CJ 3rd Edition by Larry K. Gaines - Test Bank

CJ 3rd Edition by Larry K. Gaines – Test Bank

 

Instant Download – Complete Test Bank With Answers

 

 

Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

True / False

1. When police follow high-speed pursuit guidelines, they are following a policy.
a. True
b. False

ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: How Do Law Enforcement Agents Use Discretion?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.01 – 05.01
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

2. Ninety­four percent of the nation’s local police departments have implemented police pursuit policies.
a. True
b. False

ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: How Do Law Enforcement Agents Use Discretion?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.01 – 05.01
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

3. The vast majority of patrol shifts are completed without a single arrest.
a. True
b. False

ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: How Do Police Officers Fight Crime?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.02 – 05.02
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

4. The purposes of police patrols are to prevent and deter crime and also to provide social services.
a. True
b. False

ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: How Do Police Officers Fight Crime?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.02 – 05.02
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

5. One of the most important pieces of trace evidence is ballistics.
a. True
b. False

ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: How Do Police Officers Fight Crime?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.03 – 05.03
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

6. A cold hit is the establishment of a connection between a suspect and a crime in the absence of an ongoing criminal investigation
a. True
b. False

ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: How Do Police Officers Fight Crime?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.03 – 05.03
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

7. Deadly force is the degree of force that is appropriate to protect the police officer or other citizens and is not excessive.
a. True
b. False

ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: What Are the Challenges of Being a Police Officer?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.04 – 05.04
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

8. According to the U.S. Supreme Court, police officers may use deadly force if they have probable cause to believe that the fleeing suspect poses a threat of serious injury or death to the officers or others.
a. True
b. False

ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: What Are the Challenges of Being a Police Officer?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.04 – 05.04
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

9. Police corruption is considered the abuse of authority by a law enforcement officer for personal gain.
a. True
b. False

ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: How Important is Ethics in Policing?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.05 – 05.05
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

10. The most serious police corruption occurs when police take bribes.
a. True
b. False

ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: How Important is Ethics in Policing?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.05 – 05.05
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

11. Police may not use discretion in cases of domestic violence.
a. True
b. False

ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: How Do Law Enforcement Agents Use Discretion?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.01 – 05.01
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

12. One function of police patrols is crime prevention.
a. True
b. False

ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: How Do Police Officers Fight Crime?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.02 – 05.02
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

13. The clearance rate is a measure of crimes not solved with the total number of crimes reported.
a. True
b. False

ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: How Do Police Officers Fight Crime?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.03 – 05.03
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

14. Socialization is the values and perceptions that are shared by law enforcement agents. a. True
b. False

ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: What Are the Challenges of Being a Police Officer?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.04 – 05.04
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

15. Noble cause corruption is unethical behavior by a police officer usually for personal gain.
a. True
b. False

ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: How Important is Ethics in Policing?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.05 – 05.05
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

Multiple Choice

16. What is the type of law which provides no discretion to police on whether or not to arrest?
a. domestic violence b. mandatory arrest law c. binding legislation d. discretionary authority

ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: How Do Law Enforcement Agents Use Discretion?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.01 – 05.01
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

17. What are police limiting when police police pursuit is allowed only in instances where the suspect is thought to have committed a serious crime?
a. authority
b. discretion
c. sound judgment
d. rights of the criminal defendant

ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: How Do Law Enforcement Agents Use Discretion?
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

18. What is the organization of police departments into a hierarchical structure called?
a. subculture b. superstructure
c. bureaucracy d. corporation

ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: How Do Law Enforcement Agents Use Discretion?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.01 – 05.01
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

19. Concentrated areas of high criminal activity that draw a directed police response are called:
a. hot spots b. directed patrol
c. cold hits d. cold cases

ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: How Do Police Officers Fight Crime?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.03 – 05.03
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

20. Arrests that come about as part of the ordinary routine of police patrol and responses to calls for service are called:
a. proactive arrests b. reactive arrests
c. community policing d. citizen’s arrests

ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: How Do Police Officers Fight Crime?
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

21. Which of the following is NOT one of the purposes of patrol?
a. The deterrence of crime by maintaining a visible police presence.
b. The maintenance of public order and a sense of security in the community.
c. The twenty-four-hour provision of services that are not crime related.
d. The prevention of crime by punishing offenders.

ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: How Do Police Officers Fight Crime?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.02 – 05.02
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

22. Which of the following is a person who is involved in criminal activity and gives information about that activity and those who engage in it to the police?
a. confidential informant b. undercover officer
c. narc d. hot spotter

ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: How Do Police Officers Fight Crime?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.02 – 05.02
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

23. According to Gay, Schell, and Schack, officers tend to spend how much of their time on patrol responding to calls for service?
a. one-quarter b. half
c. three-quarters d. all

ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: How Do Police Officers Fight Crime?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.02 – 05.02
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

24. Which of the following type of crime tends to have the lowest clearance rates by law enforcement?
a. violent crimes b. sexually based crimes
c. property crimes d. juvenile crimes

ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: How Do Police Officers Fight Crime?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.02 – 05.02
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

25. Criminal investigations that are not cleared after a certain amount of time are called:
a. old cases b. cold cases
c. closed cases d. cleared cases

ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: How Do Police Officers Fight Crime?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.03 – 05.03
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

26. The degree of force that is appropriate to protect the police officer or other citizens and is not excessive is the definition of:
a. reasonable force b. police brutality
c. deadly force d. police burnout

ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: What Are the Challenges of Being a Police Officer?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.04 – 05.04
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

27. Which of the following may be determined through the use of ballistics?
a. the DNA of the individual who committed the crime
b. the age, sex, and race of an offender
c. the shoe size of the offender
d. how far a shooter was from his target

ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: How Do Police Officers Fight Crime?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.02 – 05.02
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

28. Which of the following is NOT considered to be forensic evidence?
a. fingerprints b. ballistics
c. DNA d. motive

ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: How Do Police Officers Fight Crime?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.02 – 05.02
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

29. Why is DNA fingerprinting so useful in criminal investigations?
a. because no two people, other than identical twins, have the same DNA
b. because detectives can find useable DNA at every crime scene
c. because DNA can always be obtained without a warrant
d. because DNA evidence is always conclusive

ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: How Do Police Officers Fight Crime?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.02 – 05.02
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

30. Which of the following defines what police call a “cold hit”?
a. when law enforcement finds a suspect “out of nowhere” by comparing DNA evidence from a crime scene
against the contents of a database
b. when a criminal investigation that has not been solved after a certain amount of time
c. when a police officer abruptly hits a suspect in an unreasonable show of force
d. when a police officer gets into an accident in their patrol car

ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: How Do Police Officers Fight Crime?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.03 – 05.03
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

31. The largest and most important nationwide DNA database that is operated by the FBI is called:
a. AFIS b. CODIS
c. NCIS d. NIBRS

ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: How Do Police Officers Fight Crime?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.03 – 05.03
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

32. In most states, the use of nondeadly force is regulated by the concept of which allows the use of nondeadly force when a person would assume that such force was necessary.
a. negligence b. deadly force
c. use of force d. reasonable force

ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: What Are the Challenges of Being a Police Officer?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.04 – 05.04
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

33. According to the Orlando Police Department’s use of force matrix, if a suspect’s behavior is one of passive
resistance, the officer may do which of the following?
a. use of firearms and hard impact with weapons
b. hard impact with weapons such as nightsticks and flashlights and personal body weapons such as head, hands, elbows, knees, and feet
c. tasers, neck restraints, takedown techniques, chemical agents such as pepper spray, and K-9
d. hands-on tactics, chemical spray

ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: What Are the Challenges of Being a Police Officer?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.04 – 05.04
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

34. The Tennessee v. Garner case addressed which of the following use of force issues?
a. unlawful holding during search and seizure
b. fleeing felon rule
c. probable cause
d. reasonable suspicion

ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: What Are the Challenges of Being a Police Officer?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.04 – 05.04
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

35. The policing philosophy that requires police to identify potential criminal activity and develop strategies to prevent or respond to that activity is called:
a. community policing b. indirect patrol
c. problem-oriented policing d. incident-driven policing

ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: How Do Police Officers Fight Crime?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.02 – 05.02
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

36. When a police officer accepts money or other forms of payment in exchange for “favors” it is known as:
a. use of force b. bribery
c. discretion d. information gathering

ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: How Important is Ethics in Policing?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.05 – 05.05
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

officers must act and how they cannot act, but it does not offer guidelines for how officers should act in many circumstances?
a. duty b. honesty
c. discretion d. loyalty

ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: How Important is Ethics in Policing?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.05 – 05.05
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

38. Which of the following is one of the definitions of an ethical dilemma according to Pollock and Becker?
a. Officers know the right course of action.
b. Officers have difficulty doing what they consider to be right.
c. Officers find the ambivalent choice very tempting.
d. Officers have not received extensive training in ethics.

ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: How Important is Ethics in Policing?
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

39. Which of the following is NOT one of the questions Miller and Hess would have police officers ask themselves when they are faced with an ethical dilemma?
a. Is it legal?
b. Is it fair?
c. What would my partner do?
d. How does it make me feel about myself?

ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: How Important is Ethics in Policing?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.05 – 05.05
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

40. What is the name of Wilson and Kelling’s theory that law enforcement should crack down on quality­of­life crimes
to reduce overall crime? a. Broken Homes Theory b. Dirty Streets Theory
c. Broken Windows Theory
d. Relative Depravation Theory

ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: How Do Police Officers Fight Crime?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.03 – 05.03
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

School in Brownsville, Texas, and, for no apparent reason, punched another student in the face. As school
administrators tried to calm an agitated Gonzalez in the hallway, their puzzlement turned to alarm—the eighth grader had a gun tucked into his pants. Within minutes, two local police officers had arrived on the scene. They shouted at Gonzalez to “Put the gun down! Put it on the floor!” Disregarding these orders, Gonzalez raised his weapon. The officers fired three times, killing the teenager. The officers’ decisions were made in a split second, under stressful circumstances, and without the benefit of the evidence that came to light following the shooting. That is, the officers relied on their discretion.
41. Once they arrived on the scene, the police officers exercised discretion in what manner?
a. They had to consider the motives of the suspect.
b. They had to decide whether the gun in the suspect’s hand was real. c. They had to consider their safety and the safety of others.
d. All of these choices.

ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: How Do Law Enforcement Agensts Use Discretion?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.01 – 05.01
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Analyze

42. What information, on which the two police officers involved in this incident based their discretionary decisions, likely have?
a. The officers were told the suspect was armed.
b. The officers were told the suspect punched another student in the face.
c. The officers knew the suspect had purchases a relatively harmless .177-caliber BB gun. d. The officers knew when the suspect raised his weapon he did not intend to fire.

ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: How Do Law Enforcement Agensts Use Discretion?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.01 – 05.01
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Analyze

43. Why would the officers not think a language barrier may have played a role in their decision to open fire?
a. The suspect’s parents were Hispanic.
b. The suspect was an eighth grade student in the city’s high school.
c. The suspect acted confused and disoriented before being shot by the officers. d. The suspect had violently assaulted another student in his grade..

ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: How Do Law Enforcement Agensts Use Discretion?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.01 – 05.01
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Analyze

44. On what grounds, according to the Supreme Court, can the use of deadly force be justified?
a. If the suspect poses no immediate threat to the officer. b. When the suspect poses no immediate threat to others.
c. When the “reasonableness of the moment” makes the use of deadly force a reasonable action. d. When all other avenues of diffusing the situation have been exhausted.

ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: What Are the Challenges of Being a Police Officer?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.04 – 05.04
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

45. What specific action by the suspect led to the officers’ decision to open fire?
a. The suspect had verbally threatened the officers prior to the shooting. b. The suspect raised the BB gun as if to fire.
c. The suspect acted confused and disoriented before being shot by the officers. d. The suspect had violently assaulted another student in his grade..

ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: How Do Law Enforcement Agensts Use Discretion?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.01 – 05.01
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Analyze

Criminologists Joycelyn M. Pollock and Ronald F. Becker define an ethical dilemma as a situation in which law enforcement officers: Do not know the right course of action; Have difficulty doing what they consider to be right; and/or Find the wrong choice very tempting. In 2012, dozens of Baltimore police officers were implicated in a $1 million kickback scheme. For years, the officers had been diverting autos damaged in traffic accidents to the Majestic Body Shop in return for a payoff of several hundred dollars per car. Sometimes, the officers themselves would cause further damage to the cars to increase the portion of the insurance payout that went into their own pockets.
46. What aspect of Pollock and Becker’s four categories of ethical dilemmas was most violated in the Baltimore case?
a. Discretion b. Duty
c. Honesty d. Loyalty

ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: How Important is Ethics in Policing?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.05 – 05.05
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Analyze

47. The Baltimore case best illustrates what concept?
a. Police subculture b. Blue curtain
c. Police corruption
d. Noble cause corruption

ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: How Important is Ethics in Policing?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.05 – 05.05
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Analyze

48. What factor likely played a prominent role in abetting and facilitating the corruption of the Baltimore police officers?
a. Police subculture b. Blue curtain
c. Socialization
d. Noble cause corruption

ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: What Are the Challenges of Being a Police Officer?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.05 – 05.05
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Analyze

49. Of Pollock and Becker’s four categories of ethical dilemmas, what category was perverted by the officers involved to allow for the corruption in Baltimore to continue for so long?
a. Discretion b. Duty
c. Honesty d. Loyalty

ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: How Important is Ethics in Policing?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.05 – 05.05
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Analyze

50. The possibility of police corruption would be highest under which combination of factors?
a. Lack of discretion and socialization b. Lack of duty and police subculture c. Dishonesty and blue curtain
d. Disloyalty and stressors

ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: How Important is Ethics in Policing?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.05 – 05.05
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Analyze

On February 17, 2012, a Moroccan immigrant named Amine El Khalifi was arrested near the U.S. Capitol Building in Washington, D.C. El Khalifi, who had bragged that he “would be happy killing thirty people,” was carrying an automatic weapon and wearing a suicide vest packed with what he thought were explosives. However, El Khalifi’s gun was inoperable, and his explosives were inert. Both had been provided by an FBI undercover agent acting as an al Qaeda operative. Indeed, El Khalifi had been under FBI surveillance for more than a year.
51. The arrest of El Khalifi is an example of
a. broken windows theory b. problem-oriented policing c. entrapment
d. preventive policing

ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: How Do Police Offiers Fight Crime?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.02 – 05.02
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Analyze

52. The arrest of El Khalifi came about as a result of a(n)
a. consumer hotline tip b. undercover operation c. entrapment
d. preventive patrol

ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: How Do Police Officers Fight Crime?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.02 – 05.02
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Analyze

53. If the police did not want to take the risk of exposing an officer to undercover work, they could have turned to a
a. consumer hotline tip b. undercover operation c. forensics approach
d. confidential informant

ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: How Do Police Officers Fight Crime?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.02 – 05.02
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Analyze

54. The use of undercover police and preventative policing techniques are examples of
a. passive investigative strategy
b. passive-aggressive policing c. issue-aggressive policing
d. aggressive investigation strategy

ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: How Do Police Officers Fight Crime?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.02 – 05.02
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Analyze

55. The use of undercover police and preventative policing techniques runs the legal risk of
a. burnout
b. deadly force c. entrapment d. corruption

ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: How Do Police Officers Fight Crime?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.02 – 05.02
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Analyze

Completion

56. The primary police investigator of crimes is called a .

ANSWER: detective
REFERENCES: How Do Police Officers Fight Crime?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.02 – 05.02
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

57. The abuse of authority by a law enforcement officer for personal gain is called .

ANSWER: police corruption
REFERENCES: How Important is Ethics in Policing?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.05 – 05.05
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

58. is technology that allows crime analysts to identify trends and patterns of criminal behavior within any given area.

ANSWER: Crime mapping
REFERENCES: How Do Police Officers Fight Crime?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.03 – 05.03
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

59. The is a comparison of the number of crimes cleared by some sort of dissolution of a case that may result in arrest and prosecution with the number of crimes reported during any given time period

ANSWER: clearance rate
REFERENCES: How Do Police Officers Fight Crime?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.02 – 05.02
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Keyword

60. The application of science to establish facts and evidence during the investigation of crimes is called .

ANSWER: forensics
REFERENCES: How Do Police Officers Fight Crime?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.02 – 05.02
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

61. is evidence such as a fingerprint, blood, or hair found in small amounts at a crime scene.

ANSWER: Trace evidence
REFERENCES: How Do Police Officers Fight Crime?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.03 – 05.03
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

62. The metaphorical term used to refer to the value placed on secrecy and the general -mistrust of the outside world shared by many police officers is called the .

ANSWER: blue curtain
REFERENCES: What Are the Challenges of Being a Police Officer?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.05 – 05.05
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

63. arrests are arrests that occur because of concerted efforts by law enforcement agencies to respond to a particular type of criminal or criminal behavior.

ANSWER: Proactive
REFERENCES: How Do Police Officers Fight Crime?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.02 – 05.02
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

64. The rules or standards of behavior governing a profession; aimed at ensuring the fairness and rightness of actions are called .

ANSWER: ethics
REFERENCES: How Important is Ethics in Policing?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.05 – 05.05
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

65. is the moral sense of a police officer that she or he should apply authority in a certain manner.

ANSWER: Duty
REFERENCES: How Important is Ethics in Policing?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.05 – 05.05
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

Essay

66. Explain the three factors that affect a police officer’s decision on use of discretion?

ANSWER: ∙ The nature of the criminal act. The less serious a crime, the more likely a police officer is to ignore it.
∙ The attitude of the wrongdoer toward the officer. A motorist who is belligerent toward a highway patrol officer is much more likely to be ticketed than one who is remorseful and apologetic.
∙ Departmental policy can place limits on discretion, for example mandatory arrest policies for domestic violence.
REFERENCES: How Do Law Enforcement Agents Use Discretion?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.01 – 05.01
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

67. Explain the difference between general and directed patrol and give a real world example of each. How do these types of patrolassist police officers in the successful completion of their duties?

ANSWER: ∙ Most patrol officers work general patrol, making the rounds of a specific area with the purpose of carrying out the various patrol functions.
o General patrols are random because the officers spend a substantial amount of their shifts hoping to notice any crimes that may be occurring
∙ In contrast, directed patrols are specifically designed to deal with crimes that commonly occur in certain locations and under circumstances that provide police with opportunity for preparation.
o For example, the Philadelphia Police Department sends extra officers to
patrol the city’s twelve most dangerous areas from 4 p.m. to 8 a.m. every
Friday, Saturday, and Sunday in late 2009.
o Most directed patrols are limited in time and scope because of the strain they place on departmental resources.
∙ The use of both types of patrol assist police departments in addressing issues that are specific to their area of jurisdiction and allow additional resources to be used to target very serious and specific issues with directed patrols.
REFERENCES: How Do Police Officers Fight Crime?

68. Describe how forensic experts use ballistics to solve crimes.

ANSWER: ∙ Police will search a crime scene for bullets and spent cartridge casings.
These items can provide clues as to how far the shooter was from the target.
∙ This information can also be compared with information stored in national firearms databases to determine, under some circumstances, the gun used and its most recent owner.
REFERENCES: How Do Police Officers Fight Crime?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.03 – 05.03
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

69. Explain how ethical breaches committed by police officers undermine public confidence in law enforcement?

ANSWER: ∙ Some police officers feel entitled to the fruits of corruption because they have an “us vs. them” attitude about the public as a result of police socialization.
∙ This curtain separates the police from the citizens and may be detrimental in the performance of their duties and in interactions with citizens.
∙ When police corruption is known by the public citizens lose trust in the police and generalize that mistrust about all officers, not just those involved in corruption.
∙ The public then does not feel comfortable going to the police for support in various criminal activities because they view them as corrupt.
REFERENCES: How Important is Ethics in Policing?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.05 – 05.05
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

70. Explain the four categories of ethical dilemmas typically facing a police officer and give a real world example of each.

ANSWER: ∙ Discretion – The law provides rigid guidelines for how police officers must act and how they cannot act, but it does not offer guidelines for how officers should act in many circumstances use discretion to determine how they should act, and ethics plays an important role in guiding discretionary actions.
∙ Duty – Duty is the obligation to act in a certain manner. Society, by passing laws, can make a police officer’s duty clearer and, in the process, help eliminate discretion from the decision­ making process. But an officer’s duty will not always be obvious, and ethical considerations can often supplement “the rules” of being a law enforcement agent.
∙ Honesty – A law enforcement agent must make hundreds of decisions in a day, and most of them require him or her to be honest in order to properly do the job.
∙ Loyalty – What should a police officer do if he or she witnesses a partner using excessive force on a suspect? The choice often sets loyalty against ethics.
REFERENCES: How Important is Ethics in Policing?

71. Explain why police officers are allowed discretionary powers in the United States.

ANSWER: ∙ Experience and training give officers the ability to determine whether certain activity poses a threat to society, and to take any reasonable action necessary to investigate or prevent such activity.
∙ Due to the nature of their jobs, police officers are extremely knowledgeable in human, and by extension criminal, behavior.
∙ Police officers may find themselves in danger of personal, physical harm and must be allowed to take reasonable and necessary steps to protect themselves.
REFERENCES: How Do Law Enforcement Agents Use Discretion?
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

72. Explain why police officers are allowed discretionary powers.

ANSWER: Experience and training give officers the ability to determine whether certain activity poses a threat to society, and to take any reasonable action necessary to investigate or prevent such activity.
Due to the nature of their jobs, police officers are extremely knowledgeable in human, and by extension criminal, behavior.
Police officers may find themselves in danger of personal, physical harm and must be allowed to take reasonable and necessary steps to protect
themselves.
Some experts argue that many police officers have a “sixth sense” that helps them
handle on-the-job challenges.
REFERENCES: How Do Law Enforcement Agents Use Discretion?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.01 – 05.01
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

73. List and discuss the three primary purposes of a patrol.

ANSWER: 1. The deterrence of crime by maintaining a visible police presence.
2. The maintenance of public order and a sense of security in the community.
3. The twenty-four-hour provision of services that are not crime related.
REFERENCES: How Do Police Officers Fight Crime?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.01.02 – 01.02
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

74. What are the mental dangers of police work that leads to stress and how do they impact an officer’s ability to be effective?

ANSWER: The constant fear of being a victim of violent crime.
Exposure to violent crime and its victims.
The need to comply with the law in nearly every job action. Lack of community support.
Negative media coverage.
REFERENCES: What Are the Challenges of Being a Police Officer?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.04 – 05.04
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

75. Compare and contrast the various arrest strategies discussed in this chapter.

ANSWER: Reactive arrests are those arrests made by police officers, usually on general patrol, who observe a criminal act or respond to a call for
service.
Proactive arrests occur when the police take the initiative to target a particular type
of criminal or behavior. Proactive arrests are often associated with directed patrols of hot spots, and thus are believed by many experts to have a greater influence on an area’s crime rates.
The broken windows theory is based on “order maintenance” of neighborhoods by cracking down on “quality­of­life” crimes such as panhandling, public drinking and urinating, loitering, and graffiti painting. Only by encouraging directed arrest strategies with regard to these quality of-life crimes could American cities be rescued from rising crime rates.
REFERENCES: How Do Police Officers Fight Crime?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CRIM.GAIN.15.05.03 – 05.03
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply