Child Development 9th Edition by Laura E. Berk - Test Bank

Child Development 9th Edition by Laura E. Berk – Test Bank

 

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CHAPTER 5

PHYSICAL GROWTH

MULTIPLE CHOICE

• 1) When asked what they expect their sons and daughters to be like as teenagers, Kate and Harriett, moms of preschoolers, say “Rebellious and reckless” and “Full of rages and tempers.” Their view is consistent with which theorists’ views on adolescence?

1. A) Stanley Hall and Erik Erikson
2. B) Jean-Jacques Rousseau and G. Stanley Hall
3. C) Sigmund Freud and Jean-Jacques Rousseau
4. D) Jean Piaget and John Bowlby

Answer: B

Page Ref: 175

Skill: Apply

Objective: 5.1

• 2) Physical immaturity is exaggerated in humans, who devote about _____ percent of their total years to growing.

1. A) 5
2. B) 10
3. C) 15
4. D) 20

Answer: D

Page Ref: 176

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.1

• 3) Human children’s prolonged physical immaturity

1. A) gives them added time to acquire the knowledge and skills essential for life in the complex social world.
2. B) hinders cognitive development because young children are too physically immature to manipulate their environment.
3. C) is adaptive because of the physical dangers present in their everyday environment.
4. D) hinders emotional development because physically immature children are too small to socialize effectively.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 176

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.1

• 4) Ben is a typical infant. He was 21 inches long and 8 pounds at birth. Assuming normal growth, what is a realistic estimate of his measurements at age 6 months?

1. A) 30 inches and 12 pounds
2. B) 36 inches and 12 pounds
3. C) 42 inches and 16 pounds
4. D) 45 inches and 23 pounds

Answer: C

Page Ref: 176

Skill: Apply

Objective: 5.1

• 5)In early and middle childhood, children add about _____ inches in height and _____ pounds in weight each year.

1. A) 1–2; 3
2. B) 2–3; 5
3. C) 3–4; 7
4. D) 4–5; 10

Answer: B

Page Ref: 176

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.1

• 6) A distance curve

1. A) plots the average amount of growth at each yearly interval.
2. B) indicates typical yearly progress toward maturity.
3. C) reveals the exact timing of growth spurts.
4. D) helps track brain and body growth in children from diverse cultures.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 176

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.1

• 7) Baby Andrea’s head and chest are growing at a greater rate than her trunk and legs. This is an example of the

1. A) velocity curve.
2. B) proximodistal trend.
3. C) distance curve.
4. D) cephalocaudal trend.

Answer: D

Page Ref: 176

Skill: Apply

Objective: 5.1

• 8) During infancy and childhood, the

1. A) upper body grows faster than the lower body.
2. B) hands and feet continue to grow ahead of the arms and legs.
3. C) arms and legs continue to grow ahead of the hands and feet.
4. D) head grows at a much faster rate than any other body part.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 176–177

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.1

• 9) Which of the following statements best describes growth during puberty?

1. A) It follows the cephalocaudal trend.
2. B) The hands, legs, and feet accelerate first, followed by the torso.
3. C) It proceeds from near to far.
4. D) It occurs in brief but steady spurts.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 177

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.1

• 10) During adolescence,

1. A) boys’ shoulders broaden relative to the hips.
2. B) boys and girls have similar body proportions.
3. C) girls’ legs are longer than boys’ in relation to the rest of their body.
4. D) girls’ shoulders broaden relative to the hips and waist.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 177

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.1

• 11) Which of the following statements is true about muscle–fat makeup?

1. A) Body fat reaches a peak at about 9 months of age.
2. B) At birth, boys have slightly more body fat than girls.
3. C) During the early school years, boys have slightly more body fat than girls.
4. D) During puberty, the arm and leg fat of boys increases.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 177

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.1

• 12) Both sexes gain muscle at puberty, but this increase is _____ percent greater in __________.

1. A) 75; girls
2. B) 100; girls
3. C) 100; boys
4. D) 150; boys

Answer: D

Page Ref: 177

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.1

• 13) The best estimate of a child’s physical maturity is

1. A) the distance curve.
2. B) biological age.
3. C) the velocity curve.
4. D) skeletal age.

Answer: D

Page Ref: 178

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.1

• 14) __________ tend to be ahead of __________ in skeletal age.

1. A) African-American children; Caucasian-American children
2. B) Boys; girls
3. C) Premature infants; full-term infants
4. D) Low birth weight babies; normal birth weight babies

Answer: A

Page Ref: 178

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.1

• 15) Jaynie walks down stairs, alternating her feet. Jaynie is probably _____ year(s) old.

1. A) 1
2. B) 2
3. C) 3
4. D) 4

Answer: D

Page Ref: 179

Skill: Apply

Objective: 5.1

• 16) Four-year-old Liam can probably

1. A) gallop and skip with one foot.
2. B) run at about 18 feet per second.
3. C) involve his whole body in batting a ball.
4. D) display mature, whole-body throwing and catching patterns.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 179

Skill: Apply

Objective: 5.1

• 17) Sex differences in gross-motor development

1. A) are non-existent.
2. B) are not present until adolescence.
3. C) decrease during middle childhood.
4. D) are present as early as the preschool years.

Answer: D

Page Ref: 180 Box: SOCIAL ISSUES: EDUCATION: Sex Differences in Gross-Motor Development

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.1

• 18) Although sex-related differences in muscle mass can explain boys’ skill advantages like __________, the primary differences in athletic performance in boys and girls is probably due to __________.

1. A) throwing; social pressure
2. B) kicking; boys’ growth spurts
3. C) balance; girls’ body fat ratio
4. D) catching; neurological differences

Answer: A

Page Ref: 180 Box: SOCIAL ISSUES: EDUCATION: Sex Differences in Gross-Motor Development

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.1

• 19) Which of the following statements is true about organized youth sports?

1. A) Partly because of parents’ concern about safety, today’s children devote far less time to organized sports than children in previous generations.
2. B) About half of U.S. children participate in organized sports outside of school hours at some time between ages 5 and 18.
3. C) In most organized sports, the rate of serious injury is high throughout childhood and adolescence.
4. D) High parental pressure to excel at sports and frequent, intense practices are linked to promoting elite performance.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 181

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.1

• 20) The most important hormones for human growth are released by the __________ gland, which is located at the base of the brain near the __________.

1. A) pituitary; hypothalamus
2. B) pituitary; cerebellum
3. C) thyroid; cerebrum
4. D) endocrine; hypothalamus

Answer: A

Page Ref: 181

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.2

• 21) __________ is the only pituitary secretion produced continuously throughout life.

1. A) Estrogen
2. B) Thyroxine
3. C) Growth hormone (GH)
4. D) Testosterone

Answer: C

Page Ref: 182

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.2

• 22) Growth hormone (GH)

1. A) affects prenatal growth.
2. B) decreases in production during puberty.
3. C) decreases in production after final adult height is reached.
4. D) affects development of the central nervous system.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 182

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.2

• 23) A deficiency of thyroxine results in

1. A) morbid obesity.
2. B) mental retardation.
3. C)
4. D) excess facial and body hair.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 183

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.2

• 24) The maturation of the breasts, uterus, and vagina are caused by the release of

1. A)
2. B) adrenal androgens.
3. C)
4. D)

Answer: A

Page Ref: 183

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.2

• 25) Widner is studying children’s physical size worldwide by comparing the size of 8-year-olds in several countries, including Burma, Vietnam, Australia, the United States, and Canada. Dr. Widner can expect to find around a _____-inch gap between the smallest and the largest children.

1. A) 3
2. B) 5
3. C) 7
4. D) 9

Answer: D

Page Ref: 183

Skill: Apply

Objective: 5.3

• 26) In comparing ethnic variations in growth rate, researchers find that __________ children tend to mature faster than __________ children.

1. A) European; African-American
2. B) Asian; Caucasian-American
3. C) European; Asian
4. D) Caucasian-American; African-American

Answer: B

Page Ref: 183

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.3

• 27) Yesica is much taller than the worldwide average height for children her age. Yesica probably lives in a(n)

1. A) cold, Arctic area.
2. B) undeveloped region.
3. C) developed country.
4. D) poor nation.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 183

Skill: Apply

Objective: 5.3

• 28) Vi, age 12, is taller and heavier than her mother was at her age, and Vi’s mother was taller and heavier than Vi’s grandmother was at age 12. This is an example of the

1. A) velocity curve.
2. B) proximodistal trend.
3. C) cephalocaudal trend.
4. D) secular trend.

Answer: D

Page Ref: 184

Skill: Apply

Objective: 5.3

• 29) Which of the following statements is supported by research on secular trends?

1. A) The larger size of today’s children is mostly due to a faster rate of physical development.
2. B) Age of first menstruation increased steadily from 1900 to 1970.
3. C) Secular trends are primarily observed in wealthy, industrialized nations.
4. D) Secular trends are larger for low-income children, who have poorer diets.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 184

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.3

• 30) While the secular trend toward earlier first menstruation has stopped in most industrialized nations, in the United States

1. A) the trend has slightly reversed due to improved nutrition.
2. B) soaring rates of overweight and obesity are responsible for a modest, continuing trend.
3. C) improved health care is responsible for a modest, continuing trend.
4. D) the trend has slightly reversed due to improved health care.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 184

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.3

• 31) Despite its complexity, the human __________ reaches its adult size earlier than any other organ or structure.

1. A) brain
2. B) skeleton
3. C) heart
4. D) liver

Answer: A

Page Ref: 184

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.4

• 32) Which of the following statements is true about neurons?

1. A) Like other body cells, they are tightly packed together.
2. B) The human brain has about 100 to 200 million neurons.
3. C) They store and transmit information.
4. D) After birth, they can only die as a result of significant trauma.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 185

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.4

• 33) The __________ is among the last regions to attain adult levels of synaptic connections—in mid-to-late adolescence.

1. A) cerebellum
2. B) prefrontal cortex
3. C) temporal lobe
4. D) optical lobe

Answer: B

Page Ref: 185

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.4

• 34) Programmed cell death

1. A) is the result of maternal drug or alcohol use during pregnancy.
2. B) often results in permanent mental retardation.
3. C) primarily occurs in unstimulated regions of the brain.
4. D) makes room for the formation of new synapses.

Answer: D

Page Ref: 185

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.4

• 35) __________ are responsible for coating neural fibers with __________.

1. A) Glial cells; myelin
2. B) Synapses; glial cells
3. C) Neurotransmitters; dopamine
4. D) Epiphyses; cartilage

Answer: A

Page Ref: 186

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.4

• 36) Dramatic increases in __________ and __________ are responsible for the swift gain in overall brain size during the first years of life.

1. A) neurons; neural fibers
2. B) synapses; glial cells
3. C) neurons; glial cells
4. D) neural fibers; myelination

Answer: D

Page Ref: 186

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.4

• 37) At birth, the brain is nearly _____ percent of its adult weight.

1. A) 20
2. B) 30
3. C) 50
4. D) 70

Answer: B

Page Ref: 186

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.4

• 38) The cerebral cortex

1. A) is the largest brain structure.
2. B) is the first brain structure to stop growing.
3. C) accounts for about half of the brain’s weight.
4. D) contains the smallest number of neurons and synapses.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 186

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.4

• 39) The __________ is sensitive to environmental influences for a much longer period than any other part of the brain.

1. A) temporal lobe
2. B) optical lobe
3. C) cerebellum
4. D) cerebral cortex

Answer: D

Page Ref: 186

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.4

• 40) The __________ is responsible for thought—in particular, consciousness, attention, inhibition of impulses, integration of information, and use of memory, reasoning, planning, and problem-solving strategies.

1. A) cerebellum
2. B) parietal lobe
3. C) temporal lobe
4. D) prefrontal cortex

Answer: D

Page Ref: 186

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.4

• 41) The prefrontal cortex undergoes especially rapid myelination and formation and pruning of synapses during

1. A)
2. B) the preschool and school years.
3. C) early adulthood.
4. D)

Answer: B

Page Ref: 186

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.4

• 42) Before lateralization occurs,

1. A) if a part of the cortex is damaged, other parts can take over the tasks it would have handled.
2. B) each hemisphere controls only one side of the body.
3. C) damage to a particular region means that abilities controlled by it will be lost forever.
4. D) each hemisphere receives sensory information from only one side of the body.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 187

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.4

• 43) Most newborns

1. A) show greater activation in the right hemisphere while listening to speech sounds.
2. B) react more strongly in the left hemisphere to nonspeech sounds.
3. C) do not show specialization in the hemispheres of the brain.
4. D) favor the right side of the body in their head position and reflexive reactions.

Answer: D

Page Ref: 187

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.4

• 44) Which of the following statements is supported by research on the influence of early experience in the organization of the cerebral cortex?

1. A) Deaf infants depend only on the left hemisphere for language processing, whereas hearing infants depend on both hemispheres.
2. B) Adolescents and adults show more diffuse fMRI activity than children while performing motor and cognitive skills.
3. C) Deaf adults who learned sign language as infants and children depend more than hearing adults on the right hemisphere for language processing.
4. D) Toddlers who are advanced in language development show greater right-hemisphere specialization than their more slowly developing agemates.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 187

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.4

• 45) In a large study of children with injuries to the cerebral cortex that occurred before birth or in the first six months
  of life, where language and spatial skills were assessed repeatedly into adolescence,

1. A) the children showed language delays that persisted until about 3½ years of age.
2. B) recovery was greater for spatial skills than language abilities.
3. C) the brain-damaged children caught up to their peers in spatial skills only if the damage occurred in the right hemisphere.
4. D) the children who showed early language delays in the left hemisphere still had not caught up to their peers by age 5.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 188 Box: BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT: Brain Plasticity: Insights from Research on Brain-Damaged Children and Adults

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.4

• 46) Research on brain injuries shows that

1. A) the young brain is completely plastic and, therefore, almost always recovers any abilities lost due to injury.
2. B) children with early brain injuries show deficits in a wide variety of complex mental abilities during the school years.
3. C) brain plasticity is restricted to infancy and early childhood due to the rapid production of neurons.
4. D) the adult brain cannot produce new neurons and, therefore, lacks the plasticity of the young brain.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 188 Box: BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT: Brain Plasticity: Insights from Research on Brain-Damaged Children and Adults

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.4

• 47) Research on brain plasticity shows that when healthy brain regions take over the functions of damaged areas,

1. A) children’s IQ scores increase by 10 to 15 points, on average.
2. B) the brain processes information more quickly and accurately than it would if it were intact.
3. C) a “crowding effect” occurs in which multiple tasks must be done by a smaller than usual volume of
   brain tissue.
4. D) neurons in the healthy regions tend to die, leaving those areas vulnerable to future damage.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 188 Box: BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT: Brain Plasticity: Insights from Research on Brain-Damaged Children and Adults

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.4

• 48) In Western nations,

1. A) 90 percent of the population is right-handed.
2. B) 25 percent of the population is left-handed.
3. C) only about 5 percent of adults are left-handed.
4. D) right-handed children are more likely than left-handed agemates to have outstanding verbal skills.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 189

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.4

• 49) The brains of left-handers tend to be __________ than those of right-handers.

1. A) less plastic
2. B) structurally larger
3. C) more strongly lateralized
4. D) less strongly lateralized

Answer: D

Page Ref: 189

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.4

• 50) Children with damage to the cerebellum usually display __________ deficits.

1. A) motor, but not cognitive,
2. B) cognitive, but not motor,
3. C) both motor and cognitive
4. D) neither motor nor cognitive

Answer: C

Page Ref: 189–190

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.5

• 51) Neurons sent by the __________ to the prefrontal lobes of the cerebral cortex contribute to improvements in sustained, controlled attention.

1. A) cerebellum
2. B) corpus callosum
3. C) hippocampus
4. D) reticular formation

Answer: D

Page Ref: 190

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.5

• 52) Rapid development of the __________ makes drawing and reading maps possible.

1. A) reticular formation
2. B) hippocampus
3. C) corpus callosum
4. D) amygdala

Answer: B

Page Ref: 190

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.5

• 53) The __________ is sensitive to facial emotional expressions, especially fear.

1. A) corpus callosum
2. B) hippocampus
3. C) amygdala
4. D) cerebellum

Answer: C

Page Ref: 190

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.5

• 54) Teenagers do not perform as well as adults on tasks requiring self-restraint, planning, and future orientation because

1. A) the prefrontal cognitive-control network still requires fine-tuning.
2. B) adolescent brains are less plastic than adult brains.
3. C) brain lateralization is not complete until the mid- to late 20s.
4. D) production of synapses and myelination of the corpus callosum do not peak until early adulthood.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 190

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.5

• 55) Heightened __________ sensitivity helps explain why adolescents are so self-conscious and sensitive to others’ opinions.

1. A) insulin
2. B) oxytocin
3. C) thyroxine
4. D) cortisol

Answer: B

Page Ref: 191

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.5

• 56) Experience-expectant brain growth

1. A) occurs throughout the lifespan.
2. B) consists of additional growth and refinement of established brain structures.
3. C) refers to the young brain’s rapidly developing organization, which depends on ordinary experiences.
4. D) occurs as a result of specific learning experiences that vary widely across individuals and cultures.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 191

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.5

• 57) Experience-dependent brain growth

1. A) occurs early and naturally.
2. B) provides a foundation for experience-expectant brain development.
3. C) occurs as a result of specific and varied learning experiences.
4. D) occurs as caregivers engage babies in daily routines.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 191

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.5

• 58) Which of the following activities would promote experience-dependent brain growth?

1. A) weaving an intricate rug
2. B) sharing a meal
3. C) playing peekaboo
4. D) bathing before bedtime

Answer: A

Page Ref: 191

Skill: Apply

Objective: 5.5

• 59) Which of the following activities would promote experience-expectant brain growth?

1. A) reading
2. B) writing
3. C) playing a computer game
4. D) singing a song

Answer: D

Page Ref: 191

Skill: Apply

Objective: 5.5

• 60) Which of the following statements is true about the role of heredity in physical growth?

1. A) When diet and health are adequate, heredity has little effect on height and rate of growth.
2. B) Even if negative environmental influences are not severe, children show little catch-up growth once conditions improve.
3. C) Twin studies reveal that genetic makeup has little effect on body weight.
4. D) Genes influence growth by controlling the body’s production of and sensitivity to hormones.

Answer: D

Page Ref: 192

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.6

• 61) Research on low-level lead exposure and children’s development indicates that

1. A) low blood levels are associated with early onset diabetes.
2. B) higher blood levels are associated with distractibility, overactivity, and behavior problems.
3. C) the majority of children overcome any negative cognitive effects by adolescence.
4. D) early exposure to lead can be neutralized by fluoride treatments in drinking water.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 193 Box: BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT: Low-Level Lead Exposure and Children’s Development

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.6

• 62) Research suggests that persistent childhood lead exposure contributes to

1. A) diabetes in adulthood.
2. B) high rates of autism in industrialized nations.
3. C) antisocial behavior in adolescence.
4. D) tooth decay and poor fine-motor skills.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 193 Box: BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT: Low-Level Lead Exposure and Children’s Development

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.6

• 63) Which of the following statements is true about the effects of lead exposure in childhood?

1. A) A stressed, disorganized home life seems to heighten lead-induced damage.
2. B) Investigators agree that the greatest period of vulnerability is middle childhood.
3. C) Children given drugs to induce excretion of lead (chelation) improve dramatically.
4. D) Negative cognitive consequences are not evident when the level of lead exposure is below 10 µg/dL.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 193 Box: BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT: Low-Level Lead Exposure and Children’s Development

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.6

• 64) Nutrition is especially crucial during

1. A) the first two years.
2. B) the preschool years.
3. C) middle childhood.
4. D)

Answer: A

Page Ref: 194

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.6

• 65) Breastfed babies in poverty-stricken regions are __________ formula-fed babies in the same regions.

1. A) much more likely to be malnourished than
2. B) just as likely to die during the first two years as
3. C) 6 to 14 times more likely to survive the first year of life than
4. D) much more likely to be iron-deficient than

Answer: C

Page Ref: 194

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.6

• 66) The World Health Organization recommends breastfeeding until age

1. A) 6 months.
2. B) 12 months.
3. C) 18 months.
4. D) 2 years.

Answer: D

Page Ref: 194

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.6

• 67) Today, most developing countries

1. A) have banned the practice of giving free or subsidized formula to new mothers.
2. B) encourage new mothers to give their breastfed infants an iron supplement.
3. C) provide free or subsidized formula to new mothers.
4. D) provide free rice water or highly diluted cow or goat milk to new mothers.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 194

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.6

• 68) Partly as a result of the natural childbirth movement, breastfeeding has become more common in __________, especially among __________.

1. A) developing nations; older women
2. B) rural communities; young mothers
3. C) industrialized nations; well-educated women
4. D) industrialized nations; working mothers

Answer: C

Page Ref: 194

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.6

• 69) Benita is 14 months old. Her diet should include

1. A) only breast milk.
2. B) breast milk and some protein.
3. C) all of the basic food groups.
4. D) formula and several servings of cereal.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 195

Skill: Apply

Objective: 5.6

• 70) Which of the following statements is true about preschoolers and nutrition?

1. A) Preschoolers have very predictable appetites.
2. B) Preschoolers’ wariness of new foods is adaptive.
3. C) Parents should worry if their preschooler’s diet varies in amount eaten from meal to meal.
4. D) Preschoolers left to their own devices will naturally consume a balanced diet.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 195

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.6

• 71) In order to get 5-year-old Mikah to eat more broccoli, Mikah’s parents should

1. A) serve and eat broccoli.
2. B) offer a cookie to Mikah if he eats broccoli.
3. C) restrict his access to tastier foods.
4. D) keep Mikah at the table until he finishes his broccoli.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 196

Skill: Apply

Objective: 5.6

• 72) The Yardleys have a teenage son and a teenage daughter. How can they improve the likelihood that their teens will make healthy food choices?

1. A) Serve two, rather than three, meals per day because teens consume less in the morning.
2. B) Make sure that they only eat fast food one or two days a week.
3. C) Frequently schedule and serve family meals.
4. D) Enroll them in a health and nutrition class and encourage competitive sports participation.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 196

Skill: Apply

Objective: 5.6

• 73) Enrique is 2 months old, painfully thin, and in danger of dying. His mother is too malnourished to produce enough breast milk and bottle-feeding is inadequate. What is the most likely cause of Enrique’s illness?

1. A) lack of thyroxine
2. B) marasmus
3. C) kwashiorkor
4. D) iron-deficiency anemia

Answer: B

Page Ref: 196

Skill: Apply

Objective: 5.6

• 74) Kiana is 2 years old and has an unbalanced diet very low in protein. She has an enlarged belly, swollen feet, a skin rash, and thinning hair. What is the most likely cause of Kiana’s condition?

1. A) HIV/AIDS
2. B) marasmus
3. C) kwashiorkor
4. D) iron-deficiency anemia

Answer: C

Page Ref: 196

Skill: Apply

Objective: 5.6

• 75) Kwashiorkor

1. A) is common in regions where children get just enough calories from starchy foods but little protein.
2. B) usually appears in the first year of life when a baby’s mother is too malnourished to produce enough breast milk.
3. C) affects 27 percent of the world’s children before the age of 5.
4. D) affects an estimated 21 percent of U.S. children.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 196

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.6

• 76) Children who survive extreme forms of malnutrition

1. A) rarely show catch-up growth when their diets improve.
2. B) develop a high basal metabolism rate.
3. C) usually continue to undereat when food becomes plentiful.
4. D) tend to gain excessive weight when their diets improve.

Answer: D

Page Ref: 197

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.6

• 77) __________ affects about 25 percent of infants and children worldwide and interferes with many central nervous system processes.

1. A) Marasmus
2. B) Kwashiorkor
3. C) Iron-deficiency anemia
4. D) Food insecurity

Answer: C

Page Ref: 197

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.6

• 78) In the United States, __________ is especially high among low-income ethnic minority families and affects an estimated 21 percent of U.S. children.

1. A) marasmus
2. B) kwashiorkor
3. C) iron-deficiency anemia
4. D) food insecurity

Answer: D

Page Ref: 197

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.6

• 79) About one __________ of U.S. children and adolescents are overweight.

1. A) fifth
2. B) quarter
3. C) third
4. D) half

Answer: C

Page Ref: 198

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.6

• 80) Which of the following statements is true about overweight children and teens?

1. A) All children are equally at risk for excessive weight gain.
2. B) Obese children are at risk for lifelong health problems.
3. C) Around 30 percent of obese teenagers become overweight adults.
4. D) Type 2 diabetes is rapidly declining among overweight children.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 198

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.6

• 81) In industrialized nations, studies confirm that

1. A) heredity accounts for excessive weight gain.
2. B) obesity risk is greatest for individuals living in economically well-off households.
3. C) parental feeding practices have little impact on childhood obesity.
4. D) children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy are more likely to be overweight.

Answer: D

Page Ref: 199

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.6

• 82) Compared to normal-weight children, obese children

1. A) are less responsive to internal hunger cues.
2. B) are less responsive to external stimuli associated with food.
3. C) eat much slower.
4. D) tend to chew more thoroughly.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 199

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.6

• 83) Six-year-old Augustus watches about 3 hours of television per day. Research reveals that Augustus is likely to accumulate _____ percent __________ body fat than children devoting 1.75 hours per day to television.

1. A) 20; less
2. B) 20; more
3. C) 40; less
4. D) 40; more

Answer: D

Page Ref: 199

Skill: Apply

Objective: 5.6

• 84) Which of the following statements is true about obesity?

1. A) Obese children and adolescents report fewer emotional and school difficulties than their normal-weight peers.
2. B) Overweight individuals are less likely than their normal-weight agemates to receive financial aid for college.
3. C) Childhood obesity is fairly easy to treat with strict diet and exercise.
4. D) The most effective interventions are individually based and focus on weight loss.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 200

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.6

• 85) Of the 9 million annual deaths of children under age 5 worldwide, _____ percent are due to infectious diseases.

1. A) 30
2. B) 50
3. C) 70
4. D) 90

Answer: C

Page Ref: 201

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.6

• 86) In developing countries, widespread __________, resulting from unsafe water and contaminated foods, leads to growth stunting and nearly 3 million childhood deaths each year.

1. A) malaria
2. B) diarrhea
3. C) influenza
4. D) measles

Answer: B

Page Ref: 201

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.6

• 87) Which of the following statements is true about infectious diseases in developing countries?

3. A) Illnesses such as measles and chicken pox typically do not appear until age 3.
4. B) Most developmental impairments and death due to diarrhea can be prevented with nearly cost-free oral rehydration therapy (ORT).
5. C) Since 1990, public health workers have taught about 10 percent of the families in the developing world how to administer ORT.
6. D) The majority of children in the world’s poorest countries—such as Chad, Morocco, Somalia, and Togo—receive ORT.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 201

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.6

• 88) Overall, about _____ percent of U.S. preschoolers lack essential immunizations.

1. A) 10
2. B) 20
3. C) 30
4. D) 40

Answer: C

Page Ref: 201

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.6

• 89) Which of the following is one reason why the United States lags behind other industrialized nations in immunization?

1. A) Not all medically uninsured children in the U.S. are guaranteed free immunizations.
2. B) Vaccines are not usually available in U.S. public health clinics.
3. C) There have not been any outbreaks of childhood diseases in the U.S., even in areas where many parents refuse to immunize their children.
4. D) Some parents have been influenced by media reports suggesting a link between vaccines and autism.

Answer: D

Page Ref: 202

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.6

• 90) Baby Zima keeps his eyes on nearby adults, anxiously watching their every move. He rarely smiles at his caregivers. Zima’s weight, height, and head circumference are substantially below age-related growth norms. Zima and his mother have a disturbed parent–infant relationship. Zima may be suffering from

1. A) growth faltering.
2. B) psychosocial dwarfism.
3. C) iron-deficiency anemia.
4. D) food insecurity.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 202

Skill: Apply

Objective: 5.6

• 91) Seven-year-old Moses, who has experienced extreme emotional deprivation, has decreased GH secretion, very short stature, immature skeletal age, and serious adjustment problems. Moses may be suffering from

1. A) growth faltering.
2. B) psychosocial dwarfism.
3. C) iron-deficiency anemia.
4. D) food insecurity.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 202

Skill: Apply

Objective: 5.6

• 92) Which of the following is an example of a primary sexual characteristic?

1. A) breast development in females
2. B) the appearance of underarm hair
3. C) penis development in males
4. D) the appearance of pubic hair

Answer: C

Page Ref: 203

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.7

• 93) Which of the following is an example of a secondary sexual characteristic?

1. A) development of the uterus
2. B) breast development in females
3. C) development of the vagina
4. D) development of the testes

Answer: B

Page Ref: 203

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.7

• 94) Typically, pubertal development takes about _____ years.

1. A) two
2. B) three
3. C) four
4. D) five

Answer: C

Page Ref: 203

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.7

• 95) Sexual maturation in __________ usually begins with __________.

1. A) girls; menarche
2. B) boys; the appearance of pubic hair
3. C) girls; the budding of the breasts
4. D) boys; voice change

Answer: C

Page Ref: 203

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.7

• 96) Which of the following statements is true about individual and group differences in pubertal growth?

1. A) Heredity contributes substantially to the timing of pubertal changes.
2. B) In developing countries, boys and girls reach pubertal milestones at about the same age.
3. C) Girls who begin rigorous athletic training at an early age usually experience early puberty.
4. D) In developing countries, girls from affluent families consistently reach menarche 6 to 18 months later than those from economically disadvantaged homes.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 204

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.7

• 97) Contemporary research suggests that

1. A) emotional turbulence is routine during adolescence.
2. B) adolescence is greatly extended in industrialized nations.
3. C) the notion of adolescence as a period of storm and stress is accurate.
4. D) biological, rather than psychological and social, forces influence adolescent development.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 206

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.8

• 98) Research on reactions to pubertal changes indicates that

1. A) most girls get information about puberty from their doctors.
2. B) most boys do not know about ejaculation before the onset of spermarche.
3. C) boys often say that their first ejaculation occurred earlier than they expected.
4. D) most girls view the onset of menarche as traumatic.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 206

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.8

• 99) Setting the voting age at 18 and the drinking age at 21 are examples of

1. A) adolescent initiation ceremonies.
2. B) legal adult status in non-Western societies.
3. C) rites of passage.
4. D) partial adult status in Western society.

Answer: D

Page Ref: 206

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.8

• Research on adolescent moodiness shows that

1. A) a major contributor to adolescent moodiness is change in sleep schedules.
2. B) negative moods decrease steadily from childhood to adolescence.
3. C) the relationship between higher sex hormones and greater moodiness is strong.
4. D) frequent reports of negative moods tend to occur when adolescents are socializing.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 207

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.8

• Which of the following statements is true about parent–child relationships in adolescence?

1. A) Studies show a decrease in parent–child conflict after puberty ends.
2. B) Psychological distancing may contribute to a rise in family tensions.
3. C) Parent–son conflict tends to be more intense than parent–daughter conflict.
4. D) Parent–daughter conflict is more evident in countries where gender-role values are more traditional.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 208

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.8

• Parent–adolescent disagreements focus largely on

1. A) long-term goals, such as college or vocational training.
2. B) substance abuse.
3. C) early sexual activity.
4. D) mundane, day-to-day matters, such as driving and curfews.

Answer: D

Page Ref: 208

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.8

• Both adults and peers tend to view __________ as __________.

1. A) early-maturing boys; relaxed and physically attractive
2. B) early-maturing girls; lively and school leaders
3. C) late-maturing boys; independent and self-confident
4. D) late-maturing girls; unpopular and anxious

Answer: A

Page Ref: 208

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.9

• Studies of pubertal timing show that

1. A) early-maturing girls are more satisfied with their body image than their late-maturing agemates.
2. B) the negative body image of early-maturing boys worsens throughout adolescence.
3. C) early-maturing boys tend to be overly talkative and attention seeking.
4. D) early-maturing adolescents of both sexes seek out older companions.

Answer: D

Page Ref: 209

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.9

• __________ are especially prone to lasting difficulties.

1. A) Early-maturing girls
2. B) Late-maturing girls
3. C) Early-maturing boys
4. D) Late-maturing boys

Answer: A

Page Ref: 209

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.9

• Girls who __________ are especially at risk for eating disorders.

1. A) reach puberty late
2. B) grow up with overweight mothers
3. C) reach puberty on time
4. D) are very dissatisfied with their body image

Answer: D

Page Ref: 210

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.10

• Anorexia nervosa

13. A) typically appears between ages 11 and 13.
14. B) affects 2 to 4 percent of U.S. teenage girls.
15. C) is equally common in all social-class groups.
16. D) affects more African-American than Hispanic girls.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 210

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.10

• Bulimia nervosa

1. A) is usually easier to treat than anorexia.
2. B) is less common than anorexia nervosa.
3. C) typically appears in early adolescence.
4. D) affects more late-maturing than early-maturing girls.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 212

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.10

• Which of the following statements is supported by cross-cultural research on sexuality?

1. A) Most North American adolescents get information from parents about sexually transmitted diseases
   and contraception.
2. B) Sexual attitudes in North America are liberal compared to other Western nations.
3. C) In some cultures, adolescents are expected to engage in sexual experimentation with a variety of partners.
4. D) Rates of extramarital sex among North American adolescents have risen sharply in recent decades.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 212

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.11

• Which of the following statements is true about sex education?

1. A) Fathers talk to adolescents about sex and birth control more often than mothers.
2. B) Because teenagers can look up information from a variety of sources, the Internet is a good sex educator.
3. C) It is better for schools to teach adolescents about sex and contraception than parents.
4. D) Adolescents who are prone to early sexual activity choose to consume more sexualized media.

Answer: D

Page Ref: 212

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.11

• Which of the following statements is true regarding the results of a survey about the Internet as a “sex educator”?

1. A) Media exposure to sexual content causes adolescents to engage in risky sexual activity.
2. B) The Internet is the best source for accurate medical information about sexual activity.
3. C) Youths who were involved in delinquent activities had more encounters with Internet pornography.
4. D) Nearly 90 percent of 10- to 17-year-olds said they viewed online pornographic websites while surfing the Internet in the past 12 months.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 212

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.11

• Which of the following statements is true about adolescent sexual attitudes and behavior?

1. A) Girls tend to have their first intercourse earlier than boys.
2. B) During the past decade, adolescents have swung slightly back to more conservative sexual beliefs.
3. C) Compared with a generation ago, fewer people approve of sexual intercourse before marriage.
4. D) Rates of extramarital sex among U.S. young people have recently risen.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 213

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.11

• Seventeen-year-old Megan has not seen her father since she was 2 years old. Which of the following statements is true about such early and prolonged father absence?

1. A) Megan is more likely than her agemates to choose abstinence.
2. B) Megan is more likely than her agemates to become a pregnant teen.
3. C) Megan is less likely than her agemates to engage in frequent sexual activity.
4. D) Megan is less likely than her agemates to engage in casual sexual relationships.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 214

Skill: Apply

Objective: 5.11

• Adolescent contraceptive use

1. A) has decreased in recent years.
2. B) is more common among teens who report poor relationships with parents.
3. C) is more common among U.S. teens than among teenagers in other industrialized nations.
4. D) is more common among teens who talk openly about sex with their parents.

Answer: D

Page Ref: 215

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.11

• Eighteen-year-old Emily identifies as bisexual. Which of the following will probably be true when Emily is 28?

1. A) Emily will be gender-deviant in dress or behavior.
2. B) Emily will identify as bisexual.
3. C) Emily will identify as lesbian.
4. D) Emily will report far more same-sex than other-sex attractions than she did at age 18.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 215

Skill: Apply

Objective: 5.12

• Which of the following statements is true about sexual orientation?

1. A) Adoptive relatives are just as likely as biological relatives to share a homosexual orientation.
2. B) Male homosexuality tends to be more common on the paternal than the maternal side of families.
3. C) The evidence to date suggests that genetic and prenatal biological influences are largely responsible for homosexuality.
4. D) One gene-mapping study found that among 40 pairs of homosexual brothers, 82 percent had an identical segment of DNA on the Y chromosome.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 215

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.12

• Greer, age 10, is less interested in sports than his older brothers. He is drawn to quieter activities and is more emotionally sensitive. Greer wonders why the typical heterosexual orientation does not apply to him. Greer is engaging in

1. A) internalized homophobia.
2. B) sexual questioning.
3. C) gender deviance.
4. D) role reversal.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 216 Box: SOCIAL ISSUES: HEALTH: Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth: Coming Out to Oneself and Others

Skill: Apply

Objective: 5.12

• In research on ethnically diverse lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths, awareness of a same-sex physical attraction occurred, on average, between ages

1. A) 8 and 10 for boys.
2. B) 11 and 12 for girls.
3. C) 14 and 15 for girls.
4. D) 14 and 15 for boys.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 216 Box: SOCIAL ISSUES: HEALTH: Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth: Coming Out to Oneself and Others

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.12

• Which of the following statements is supported by research on sexual orientation?

1. A) Parental understanding is the strongest predictor of favorable adjustment—including reduced internalized homophobia.
2. B) Most young people first acknowledge their sexual orientation publicly by telling their parents.
3. C) Lesbian, gay, and bisexual young people report higher levels of family support than their heterosexual agemates.
4. D) Contact with other gays and lesbians is not important in the attainment of self-acceptance.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 216 Box: SOCIAL ISSUES: HEALTH: Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth: Coming Out to Oneself and Others

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.12

• About 90 percent of high school students are aware of basic facts about AIDS,

1. A) so the spread of the disease has slowed dramatically in the past decade.
2. B) resulting in the virtual elimination of the disease among high school graduates.
3. C) in spite of huge parental and political protests.
4. D) yet most have limited understanding of other STDs.

Answer: D

Page Ref: 217

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.13

• The number of American teenage births is considerably lower than it was 50 years ago because

1. A) nearly one-third of U.S. teen pregnancies end in abortion.
2. B) fewer teens are having sex.
3. C) 90 percent of sexually active teens use contraceptives.
4. D) most schools offer effective sex education.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 217

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.13

• Studies of unmarried mothers show that

1. A) they tend to wait for marriage before having additional children.
2. B) most are motivated to complete high school in an effort to better the lives of their children.
3. C) lack of material resources greatly reduces the likelihood of earning a high school diploma.
4. D) their children are less likely to become adolescent parents.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 218

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.13

• Raelyn, age 15, just became a mom. Which of the following statements is true for Raelyn?

1. A) She is more likely than her agemates without children to marry in the future.
2. B) There is a 95 percent likelihood that she will graduate from high school.
3. C) She is more likely than her agemates without children to divorce in the future.
4. D) She is more likely than an adult mother to have realistic expectations of her infant.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 218

Skill: Apply

Objective: 5.13

• The most effective sex education programs

1. A) focus on abstinence.
2. B) provide specific information about contraceptives and ready access to them.
3. C) last only a few sessions.
4. D) target teenagers who are already sexually active.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 219

Skill: Remember

Objective: 5.13

• Which of the following statements is true about intervening with adolescent parents?

1. A) Teenage mothers who have a long-term mentor relationship are less likely than those without a mentor to stay in school.
2. B) Home-visited mothers have less frequent contact with the child’s father than those who are not in a home-visiting program.
3. C) Teenage mothers who receive financial assistance from the child’s father are more distressed than those who do not receive assistance.
4. D) As with teenage mothers, support from family members helps teenage fathers stay involved with their children.

Answer: D

Page Ref: 220

Skill: Understand

Objective: 5.13

ESSAY

• What is skeletal age, and how is it measured? Give an example of a sex difference and an ethnic difference in skeletal age.

Answer: The best estimate of a child’s physical maturity is skeletal age—a measure of development of the bones of the body. The embryonic skeleton is first formed out of soft, pliable tissue called cartilage. In the sixth week of pregnancy, cartilage cells begin to harden into bone, a gradual process that continues throughout childhood and adolescence. Just before birth, special growth centers, called epiphyses, appear at the two extreme ends of each of the long bones of the body. Cartilage cells continue to be produced at the growth plates of these epiphyses, which increase in number throughout childhood and then, as growth continues, get thinner and disappear. After that, no further growth in bone length is possible. Skeletal age can be estimated by X-raying the bones to determine the number of epiphyses and the extent to which they are fused.

African-American children tend to be slightly ahead of Caucasian-American children in skeletal age. And girls are considerably ahead of boys—a gap of about four to six weeks at birth, which widens over infancy and childhood.

Page Ref: 178

• Describe the pros and cons of participation in organized youth sports during childhood.

Answer:  For most children, joining community athletic teams is associated with increased self-esteem and social skills. Among shy children, sports participation seems to play a protective role, fostering self-confidence and a decline in social anxiety, perhaps because it provides a sense of group belonging and a basis for communicating with peers. Also, children who view themselves as good at sports are more likely to continue playing on teams in adolescence, which predicts greater participation in sports and other physical fitness activities in early adulthood. When parents and coaches emphasize effort, improvement, participation, and teamwork, young athletes enjoy sports more, exert greater effort to improve their skills, and perceive themselves as more competent at their chosen sport. This positive emphasis helps promote physical activity. In some cases, though, youth sports overemphasize competition and substitute adult control for children’s natural experimentation with rules and strategies. Children who join teams so early that the necessary skills are beyond their abilities soon lose interest. Coaches and parents who criticize rather than encourage can prompt intense anxiety in some children. Rather than promoting elite performance, high parental pressure to excel at sports and frequent, intense practice are linked to children’s emotional difficulties and early athletic dropout. Further, frequent, intense practice in any sport can lead to painful “overuse” injuries and, in extreme cases, to stress-related fractures resulting in premature closure of the epiphyses of the long bones.

Page Ref: 181

• Discuss brain plasticity. When is the brain the most plastic? What evidence does research on brain-damaged children and adults provide?

Answer: A highly plastic cerebral cortex, in which many areas are not yet committed to specific functions, has a high capacity for learning. And if a part of the cortex is damaged, other parts can take over the tasks it would have handled. But once the hemispheres lateralize, damage to a specific region means that the abilities it controls cannot be recovered to the same extent or as easily as earlier. Researchers study when brain lateralization occurs to learn more about brain plasticity.

At birth, the hemispheres have already begun to specialize. The brain is more plastic during the first few years than it will be ever again. An overabundance of synaptic connections supports brain plasticity, ensuring that young children will acquire certain capacities even if some areas are damaged. And although the cortex is programmed from the start for hemispheric specialization, experience greatly influences the rate and success of its advancing organization.

Research on brain-damaged children and adults offers dramatic evidence for substantial plasticity in the young brain. Consistently, adults who suffered brain injuries in infancy and early childhood show fewer cognitive impairments than adults with later-occurring injuries. Nevertheless, the young brain is not totally plastic. When it is injured, its functioning is compromised. The extent of plasticity depends on several factors, including age at time of injury, site of damage, and skill area.

Page Ref: 187–188

• Summarize the major nutritional and health advantages of breastfeeding.

Answer: In early infancy, breast milk is ideally suited to babies’ needs, and bottled formulas try to imitate it. The major nutritional and health advantages of breast milk include:

•            Provides the correct balance of fat and protein. Human milk is high in fat and low in protein. This balance, as well as the unique proteins and fats contained in human milk, is ideal for a rapidly myelinating nervous system.
•            Ensures nutritional completeness. A mother who breastfeeds need not add other foods to her infant’s diet until the baby is 6 months old. The iron contained in breast milk is easily absorbed by the baby’s system.
•            Helps ensure healthy physical growth. One-year-old breastfed babies are leaner (have a higher percentage of muscle to fat), a growth pattern that persists through the preschool years and that may help prevent later overweight and obesity.
• Protects against many diseases. Breastfeeding transfers antibodies and other infection-fighting agents from mother to baby and enhances functioning of the immune system. Compared with bottle-fed infants, breastfed babies have far fewer allergic reactions and respiratory and intestinal illnesses. Breast milk also has anti-inflammatory effects, which reduce the severity of illness symptoms. Breastfeeding in the first four months (especially when exclusive) is linked to lower blood cholesterol levels in childhood and, thereby, may help prevent cardiovascular disease.
• Protects against faulty jaw development and tooth decay. Sucking the mother’s nipple instead of an artificial nipple helps avoid malocclusion and protects against tooth decay due to sweet liquid remaining in the mouths of infants who fall asleep while sucking on a bottle.
• Ensures digestibility. Because breastfed babies have a different kind of bacteria growing in their intestines than do bottle-fed infants, they rarely suffer from constipation or other gastrointestinal problems.
• Smooths the transition to solid foods. Breastfed infants accept new solid foods more easily than do bottle-fed infants, perhaps because of their greater experience with a variety of flavors, which pass from the maternal diet into the mother’s milk.

Page Ref: 194–195

• Discuss the factors that contribute to adolescent moodiness.

Answer: Higher pubertal hormone levels are linked to greater moodiness, but only modestly so. In several studies, adolescents reported less favorable moods than school-age children and adults. But negative moods were linked to a greater number of negative life events, such as difficulties getting along with parents, disciplinary actions at school, and breaking up with a boyfriend or girlfriend. Negative events increased steadily from childhood to adolescence, and teenagers also seemed to react to them with greater emotion than children. Compared with the moods of older adolescents and adults, those of younger adolescents (ages 12 to 16) were less stable, often varying from cheerful to sad and back again. These mood swings were strongly related to situational changes. High points of adolescents’ days were times spent with friends and in self-chosen leisure activities. Low points tended to occur in adult-structured settings—class, job, and religious services. Furthermore, emotional highs coincided with Friday and Saturday evenings, especially in high school. Going out with friends and romantic partners increases so dramatically during adolescence that it becomes a “cultural script” for what is supposed to happen. Teenagers who spend weekend evenings at home often feel profoundly lonely. Yet another contributor to adolescent moodiness is change in sleep schedules. Although teenagers need almost as much sleep as they did in middle childhood (about nine hours), they go to bed much later than they did as children, perhaps because of increased neural sensitivity to evening light. This sleep “phase delay” strengthens with pubertal development. Sleep-deprived adolescents are more likely to suffer from depressed mood, achieve poorly in school, and engage in high-risk behaviors, including drinking and reckless driving.

Page Ref: 207

• Discuss the factors that influence adolescents’ decisions about contraceptive use.

Answer: Although adolescent contraceptive use has increased in recent years, about 20 percent of sexually active teenagers in the United States are at risk for unintended pregnancy because they do not use contraception consistently. One reason is that advances in perspective taking lead teenagers, for a time, to be extremely concerned about what others think of them. Also, in the midst of everyday social pressures, adolescents often overlook the potential consequences of risky behaviors. And many teenagers—especially those from troubled, low-income families—do not have realistic expectations about the impact of early parenthood on their current and future lives. The social environment also contributes to adolescents’ reluctance to use contraception. Those who lack the rewards of meaningful education and work are especially likely to engage in irresponsible sex, sometimes within exploitative relationships. In contrast, teenagers who report good relationships with parents and who talk openly with them about sex and contraception are more likely to use birth control. But few adolescents believe their parents would be understanding and supportive. School sex education classes, as well, often leave teenagers with incomplete or incorrect knowledge. Some do not know where to get birth control counseling and devices; those who do often worry that a doctor or family planning clinic might not keep their visits confidential. About 20 percent of adolescents using health services say that if their parents were notified, they would still have sex, but without contraception.

Page Ref: 214–215