Criminal Evidence Principles and Cases 9th Edition by Thomas J. Gardner - Test Bank

Criminal Evidence Principles and Cases 9th Edition by Thomas J. Gardner - Test Bank   Instant Download - Complete Test Bank With Answers     Sample Questions Are Posted Below   Multiple Choice   1. In general, to be deemed a competent witness, the witness must _____.   a. ​have personal knowledge of the matters   …

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Criminal Evidence Principles and Cases 9th Edition by Thomas J. Gardner – Test Bank

 

Instant Download – Complete Test Bank With Answers

 

 

Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

Multiple Choice

 

1. In general, to be deemed a competent witness, the witness must _____.

  a. ​have personal knowledge of the matters
  b. ​be 21 years of age or older
  c. ​have at least a sixth grade education
  d. ​not be biased about the case

 

ANSWER:   a
REFERENCES:   Qualifications Necessary to Be a Witness
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.1

 

2. To be deemed a competent witness, the witness must have the capacity to _____.

  a. ​speak and read the English language at a fifth grade level
  b. ​observe, remember, narrate, and understand the obligation to be truthful
  c. ​be a citizen of the United States
  d. ​be capable of reading and writing in any language at a fifth grade level

 

ANSWER:   b
REFERENCES:   Qualifications Necessary to Be a Witness
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.1

 

3. Adult witnesses are _____.

  a. ​presumed incompetent unless shown to be competent
  b. ​presumed competent unless shown to be incompetent
  c. ​always subjected to voir dire before being allowed to testify
  d. ​presumed competent if they are at least 21 years of age

 

ANSWER:   b
REFERENCES:   Qualifications Necessary to Be a Witness
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.1

 

4. ​Children may testify only if _____.

  a. ​they are a minimum of ten years of age
  b. ​a psychologist testifies that they understand the obligation to tell the truth
  c. ​the judge allows them to testify after the child is questioned (voir dire)
  d. ​they have competed the first grade

 

ANSWER:   c
REFERENCES:   Qualifications Necessary to Be a Witness
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.2

 

5. In considering whether children are competent to testify, age _____.

  a. is irrelevant​
  b. ​can serve as an absolute barrier to testimony
  c. ​cannot be considered
  d. ​is important but not determinative

 

ANSWER:   d
REFERENCES:   Qualifications Necessary to Be a Witness
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.2

 

6. ​A subpoena duces tecum is a subpoena that orders the person to _____,

  a. ​bring certain items or records with them to court
  b. ​appear with an attorney
  c. ​waive their privilege against self-incrimination
  d. ​not discuss their testimony with anyone

 

ANSWER:   a
REFERENCES:   Constitutional Rights of Defendants Regarding Witnesses
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.4

 

7. A criminal defendant’s right to compel the appearance of witnesses at trial is found in the _____ Amendment.​

  a. Fourth
  b. ​Fifth
  c. ​Sixth
  d. ​Eighth

 

ANSWER:   c
REFERENCES:   Constitutional Rights of Defendants Regarding Witnesses
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.4

 

8. A criminal defendant’s right to confront and cross-examine witnesses is found in the _____ Amendment.

  a. ​Fourth
  b. ​Fifth
  c. ​Sixth
  d. ​Seventh

 

ANSWER:   c
REFERENCES:   Constitutional Rights of Defendants Regarding Witnesses
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.4

 

9. Defendants who decide to testify at their trial _____.

  a. ​may not be cross-examined
  b. ​may not be prosecuted for perjury
  c. ​may be cross-examined
  d. ​do not have to take an oath to tell the truth

 

ANSWER:   c
REFERENCES:   Direct Examination of Witnesses
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.4

 

10. In general, only _____ witnesses may testify as to their opinions or conclusions.​

  a. ​ordinary
  b. ​expert
  c. ​prosecution
  d. ​defense

 

ANSWER:   b
REFERENCES:   Types of Witnesses and Opinion Evidence
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.4

 

11. An ordinary witness may give an opinion about _____.

  a. ​things which are in the common knowledge of most people
  b. ​things they have been told by another
  c. ​their own competence to be a witness
  d. ​whether their testimony is relevant

 

ANSWER:   a
REFERENCES:   Types of Witnesses and Opinion Evidence
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.3
CEPC.GARD.16.5.5

 

12. Questioning of a witness by the party that called that witness is called _____ examination.

  a. ​cross
  b. ​central
  c. ​straight
  d. ​direct

 

ANSWER:   d
REFERENCES:   Direct Examination of Witnesses
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.5

 

13. Questioning of a witness by the opponent of the party that called that witness is called _____-examination.

  a. ​cross
  b. ​didactic
  c. ​critical
  d. ​skeptical

 

ANSWER:   a
REFERENCES:   Direct Examination of Witnesses
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.5

 

14. If a party believes that a question posed by the opponent is improper, that party must make a(n) _____ to that question.

  a. ​exception
  b. ​objection
  c. ​proposition
  d. ​request to omit

 

ANSWER:   b
REFERENCES:   Direct Examination of Witnesses
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.7

 

15. After a witness is subject to cross-examination, the party that called them originally may ask further questions under _____ examination.

  a. ​recross
  b. ​following
  c. ​redirect
  d. ​didactic

 

ANSWER:   c
REFERENCES:   Redirect Examination and Recross-Examination
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.7

 

16. As fact finders, the jury alone determines the ______ given to all evidence.

  a. ​exceptions
  b. ​legality
  c. ​weight
  d. ​sequence

 

ANSWER:   c
REFERENCES:   The Role of the Trial Judge
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.6

 

17. As fact finders, the jury determines whether sufficient _____exists to justify a verdict of guilty.

  a. ​evidence
  b. ​convincing
  c. ​bias
  d. ​objectivity

 

ANSWER:   a
REFERENCES:   The Role of the Trial Judge
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.6

 

18. The trial judge determines the _____ of a witness.

  a. ​recross
  b. ​competence
  c. ​redirect
  d. ​didactic

 

ANSWER:   b
REFERENCES:   REF: The Role of the Trial Judge
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.3

 

19. By using _____, “the cross-examiner intends to afford the jury a basis to infer that the witness’ character is such that he would be less likely than the average trustworthy citizen to be truthful in his testimony.”

  a. evidence
  b. ​convincing
  c. ​impeachment
  d. objectivity

 

ANSWER:   c
REFERENCES:   Redirect Examination and Recross-Examination
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.3

 

20. ​Expert testimony based on handwriting analysis is generally _____in both federal and state courts under Federal Rules of Evidence 702 and similar state rules

  a. ​inadmissible
  b. ​excluded
  c. ​subjective
  d. ​admissible

 

ANSWER:   d
REFERENCES:   Types of Witnesses and Opinion Evidence
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.5
CEPC.GARD.16.5.6

 

True / False

 

21. Adult witnesses are presumed to be competent witnesses.

  a. True
  b. False

 

ANSWER:   True
REFERENCES:   Qualifications Necessary to Be a Witness
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.1

 

22. Unless they are the victim of a crime or an eyewitness, a child under the age of twelve can never be a competent witness.

  a. True
  b. False

 

ANSWER:   False
REFERENCES:   Qualifications Necessary to Be a Witness
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.2

 

23. Prior to 1779, no child under the age of fourteen was eligible or competent to testify as a witness.

  a. True
  b. False

 

ANSWER:   True
REFERENCES:   Qualifications Necessary to Be a Witness
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.2

 

24. Voir dire is a French term meaning to incriminate oneself.

  a. True
  b. False

 

ANSWER:   False
REFERENCES:   Qualifications Necessary to Be a Witness
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.1

 

25. Many jurisdictions have set up special procedures to protect child victims who testify at the trial of their alleged abuser.

  a. True
  b. False

 

ANSWER:   True
REFERENCES:   Credibility of Witnesses
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.2

 

26. In a jury trial, voir dire of witnesses is conducted by the foreperson of the jury.

  a. True
  b. False

 

ANSWER:   False
REFERENCES:   Qualifications Necessary to Be a Witness
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.1

 

27. In a jury trial, it is the province of the jury to determine the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given to their testimony.

  a. True
  b. False

 

ANSWER:   True
REFERENCES:   The Role of the Trial Judge
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.3

 

28. The term “demeanor of a witness” refers to the conduct and/or appearance of a witness while testifying.

  a. True
  b. False

 

ANSWER:   True
REFERENCES:   Credibility of Witnesses
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.3

 

29. ​One of the purposes of the right to a jury trial is to protect people against overzealous prosecutors and biased judges.

  a. True
  b. False

 

ANSWER:   True
REFERENCES:   Constitutional Rights of Defendants Regarding Witnesses
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.3

 

30. The right to confront and cross-examine witnesses is found in the Fifth Amendment.

  a. True
  b. False

 

ANSWER:   False
REFERENCES:   Constitutional Rights of Defendants Regarding Witnesses
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.4

 

31. ​The privilege against self-incrimination gives the defendant a right to testify at his or her trial.

  a. True
  b. False

 

ANSWER:   False
REFERENCES:   Constitutional Rights of Defendants Regarding Witnesses
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.4

 

32. Under the Sixth Amendment, a defendant who lies on the witness stand cannot be prosecuted for perjury.

  a. True
  b. False

 

ANSWER:   False
REFERENCES:   Constitutional Rights of Defendants Regarding Witnesses
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.4

 

33. The right to subpoena witnesses is found in the Sixth Amendment.

  a. True
  b. False

 

ANSWER:   True
REFERENCES:   Constitutional Rights of Defendants Regarding Witnesses
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.5

 

34. The general rule is that ordinary (non-expert) witnesses may not give their conclusions or opinions.

  a. True
  b. False

 

ANSWER:   True
REFERENCES:   Types of Witnesses and Opinion Evidence
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.1

 

35. A police officer can never be an expert witness.

  a. True
  b. False

 

ANSWER:   False
REFERENCES:   Types of Witnesses and Opinion Evidence
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.5

 

36. The first witnesses to testify in a criminal case are prosecution witnesses.

  a. True
  b. False

 

ANSWER:   True
REFERENCES:   Types of Witnesses and Opinion Evidence
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.1

 

37. Upon being called, a witness will first be subject to direct examination by the party that called him or her.

  a. True
  b. False

 

ANSWER:   True
REFERENCES:   Direct Examination of Witnesses
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.1

 

38. Defendants who testify at their criminal trial may not be cross-examined by the prosecution.

  a. True
  b. False

 

ANSWER:   False
REFERENCES:   Direct Examination of Witnesses
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.4

 

39. After direct examination, a witness is subject to cross-examination by the opposing party.

  a. True
  b. False

 

ANSWER:   True
REFERENCES:   Direct Examination of Witnesses
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.7

 

40. If a party does not want a witness to answer a question, that party must object to the question.

  a. True
  b. False

 

ANSWER:   True
REFERENCES:   Direct Examination of Witnesses
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.7

 

Completion

 

41. Adults are generally _____ to be competent witnesses.

ANSWER:   presumed
REFERENCES:   Qualifications Necessary to Be a Witness
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.1

 

42. Children and other witnesses whose competence is questioned will usually be subjected to a(n) _____ examination.

ANSWER:   voir dire
REFERENCES:   Qualifications Necessary to Be a Witness
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.2

 

43. To be deemed a competent witness, the witness must generally have _____ knowledge of the matters to which they testify.​

ANSWER:   personal
REFERENCES:   Qualifications Necessary to Be a Witness
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.3

 

44. Voir dire is a French term that means “to speak the _____.”

ANSWER:   truth
REFERENCES:   Qualifications Necessary to Be a Witness
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.3

 

45. Under the Sixth Amendment, the defendant has a right to ______ and cross-examine witnesses.

ANSWER:   ​confront
REFERENCES:   Constitutional Rights of Defendants Regarding Witnesses
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.4

 

46. A subpoena duces _____ commands a witness to appear and bring certain things with them.

ANSWER:   tecum
REFERENCES:   Constitutional Rights of Defendants Regarding Witnesses
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.4

 

47. To be admissible, testimony must be relevant, competent, and _____.

ANSWER:   material
REFERENCES:   The Requirements of Relevancy, Materiality, and Competency
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.5

 

48. In a jury trial, it is the duty of the _____ to assess the credibility of the   witnesses and the weight to be given to the testimony.

ANSWER:   jury
REFERENCES:   Types of Witnesses and Opinion Evidence
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.3

 

49. The conduct or attitude of a witness is referred to as their “_____.”

ANSWER:   demeanor
REFERENCES:   Credibility of Witnesses
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.3

 

50. Defendants who testify at their trial waive their _____ against self-incrimination.

ANSWER:   privilege
REFERENCES:   Constitutional Rights of Defendants Regarding Witnesses
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.4

 

51. In _____ v. Arkansas, the U.S. Supreme Court dealt with the admissibility of hypnotically refreshed testimony.

ANSWER:   Rock
REFERENCES:   Can a Person Who Has Been Hypnotized Testify as a Witness?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.5

 

52. A defendant’s right to testify does not include the right to commit _____.

ANSWER:   perjury
REFERENCES:   Constitutional Rights of Defendants Regarding Witnesses
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.4

 

53. In Commonwealth v. Delbridge, _____ was defined as the implanting false memories or the distortion of real memories caused by interviewing techniques.

ANSWER:   taint
REFERENCES:   Credibility of Witnesses
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.3

 

54. In criminal cases, _____ is probably the most effective cross-examination technique

ANSWER:   impeachment
REFERENCES:   Direct Examination of Witnesses
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.7

 

55. The first line of defense an opposing party seeks to use is _______________

ANSWER:   objection
REFERENCES:   Direct Examination of Witnesses
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.7

 

Essay

 

56. What are the three basic requirements for a person to qualify as a competent witness? Be sure to provide examples.

ANSWER:   In order to be a witness, a person must satisfy the following requirements: Requirement of personal knowledge: The witness must have some personal knowledge of the matter before the court.  Requirement to declare that testimony is truthful: Most witnesses take an oath swearing that they will tell the truth.  Requirement of competency:  In addition to competency as having personal knowledge, a witness most also demonstrate competency to function as a witness.  Students’ responses to the examples should reflect accurate understanding of the three aforementioned qualifiers.
REFERENCES:   Qualifications Necessary to Be a Witness
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.1

 

57. Describe and discuss the Sixth Amendment rights of defendants with regard to witnesses.

ANSWER:   The Sixth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution provides that “In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor.”  The Sixth Amendment also provides that “The accused shall enjoy the right … to be confronted with the witnesses against him.” The witness not only testifies in open court in the presence of the accused but is also subject to cross-examination by the opposing party.​
REFERENCES:   Constitutional Rights of Defendants Regarding Witnesses
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.4

 

58. Discuss, define, compare, and contrast the law on the permissibility of ordinary and expert witnesses to give their opinions. Be sure to provide examples.

ANSWER:   Most witnesses are ordinary (or lay) witnesses who are called to testify about the firsthand information they have regarding the case before the court. Their testimony is typically limited to what they have seen, heard (although hearsay is in most instances excluded), smelled, felt, and, on rare occasions, tasted. Law enforcement officers appear in most instances as ordinary witnesses, although some officers also appear as expert witnesses when they qualify, testifying about fingerprinting, traffic matters, weapons, and so on.

An expert witness is a person who has had special training, education, or experience. Because of this experience and background, the expert witness may be able to assist the jury and the court in resolving the issues before them. The party that offers a witness as an expert must lay a foundation (that is, ask a series of questions) establishing the witness as an expert in the field in which the expert will testify and offer opinions.  Student examples should be based on the qualifiers that distinguish lay and expert witnesses.

REFERENCES:   Types of Witnesses and Opinion Evidence
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.5

 

59. Discuss the objections which attorneys may make to both questions and answers directed to witnesses in a criminal trial.

ANSWER:  

The trial judge has considerable discretion in ruling on objections and in determining what is relevant, material, and competent. The trial judge will not be overruled by a higher court unless there is an abuse of discretion or plain error.  Objections are classified as follows:

  • Objections to the substance of the question: These objections concern the answer called for by the question. Usual objections in this area are irrelevant, immaterial, incompetent, and hearsay.
  • Objections to the form of the question: These objections concern the manner in which the question is worded. In most instances, the question may be rephrased and asked again in a form in which both the question and answer are admissible. Usual objections to the form of a question are that the question is leading, argumentative, calls for speculation, or misstates a fact in evidence.
  • Objections to the answer: If an attorney is slow in objecting, the attorney usually pays the penalty and is told to object faster. In this situation and others, a lawyer can object to an answer and ask that the answer be stricken from the record because: (1) the answer is unresponsive to the question (most often when the witness volunteers additional information beyond the scope of the question asked), (2) the answer contains an inadmissible opinion, or (3) the answer includes inadmissible hearsay statements.

REFERENCES:   The Role of the Trial Judge
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.7

 

60. List the three elements that all evidence must be in order to be allowed into a trial.

ANSWER:   All evidence must be relevant, material, and competent. Therefore, to introduce facts, testimony, or a physical object as evidence, it must be shown that the evidence addresses a material fact, the evidence is relevant to that fact and lastly, the evidence is able to affect the probable truth or falsity of that fact by being competent.  A fact is material if it will affect the result of a trial. Evidence is relevant if it has a tendency to make a material fact more or less probable.  Competency directly relates to the foundation of personal knowledge as required under the Federal Rule of Evidence 602.​
REFERENCES:   The Requirements of Relevancy, Materiality, and Competency
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.6

 

61. Discuss the purposes of redirect examination.

ANSWER:   To restore the credibility of a witness who has been impeached on cross-examination by explanations of matters on which the cross-examiner sought to impeach the witness and to restore the credibility of a witness by pointing out prior consistent statements when the impeachment was made by means of prior   inconsistent statements.​
REFERENCES:   Redirect Examination and Recross-Examination
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.3

 

62. Discuss the functions of impeaching a witnesses’ testimony.

ANSWER:   The functions of impeachment may be classified as follows:

  • To attack the witness’s credibility and qualifications to testify truthfully because of prior criminal conviction (and in some jurisdictions and some instances, a showing of prior bad conduct).
  • To attack the testimony given by the witness on direct examination by a showing of prior inconsistent statements.
  • To attack the witness’s credibility by showing bias, prejudice, or ulterior motives of the witness.
REFERENCES:   Direct Examination of Witnesses
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.3

 

63. List the objections to the form of the questions asked in a trial.

ANSWER:  

  • Leading question (suggests the answer that is wanted)
  • Calls for  speculation
  • Argumentative
  • Misstates facts in evidence
  • Assumes facts not in evidence
  • Vague and ambiguous
  • Repetitive or cumulative
  • Misleading.

REFERENCES:   Direct Examination of Witnesses
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   CEPC.GARD.16.5.7

 

 

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