Dental Radiography principals and Techniques 5th edition by Joen Iannucci - Test Bank

Dental Radiography principals and Techniques 5th edition by Joen Iannucci – Test Bank

 

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Chapter 05: Radiation Protection

Iannucci: Dental Radiography, 5th Edition

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1. Which of the following should you do prior to taking x-rays to protect your patient from radiation exposure?

a.	Proper film processing
b.	Proper prescribing of radiographs
c.	A lead apron
d.	A thyroid collar

 

 

ANS:  B

Proper film processing is an example of a patient protection technique used after x-ray exposure. Proper prescribing of radiographs is an example of a patient protection technique used before x-ray exposure. A lead apron is an example of a patient protection technique used during x-ray exposure. A thyroid collar is an example of a patient protection technique used during x-ray exposure.

 

DIF:    Application    REF:   Page 42          OBJ:   2

TOP:   CDA, RHS, III.C.3. Identify ways to reduce x-radiation exposure to patients (ALARA)

MSC:  NBDHE, 2.2 Principles of radiologic health

 

2. The “Guidelines for Prescribing Dental Radiographs” state that

a.	dentulous adult recall patients at increased risk for caries should have posterior bite-wing examinations at 12- to 24-month intervals.
b.	x-rays are not taken on patients who are pregnant unless absolutely necessary.
c.	edentulous adults should have posterior bite-wing examinations at 12- to 36-month intervals.
d.	dentulous adult recall patients who are not at increased risk for caries should have posterior bite-wing examinations at 24- to 36-month intervals.

 

 

ANS:  D

Dentulous adult recall patients at increased risk for caries should have posterior bite-wing examinations at 6- to 18-month intervals. The recommendations for prescribing radiographs do not need to be altered for pregnancy. Edentulous adults do not need bite-wing radiographs. The “Guidelines for Prescribing Dental Radiographs” state that dentulous adult recall patients who are not at increased risk for caries should have posterior bite-wing examinations at 24- to 36-month intervals.

 

DIF:    Recall             REF:   Page 44          OBJ:   9

TOP:   CDA, RHS, III.A. Identify current ADA guidelines for frequency of exposure to radiation

MSC:  NBDHE, 2.2 Principles of radiologic health

 

3. Inherent filtration in the dental x-ray tubehead

a.	includes filtration that takes place when the primary beam passes through the glass window of the x-ray tube, the insulating oil, and the tubehead seal.
b.	includes the placement of aluminum discs in the path of the x-ray beam between the collimator and the tubehead seal.
c.	alone meets the standards regulated by state and federal law.
d.	is equivalent to approximately 5.0 mm of aluminum.

 

 

ANS:  A

Inherent filtration in the dental x-ray tubehead includes filtration that takes place when the primary beam passes through the glass window of the x-ray tube, the insulating oil, and the tubehead seal. Added filtration includes the placement of aluminum discs in the path of the x-ray beam between the collimator and the tubehead seal. Inherent filtration alone does not meet the standards regulated by state and federal law. Inherent filtration is equivalent to approximately 0.5 to 1.0 mm of aluminum.

 

DIF:    Recall             REF:   Page 42          OBJ:   3

TOP:   CDA, RHS, III.B.3. Demonstrate understanding of x-ray machine factors that influence radiation safety     MSC:           NBDHE, 2.2 Principles of radiologic health

 

4. Added filtration in the dental x-ray tubehead

a.	refers to the placement of tungsten discs in the path of the x-ray beam between the collimator and the tubehead seal.
b.	filters out shorter-wavelength x-rays from the x-ray beam.
c.	results in a lower-energy beam.
d.	results in a more penetrating useful beam.

 

 

ANS:  D

Refers to the placement of aluminum discs in the path of the x-ray beam between the collimator and the tubehead seal. Filters out longer wavelength x-rays from the x-ray beam. Results in a higher energy beam. Added filtration in the dental x-ray tubehead results in a more penetrating useful beam.

 

DIF:    Recall             REF:   Page 43          OBJ:   3

TOP:   CDA, RHS, III.B.3. Demonstrate understanding of x-ray machine factors that influence radiation safety     MSC:           NBDHE, 2.2 Principles of radiologic health

 

5. State and federal laws require that dental x-ray machines operating above 70 kVp have a minimum total (inherent plus added filtration) of ____ mm of aluminum filtration.

a.	1.5
b.	2.0
c.	2.5
d.	5.0

 

 

ANS:  C

State and federal laws require that dental x-ray machines operating above 70 kVp have a minimum total (inherent plus added filtration) of 2.5 mm of aluminum filtration.

 

DIF:    Recall             REF:   Page 43          OBJ:   3

TOP:   CDA, RHS, III.B.3. Demonstrate understanding of x-ray machine factors that influence radiation safety     MSC:           NBDHE, 2.2 Principles of radiologic health

 

6. The collimator ____________

a.	is always round.
b.	restricts the size and shape of the x-ray beam.
c.	is a solid piece of aluminum.
d.	is fitted within the copper stem beneath the molybdenum cup.

 

 

ANS:  B

The collimator may have either a round or a rectangular opening. The collimator restricts the size and shape of the x-ray beam. The collimator is a lead plate; the filter is aluminum. The collimator is fitted directly over the opening of the machine housing where the x-ray beam exits the tubehead.

 

DIF:    Recall             REF:   Page 43          OBJ:   4

TOP:   CDA, RHS, III.B.3. Demonstrate understanding of x-ray machine factors that influence radiation safety     MSC:           NBDHE, 2.2 Principles of radiologic health

 

7. A circular collimator produces a cone-shaped beam that is __________ inch(es) in diameter.

a.	<1
b.	1.25
c.	2.75
d.	5.0

 

 

ANS:  C

A circular collimator produces a cone-shaped beam that is 2.75 inches in diameter.

 

DIF:    Recall             REF:   Page 43          OBJ:   4

TOP:   CDA, RHS, III.B.3. Demonstrate understanding of x-ray machine factors that influence radiation safety     MSC:           NBDHE, 2.2 Principles of radiologic health

 

8. A rectangular collimator

a.	restricts the beam 3 times more than a circular collimator.
b.	restricts the beam less than a circular collimator.
c.	decreases patient exposure considerably.
d.	is considerably larger than a size 2 intraoral receptor.

 

 

ANS:  C

A rectangular collimator restricts the size of the x-ray beam more than a circular collimator, but not 3 times. A rectangular collimator restricts the beam more than a circular collimator. A rectangular collimator significantly reduces patient exposure. A rectangular collimator is slightly larger than a size 2 intraoral receptor.

 

DIF:    Comprehension                               REF:   Page 46          OBJ:   4

TOP:   CDA, RHS, III.B.3. Demonstrate understanding of x-ray machine factors that influence radiation safety     MSC:           NBDHE, 2.2 Principles of radiologic health

 

9. Which of the following types of position-indicating devices (PIDs) produces scatter radiation?

a.	Rectangular
b.	Conical
c.	Round
d.	Square

 

 

ANS:  D

Rectangular PIDs do not produce scatter radiation. Conical PIDs do produce scatter radiation. Round PIDs do not produce scatter radiation PIDs are not square. Rectangular and round PIDs do not produce scatter radiation.

 

DIF:    Recall             REF:   Page 43          OBJ:   5

TOP:   CDA, RHS, III.B.3. Demonstrate understanding of x-ray machine factors that influence radiation safety     MSC:           NBDHE, 2.2 Principles of radiologic health

 

10. Which type of PID would be most effective in reducing patient exposure?

a.	Conical
b.	A 16-inch round PID
c.	An 8-inch rectangular PID
d.	A 16-inch rectangular PID

 

 

ANS:  D

A conical PID would be least effective in reducing patient exposure. A 16-inch round PID would not be as effective in reducing patient exposure as a 16-inch rectangular PID. An 8-inch rectangular PID would not be as effective as a 16-inch rectangular PID in reducing patient exposure. A 16-inch rectangular PID would be most effective in reducing patient exposure.

 

DIF:    Recall             REF:   Page 47          OBJ:   5

TOP:   CDA, RHS, III.B.3. Demonstrate understanding of x-ray machine factors that influence radiation safety     MSC:           NBDHE, 2.2 Principles of radiologic health

 

11. The thyroid collar

a.	is recommended for all intraoral exposures.
b.	is recommended for all extraoral exposures.
c.	is placed over the patient’s chest and lap and extends to protect the thyroid.
d.	is recommended for both intraoral and extraoral exposures.

 

 

ANS:  A

A thyroid collar is recommended for all intraoral exposures. The thyroid collar is not recommended for extraoral exposures. The lead apron is placed over the patient’s chest and lap; the thyroid collar, if attached, extends to protect the thyroid. The lead apron with the thyroid collar is recommended for both intraoral and extraoral exposures. The lead apron without the thyroid collar is used for extraoral exposures.

 

DIF:    Recall             REF:   Page 47          OBJ:   5

TOP:   CDA, RHS, III.C.3. Identify ways to reduce x-radiation exposure to patients (ALARA)

MSC:  NBDHE, 2.2 Principles of radiologic health

 

12. The lead apron

a.	is recommended for intraoral exposures.
b.	is not recommended for extraoral exposures.
c.	is an option; use is not mandated by any state or federal law.
d.	is used to protect the thyroid gland.

 

 

ANS:  A

The lead apron is recommended for intraoral exposures (and extraoral films as well). The lead apron is recommended for extraoral exposures. The lead apron is not an option; many state laws mandate the use of a lead apron on all patients. The thyroid collar is used to protect the thyroid gland.

 

DIF:    Recall             REF:   Page 47          OBJ:   5

TOP:   CDA, RHS, III.C.3. Identify ways to reduce x-radiation exposure to patients (ALARA)

MSC:  NBDHE, 2.2 Principles of radiologic health

 

13. ____-speed film is currently the fastest intraoral film available.

a.	D
b.	E
c.	F
d.	G

 

 

ANS:  C

D-speed film (ultra-speed) is the oldest and slowest intraoral film available. E-speed film (ekta-speed) is faster than D-speed film but slower than F-speed film. F-speed film is currently the fastest intraoral film available. G-speed film does not exist at this time.

 

DIF:    Recall             REF:   Page 47          OBJ:   5

TOP:   CDA, RHS, III.C.3. Identify ways to reduce x-radiation exposure to patients (ALARA)

MSC:  NBDHE, 2.2 Principles of radiologic health

 

14. On some dental x-ray machines, only the ____________ can be altered; the other parameters are preset by the manufacturer.

a.	kilovoltage
b.	exposure time
c.	PID length
d.	milliamperage

 

 

ANS:  B

On some dental x-ray machines, only the exposure time can be altered; the kilovoltage is preset by the manufacturer; the other parameters are preset by the manufacturer; the PID length is determined by the manufacturer; the milliamperage is preset by the manufacturer.

 

DIF:    Comprehension                               REF:   Page 48          OBJ:   5

TOP:   CDA, RHS, III.B.3. Demonstrate understanding of x-ray machine factors that influence radiation safety     MSC:           NBDHE, 2.2 Principles of radiologic health

 

15. Which of the following can you do after x-ray receptor exposure to reduce(s) the amount of x-radiation your patient receives?

a.	Proper placement of the lead apron
b.	Proper image retrieval
c.	Proper instrument technique
d.	Selecting proper exposure settings

 

 

ANS:  C

Proper placement of the lead apron protects the patient during x-ray exposure. Proper image retrieval or receptor processing reduces the amount of x-radiation a patient would receive from retakes. Proper instrument technique reduces the amount of x-radiation a patient receives during x-ray exposure. Selecting proper exposure settings limits the amount of x-radiation a patient receives.

 

DIF:    Comprehension                               REF:   Page 48          OBJ:   6

TOP:   CDA, RHS, I.B.2. Demonstrate basic knowledge of digital radiography | CDA, RHS, I.B.3. Demonstrate basic knowledge of conventional film processing

MSC:  NBDHE, 2.2 Principles of radiologic health

 

16. The primary dictum of operator protection guidelines is that the operator must

a.	remain in the room with the patient while the receptor is being exposed.
b.	avoid the primary beam.
c.	hold the receptor in the patient’s mouth with their own finger.
d.	hold the tubehead during x-ray exposure.

 

 

ANS:  B

The operator must stand at least 6 feet away from the x-ray tubehead during x-ray exposure. The primary dictum of operator protection guidelines is that the operator must avoid the primary beam. The operator must never hold a receptor in place for a patient during x-ray exposure. The dental radiographer must never hold the tubehead during x-ray exposure.

 

DIF:    Comprehension                               REF:   Page 48          OBJ:   7

TOP:   CDA, RHS, III.E.2. Identify safety measures to reduce operator x-radiation

MSC:  NBDHE, 2.2 Principles of radiologic health

 

17. In order to avoid the primary beam while taking dental images, you should stand at a ____-degree to ____-degree angle to the beam.

a.	0; 45
b.	45; 90
c.	90; 135
d.	135; 180

 

 

ANS:  C

To avoid the primary beam, the dental radiographer must be positioned at a 90-degree to 135-degree angle to the beam.

 

DIF:    Comprehension                               REF:   Page 49          OBJ:   7

TOP:   CDA, RHS, III.E.2. Identify safety measures to reduce operator x-radiation

MSC:  NBDHE, 2.2 Principles of radiologic health

 

18. Radiation monitoring can be used to protect the dental radiographer and includes monitoring of

a.	equipment
b.	personnel
c.	both equipment and personnel
d.	drywall for residual radiation

 

 

ANS:  C

Choice a is true, but choice b is also correct. Choice b is true, but choice c is also correct. Radiation monitoring can be used to protect the dental radiographer and includes monitoring of both equipment and personnel; however, drywall is not monitored for residual radiation because residual radiation does not exist.

 

DIF:    Recall             REF:   Page 49          OBJ:   8

TOP:   CDA, RHS, III.E.2. Identify safety measures to reduce operator x-radiation

MSC:  NBDHE, 2.2 Principles of radiologic health

 

19. A film badge

a.	is worn at waist level by the patient.
b.	is worn at waist level by the operator.
c.	is clipped to the shirt pocket of the operator.
d.	is clipped to the shirt pocket of the patient.

 

 

ANS:  B

A film badge is worn at waist level by the operator, not the patient. A film badge is worn close to the critical reproductive organs at waist level by the operator. A film badge is worn at waist level by the operator, not clipped to the shirt pocket of the patient.

 

DIF:    Comprehension                               REF:   Page 49          OBJ:   8

TOP:   CDA, RHS, III.E.2. Identify safety measures to reduce operator x-radiation

MSC:  NBDHE, 2.2 Principles of radiologic health

 

20. (1) Radiation legislation varies greatly from state to state. (2) For example, in some states a dental radiographer must successfully complete a radiation safety examination before he or she may expose dental x-rays.

a.	Both statements are true.
b.	Both statements are false.
c.	The first statement is true; the second statement is false.
d.	The first statement is false; the second statement is true.

 

 

ANS:  A

Radiation legislation varies greatly from state to state. For example, in some states a dental radiographer must successfully complete a radiation safety examination before he or she may expose dental x-rays.

 

DIF:    Recall             REF:   Page 50          OBJ:   9

TOP:   CDA, RHS, III.B. Apply the principles of radiation protection and hazards in the operation of radiographic equipment                           MSC:             NBDHE, 2.2 Principles of radiologic health

 

21. According to the current recommendations (2003) of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, the current MPD for occupationally exposed persons is ___________/year.

a.	500 millirem
b.	5.0 rem
c.	50 rem
d.	5000 rem

 

 

ANS:  B

The current MPD for occupationally exposed persons is 5.0 rem/year. According to the current recommendations (2003) of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, the current MPD for occupationally exposed persons is 5.0 rem/year.

 

DIF:    Recall             REF:   Page 50          OBJ:   9

TOP:   CDA, RHS, III.E.2. Identify safety measures to reduce operator x-radiation

MSC:  NBDHE, 2.2 Principles of radiologic health

 

22. According to the current recommendations (2003) of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, the current MPD for an occupationally exposed pregnant women is the equivalent of

a.	50 mSv/year.
b.	0.05 Sv per month.
c.	0.5 mSv/year.
d.	0.01 mSv/month.

 

 

ANS:  C

It is recommended that dental radiographers not exceed a maximum dose of 50 mSv in any 1 year. For pregnant dental personnel, the radiation exposure limit is 0.5 mSv per month during the pregnancy months. For nonoccupationally exposed persons (i.e., the general public), the current MPD is approximately 1 mSv/year (0.1 rem/year).

 

DIF:    Recall             REF:   Page 50          OBJ:   9

TOP:   CDA, RHS, III.E.2. Identify safety measures to reduce operator x-radiation

MSC:  NBDHE, 2.2 Principles of radiologic health

 

23. The acronym for the maximum dose permitted in a year is

a.	MPD—maximum permissible dose
b.	MPD—maximum possible dose
c.	MAD—maximum accumulated dose
d.	MAD—maximum allowed dose

 

 

ANS:  A

MPD is the acronym for the maximum dose equivalent that a body is permitted to receive within a year. The MPD is the dose of radiation that the body can endure with little or no injury. The acronym for the permitted lifetime accumulated dose is MAD—maximum accumulated dose, now known as cumulative occupational dose.

 

DIF:    Comprehension                               REF:   Page 50          OBJ:   9

TOP:   CDA, RHS, III.E.2. Identify safety measures to reduce operator x-radiation

MSC:  NBDHE, 2.2 Principles of radiologic health

 

24. The ALARA concept states that all radiation must be kept

a.	as long as readily achievable.
b.	as low as reasonably allowable.
c.	as low as reasonably achievable.
d.	as long as reliably achievable.

 

 

ANS:  C

The ALARA concept states that all radiation must be kept as low as reasonably achievable.

 

DIF:    Recall             REF:   Page 50          OBJ:   9

TOP:   CDA, RHS, III.C.3. Identify ways to reduce x-radiation exposure to patients (ALARA)

MSC:  NBDHE, 2.2 Principles of radiologic health

 

25. You are in charge of monitoring the film badges. Film badges are checked on a quarterly basis. Your co-worker is 4 months pregnant. The badge registered 5.0 Sv for the previous quarter. Based on the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP), what information should you give the dentist?

a.	The reading is well below the allowable limit. Nothing needs to be done.
b.	The reading is at the allowable limit. Nothing needs to be done.
c.	The reading is at the allowable limit. She has reached her maximum dosage and cannot have any more exposure during the pregnancy.
d.	She has exceeded her maximum dosage and cannot have any more exposure during the pregnancy.

 

 

ANS:  D

For pregnant dental personnel, the radiation exposure limit is 0.5 mSv per month during the pregnancy months.

 

DIF:    Application    REF:   Page 50          OBJ:   9

TOP:   CDA, RHS, III.E.2. Identify safety measures to reduce operator x-radiation

MSC:  NBDHE, 2.2 Principles of radiologic health

 

26. You are 36 years old. What is your cumulative occupational dose recommended by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP)?

a.	360 millirems
b.	360 mSv
c.	180 millirems
d.	180 mSv

 

 

ANS:  B

The NCRP has recommended that an individual’s cumulative occupational effective dose not exceed the worker’s age multiplied by 10 mSv.

 

DIF:    Application    REF:   Page 50          OBJ:   9

TOP:   CDA, RHS, III.E.2. Identify safety measures to reduce operator x-radiation

MSC:  NBDHE, 2.2 Principles of radiologic health

 

27. Your patient is a 5-year-old boy who you have been seeing since he was 3 years old. He is always eating candy and drinking cola beverages. Six months ago he had A, J, and T restored. One year ago he had B, I, and L restored. Which of the following should you do regarding taking radiographs?

a.	Take bite-wings and occlusal radiograph today.
b.	Insurance covers bite-wings once a year, take the dental images in 6 months.
c.	Re-evaluate in 1 year for the need for dental images.
d.	Dental images are taken every 2 years.

 

 

ANS:  D

Based on the “Guidelines for Prescribing Dental Radiographs”, children at risk for caries should have a bite-wing and/or occlusal radiographic examination at 6- to 12-month intervals. Based on the previous incidence of decay, dental images would be warranted. Although the “Guidelines for Prescribing Dental Radiographs” for children at risk for caries suggest a bite-wing and/or occlusal radiographic examination at 6- to 12-month intervals, based on the two previous incidences of decay, dental images at the preceding 6 month appointments, a 6-month interval would be warranted. The “Guidelines for Prescribing Dental Radiographs” for children at risk for caries is a bite-wing and/or occlusal radiographic examination at 6- to 12-month intervals.

 

DIF:    Application    REF:   Page 44          OBJ:   9

TOP:   CDA, RHS, III.A. Identify current ADA guidelines for frequency of exposure to radiation

MSC:  NBDHE, 2.2 Principles of radiologic health

 

28. Your next patient is a 35-year-old man who you have been seeing for the past 10 years. The only treatment he has needed since coming to the dental practice has been his 6-month “prophys.” He has no periodontal issues and is on a 6-month recall cycle. You last took four bite-wing images 1 year ago. Which of the following should you do?

a.	Take bite-wings during this appointment.
b.	Take the images in 6 months.
c.	Take the images in 1 to 2 years.
d.	No images will be needed for 5 years.

 

 

ANS:  D

Based on the “Guidelines for Prescribing Dental Radiographs”, adult recall patients at risk of decay should have bite-wing examinations every 12-18 months. Only if there were previous incidences of decay would dental images be warranted on a yearly basis. Based on the previous incidence of decay, dental images on a yearly interval would be warranted. Based on these guidelines, dental images will not need to be taken for 1-2 years. Based on the “Guidelines for Prescribing Dental Radiographs”, adult recall patients with little risk of decay should have bite-wing examinations every 24-36 months.

 

DIF:    Application    REF:   Page 44          OBJ:   9

TOP:   CDA, RHS, III.A. Identify current ADA guidelines for frequency of exposure to radiation

MSC:  NBDHE, 2.2 Principles of radiologic health