic access to nutritional food.

REF:  p. 142 Factors Affecting Health

BLM: Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand

 

 

16. According to the 2008/2009 Canadian Community Health Survey, how is participation in social activities related to self-perceived health?
17. no correlation exists
18. a negative correlation exists
19. a positive correlation exists
20. a nonlinear correlation exists

 

ANS: C

RAT:  As the number of social activities increases, self-perceived health also increases; this describes a positive correlation.

REF:  p. 142 Factors Affecting Health

BLM: Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand

 

 

17. At present, which of the following infectious diseases is MOST likely to cause the death of an older adult?
18. diphtheria
19. influenza
20. tuberculosis
21. poliomyelitis

 

ANS: B

RAT:  Influenza kills more older adults in Canada than diphtheria, tuberculosis, and poliomyelitis, which have been virtually eradicated.

REF:  p. 144 Illnesses and Diseases Common in Older Canadians

BLM: Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember

 

 

18. In 2008, more than two-thirds of deaths worldwide were caused by which category of diseases?
19. acute communicable diseases
20. chronic communicable diseases
21. acute non-communicable diseases
22. chronic non-communicable diseases

 

ANS: D

RAT:  Most deaths are caused by non-communicable diseases, which are also known as chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer.

REF:  p. 144 Illnesses and Diseases Common in Older Canadians

BLM: Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand

 

 

19. In which age group is cancer the MOST common cause of death?
20. 1 to 24 years
21. 25 to 44 years
22. 45 to 64 years
23. 65 years and older

 

ANS: C

RAT:  Cancer is the leading cause of death among adults aged 45 to 64.

REF:  p. 144 Illnesses and Diseases Common in Older Canadians

BLM: Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember

 

 

20. What is the leading cause of injury-related hospital stays among older adults?
21. falls
22. car accidents
23. frostbite
24. burns

 

ANS: A

RAT:  Falls are the most common cause of injury-related hospitalizations among older adults and typically result in hospital stays that are nine days longer than other causes of hospitalization.

REF:  p. 144 Illnesses and Diseases Common in Older Canadians

BLM: Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember

 

21. Frank is 84 years old and his new caregiver has been informed that Frank needs help with ALL his Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs). This means that Frank will definitely need the caregiver’s help with which of the following?
22. toileting
23. bathing
24. shopping
25. dressing

 

ANS: C

RAT:  Shopping is an example of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs); toileting, bathing, and dressing are examples of Activities of Daily Living (ADLs).

REF:  p. 146 Disability

BLM: Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply

 

 

22. ALL Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) involve which of the following?
23. self-care
24. food
25. toileting
26. memory

 

ANS: A

RAT:  The Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) all involve self-care and include bathing, eating, dressing, and toileting.

REF:  p.144 Illnesses and Diseases Common in Older Canadians

BLM: Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand

 

 

23. Rita is an occupational therapist who assesses the functional health of older adults living in an assisted living centre. Today Rita is assessing Mary, who just moved in last week. What will Rita’s assessment of Mary focus on?
24. Mary’s physical health
25. Mary’s ability to feed herself
26. Mary’s adherence to her medication regimen
27. Mary’s ability to perform everyday activities

 

ANS: D

RAT:  Occupational therapists conduct functional assessments to determine how able people are to perform everyday activities such as banking and cooking.

REF:  p. 147 Functional Health

BLM: Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply

 

 

24. Which of the following is the MOST common behavioural risk factor for illness and disability?
25. physical inactivity
26. obesity
27. Type 2 diabetes
28. prescription misuse

 

ANS: A

RAT:  Physical inactivity, tobacco use, harmful use of alcohol, and unhealthy diet are the most common behaviours that contribute to illness and disability. Obesity and Type 2 diabetes are health conditions, not behaviours.

REF:  p. 149 Trends in Illness and Disability

BLM: Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand

 

 

25. Dr. Reynold suggests that advances in modern medicine have postponed the average age at which people become disabled and shortened the duration of their disability. Which of the following hypotheses is consistent with Dr. Reynold’s proposition?
26. expansion of morbidity
27. compression of morbidity
28. dynamic equilibrium
29. maximum longevity

 

ANS: B

RAT:  The compression of morbidity hypothesis, first proposed by James Fries, stipulates that with advancing medicine people will be healthier longer and disability and death will be compressed into a shorter time period.

REF:  p. 149 Trends in Illness and Disability

BLM: Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply

 

 

26. Polypharmacy is typically defined as the simultaneous use of what number of medications?
27. three
28. four
29. five
30. six

 

ANS: C

RAT:  Polypharmacy involves taking five or more medications at the same time.

REF:  p. 150 Co-morbidity and Polypharmacy

BLM: Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember

 

 

27. Which terms refer to the absorption, distribution, and clearance of a drug and the effect of drugs and the mechanism of their action, respectively?
28. polypharmacy; pharmacokinetics
29. pharmacokinetics; polypharmacy
30. pharmacokinetics; pharmacodynamics
31. pharmacodynamics; pharmacokinetics

 

ANS: C

RAT:  Pharmacokinetics relates to the uptake of medications, while pharmacodynamics refers to the effect of the medication.

REF:  p. 151 Aging and Medications

BLM: Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand

 

 

28. Therese is 74 years old and has taken Valium once every year to calm her nerves when she flies to see her sister. Recently Therese has noticed a change in how Valium affects her. What is that change MOST likely to be?
29. she feels the effect of the Valium more quickly
30. she feels the effect of the Valium for longer
31. she feels a stronger overall sedation from the Valium
32. she feels less effect of the Valium

 

ANS: B

RAT:  As people age they have more fat stores in their bodies and lipid-soluble medications such as Valium can have a longer-lasting effect as a result.

REF:  p. 151 Aging and Medications

BLM: Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply

 

 

29. Dr. Kovacs studies how changes in the cytochrome P450 system affect drug metabolism in older adults. Which of the following areas is Dr. Kovacs interested in?
30. polypharmacy
31. pharmacokinetics
32. pharmacodynamics
33. co-morbidity

 

ANS: B

RAT:  Drug metabolism is related to pharmacokinetics.

REF:  p. 151 Aging and Medications

BLM: Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply

 

 

30. What does the text cite as two common reasons why an older adult may not take their prescribed medications?
31. side effects and embarrassment
32. embarrassment and low income
33. low income and dementia
34. dementia and side effects

 

ANS: C

RAT:  Some older adults cannot remember to take their medications, while other older adults may not be able to afford their medications.

REF:  p. 151 Aging and Medications

BLM: Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember

 

31. According to King and colleagues (2012), which of the following is central to the quality of life?
32. dignity
33. a sense of peace
34. a positive attitude
35. social support

 

ANS: A

RAT:  King and colleagues (2012) argue that dignity and a sense of control are central to a good quality of life.

REF:  p. 153 Defining Quality of Life

BLM: Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember

 

 

32. Which province established the first public, universal, hospital insurance in 1947?
33. Ontario
34. Saskatchewan
35. Quebec
36. Manitoba

 

ANS: B

RAT:  Tommy Douglas, Saskatchewan’s premier in 1947, has been hailed as the father of socialized medicine in Canada.

REF:  p. 153 Overview of Canada’s Healthcare System

BLM: Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember

 

 

33. In Canada, the law that all medically necessary services provided by hospitals and doctors must be insured reflected which of the following principles?
34. universality
35. public administration
36. accessibility
37. comprehensiveness

 

ANS: D

RAT:  Comprehensiveness ensures that Canadians never have to pay for hospital or doctor services.

REF:  p. 153 Overview of Canada’s Healthcare System

BLM: Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand

 

 

34. The Canadian healthcare system funds all of the following EXCEPT which one?
35. ambulance service
36. in-patient hospital care
37. psychiatric care
38. emergency room services

 

ANS: A

RAT:  In Canada ambulance services are not paid for by universal medical insurance.

REF:  p. 153 Overview of Canada’s Healthcare System

BLM: Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember

 

 

35. Which of the following countries spent the MOST per capita on healthcare in 2016?
36. Canada
37. Germany
38. the United Kingdom
39. the United States

 

ANS: D

RAT:  Despite not having socialized medicine, the United States still spends more per capita on healthcare than any other country.

REF:  p. 156 Comparison of Healthcare Systems in Canada and the United States

BLM: Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand

 

 

36. What has happened to Canadian healthcare expenditure on older adults since 2004?
37. it has increased continuously
38. it has decreased then increased
39. it has stayed the same
40. it has decreased continuously

 

ANS: D

RAT:  Despite the aging population in Canada, healthcare spending on older adults has decreased in recent decades.

REF:  p. 158 Older Adults’ Use of the Canadian Healthcare System

BLM: Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand

 

 

37. According to Rowe and Kahn, successful aging involves all of the following EXCEPT which one?
38. engagement in life
39. the avoidance of disease and disability
40. reaching age 80
41. the maintenance of cognitive and physical function

 

ANS: C

RAT:  Rowe and Kahn do not have stipulations about longevity in their model.

REF:  p. 159 Models of Successful Aging

BLM: Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand

 

 

38. Which of the following is a criticism of Rowe and Kahn’s model of successful aging?
39. few people will age without encountering disease
40. few people become centenarians
41. people tend to maintain cognitive abilities as they age
42. people live longer if they are isolated from other people

 

ANS: A

RAT:  Rowe and Kahn’s model stipulates that successful aging involves avoiding disease; however, this is seen as an unrealistic criterion.

REF:  p. 159 Models of Successful Aging

BLM: Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand

 

 

39. What is reported by community dwelling adults as the key to successful aging?
40. maintaining physical functions
41. self-acceptance
42. avoiding disability
43. avoiding chronic illness

 

ANS: B

RAT:  Older adults do not consider avoiding disease and disability to be as important as self-acceptance.

REF:  p. 159 Models of Successful Aging

BLM: Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember

 

 

40. A Vision of Healthy Aging in Canada involves all of the following EXCEPT which one?
41. reducing ageism
42. increasing the number of long-term care beds in Canada
43. providing age-friendly environments to make healthy choices
44. recognizing the contributions made by older adults

 

ANS: B

RAT:  A Vision of Healthy Aging in Canada is not tasked with providing long-term care beds.

REF:  p. 162 Health Promotion Activities for Older Adults

BLM: Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand

 

 

ESSAY QUESTIONS

 

1. Discuss how gender and ethnicity affect longevity in Canada.

 

ANS: Student answers should include the following:

-gender:

-all across Canada and the world women live longer than men

-the difference is likely a result of biological, social, and genetic factors

-men are more susceptible to heart disease and cancer, likely because men are more likely to smoke tobacco and drink alcohol than women

-men are more likely to engage in violence and work in dangerous jobs

-men are more likely to die in war and to die in motor vehicle accidents

-women have two X chromosomes, which may protect women against heart disease

-as babies, males are more likely to die from infectious diseases than females

-healthy immigrant effect:

-immigrants to Canada live longer than native Canadians

-this effect diminishes with more time spent in Canada

-immigrants live longer than people of the same ethnicity who did not emigrate

-three reasons for healthy immigrant effect:

-health behaviours before leaving native country may be better than typical health behaviours

-people who immigrate tend to be financially successful which allows them to live in ways that promote longevity

-screening programs for immigrants don’t allow people with significant illness to immigrate

 

 

REF:  p. 131 Gender Differences in Longevity in Canada and Around the World

 

 

2. Identify and discuss two social factors that contribute to the self-perceived health of an older adult.

 

ANS: Student answers should include the following:

-social support affects self-perceived health; people with low social support are less likely to report good self-perceived health and are more likely to be lonely and dissatisfied with life than those with higher levels of social support

-social engagement also affects self-perceived health

-self-perceived health increases as the number of social activities increases

-the extent to which individuals participate in their community and feel they belong impacts health

 

REF:  p. 142 Factors Affecting Health

 

 

3. Discuss three hypotheses related to the consequences of increased longevity and indicate how each scenario will affect the demand on healthcare services.

 

ANS: Student answers should include the following:

-longevity can have three effects on aging:

-there may be a compression of morbidity such that the age of disability is postponed and the age between the onset of disability and death is shortened

-in the compression of morbidity scenario the demand on healthcare should be postponed and reduced

-there may be an expansion of morbidity such that people reach disability at the same age but live longer

-in the expansion of morbidity scenario there will be more demands on healthcare

-there may be dynamic equilibrium as people live longer such that the age of disability occurs later, but the number of years of disability stays the same

-in the dynamic equilibrium scenario the demands on the healthcare system will remain the same

 

REF:  p. 149 Trends in Illness and Disability

 

 

4. According to the text, what are four phenomena related to medications that can have negative impact on older adults? What can be done to mitigate these risks?

 

ANS: Student answers should include the following:

 

-any four of the five following topics:

-polypharmacy; taking five or more medications; can lead to drug interactions that have adverse health effects; can lead to confusion over medication that can lead to adverse health effects

-a solution to this problem is to have a pharmacist review all medications to look for interactions

-pharmacokinetics; the absorption, distribution, and clearing of medications from the body; aging can affect pharmacokinetics leading to adverse health effects

-more fat in the body can lead to longer effects of lipid-soluble medications (like diazepam)

-less body water increases the concentration of water-soluble drugs

-metabolism may also be affected by age

-a solution to this problem is to start with the lowest dose of a medication

-pharmacodynamics; the way in which a drug affects an individual

-changes in drug receptors can make older adults more sensitive to certain medications

-changes in the blood–brain barrier can affect how drugs impact the central nervous system

-a solution to this problem would be to start with low doses and potentially avoid drugs that older adults are highly sensitive to or that have unpredictable effects on older adults

-not taking medications because of dementia—pill organizer

-not taking pills because of poverty—generic brands

 

REF:  p. 151 Aging and Medications

 

 

5. Describe and critique the models of successful aging proposed by Rowe and Kahn (1997) and Baltes and Baltes (1990) and suggest more appropriate ways to gauge successful aging.

 

ANS: Student answers should include the following:

 

Rowe and Kahn:

-three key components to successful aging are avoidance of disease and disability, maintenance of cognitive and physical function, and engagement with life

-criticism: very few people meet their criteria; very difficult to grow older and completely avoid disease; ignores lowered access to resources such as healthcare for people who are economically disadvantaged

Baltes and Baltes (1990):

-selective optimization and compensation (SOC) model; successful agers make the most out of resources available to them to compensate for losses due to aging

-criticisms: may be increasingly difficult to compensate because of age-related losses in resources

-better ways to gauge successful aging include using self-ratings and to assess successful aging using any of the following: self-acceptance, contentedness, self-growth, engagement in life, financial resources, a positive attitude, a realistic perspective, and the ability to adapt to change.

 

REF:  p. 159 Models of Successful Aging