Children 14Th Edition By Santrock -Test Bank Instant Download - Complete Test Bank With Answers Sample Questions Are Posted Below Children, 14e (Santrock) Chapter 5 Physical Development in Infancy 1) The sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top—the head—with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually …
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Children 14Th Edition By Santrock -Test Bank
Instant Download – Complete Test Bank With Answers
Sample Questions Are Posted Below
Children, 14e (Santrock)
Chapter 5 Physical Development in Infancy
1) The sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top—the head—with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom is known as the ________ pattern.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Patterns of Growth
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
2) The sensory and motor developments in infants generally proceed according to the ________ principle.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Patterns of Growth
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
3) Scarlett learned to stare at mobile objects before trying to move her limbs to reach for the objects. This growth pattern in Scarlett is occurring according to which of the following principles?
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Topic: Patterns of Growth
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
4) During pregnancy, the size of the head is half the size of the total body length when the fetus is ________ old.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Patterns of Growth
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
5) In a newborn, the size of the head is approximately ________ the proportion of the total body length.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Patterns of Growth
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
6) Proximodistal pattern of growth refers to the sequence in which
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Patterns of Growth
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
7) Natalie had random hand movements when she was 2 months old. When she was 6 months old, she would grab a block with her whole hand. Now at the age of 10 months, she can grasp the same block with her thumb and forefinger. This sequence of growth in her hand and finger movements is occurring according to the ________ pattern.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Topic: Patterns of Growth
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
8) Which of the following is an example of the proximodistal pattern of growth?
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Topic: Patterns of Growth
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
9) Which of the following is a syndrome that affects a large number of babies in the United States, causes severe brain damage, and includes symptoms such as brain swelling and hemorrhaging?
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Brain Development
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
10) Which of the following brain imaging techniques has been successfully used by researchers to learn about the brain’s development in infancy?
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Brain Development
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
11) Magnetoencephalography, or MEG, has been used to study brain development in infants. Researchers have used this technology to study
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Patterns of Growth
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
12) The electroencephalogram (EEG) is used to study
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Patterns of Growth
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
13) The newborn’s brain is about 25 percent of its adult weight by birth; by the second birthday, the brain is about ________ percent of its adult weight.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Brain Development
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
14) Which of the following areas of the brain is farthest from the spinal cord and includes the cerebral cortex?
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Brain Development
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
15) A(n) ________ is a nerve cell that handles information processing.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Neurons
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
16) The tissue that covers the forebrain like a wrinkled cap and includes two halves or hemispheres is called the
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Neurons
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
17) Which lobe of the cerebral cortex has an active role in hearing, language processing, and memory?
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Brain Development
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
18) The ________ lobes of the cerebral cortex function in vision.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Brain Development
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
19) The parietal lobes play an important role in
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Brain Development
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
20) The specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other is called
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Brain Development
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
21) Which of the following functions is lateralized to the left hemisphere of the cortex in most human brains?
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Brain Development
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
22) Which of the following functions is an outcome of communication between both hemispheres of the brain in normal people?
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Brain Development
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
23) Which of the following parts of a neuron is/are involved in carrying signals toward the cell body?
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Neurons
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
24) ________ is a layer of fat cells that insulates axons and helps electrical signals travel faster down the axon in neurons.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Neurons
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
25) The chemicals released by the terminal buttons that connect axons and dendrites of successive neurons and help in the passing of information from neuron to neuron across the synapse are called
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Neurons
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
26) The ________ lobes of the cerebral cortex are involved in voluntary movement, thinking, personality, emotion, memory, sustained attention, and intentionality or purpose.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Brain Development
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
27) The process of encasing axons with fat cells, which is involved in providing energy to neurons and speeding up neural transmissions, is known as
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Neurons
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
28) Which of the following is a dramatic change in the brain in infants in the first years of life?
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Neurons
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
29) Unused synaptic connections will be replaced by other pathways or they disappear. In the language of neuroscience, these connections are said to be
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Neurons
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
30) Myelination for visual pathways is
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Neurons
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
31) In which of the following areas of an infant’s brain does the peak of synaptic overproduction occur before the first postnatal year of life?
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Neurons
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
32) The ________ region of the frontal lobe has the most prolonged development of any brain region, with changes detectable at least into emerging adulthood.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Neurons
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
33) Infants of 0 to 2 years of age sleep an average of ________ hours a day.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Sleep
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
34) Which of the following is a component of the increasingly popular neuroconstructivist view?
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Sleep
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
35) In adulthood, individuals spend about ________ of their night in REM sleep.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: REM Sleep
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
36) Which of the following statements regarding REM sleep is TRUE?
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: REM Sleep
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
37) Within a 24-hour cycle, approximately how much time do infants of 0 to 2 years of age spend sleeping?
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Sleep
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
38) Which of the following is NOT a protective buffer against SIDS?
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: SIDS
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
39) According to your text, infants from which ethnic groups are MOST likely to die from SIDS?
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: SIDS
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
40) ________ is a condition that occurs when infants stop breathing, usually during the night, and die abruptly without an apparent cause.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: SIDS
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
41) Which of the following is a high-risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: SIDS
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
42) Who among the following infants is MORE likely to experience SIDS?
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Topic: SIDS
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
43) Nutritionists recommend that infants consume approximately ________ calories per day for each pound they weigh.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Nutrition
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
44) Infants who spent more time sleeping at night as opposed to the day showed
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Sleep
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
45) Infant Devon rarely sleeps through the night. Instead, she sleeps in rather short intervals throughout the day and night. Compared to infants who sleep through the night and rarely sleep in the day, recent research suggests that Devon
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Sleep
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
46) Fewer gastrointestinal infections, lower respiratory tract infections, and fewer middle ear infections are all associated with
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Breast vs Bottle Feeding
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
47) Which of the following conclusions is TRUE based on the research conducted on benefits of breast feeding for the child?
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Breast vs Bottle Feeding
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
48) The evidence obtained from studies conducted on maternal benefits of breast feeding for mothers indicates that breast feeding
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Breast vs Bottle Feeding
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
49) Benefits of breast feeding for the mother include all of the following EXCEPT
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Breast vs Bottle Feeding
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
50) Bottle feeding is recommended for mothers who
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Breast vs Bottle Feeding
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
51) Researchers have found no ________ differences between breast-fed infants and bottle-fed infants.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Breast vs Bottle Feeding
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
52) ________ is a condition caused by severe protein-calorie deficiency and results in wasting away of body tissues in the infant’s first year.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Malnutrition
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
53) Which of the following conditions resulting from malnutrition can cause a child’s vital organs to collect the nutrients that are present and deprive other parts of the body of them?
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Malnutrition
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
54) Ana, a 2-year-old baby girl, appears to be well fed but is deficient in certain important proteins. Her hair is thin, colorless, and brittle. Based on these symptoms, the doctor examining Ana is likely to relate her condition to the disorder of
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Topic: Malnutrition
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
55) Which of the following vaccinations is given to infants at birth?
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Immunization
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
56) The first dose of vaccination for influenza is given to infants at the age of
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Immunization
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
57) The immunization for polio is given until the age of
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Immunization
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
58) Dynamic systems theory was proposed by
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Dynamic Systems View
Learning Objective: Describe infants’ motor development.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
59) According to ________ theory, to develop motor skills, infants must perceive something in the environment that motivates them to act and use their perceptions to fine-tune their movements.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Dynamic Systems View
Learning Objective: Describe infants’ motor development.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
60) According to dynamic systems theory, the first step for infants in developing their motor skills is
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Dynamic Systems View
Learning Objective: Describe infants’ motor development.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
61) The dynamic systems view of motor development states that the developing of motor skills is a(n) ________ process.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Dynamic Systems View
Learning Objective: Describe infants’ motor development.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
62) According to the dynamic systems view, fine-tuning of a motor skill is accomplished through
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Dynamic Systems View
Learning Objective: Describe infants’ motor development.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
63) John, a 2-month-old boy, turns his head toward the side when his cheek is stroked in an effort to find something to suck. The type of reflex exhibited by John is known as the ________ reflex.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Topic: Reflexes
Learning Objective: Describe infants’ motor development.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
64) Which of the following reflexes has a survival value for newborns, as it enables them to get nourishment before they have associated a nipple with food?
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Reflexes
Learning Objective: Describe infants’ motor development.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
65) A neonatal startle response that occurs in reaction to a sudden, intense noise or movement is called the ________ reflex.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Reflexes
Learning Objective: Describe infants’ motor development.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
66) The ________ reflex occurs when the sole of the foot of an infant is stroked and the infant responds by fanning out the toes and twisting the foot in.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Reflexes
Learning Objective: Describe infants’ motor development.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
67) When an infant is placed on his or her back, the infant forms fists with both hands and usually turns his or her head to the right. This reflex is known as the ________ reflex.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Reflexes
Learning Objective: Describe infants’ motor development.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
68) Which of the following motor skills is achieved in the second year of life in infants?
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Gross Motor Skills
Learning Objective: Describe infants’ motor development.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
69) Nathan, who is 10 months old, picks up small blocks using his thumb and forefinger. The type of grasp used by Nathan is called the ________ grip.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Topic: Fine Motor Skills
Learning Objective: Describe infants’ motor development.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
70) Which of the following is an example of a fine motor skill in infants?
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Fine Motor Skills
Learning Objective: Describe infants’ motor development.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
71) The perceptual system used by infants to coordinate grasping varies with age. Four-month-old infants rely greatly on ________ to determine how they will grip an object.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Fine Motor Skills
Learning Objective: Describe infants’ motor development.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
72) The sensation of hearing occurs when waves of pulsating air are collected by the outer ear and conducted through the bones of the inner ear and the ________, where mechanical vibrations are converted into electrical impulses.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Sensation and Perception
Learning Objective: Explain sensory and perceptual development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
73) The rays of light focused on the eyes are converted into electrical impulses by the
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Sensation and Perception
Learning Objective: Explain sensory and perceptual development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
74) The electrical impulses from the retina are transmitted to the visual centers of the brain by the ________ nerve.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Sensation and Perception
Learning Objective: Explain sensory and perceptual development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
75) According to research, development of a preference for viewing attractive rather than unattractive faces begins
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Visual Acuity
Learning Objective: Explain sensory and perceptual development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
76) Which of the following views states that perception brings us into contact with the environment in order to interact with and adapt to it?
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Ecological View
Learning Objective: Explain sensory and perceptual development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
77) ________ is the name given to decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Ecological View
Learning Objective: Explain sensory and perceptual development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
78) The method used to determine whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another by measuring the length of time they attend to different stimuli is known as the ________ method.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Ecological View
Learning Objective: Explain sensory and perceptual development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
79) Which of the following methods uses a sound generating system to assess an infant’s attention to sound?
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Ecological View
Learning Objective: Explain sensory and perceptual development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
80) Alex was shown a sequence of objects that were of the same size and all resembled a square. After some time, Alex lost interest in those objects. When he was shown a triangular object it suddenly caught his attention, and he started looking at the previous objects again. This change in response in Alex is referred to as
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Topic: Visual Perception
Learning Objective: Explain sensory and perceptual development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
81) The recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation is known as
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Visual Perception
Learning Objective: Explain sensory and perceptual development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
82) Newer, more sophisticated eye-tracking equipment has allowed researchers to study all of the following EXCEPT
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Visual Acuity
Learning Objective: Explain sensory and perceptual development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
83) With the use of eye-tracking equipment, identification of atypical outcomes such as autism can begin
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Visual Acuity
Learning Objective: Explain sensory and perceptual development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
84) According to research, when 1-year-olds watch a television program they
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Visual Acuity
Learning Objective: Explain sensory and perceptual development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
85) ________ is a tendency in which sensory stimulation is changing but perception of the physical world remains constant.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Perceptual Constancy
Learning Objective: Explain sensory and perceptual development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
86) Donna would perceive the chair as a different object every time the distance or the orientation of the chair was changed. This shows that Donna has not developed
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Topic: Perceptual Constancy
Learning Objective: Explain sensory and perceptual development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
87) Which of the following tendencies, when developed by infants, helps them recognize that an object remains the same even when the retinal image of the object changes by moving toward or away from the object?
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Perceptual Constancy
Learning Objective: Explain sensory and perceptual development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
88) A boy is able to understand that a bicycle is smaller than a car even when a bicycle parked in front of him is creating a larger retinal image to him than the car, which is parked at a distance across the street. This shows that the boy has achieved
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Topic: Perceptual Constancy
Learning Objective: Explain sensory and perceptual development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
89) Ethan was able to recognize the ice-cream cone to be cone-shaped even when the orientation of the cone was changed a number of times. This shows that Ethan has achieved
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Topic: Perceptual Constancy
Learning Objective: Explain sensory and perceptual development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
90) ________ is the perception of the frequency of a sound.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Hearing
Learning Objective: Explain sensory and perceptual development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
91) Which of the following perceptions involves integrating information from two or more sensory modalities, like vision and hearing?
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Intermodal Perception
Learning Objective: Explain sensory and perceptual development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
92) In the field of perceptual development, nature proponents are referred to as
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Sensation and Perception
Learning Objective: Explain sensory and perceptual development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
93) In the field of perceptual development, people who emphasize learning and experience are called
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Sensation and Perception
Learning Objective: Explain sensory and perceptual development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
94) According to the nativist view on perceptual development,
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Sensation and Perception
Learning Objective: Explain sensory and perceptual development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
95) Ogden, a child psychologist, has an empiricist approach toward perceptual development. Ogden would agree with which of the following statements?
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Topic: Sensation and Perception
Learning Objective: Explain sensory and perceptual development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
96) Which of the following views states that perceptual development in infants is dependent on the development of a sequence of cognitive stages to construct more complex perceptual tasks?
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Sensation and Perception
Learning Objective: Explain sensory and perceptual development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
97) The Gibsons’ ecological view is different from the nativist view of perceptual development because the ecological view argues that
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Ecological View
Learning Objective: Explain sensory and perceptual development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
98) Piaget’s constructivist view states that
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Sensation and Perception
Learning Objective: Explain sensory and perceptual development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
99) Longitudinal research by Daphne Maurer and her colleagues has focused on infants with
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Visual Perception
Learning Objective: Explain sensory and perceptual development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
100) Daphne Maurer’s research on the perceptual abilities of infants has provided evidence for a ________ period in the development of visual perception.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Visual Perception
Learning Objective: Explain sensory and perceptual development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
101) What are the cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns? Give examples for each.
Answer: Growth in infants follows two different patterns:
Example: Infants see objects before they can control their torso, and they can use their hands long before they can crawl or walk.
Example: Infants control the muscles of their trunk and arms before they control their hands and fingers, and they use their whole hands before they can control several fingers.
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Topic: Patterns of Growth
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
102) List the changes in height and weight that take place during infancy.
Answer: The majority of full-term newborns are 18 to 22 inches long and weigh between 5½ and 10 pounds during birth.
Changes in weight: In the first few days of life, most newborns lose 5 to 7 percent of their body weight before they adjust to feeding by sucking, swallowing, and digesting. Then they grow rapidly, gaining an average of 5 to 6 ounces per week during the first month. Their birth weight will be doubled by the age of 4 months and will nearly be tripled by their first birthday.
Growth slows considerably in the second year of life. By 2 years of age, infants weigh approximately 26 to 32 pounds, having gained a quarter to half a pound per month during the second year. They would have reached about one-fifth of their adult weight by this age.
Changes in height: Infants grow about 1 inch per month during the first year, reaching approximately 1½ times their birth length by their first birthday. By 2 years of age, an average infant is 32 to 35 inches long, which is nearly half of their adult height.
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Height and Weight
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
103) List the developmental changes that occur in neurons and different regions of the brain in infancy.
Answer: Changes in neurons: Neurons change in two very significant ways during the first years of life. First, myelination, the process of encasing axons with fat cells, begins prenatally and continues after birth, even into adolescence. Second, connectivity among neurons increases, creating new neural pathways. New dendrites grow, connections among dendrites increase, and synaptic connections between axons and dendrites proliferate. Myelination speeds up neural transmissions, whereas the expansion of dendritic connections facilitates the spreading of neural pathways in infant development.
Changes in regions of the brain: In infants, “blooming and pruning” vary considerably by brain region. In the prefrontal cortex, the peak of overproduction (to be followed by pruning) occurs at just over 3 years of age. The pace of myelination also varies in different areas of the brain in infants. Myelination for visual pathways occurs rapidly after birth and is completed in the first six months. Auditory myelination is not completed until 4 or 5 years of age.
The primary motor areas develop earlier than the primary sensory areas. The frontal lobes are immature in the newborn. However, as neurons in the frontal lobes become myelinated and interconnected during the first year of life, infants develop an ability to regulate their physiological states, such as sleep, and gain more control over their reflexes. Cognitive skills that require deliberate thinking do not emerge until later in the first year.
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Neurons
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
104) Explain the neuroconstructivist view of brain development.
Answer: The neuroconstructivist view emphasizes the importance of interactions between experience and gene expression in the brain’s development.
According to this view:
(a) Biological processes and environmental experiences influence the brain’s development;
(b) The brain has plasticity and is influenced by contexts; and
(c) The development of the brain is closely linked with the child’s cognitive development.
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Brain Development
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
105) Shared sleeping remains a controversial issue, but some child experts stress its importance. What are the advantages according to proponents, and what are the disadvantages of shared sleeping as stated by those opposed to the practice, such as the American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Infant Positioning and SIDS?
Answer: Advantages:
1) It promotes breast feeding.
2) It helps the mother to respond more quickly to the baby’s cries.
3) It also allows the mother to detect breathing pauses in the baby that might be dangerous.
Disadvantages:
1) Sleeping mothers may roll over the baby.
2) It is linked with a greater incidence of SIDS, especially when parents smoke.
3) It may lead to sleep problems such as disordered breathing in infants when they share a bed with parents.
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Topic: Sleep
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Analyze
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
106) What is sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)? Mention three risk factors for SIDS.
Answer: Students’ answers may vary.
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is a condition that occurs when infants stop breathing, usually during the night, and die suddenly without an apparent cause. Risk of SIDS is highest at 2 to 4 months of age.
The following are the risk factors for SIDS:
1) Prone sleeping: This is a high-risk factor for SIDS as it impairs the infant’s arousal from sleep and restricts the infant’s ability to swallow effectively.
2) Use of a pacifier: SIDS is more likely to occur in infants who do not use a pacifier when they go to sleep than in those who do use a pacifier.
3) Low birth weight: Low birth weight infants are 5 to 10 times more likely to die of SIDS than their normal-weight counterparts.
4) Sleep apnea: Six percent of infants with sleep apnea, a temporary cessation of breathing in which the airway is completely blocked, usually for 10 seconds or longer, die of SIDS.
5) Cigarette smoke: SIDS is more common in infants who are passively exposed to cigarette smoke.
6) SIDS is also more common in infants who share a bed with their parents, in infants who use soft bedding, and in infants with abnormal brain stem functioning involving the neurotransmitter serotonin.
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Sleep
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
107) What development changes are observed in eating behavior during the infant’s first year after birth?
Answer: As infants improve their gross motor skills, they change from using suck-and-swallow movements with breast milk or formula to chew-and-swallow movements with semisolid and then more complex foods. When their fine motor control improves, they transition from being fed by others toward self-feeding. By the end of the first year of life, children can sit independently, can chew and swallow a range of textures, are learning to feed themselves, and are making the transition to the family diet and meal patterns.
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Nutrition
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
108) List the benefits of breast feeding for the child.
Answer: The benefits of breast feeding for the child are as follows:
1) Breast-fed infants have fewer gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections.
2) Exclusive breast feeding for the first three months protects the infant from wheezing problems.
3) Breast-fed infants are less likely to develop otitis media, a middle ear infection.
4) Breast-fed infants are less likely to become overweight or obese in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.
5) Breast-fed infants are less likely to develop type 1 diabetes in childhood and type 2 diabetes in adulthood.
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Breast vs Bottle Feeding
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
109) Describe any two diseases that can occur in infants due to malnutrition.
Answer: Many infants around the world are malnourished. Early weaning of infants from breast milk to inadequate sources of nutrients, such as unsuitable and unsanitary cow’s milk formula, can cause protein deficiency and malnutrition in infants. Two life-threatening conditions that can result from malnutrition are marasmus and kwashiorkor.
1) Marasmus: Marasmus is caused by a severe protein-calorie deficiency and results in a wasting away of body tissues in the infant’s first year. The infant becomes grossly underweight and his or her muscles atrophy.
2) Kwashiorkor: Kwashiorkor, caused by severe protein deficiency, usually appears between 1 and 3 years of age. Children with kwashiorkor sometimes appear to be well fed even though they are not, because the disease can cause the child’s abdomen and feet to swell with water. Kwashiorkor causes a child’s vital organs to collect the nutrients that are present and deprive other parts of the body of them. The child’s hair becomes thin, brittle, and colorless, and the child’s behavior often becomes listless.
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Malnutrition
Learning Objective: Discuss physical growth and development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
110) Describe infants’ motor development according to dynamic systems theory.
Answer: According to dynamic systems theory, infants assemble motor skills for perceiving and acting. To develop motor skills, infants must perceive something in the environment that motivates them to act and use their perceptions to fine-tune their movements.
When infants are motivated to do something, they might create a new motor behavior. The new behavior is the result of many converging factors: the development of the nervous system, the body’s physical properties and its possibilities for movement, the goal the child is motivated to reach, and the environmental support for the skill.
Mastering a motor skill requires the infant’s active efforts to coordinate several components of the skill. Infants explore and select possible solutions to the demands of a new task; they assemble adaptive patterns by modifying their current movement patterns. The first step occurs when the infant is motivated by a new challenge—such as the desire to cross a room—and gets into the “ballpark” of the task demands by taking a couple of stumbling steps. Then, the infant “tunes” these movements to make them smoother and more effective. The tuning is achieved through repeated cycles of action and perception of the consequences of that action. Even universal milestones, such as crawling, reaching, and walking, are learned through this process of adaptation. Infants modulate their movement patterns to fit a new task by exploring and selecting possible configurations.
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Dynamic Systems View
Learning Objective: Describe infants’ motor development.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
111) How do infants respond to Babinski and Moro reflexes? What are the developmental patterns of these reflexes?
Answer: Babinski reflex: The Babinski reflex occurs when the sole of the infant’s foot is stroked. The infant responds by fanning out the toes and twisting the foot in. This reflex tends to disappear when the infant is 9 to 12 months old.
Moro reflex: The Moro reflex occurs in response to a sudden, intense noise or movement. When startled, newborns will arch their back, throw back their head, and fling out their arms and legs. Then they rapidly close their arms and legs. This reflex tends to disappear when the infant is 3 to 4 months old.
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Reflexes
Learning Objective: Describe infants’ motor development.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
112) What are the developmental changes in posture during infancy?
Answer: Posture is a dynamic process that is linked with sensory information in the skin, joints, and muscles, which tell us where we are in space; in vestibular organs in the inner ear that regulate balance and equilibrium; and in vision and hearing.
Newborn infants cannot voluntarily control their posture. Within a few weeks, though, they can hold their heads erect, and soon they can lift their heads while prone. By 2 months of age, babies can sit while supported on a lap or an infant seat, but they cannot sit independently until they are 6 or 7 months of age. Standing also develops gradually during the first year of life. By about 8 to 9 months of age, infants usually learn to pull themselves up and hold onto a chair, and they often can stand alone by about 10 to 12 months of age.
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Gross Motor Skills
Learning Objective: Describe infants’ motor development.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
113) What are the improvements seen in the gross motor skills of infants during the second year of life?
Answer: In the second year of life, toddlers become more motorically skilled and mobile. By 13 to 18 months, toddlers can pull a toy attached to a string and use their hands and legs to climb up a number of steps. By 18 to 24 months, toddlers can walk quickly or run stiffly for a short distance, balance on their feet in a squatting position while playing with objects on the floor, walk backward without losing their balance, stand and kick a ball without falling, stand and throw a ball, and jump in place.
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Gross Motor Skills
Learning Objective: Describe infants’ motor development.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
114) What are the changes seen in the grasping reflex when the infant develops fine motor skills?
Answer: During the first two years of life, infants refine how they reach and grasp. Initially, infants reach by moving their shoulders and elbows crudely, swinging toward an object. Later, when infants reach for an object they move their wrists, rotate their hands, and coordinate their thumb and forefinger. Infants do not have to see their own hands in order to reach for an object. Cues from muscles, tendons, and joints, not sight of the limb, guide reaching by 4-month-old infants.
Infants refine their ability to grasp objects by developing two types of grasps. Initially, infants grip with the whole hand, which is called the palmer grasp. Later, toward the end of the first year, infants also grasp small objects with their thumb and forefinger, which is called the pincer grip. Their grasping system is very flexible. They vary their grip on an object depending on its size, shape, and texture, as well as the size of their own hands relative to the object’s size. Infants grip small objects with their thumb and forefinger, whereas they grip large objects with all the fingers of one hand or both hands.
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Fine Motor Skills
Learning Objective: Describe infants’ motor development.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
115) How does perpetual-motor coupling influence grasping in infants?
Answer: Perceptual-motor coupling is necessary for the infant to coordinate grasping. The perceptual system likely to be used by the infant in coordinating grasping varies with age. Four-month-old infants rely greatly on touch to determine how they will grip an object. They vary their grip on an object depending on its size, shape, and texture, as well as the size of their own hands relative to the object’s size. Infants grip small objects with their thumb and forefinger (and sometimes their middle finger too), whereas they grip large objects with all the fingers of one hand or both hands. Eight-month-olds are more likely to use vision as a guide. This developmental change is efficient because vision lets infants preshape their hands as they reach for an object.
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Fine Motor Skills
Learning Objective: Describe infants’ motor development.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
116) How do the sensations of hearing and vision occur?
Answer: Sensation occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors.
The sensation of hearing occurs when waves of pulsating air are collected by the outer ear and conducted through the bones of the inner ear and the cochlea, where mechanical vibrations are converted into electrical impulses. Then the electrical impulses move to the auditory nerve, which transmits them to the brain.
The sensation of vision occurs as rays of light contact the eyes and become focused on the retina, where light is converted into electrical impulses. Then the electrical impulses are transmitted by the optic nerve to the visual centers of the brain.
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Sensation and Perception
Learning Objective: Explain sensory and perceptual development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
117) What is the ecological view of perception?
Answer: The ecological view of perception states that we directly perceive information that exists in the world around us. Perception brings us into contact with the environment in order to interact with and adapt to it. Perception is designed for action. Perception gives people such information as when to duck, when to turn their bodies through a narrow passageway, and when to put up their hands to catch something. This view also states that all objects and surfaces have affordances, which are opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities to perform activities.
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Ecological View
Learning Objective: Explain sensory and perceptual development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
118) How does visual activity develop in infants?
Answer: At birth, the nerves and muscles and lens of the eye are still developing. As a result, newborns cannot see small things that are far away. Estimates of the newborn’s visual acuity varies from 20/240 to 20/640 on the well-known Snellen chart used for eye examinations, which means that an object 20 feet away is only as clear to the newborn as it would be if it were 640 feet away from an adult with normal vision (20/20). By 6 months of age, average visual acuity is 20/40.
Infants show an interest in human faces soon after birth. Infants spend more time looking at their mother’s face than a stranger’s face as early as 12 hours after being born. By 3 months of age, infants match voices to faces, distinguish between male and female faces, and discriminate between faces of their own ethnic group and those of other ethnic groups.
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Visual Perception
Learning Objective: Explain sensory and perceptual development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
119) What factors influence hearing in infants?
Answer: Hearing involves perception of a sound’s loudness, pitch, and vocalization.
Loudness: Immediately after birth, infants cannot hear soft sounds quite as well as adults can; a stimulus must be louder to be heard by a newborn than by an adult.
Pitch: Infants are also less sensitive to the pitch of a sound than adults are.
Pitch is the perception of the frequency of a sound. Infants are less sensitive to low-pitched sounds and are more likely to hear high-pitched sounds. By 2 years of age, infants have considerably improved their ability to distinguish sounds with different pitches.
Localization: Even newborns can determine the general location from which a sound is coming—but by 6 months of age, they are more proficient at localizing sounds or detecting their origins. Their ability to localize sounds continues to improve in the second year.
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Hearing
Learning Objective: Explain sensory and perceptual development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
120) What is intermodal perception? In the following scenario, which two senses are being used by Andrea to integrate information?
Scenario: Andrea, a 4-month old baby girl, is staring at a video in which puppets are dancing to music being played in the background in a synchronized manner.
Answer: Intermodal perception is the ability to relate and integrate information from two or more sensory modalities. In the given scenario, the sensory modalities used by Andrea to integrate information in the video are vision and hearing.
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Intermodal Perception
Learning Objective: Explain sensory and perceptual development in infancy.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
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