Criminology Theories, Patterns and Typologies International Edition 11th Edition by Larry J. Siegel - Test Bank

Criminology Theories, Patterns and Typologies International Edition 11th Edition by Larry J. Siegel – Test Bank

 

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TEST BANK

 

 

COMPLETION

 

1. The first scientific studies of criminology that applied the positivist model were conducted by _________.

 

ANS: physiognomists                                                 LO: 1               REF: p. 141

 

2. Sociobiology differs from earlier theories of behavior in that it stresses that biological and genetic conditions affect how social behaviors are _________ and _________.

 

ANS: learned, perceived                                             LO: 1               REF: p. 142

 

3. Lombroso argued that born criminals were ________ whose behavior could be explained by their primitive traits.

 

ANS: atavists                                                              LO: 1               REF: p. 142

 

4. _________ is a condition that occurs when glucose (sugar) in the blood falls below levels necessary for normal and efficient brain functioning.

 

ANS: Hypoglycemia                                                   LO: 3               REF: p. 145

 

5. A number of biosocial theorists believe that abnormal levels of male sex hormones called _________ produce aggressive behavior and may explain gender differences in the crime rate.

 

ANS: androgens                                                          LO: 2               REF: p. 146

 

6. The study of brain activity is termed _________. Some researchers believe neurological and physical abnormalities are acquired as early as the fetal or prenatal stage and that they control behavior throughout the life span.

 

ANS: neurophysiology                                                LO: 3               REF: p. 148

 

7. Research shows that those who start drinking before 14 are ________ times more likely to become alcoholics.

 

ANS: five                                                                    LO: 2               REF: p.144

 

 

8. Many children with ADHD also suffer from _________ _________ and continually engage in aggressive and anti-social behavior in early childhood.

 

ANS: conduct disorder                                               LO: 7               REF: p. 150

 

9. It is possible that what appears to be a genetic effect, evidenced in twin research, is actually the effect of sibling influence on criminality referred to as the _________ _________

 

ANS: contagion effect                                                            LO: 7               REF: p. 154

 

10. According to _________ _________, over the history of the human species, aggressive males have had the greatest impact on the gene pool.

 

ANS: evolutionary theory                                           LO: 8               REF: p. 154

 

11. The _________ develops as a result of incorporating moral standards and values within the personality.

 

ANS: superego                                                            LO: 9               REF: p. 157

 

12. Psychologist John Bowlby believed that the ability to form _________– that is, emotionally bond to another person – has important lasting psychological implications that follow people across the life span.

 

ANS: attachments                                                       LO: 9               REF: p. 157

 

13. Television violence increases the _________ _________ of viewers and makes them more prone to act aggressively.

 

ANS: arousal levels                                                    LO: 10             REF: p. 162

 

14. _________ _________focuses on the mental processes and how people perceive and mentally represent the world around them and solve problems.

 

ANS: Cognitive theory                                               LO: 10             REF: p. 164

 

15. _________ _________ suffer complex behavior delusions involving wrongdoing or persecution, resulting in the thought that everyone is out to get them.

 

ANS: Paranoid schizophrenics                                    LO: 10             REF: p. 159

 

 

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1.  ____ involves employing the scientific method to produce research findings that can validate a theory.
2. Positivism
3. Classicalism
4. Utilitarianism
5. Deontology

 

ANS: A                       LO: 1                           REF: p. 141

 

2. According to William Sheldon, who believed that criminals manifest distinct

physiques, which somatotype was most likely to become criminal?

1. endomorph
2. mesomorph
3. ectomorph
4. mendomorph

 

ANS: B                       LO: 1                           REF: p. 142

 

3. Which criminologist believed that criminals could be identified by observing physical traits of offenders?
4. Beccaria
5. Bentham
6. Lombroso
7. Durkheim

 

ANS: C                       LO: 1               REF: p. 142

 

4. Sociobiology differs from earlier theories of behavior in that it stresses that biological and genetic conditions affect:
5. how cognitive processes develop from birth to adulthood
6. how cognitive processes shape socialization and perception
7. how social behaviors are learned and perceived  (CO 1, p. 131)
8. how social behaviors are transmitted

 

ANS: B                       LO: 10             REF: p. 142

 

5. Lombroso believed that criminals were biological throwbacks to an earlier time.  He called these born criminals:
6. cons
7. atavists
8. criminoloids
9. primitive offenders

 

ANS: B                       LO: 10             REF: p. 142

6. The belief that no serious consideration should be given to biological factors when attempting to understand human nature is known as:
7. choice theory
8. biophobia
9. nature theory
10. nurture theory

 

ANS: B                       LO: 1               REF: p. 142

 

7. The belief that all humans are born with equal potential to learn and achieve is known as:
8. latent potential
9. equipotentiality
10. shared potential
11. biopotentiality

 

ANS: B                       LO: 2               REF: p. 143

 

8. A prison warden employs a biosocial theorist to develop a plan to reduce institutional violence. What major change might the biosocial theorist recommend?
9. allowing inmates to receive prescriptions for Viagra
10. increasing inmates’ testosterone levels
11. decreasing vitamin and mineral supplements to inmates
12. decreasing the amount of artificial colors and flavors present in the                      inmates’ food

 

ANS: D                       LO: 2               REF: p. 143

 

9. A condition that occurs when glucose in the blood falls below levels necessary for

normal and efficient brain functioning is known as:

1. glycemic disorder
2. hypoglycemia
3. glycogen deficiency
4. glucose intolerance

 

ANS: B                       LO: 2               REF: p. 145

 

10. A number of environmental contaminants have been associated with emotional and behavioral disorders. Which of the following has been linked to aggressive behaviors on both a macro- or national level and on a micro- or individual level?
11. cadmium
12. lead
13. copper
14. zinc

 

ANS: B                       LO: 2               REF: p. 147

11. Which of the following statements pertaining to the link between lead and crime is inaccurate?
12. Lead ingestion is linked to lower IQ scores, a factor linked to aggressive behavior.
13. Criminologists have reported that areas with the highest concentration of lead also reported the highest levels of homicide.
14. Lead exposure is linked to mental illnesses, which have been linked to antisocial behaviors.
15. The average blood lead level has increased over the past decade.

 

ANS: D                       LO: 2               REF: p. 147

 

12. Biosocial theorists have evaluated the association between violent behavior episodes and hormone levels. Their findings suggest that abnormal levels of these male sex hormones influence the neocortex and have been linked to aggressive behavior.
13. androgens
14. glycogens
15. endorphins
16. endogens

 

ANS: A                       LO: 2               REF: p. 146

 

13. It has been argued that declining levels of what hormone cause the aging-out process?
14. estrogen
15. serotonin
16. testosterone
17. progesterone

 

ANS: B                       LO: 2               REF: p. 146

 

14. The onset of the menstrual cycle triggers excessive amounts of female sex hormones that affect antisocial, aggressive behavior. This condition is commonly referred to as:
15. premenstrual syndrome
16. paranoia
17. postpartum depression
18. bipolar disorder

 

ANS: A                       LO: 2               REF: p. 146

 

 

15. Neurological deficits may interact with another trait or social condition to produce antisocial behaviors. Research conducted by Raine found that children who had experienced birth complications and who then experienced ______ were more likely to engage in criminal offending than children who did not experience these factors.
16. paternal rejection
17. maternal rejection
18. bullying at school
19. peer pressure

 

ANS: B                       LO: 3               REF: p. 149

 

16. ____ cause an excessive reaction in the brain, whereas ____ affect the nervous system. Both are linked to mental, emotional, and behavioral problems.
17. Endo-allergies; neuroallergies
18. Neuroallergies; cerebral allergies
19. Cerebral allergies; neuroallergies
20. Neuroallergies; endo-allergies

 

ANS: C                       LO: 3               REF: p. 147

 

17. Explosive rage disorder is considered an important cause of spouse and child abuse, suicide, aggressiveness, and motiveless homicide. This disorder is a type of:
18. cerebral allergy
19. minimal brain dysfunction
20. hormonal imbalance
21. neurotransmitter disorder

 

ANS: B                       LO: 3               REF: p. 149

 

18. Why are left-handers disproportionately represented in the criminal population?
19. due to high levels of serotonin in the brain
20. due to rightward shifts in brain functioning resulting from high levels of          androgens
21. due to the increased propensity for brain tumors found in left-handers that causes antisocial behavior
22. due to high levels of testosterone in the brain

 

ANS: B                       LO: 3               REF: p. 152

 

19. A disorder in which a child shows a developmentally inappropriate lack of attention and an excess of impulsivity is known as:
20. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
21. oppositional defiance disorder
22. impulse dysfunctional disorder
23. conduct disorder

 

ANS: A                       LO: 3               REF: p. 159

20. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is often accompanied by which disorder?
21. rule disorder
22. low testosterone
23. high testosterone
24. conduct disorder

 

ANS: D                       LO: 3               REF: p. 159

 

21. The notion that some individuals may engage in crime due to the attraction of

“getting away with it” is known as:

1. risk theory
2. arousal theory
3. thrill-seeking theory
4. conduct disorder

 

ANS: B                       LO: 3               REF: p. 152

 

22. What do studies of MZ and DZ twins indicate?
23. There is a significantly higher risk for suicidal behavior among MZ twin pairs

than DZ twin pairs.

1. MZ twin pairs who suffer child abuse are more likely to engage in antisocial

activity more often than DZ twin pairs.

1. If one member of a twin pair was delinquent, so was the other and the effect

was greater for MZ twin pairs.

1. Studies indicate all these findings.

 

ANS: C                       LO: 4               REF: p.

 

23. Some researches feel that what appears to be a genetic effect, evidenced in twin research, is actually the effect of sibling influence on criminality referred to as the:
24. twin effect
25. contagion effect
26. proximity effect
27. immediacy effect

 

ANS: B                       LO: 4   REF: p. 153

 

24. According to Freud which part of the brain is involved in instant gratification?
25. id
26. superego
27. ego
28. super id

 

ANS: A                       LO: 9               REF: p. 157

25. According to Freud, the superego is the _____ aspect of one’s personality.
26. moral
27. reality
28. pleasure
29. guilt

 

ANS: A                       LO: 9               REF: p. 157

 

26. According to Freud, which part of the brain controls impulses and desire for immediate gratification?
27.   id
28. superego
29. ego
30. super id

 

ANS: C                       LO: 9               REF: p. 157

 

27. The psychodynamic model of the criminal offender depicts an aggressive, frustrated person dominated by events that occurred:
28. during one’s adolescent years
29. during the process of socialization
30. during the phallic stage
31. during early childhood

 

ANS: D                       LO: 6               REF: p. 157

 

28. The concept used to describe people who have feelings of inadequacy and compensate for them with a drive for superiority (controlling others) is:
29. inferiority complex
30. power-control complex
31. ego complex
32. neuroticism

 

ANS: A                       LO: 7               REF: p. 158

 

29. _____ occurs when glucose in the blood falls below levels necessary for normal and efficient brain functioning.
30. Conduct disorder
31. Hypoglycemia
32. Glucose
33. ADHD

 

ANS: B                       LO: 6               REF: p. 145

 

30. While not all experts believe that media violence is a direct cause of violent behavior, many do agree that media violence contributes to aggression. What does the research indicate?
31. Viewing media violence is related to both short-and long-term increases in   aggressive attitudes, values, and behaviors.
32. Children who watch TV are more likely to persist in aggressive behavior as adults.
33. TV viewing may create changes in personality and cognition that produce long-term behavioral changes.
34. Research indicates all these things.

 

ANS: C                       LO: 8               REF: p. 161

 

31. One of the most widely used psychological tests that is designed to measure many different personality traits, including psychopathic deviation, schizophrenia, and hypomania is known as the:
32. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
33. Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire
34. California Personality Inventory
35. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

 

ANS: A                       LO: 9               REF: p. 167

 

32. The antisocial personality concept seems to mesh with what is known about chronic offending. What percent of chronic offenders exhibit sociopathic behavior patterns?
33. 20 percent
34. 40 percent
35. 60 percent
36. 80 percent

 

ANS: D                       LO: 9               REF: p. 167

 

33. Errors in cognition and information processing have been used to explain the behavior of child abusers. What distorted thinking pattern/perception is expressed by child abusers?
34. Abusers perceive children as wanting to engage in sexual activity.
35. Abusers perceive that sexual activity does not cause harm and may be beneficial to the child.
36. Abusers perceive they are entitled to have sex with whomever they want.
37. Abusers express all these thinking patterns/perceptions.

ANS: D                       LO: 9               REF: p. 165

 

 

34. People at the highest stages of moral development refrain from crime because:
35. They have outlooks characterized by self-interest.
36. They fear punishment.
37. They believe the concept of general deterrence.
38. They believe in duty to others and universal rights.

 

ANS: B                       LO: 9               REF: p. 164

 

35. Some violent offenders have a disturbed character structure commonly referred to as psychopathy, sociopathy, or antisocial personality. What is known about the psychopathic personality?
36. Children who lack the opportunity to form an attachment to a father figure during the first three years of life are most likely to develop psychopathic personalities.
37. Children who lack the opportunity to form an attachment to a mother figure during the first three years of life are most likely to develop psychopathic personalities.
38. Psychopaths are less likely to become chronic offenders than are non-psychopaths.
39. Psychopaths, as a rule, experience an inordinate number of abnormal fears.

 

ANS: B                                   LO: 8               REF: p. 141

 

36. According to the moral and intellectual development branch of cognitive theory, what is wrong with criminals?
37. low levels of moral reasoning development
38. over-developed Ids
39. over-stimulation of mental capacities
40. all of the above

 

ANS: A                                   LO: 9               REF: p. 164

 

37. Social learning theory holds that people learn to be aggressive through their life experiences. Which of these is not a source of this behavior modeling process?
38. family interaction
39. religious affiliation
40. environmental experiences
41. mass media

 

ANS: B                                   LO: 10             REF: p. 161

 

 

38. Recent research on IQ and crime suggests that low IQ increases the likelihood of criminal behavior through its effect on:
39. socio-economic status
40. job skills and employment
41. school performance
42. parenting skills

 

ANS: C                       LO: 10             REF: p.169

 

39. Androgens affect the brain structure in the left hemisphere of the ______.
40. neocortex
41. frontal lobe
42. temporal lobe
43. thought cortex

 

ANS: A                       LO: 4               REF: p. 146

 

40. Which crime prevention programs focus on reducing recidivism rates?
41. primary prevention programs
42. secondary prevention programs
43. tertiary prevention programs
44. reactive prevention programs

 

ANS: C                       LO: 10             REF: p. 172

 

TRUE/FALSE

 

1. The work of Cesare Lombroso (the “born criminal”) and his contemporaries is regarded today as a historical curiosity, not scientific fact.

                       

ANS: T                        LO: 1               REF: p. 142

 

2.        Biophobia is the belief that serious consideration should be given to biological

factors when attempting to understand human nature.

           

ANS: F                        LO: 1               REF: p. 142

 

3. Trait theories can be divided into two major sub-divisions: one that stresses

psychological functioning and the other that stresses biological make-up.

           

ANS: T                        LO: 1               REF: p. 143

 

4. Biosocial theory contends that all humans are born with equal potential to learn and achieve.

           

ANS: F                        LO: 2               REF: p. 144

5. Some trait theorists believe biochemical conditions, including those that are genetically predetermined and those acquired through diet and environment, control and influence antisocial behavior.

 

ANS: T                        LO: 2               REF: p. 144

 

6. Maternal alcohol abuse and smoking during gestation have long been linked to prenatal damage and subsequent antisocial behavior in adolescence.

           

ANS: T                        LO: 3               REF: p. 144

 

7. Recent studies suggest that lead ingestion is linked to aggressive behaviors on a national or macro-level but not an individual or micro-level.

           

ANS: F                        LO: 3               REF: p. 147

 

8. Estrogen, the most abundant androgen, has been found in higher levels among prisoners who committed violent crimes than in other prisoners.

           

ANS: F                        LO: 3               REF: p. 146

 

9. Children suffering from measurable neurological deficits at birth are believed to also suffer from antisocial traits throughout their life, from habitual lying to violence.

           

ANS: T                        LO: 6               REF: p. 147

 

10. Children with ADHD are more likely to use drugs, alcohol, and cigarettes in adolescence, to be arrested, to be charged with a felony, and to have multiple arrests.

           

ANS: T                        LO: 6               REF: p.150

 

11. Farrington’s Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development evidenced that few delinquent youths had criminal fathers.

           

ANS: F                        LO: 4               REF: p. 153

 

12. Studies of twins do not produce any evidence to suggest that genetics may be linked to crime.

           

ANS: F                        LO: 4               REF: p. 153

 

13. Latent delinquency is found in youngsters whose personalities require them to seek immediate gratification, consider satisfying their personal needs more important than relating to others, and satisfy instinctive urges without considering right and wrong.

           

ANS: T                        LO: 2               REF: p.167

14. Male offenders seem to have more serious mental health symptoms, including schizophrenia, paranoia, and obsessive behaviors, than female offenders.

           

ANS: F                        LO: 2               REF: p. 159

 

15. Secondary crime prevention programs focus on those who are at risks of becoming criminal

           

ANS: T                        LO: 10             REF: p. 172

 

 

ESSAY

 

1. Discuss Lombroso’s explanation for criminal behavior and what he contributed to modern criminology.

 

ANS:   Lombroso believed that serious offenders were physically different from non-criminals.  These physical differences could be observed and were due to these individuals being atavists—a less evolved human. Lombroso’s major contribution to modern criminology was the use of scientific methods to study crime.

 

LO: 1                           REF: p. 141-142

 

2. How do contemporary trait theories account for crime and criminality? Include the concept of sociobiology in your response.

 

ANS:   Modern trait theories do not suggests that a single biological or psychological attribute can explain criminal behavior.  Instead, each offender is considered unique and different explanations are necessary to explain each individual’s behavior. They also recognize that human traits alone do not cause criminal behavior but interact with various factors to affect behaviors.

 

LO: 1                           REF: p. 143-144

 

3. Identify the biochemical conditions that may lead to antisocial behavior and crime and why these conditions do so.

 

ANS:   According to biochemical criminologists things such as maternal smoking and drinking, exposure to lead, abnormal levels of hormones and poor diet can change brain development and lead to criminal behavior.

 

LO: 2                           REF: p. 144-147

 

 

4. Explain how hormones influence behavior and crime. Include in your response how hormones might account for the aging-out process.

 

ANS:   Links have been found between higher levels of testosterone and crime.  This can explain why males have higher rates of crime than females as they have more testosterone.  It can also explain the ageing out process as testosterone levels decrease as men get older.  For females, PMS has been linked to higher levels of aggressive behavior and suicide.

 

LO: 3                           REF: p. 146-147

 

5. Discuss the evidence to suggest there may be a link between genetics and crime.

 

ANS:   Findings show that children who have criminal parents are more likely to be involved in crime.  Twin studies also show that identical twins have crime rate patterns that are more similar than fraternal twins.

 

LO: 4                           REF: p. 152-153

 

6. Identify the patterns of behavior and symptoms of ADHD and discuss how ADHD is associated with crime.

 

ANS:   About 3 percent of children suffer from ADHD. It has been associated with poor school performance, bullying, stubbornness and lack of discipline.  Many children who suffer from ADHD also suffer from conduct disorder and continually engage in aggressive and antisocial behavior in early childhood. These children then have a higher likelihood of engaging in delinquency and crime. These children are also more likely to use drugs.

 

LO: 6                           REF: p. 150

 

7. How does violence in the media contribute to aggression in society?

 

ANS:   The media may contribute to violence by providing aggressive scripts that children store in their memories.  Children also can learn from what they observe; therefore, children could learn to be violent from television.  Thirdly, television violence increases the arousal levels of viewers and makes them more prone to act aggressively.

 

LO: 6                           REF: p.162-163

 

 

8. Discuss how one’s moral development influences their risk of committing crime.

 

ANS:  Kohlberg applied moral development to criminology.  He found that people travel through stages of moral development during which decisions and judgments are made for different reasons.  He argues that criminals might be at lower levels of moral development.  Criminals are likely at the lowest levels (1 and 2), while non-criminals are at levels 3 and 4.

 

LO: 8                           REF: p. 164

 

9. Discuss the controversy over the association between intelligence and crime.

 

ANS:   Some argue that IQ is largely determined by genetics and that low IQ is linked to criminal behavior. Others, however, that the relationship between IQ and crime rates is actually the result of poor measures of IQ and poor school performance.

 

LO: 10                         REF: p.168-171

 

10. Discuss the three types of crime prevention programs. What is the focus of each?

 

ANS:   Primary crime prevention programs focus on potential programs before they manifest themselves into crimes.  Secondary prevention programs provide treatment and help to adults and youths who are at risk of engaging in crime.  Tertiary prevention programs focus on current offenders to prevent recidivism.

 

LO: 7                           REF: p. 172