An Introduction to the History of Psychology 7th Edition by B. R. Hergenhahn - Test Bank

An Introduction to the History of Psychology 7th Edition by B. R. Hergenhahn – Test Bank

 

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Multiple Choice

1. What was true of the British empiricists?
a. They attempted to explain the functioning of the mind according to Newton’s principles.
b. They rectified the existence of divine intervention with sensory experience.
c. They believed that sensory experience distorted the truth.
d. They denied the existence of mental events.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: conceptual
REFERENCES: British Empiricism

2. After visiting with Galileo, Hobbes became convinced that:
a. humans could not simply be described as machines
b. humans could be completely understood employing only the concepts of matter and motion
c. expressing one’s true beliefs could be very dangerous
d. Descartes was correct about the innateness of ideas in the universe
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: conceptual
REFERENCES: British Empiricism

3. Hobbes’ approach to studying humans was:
a. inductive
b. Baconian
c. deductive
d. metaphysical
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: applied
REFERENCES: British Empiricism

4. Hobbes believed in which of the following?
a. That humans were innately benevolent
b. That democracy was dangerous
c. That government should be subservient to the church
d. That human rationality allows humans to inhibit their animalistic impulses
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: conceptual
REFERENCES: British Empiricism

5. With regard to the mind-body relationship, Hobbes denied the existence of a nonmaterial mind; therefore, he was a(n):
a. interactionist
b. epiphenomenalist
c. psychophysical parallelist
d. physical monist
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: applied
REFERENCES: British Empiricism

6. Hobbes’ theory of human motivation was:
a. teleological
b. based on the assumption that innate ideas exist
c. called physical monism
d. hedonistic
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: factual
REFERENCES: British Empiricism

7. For Hobbes, choice was:
a. unique to humans
b. nothing more than a verbal label
c. controlled by God
d. impossible without innate ideas of morality
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: conceptual
REFERENCES: British Empiricism

8. Hobbes’ explanation of “trains of thought” relied on:
a. innate ideas
b. the law of contiguity
c. spirituality
d. rationalism
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: conceptual
REFERENCES: British Empiricism

9. Locke’s major argument against the existence of innate ideas was that:
a. they cannot be empirically tested
b. there is no God
c. humans do not share the same ideas
d. they place reason above faith
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: conceptual
REFERENCES: British Empiricism

10. For Locke, all ideas come from:
a. sensation and attention
b. reflection and association
c. sensation and reflection
d. attention and association
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: conceptual
REFERENCES: British Empiricism
NOTES: new

11. What is true of Locke’s beliefs concerning the mind?
a. The mind neither creates nor destroys ideas.
b. The mind arranges ideas into a finite predetermined number of configurations.
c. The mind clarifies innate ideas.
d. The mind creates simple ideas that exist independently of complex ideas.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: conceptual
REFERENCES: British Empiricism

12. Locke believed that all human emotions were derived from:
a. sensory experience
b. feelings of pleasure and pain
c. innate moral principles
d. despair and hope
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: conceptual
REFERENCES: British Empiricism

13. According to John Locke primary qualities ____ and secondary qualities ____.
a. are attributes of a physical reality; are attributes of a subjective reality
b. produce ideas; merely influence ideas
c. create ideas of physical attributes; create ideas with no physical counterpart
d. are created by divine intervention; are created by mankind
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: conceptual
REFERENCES: British Empiricism
NOTES: new

14. In Locke’s philosophy, the concept of association explains:
a. faulty beliefs
b. moral principles
c. mental phenomena
d. primary and secondary qualities
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: factual
REFERENCES: British Empiricism

15. Locke advised that children experience a process called hardening in order to:
a. sharpen their minds
b. prepare them for the inevitable hardships of life
c. punish them for evil deeds that had gone undetected
d. assure that their bodies were as fit as their minds
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: factual
REFERENCES: British Empiricism

16. Berkeley believed that ____ was responsible for the widespread religious skepticism and atheism of his day.
a. romanticism
b. materialism
c. idealism
d. rationalism
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: factual
REFERENCES: British Empiricism

17. According to Berkeley, in order for something to exist, it must:
a. be perceived
b. consist of primary qualities
c. consist of matter
d. exist spiritually
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: factual
REFERENCES: British Empiricism

18. According to Berkeley, external reality exists because:
a. it makes common sense to assume that it does
b. God perceives it
c. without it, there would be no primary qualities
d. humans invent it
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: conceptual
REFERENCES: British Empiricism

19. Hume’s goal was to combine ____ with principles of ____ to create a science of human nature.
a. rational philosophy; association
b. empirical philosophy; association
c. empirical philosophy; Newtonian science
d. innate ideas; Newtonian science
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: factual
REFERENCES: British Empiricism

20. Hume distinguished between ____, which were strong, vivid perceptions, and ____, which were relatively weak perceptions.
a. schemes; inspirations
b. inspirations; schemes
c. ideas; impressions
d. impressions; ideas
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: factual
REFERENCES: British Empiricism

21. Which law and scenario pairing best illustrates one of Hume’s laws of associations?
a. Law of resemblance: Trevor thinks of his favorite gift, a pocket knife, stimulating thoughts of his friend Jim, who gave him the gift
b. Law of contiguity: Nancy thinks of her friend Grace and instantly recalls her friend Neal
c. Law of cause and effect: Gertrude sees lighting and consequently expects thunder
d. Law of constructive association: At the grocery store, Jada comes across eggs, flour, and sugar, causing her to remember that she is supposed to bake a cake
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: applied
REFERENCES: British Empiricism
NOTES: new

22. According to Hume, the mind is:
a. a set of perceptions that a person is having at any given moment
b. a nonmaterial entity that exists independently of the body
c. that part of a person that organizes his or her experiences
d. responsible for human rationality
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: conceptual
REFERENCES: British Empiricism

23. What, according to Hume, is the ultimate cause of behavior?
a. ideas
b. impressions
c. passions
d. instincts
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: factual
REFERENCES: British Empiricism

24. Hume referred to knowledge that existed by definition, such as mathematical knowledge, as:
a. demonstrative knowledge
b. empirical knowledge
c. innate knowledge
d. associative knowledge
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: factual
REFERENCES: British Empiricism

25. Hartley believed that vibrations in the brain continued after the external stimulation that caused them had ceased. He called these lingering vibrations:
a. pulsatories
b. associations
c. vibratiuncles
d. potentials
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: factual
REFERENCES: British Empiricism

26. For Hartley, the only process that converts simple ideas into complex ideas is:
a. abstract thought
b. reflection
c. association
d. imagination
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: applied
REFERENCES: British Empiricism

27. Hartley’s account of association was different from those that preceded his because it:
a. emphasized the law of contiguity
b. attempted to correlate mental activity with neurophysiological activity
c. accepted the existence of innate ideas
d. utilized a Newtonian approach towards moral philosophy
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: applied
REFERENCES: British Empiricism

28. According to Hartley, as ideas or stimuli came to elicit behaviors not originally associated with them, ____ behavior was converted into ____ behavior.
a. voluntary; involuntary
b. involuntary; voluntary
c. basic; refined
d. refined; basic
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: factual
REFERENCES: British Empiricism

29. With which of the following statements would Bentham have agreed?
a. Behavior is guided by innate moral principles.
b. Happiness depends on experiencing pleasure and avoiding pain.
c. Hedonism should be admonished.
d. Government and religions should be closely linked.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: applied
REFERENCES: British Empiricism

30. According to ____, the best government is one that provides the greatest amount of happiness to the greatest number of people.
a. empiricism
b. utilitarianism
c. rationalism
d. interactionism
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: factual
REFERENCES: British Empiricism

31. James Mill maintained that any mental experience can be reduced to:
a. primary qualities
b. neural mechanisms
c. vibratiuncles
d. simple ideas
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: factual
REFERENCES: British Empiricism

32. John Stuart Mill’s concept of ____ emancipated associationistic psychology from the strict mental mechanics proposed by James Mill and others.
a. free will
b. imagination
c. mental chemistry
d. utilitarianism
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: factual
REFERENCES: British Empiricism

33. According to John Stuart Mill, meteorology, tidology, and psychology are inexact sciences because their ____ are not understood.
a. primary laws
b. secondary laws
c. first principles
d. essences
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: factual
REFERENCES: British Empiricism

34. J. S. Mill believed that discrimination against women is:
a. justified because women are biologically inferior to men
b. justified because it is in accordance with church dogma
c. basically wrong
d. supported by he science of ethology
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: factual
REFERENCES: British Empiricism

35. Bain’s goal was to:
a. show that a science of ethology was possible
b. describe the physiological correlates of mental and behavioral phenomena
c. show the compatibility between J. S. Mill’s concept of mental chemistry and Cartesian philosophy
d. show that mental and behavioral phenomena could be explained without employing the law of contiguity
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: conceptual
REFERENCES: British Empiricism

36. Bain’s law of ____ stated that although individual experiences may be too weak to revive a memory, several weak associations may combine and thereby be strong enough to recall it.
a. contiguity
b. frequency
c. constructive association
d. compound association
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: factual
REFERENCES: British Empiricism

37. Bain felt that the law of ____ accounted for the creativity that characterizes poets, artists and inventors.
a. similarity
b. constructive association
c. compound association
d. mental chemistry
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: factual
REFERENCES: British Empiricism

38. Bain’s explanation of voluntary behavior combined:
a. empiricism and rationalism
b. free will and determinism
c. constructive and compound associations
d. spontaneous activity and hedonism
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: factual
REFERENCES: British Empiricism

39. Which statement best illustrates Gassendi’s beliefs?
a. The mind has knowledge of extended objects.
b. The immaterial mind explains human activity.
c. Spiritual forces directly influence physical matter.
d. Humans consists of nothing but matter.
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: applied
REFERENCES: French Sensationalism

40. La Mettrie believed that if Descartes had consistently and thoroughly followed his own method, he would have concluded that:
a. nonhuman animals have minds just as humans do
b. nonhuman animals have innate ideas just as humans do
c. both human and nonhuman animals are machines
d. intelligence and brain size are highly correlated
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: conceptual
REFERENCES: French Sensationalism

41. La Mettrie believed that:
a. humans are morally superior to nonhuman animals
b. religion has done much to improve the human condition
c. atheism has done much to worsen the human condition
d. accepting atheism and materialism will lead to a more humane world
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: conceptual
REFERENCES: French Sensationalism

42. Condillac felt that Locke:
a. was too materialistic
b. gave too much credit to innate morality
c. gave the mind unnecessary innate powers
d. over-emphasized the role of the senses
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: conceptual
REFERENCES: French Sensationalism

43. According to Helvétius, control ____ and you control the contents of the mind.
a. experience
b. animal desires
c. unconscious impulses
d. faculties of the mind
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: factual
REFERENCES: French Sensationalism

44. What is the belief that the only valid knowledge is scientific knowledge, and that science can solve all human problems?
a. Scientism
b. Utilitarianism
c. Radical environmentalism
d. Empiricism
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: factual
REFERENCES: Positivism

45. For Comte, we can be certain only of things that are:
a. publicly observable
b. divinely revealed
c. logically deduced
d. experienced through introspection
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: factual
REFERENCES: Positivism

46. Because Comte believed that science should be practical and nonspeculative, his view of science was very similar to that of:
a. the Scholastics
b. Popper
c. Bacon
d. Descartes
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: applied
REFERENCES: Positivism

47. According to Comte’s law of three stages, a culture at the most primitive stage of explaining things used ____ explanations.
a. theological
b. metaphysical
c. scientific
d. sociological
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: factual
REFERENCES: Positivism

48. What was true of Comte’s proposed utopian society?
a. God became a figure of forgiveness, not condemnation.
b. Science and Catholicism coexisted peacefully.
c. The natural selflessness and the moral resolution of women was emphasized.
d. The main political philosophy was utilitarianism.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: conceptual
REFERENCES: Positivism

49. If what is meant by psychology is the introspective analysis of the mind, then according to Comte, psychology constitutes:
a. metaphysical nonsense
b. a possibility
c. a valid scientific analysis of the mind
d. the groundwork from which a positivistic science could develop
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: conceptual
REFERENCES: Positivism

50. Comte and Mach had in common the belief that:
a. only overt behavior can be studied objectively
b. only the immediate conscious experience of a scientist can be studied
c. metaphysical speculation must be avoided
d. the only valid tool available for studying humans is introspection
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: applied
REFERENCES: Positivism