Development Through Life A Psychosocial Approach 11th by Barbara M. Newman - Test Bank

Development Through Life A Psychosocial Approach 11th by Barbara M. Newman – Test Bank

 

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CHAPTER FIVE

Infancy (First 24 Months)

 

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES

 

OBJECTIVE	ITEM NUMBER
1.       To describe characteristics of newborns and the challenges facing low-birth-weight babies.	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 105, 106, 107, 108, 125, 126, 153
2.       To identify important milestones in the maturation of the sensory and motor systems, and to describe the interactions among these systems during the first 2 years of life.	7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 109, 111, 112
3.       To describe the development of sensorimotor intelligence, organize experiences, conceptualize causality, and understand the properties and functions of objects.	23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 113, 114, 115, 127, 128, 129, 130, 154
4.       To characterize forerunners of language competence from birth through the first 2 years of life.	39, 116, 149
5.       To understand social attachment as the process through which infants develop strong emotional bonds with others, and to describe the dynamics of attachment formation during infancy.	40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68,  69, 110, 117, 118, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 150, 151, 155, 156
6.       To examine the nature of emotional development, including emotional differentiation, the interpretation of emotions, and emotional regulation.	70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 119, 120, 121, 123, 138, 152, 157
7.       To describe the psychosocial crisis of trust versus mistrust; the central process through which the crisis is resolved, mutuality with the caregiver; the prime adaptive ego quality of hope; and the core pathology of withdrawal.	89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 124, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 158, 159
8.       To evaluate the critical role of parents and caregivers during infancy, with special attention to issues of safety and nutrition; optimizing cognitive, social, and emotional development; and the role of parents and caregivers as advocates for their infants with other agencies and systems.	102, 103, 104, 122, 160

 

 

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

 

1. The evaluation that is performed twice within the first five minutes of birth is called
2. Babynski reflex test.
3. Bayley Scales of Infant Development.
4. the Infant Visual Perception Test.
5. Apgar scoring method.

 

Factual  p. 139                     D

CO: 1     Easy

 

2. The purpose of the Apgar score which is calculated twice within the first five minutes of birth is to
3. measure infant intelligence.
4. measure the quality of parental investment in the newborn at birth.
5. assess an infant’s life signs to determine the need for intervention at birth.
6. decide whether the newborn infant has been exposed to prenatal teratogens.

 

Factual                  p. 139                     C

CO: 1                     Moderate

 

3. Which one of the following weights would be considered a low birth weight baby?
4. 5 pounds, 8 ounces
5. 6 pounds, 8 ounces
6. 7 pounds, 8 ounces
7. none of these

 

Factual                  p. 139                     A

*CO: 1                   Moderate

 

4. Which of the following conditions places an infant at greater risk for developmental problems?
5. low weight for gestational age
6. low birth weight
7. late birth
8. prematurity

 

Factual                  p. 140                     A

CO: 1                     Moderate

 

5. What is the current technological limit to fetal viability? In other words, what are the smallest babies we keep alive?
6. about 500 grams (slightly over 1 pound)
7. 1000 grams (about 2 pounds, 8 ounces)
8. 2500 grams (about 5 pounds, 8 ounces)
9. 3300 grams (about 7 pounds)

 

Factual                  p. 140                     A

CO: 1                     Moderate

 

6. A typical characteristic of very low birth weight baby is
7. calm and easily soothed.
8. unpleasant, high-pitched cries.
9. delicate, physically attractive features.
10. easily establish a rhythmic pattern of interaction.

 

Factual                  p. 140                     B

CO: 1                     Moderate

 

7. Plasticity means
8. the neurons in the infant’s brain are connected in a random manner, and all the patterns depend on experience.
9. the basic organization of areas of the brain depend on early experience.
10. there is no relationship between experience and neural development.
11. sensory experiences can strengthen certain neural pathways; less used pathways may disappear.

 

Conceptual           p. 142                     D

*CO: 2                   Difficult

 

8. What would provide evidence that habituation has occurred?
9. The infant opens her mouth to mimic the mother’s open mouth.
10. The infant visually follows the caregiver who is walking across the room.
11. The infant’s response decreases each time she sees the same red teddy bear.
12. The infants loses interest in sucking her thumb.

 

Application           p. 142                     C

CO: 2                     Moderate

 

9. The fetus often hears what while still in utero?
10. the fetus cannot hear
11. television programs
12. the telephone ringing
13. the mother’s heartbeat

 

Factual                  p. 144                     D

CO: 2                     Easy

 

10. By age 6 to 8 months, babies can use sounds to
11. locate an object and guide reaching toward it.
12. distinguish a foreign language from the native language spoken at home.
13. recognize distinct language sounds.
14. all of these

 

Factual                  p. 145                     D

CO: 2                     Moderate

 

 

11. The age at which infants see objects as well as adults do (although perhaps with varying cognitive perceptions than the adults) is
12. 2 months.
13. 4 months.
14. 7 months.
15. 9 months.

 

Factual                  p. 145                     B

*CO: 2                   Moderate

 

12. Caroline holds her newborn baby in her arms and watches as the baby gazes at her. The baby seems to be staring at a spot on Caroline’s forehead. She wonders what is so interesting about her forehead. What explanation can you give for this?
13. Babies tend to gaze at the eyes and mouth of a face.
14. Babies recognize an inner eye just above the eyebrows.
15. Babies tend to focus attention on borders and contours; the hairline is a type of border.
16. Babies are looking for a sign of contentment on the mother’s face which is expressed on the forehead.

 

Application           p. 146                     C

CO: 2                     Moderate

 

13. What effect do sweet-tasting substances have on newborns?
14. They have a calming effect.
15. They increase the baby’s irritability.
16. They increase activity level.
17. They give babies the hiccups.

 

Factual                  p. 147                     A

CO: 2                     Moderate

 

14. Which is the largest sensory organ and the first organ to develop during the prenatal period?
15. nose
16. skin
17. ears
18. eyes

 

Factual                  p. 147                     B

CO: 2                     Easy

 

15. By the age of 3 months, most infants are able to
16. distinguish a parent’s face from the face of a stranger.
17. pick up a toy from a basket and put it back.
18. sit up alone without support.
19. speak well enough to be understood.

 

Factual                  p. 147                     A

*CO: 2                   Easy

 

 

16. Early strategies for tactile exploration, which then leads to the ability to identify objects visually include
17. smiling and cooing.
18. sucking and mouthing.
19. listening and watching.
20. chewing and swallowing.

 

Factual                  p. 148                     B

CO: 2                     Moderate

 

17. The reflexive motor responses of the newborn infant serve to
18. facilitate the infant’s survival.
19. allow the infants to control their muscles.
20. enable the infant to exhibit voluntary movement.
21. allow the infant to communicate with the caregiver.

 

Factual                  p. 148                     A

CO: 2                     Easy

 

18. Motor reflexes undergo some transformations during infancy. What is the typical pattern of change? Think about reaching and grasping as an example.
19. Motor control begins in the hands and fingers and moves toward the trunk.
20. Motor control shifts from the feet to the hands and shoulders.
21. Involuntary behavior disappears and voluntary behavior emerges with practice.
22. Voluntary behavior becomes involuntary behavior.

 

Application           p. 148                     C

*CO: 2                   Difficult

 

19. In the development of reaching and pushing, which of the following is the earliest behavior likely to be observed?
20. grasping a moving object
21. holding an object in both hands
22. picking up a piece of yarn using index finger and thumb
23. reaching into a jar to pull out a candy

 

Factual                  p. 149                     B

CO: 2                     Moderate

 

20. Cultures such as Africa and Central America hold infants upright rather than lying them down in a cradle or crib. Infants in these cultures tend to
21. walk at an earlier age than western infants.
22. walk at a later age than western infants.
23. speak at a later age than western infants.
24. do none of these.

 

Conceptual           p. 151                     A

CO: 2                     Moderate

 

 

21. How does culture influence motor development during infancy?
22. Cultures provide different opportunities for motor exploration in infancy.
23. Cultures differ in how babies move through the sequence of motor accomplishments from rolling over to sitting and standing.
24. Cultures differ in the role that genetics plays in guiding individual differences in motor skills.
25. Motor development is largely a matter of genetically guided pathways; culture has little impact on motor development.

 

Conceptual           p. 151                     A

CO: 2                     Moderate

 

22. Researchers now regard the regularities in motor behavior as the result of a dynamic process of exploration in which infants coordinate their physical actions with the demands and opportunities of the situation. What contributes to this process?
23. maturing of the central nervous system
24. opportunities for various types of movement
25. emergence of conditions to understand and anticipate actions
26. all of these

 

Conceptual           p. 151                     D

CO: 2                     Difficult

 

23. An infant who is able to use different techniques for sucking from a breast and sucking from a bottle is demonstrating
24. sensorimotor intelligence.
25. social referencing.
26. object permanence.
27. internalization.

 

Conceptual           p. 151                     A

CO: 3                     Easy

 

24. According to Piaget, the primary mechanism underlying the growth of intelligence during infancy is
25. reciprocity.
26. social attachment.
27. trust versus mistrust.
28. sensorimotor adaptation.

 

Conceptual           p. 152                     D

CO: 3                     Easy

 

25. According to the Theory theory, infants start out with some basic sensory, motor, and cognitive structures. What might modify these structures?
26. experiences that provide new information
27. experiences that support and confirm the structures
28. gazing and concentrating
29. parental warmth

 

Conceptual           p. 153                     A

*CO: 3                   Moderate

 

26. How do infants grow in their understanding of causality?
27. through sensory and motor investigation
28. through pointing and naming
29. through visual gazing
30. through memory and recall

 

Factual                  p. 153                     A

CO: 3                     Moderate

 

27. Babies discover that if they drop a spoon while sitting in the high chair, the spoon will fall to the floor and make a noise. This is an example of
28. emotional differentiation.
29. introspection.
30. reflexive behavior.
31. sensorimotor causality.

 

Application           p. 154                     D

CO: 3                     Moderate

 

28. The example given in the text of the emergence of the use of a spoon as a tool for eating illustrates which concept?
29. Motor skills become integrated into purposeful problem-solving strategies.
30. Motor skills develop independently from causal relations.
31. Infants are limited in their exploration of spoons by what they have observed in their home

environment.

1. Infants are unable to coordinate means and ends.

 

Conceptual           p. 154                     A

*CO: 3                   Difficult

 

29. Piaget considered ___________ to be adaptive learning systems where cause and effect are linked through involuntary responses.
30. circular reactions
31. coordination of means and ends
32. first habits
33. reflexes

 

Conceptual           p. 154                     D

CO: 3                     Easy

 

30. What are the first and last phases in the development of causal schemes during the sensorimotor period?
31. reflexes; experimentation with new means
32. reflexes; insight
33. first habits; insight
34. first habits; experimentation with means

 

Conceptual           p. 154                     B

CO: 3                     Moderate

 

 

31. In what way do the last two phases in the development of causal schemes and experimentation with new means and insight differ? In the last phase,
32. there is no experimentation, just direct solution of a problem.
33. there is no planning.
34. babies use novel means to achieve novel goals.
35. experimentation is carried out mentally rather than directly.

 

Conceptual           p. 155                     D

CO: 3                     Moderate

 

32. Objects do not cease to exist when they are out of reach or view. This concept is referred to as
33. scheme.
34. primitive causality.
35. means-end relationship.
36. object permanence.

 

Conceptual           p. 156                     D

CO: 3                     Easy

 

33. How does one assess an infant’s grasp of object permanence?
34. Give a baby a new object, something he has never seen before, and observe how he plays with it.
35. Remove an object from a baby’s view and observe whether or not the baby pursues the object.
36. Take an object away from a baby and place it among two or three other objects. See if the baby can select the familiar object.
37. Tell the baby “bye-bye” and then see if he/she waves bye-bye to you.

 

Conceptual           p. 156                     B

CO: 3                     Easy

 

34. Piaget’s view of object permanence required the infant to _____ an object; Baillargeon’s view observed _____.
35. pursue; change in looking time
36. grasp; habituation
37. use; asking for an object
38. ask for; crying time

 

Conceptual           p. 156                     A

CO: 3                     Difficult

 

35. Renee Baillargeon has conducted a number of studies to examine infants’ reactions to objects that are hidden from view. Infants as young as 4 months appear to be surprised when a toy car emerges from behind a screen when it should have been blocked. What is the basic purpose of her studies?
36. to detect dimensions of visual acuity in infants
37. to determine an infant’s ability to track a moving object
38. to demonstrate that infants have a mental image of an object even when it is out of view
39. to present information about infants sense of touch to soft objects

 

Conceptual           p. 156                     C

CO: 3                     Moderate

 

36. One cognitive explanation for an infant’s experience of separation anxiety is the
37. baby lacks object permanence.
38. baby is insecurely attached.
39. baby has not yet learned to crawl after the caregiver.
40. baby has no ability to distinguish the caregiver from a stranger.

 

Conceptual           p. 156                     A

CO: 3                     Moderate

 

37. Which of the following categorization tasks can be performed by infants who are about 18 months old?
38. sorting insects into butterflies and bees
39. sorting words into nouns and verbs
40. sorting yellow triangles and human figures into two separate groups
41. none of these

 

Conceptual           p. 157                     C

*CO: 3                   Moderate

 

38. What is the adaptive role of the capacity for categorization?
39. It allows you to approach each object as if it were completely novel.
40. It offers a channel for the expression and interpretation of emotions.
41. It allows for sensory and motor exploration of new objects in the environment.
42. It reduces the amount of information that must be processed for each instance of the category.

 

Conceptual           p. 157                     D

CO: 3                     Difficult

 

39. What is one contribution of emotions to survival?
40. the first indication of sensorimotor adaptation
41. to provide a mechanism for species variability
42. to serve as adult-infant communication
43. to enhance fitness

 

Conceptual           p. 158                     C

CO: 4                     Moderate

 

40. Which of the following is the process through which people develop specific, positive, emotional bonds with others?
41. attachment
42. social referencing
43. emotional differentiation
44. categorization of social objects

 

Conceptual           p. 161                     A

CO: 5                     Easy

 

41. When infants begin to be able to modify their needs for security to include the needs and goals of their caregiver, we say they are achieving a
42. disorganized attachment.
43. goal-corrected partnership.
44. capacity fore categorization.
45. reactive temperament.

 

Conceptual           p. 162                     B

CO: 5                     Moderate

42. Anthony is 4 months old. What behaviors might suggest the formation of a preference for the object of his attachment?
43. Anthony smiles more at the object of attachment than at a stranger.
44. Anthony asks to go along whenever the object of attachment goes on an errand.
45. Anthony follows the object of attachment around the house by creeping and crawling.
46. Anthony finds comfort in holding a scarf that belongs to the object of attachment.

 

Application           p. 162                     A

CO: 5                     Easy

 

43. At about what age do infants form an internal, mental representation of the object of attachment?
44. 9 to 12 months
45. 6 to 9 months
46. 3 to 6 months
47. birth to 3 months

 

Factual                  p. 162                     A

CO: 5                     Moderate

 

44. After 6 months of age the infant may cling more to his parents in the presence of strangers. This is an example of
45. fear syndrome.
46. separation anxiety.
47. stranger anxiety.
48. negative attachment.

 

Application           p. 163                     C

CO: 5                     Moderate

 

45. Which of the following is likely to influence the way a baby reacts to an unfamiliar adult?
46. whether or not the mother works outside the home
47. the mother’s reaction to the adult
48. the adult’s height
49. the adult’s occupation

 

Application           p. 163                     B

CO: 5                     Moderate

 

46. What is one important conclusion drawn from research comparing the attachments of Israeli children to mother, father, and special caregiver (metapelet)?
47. Babies can only form one true attachment.
48. The attachment to one’s mother is more important than the other attachments.
49. Infants can have a variety of attachment relationships that all contribute to social development differently.
50. All attachment relationships are the same.

 

Conceptual           p. 164                     C

CO: 5                     Moderate

 

 

47. Under which conditions would you expect a 9-month-old baby to make the strongest protest over separation?
48. The mother leaves the baby in a laboratory room and closes the door behind her.
49. The mother leaves the baby’s sight but calls out to the baby from another room.
50. The mother leaves the living room and walks into the kitchen while the baby stays in the living room.
51. The mother walks from one laboratory room to an adjoining room while the baby watches.

 

Conceptual           p. 162                     A

*CO: 5                   Moderate

 

48. What is the purpose of the Strange Situation as an experimental procedure?
49. to stimulate the attachment system and observe it under controlled conditions
50. to stimulate alternative approaches to emotional regulation and control
51. to help babies reduce their fear of separation
52. to help parents learn to handle separation from their infants

 

Conceptual           p. 164                     A

CO: 5                     Difficult

 

49. In the Strange Situation, which of the following behaviors are generally not subjected to systematic observations?
50. interactions between the baby and the stranger
51. interactions between the baby and the mother
52. interactions between the baby and the observer
53. the baby’s behavior

 

Conceptual           p. 164                     C

CO: 5                     Easy

 

50. Which of the following is a characteristic of babies who have a disorganized attachment?
51. At home, they cry less than other babies.
52. They actively explore the environment when their mothers are present.
53. They are more distressed when separated from their mothers.
54. They interact with strangers while mothers are present.

 

Conceptual           p. 166                     C

CO: 5                     Moderate

 

51. Babies who avoid contact with their mothers after separation or who ignore her efforts to interact have a(n) _____________ attachment.
52. secure
53. insecure
54. anxious-resistant
55. anxious-avoidant

 

Conceptual           p. 165                     D

CO: 5                     Moderate

 

 

52. Which attachment pattern is linked with the most serious mental health problems in later childhood?
53. anxious-avoidant
54. anxious-resistant
55. secure
56. disorganized

 

Conceptual           p. 166                     D

CO: 5                     Moderate

 

53. Babies who show a(n) ________ attachment appear to cry the most in the home situation.
54. anxious-avoidant
55. anxious-resistant
56. secure
57. undeveloped

 

Factual                  p. 166                     A

*CO: 5                   Difficult

 

54. Infants who show an anxious-resistant attachment appear to have an internal, mental representation of the mother as
55. skewed and simplistic.
56. rejecting.
57. accessible and responsive.
58. unpredictable.

 

Conceptual           p. 165                     D

CO: 5                     Moderate

 

55. When mothers are inconsistent in responsiveness to their babies, the babies are characterized as
56. anxious-avoidant.
57. anxious-resistant.
58. secure.
59. disorganized.

 

Conceptual           p. 165                     B

CO: 5                     Moderate

 

56. A mother who can accurately interpret her baby’s signals and respond appropriately is said to demonstrate
57. sensitivity.
58. good temperament.
59. inhibited attachment.
60. organized security.

 

Conceptual           p. 167                     A

CO: 5                     Easy

 

57. What experiences from the past are most likely to interfere with an adult’s ability to form a secure attachment with an infant?
58. having a mother who responds promptly to signs of distress
59. being an only child
60. disruption of early attachment relationship
61. lack of a high school diploma

 

Conceptual           p. 168                     C

CO: 5                     Moderate

58. In considering the role of culture in attachment formation, cultural beliefs about infants might be evident in which of the following?
59. the caregiver’s interpretation of the urgency of a baby’s cry
60. the caregiver’s age at birth of first child
61. the caregiver’s marital status
62. the caregiver’s participation in a traditional marriage ceremony

 

Conceptual           p. 168                     A

CO: 5                     Moderate

 

59. Which statement best reflects the apparent connection between infant temperament and attachment?
60. The infant’s temperament influences the kinds of parental responses needed to help the infant form a secure attachment.
61. An infant’s temperament is a strong predictor of the type of attachment that will be formed.
62. The infant’s temperament influences the caregiver’s self-esteem.
63. Only sociable babies form secure attachments.

 

Conceptual           p. 169                     A

CO: 5                     Moderate

 

60. A model of factors affecting a caregiver’s sensitivity to an infant’s needs includes 4 factors. Which of the following is not included in this model?
61. a caregiver’s own personal life story
62. characteristics of the infant
63. urban, rural, or suburban community context
64. contemporary factors

 

Factual                  p. 168                     C

CO: 5                     Easy

 

61. Which of the following statements best describes the role of early attachments for later behavior?
62. Attachments formed in infancy are not relevant for understanding relationships in childhood or adolescence.
63. The attachment formed at 12 months may change dramatically by age 2.
64. A secure attachment can become insecure but an insecure attachment cannot become secure.
65. Secure attachments are associated with positive adaptive capacities at 3 to 5 years.

 

Conceptual           p. 169                     D

CO: 5                     Difficult

 

62. Which of the following has been consistently observed to be a consequence of secure attachments formed in infancy?
63. success in job placement after college
64. positive, close peer relationships in childhood and adolescence
65. meaningful relationships with one’s grandchildren in later adulthood
66. an ability to face one’s death without great fear

 

Factual                  p. 169                     B

CO: 5                     Moderate

 

 

63. Two expressions of reactive attachment disorder are
64. inhibited and uninhibited type.
65. expressive and unexpressive type.
66. inhibited and expressive type.
67. none of these.

 

Factual                  p. 159                     A

CO: 5                     Easy

 

64. A person that is very withdrawn, hypervigilant in social contacts, and resistant to comfort is considered a(n)
65. nonsociable type.
66. unexpressive type.
67. inhibited type.
68. slow-to-warm-up type.

 

Factual                  p. 169                     C             www

CO: 5                     Moderate

 

65. Childhood attachment has been found to be associated with
66. self-esteem.
67. peer relationships.
68. romantic relationships.
69. all of these.

 

Factual                  p. 170                     D

CO: 5                     Moderate

 

66. The sensitive period is
67. the period of maximal readiness to achieve a behavior pattern or skill.
68. the age of 2 months for establishing infant/caregiver attachment.
69. not critical to humans.
70. the age of 2 months for establishing trust.

 

Conceptual           p. 166                     A

CO: 5                     Moderate

 

67. Konrad Lorenz applied the concept of critical periods to social development. He identified

the process of ____________ in young birds.

1. adaptation
2. developmental tasks
3. stranger anxiety
4. imprinting

 

Factual                  p. 166                     D

*CO: 5                   Moderate

 

68. Observations of naturally occurring disruptions in the parent-infant relationship suggest that the onset of a sensitive period for attachment occurs at which age?
69. 18 months
70. 12 months
71. 6 months
72. 3 months

 

Conceptual           p. 167                     C

CO: 5                     Moderate

 

69. What aspect of the question regarding a critical period for attachment remains unanswered?
70. Is there a point after which a secure attachment can no longer be formed?
71. What is the time of onset for the critical period for attachment?
72. How stable are attachments formed by the end of the first year of life?
73. When do infants express a preference for an object?

 

Conceptual           p. 167                     A

CO: 5                     Moderate

 

70. The relatively stable characteristics of a child’s response to the environment including activity level, sociability, and emotionality are called
71. temperament.
72. reflexes.
73. attachment.
74. personality.

 

Conceptual           p. 174                     A

CO: 6                     Easy

 

71. Although there are many definitions and explanations about the concept of temperament, theorists tend to agree about 2 points. What is one of these?
72. Theorists focus on the 3 concepts of easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm up.
73. Theorists agree that temperament is stable across the lifespan.
74. Theorists agree that a primary feature of temperament is the child’s positive or negative reaction to environmental stimuli.
75. Theorists agree that a primary feature of temperament is the recognition of causal schemes.

 

Application           p. 174                     A

CO: 6                     Moderate

 

72. What theme related to temperament is illustrated in the case of the Cotton family?
73. Anna’s temperament was a good fit with that of her parents, which made parenting more satisfying.
74. Nancy and Paul had to make many changes in their lifestyle in order to adapt to Anna’s temperament.
75. Nancy and Paul found it impossible to soothe Anna. They had to hire help in order to find someone who could calm Anna and comfort her.
76. Anna’s difficult temperament made Nancy and Paul regret their decision to have children.

 

Application           p. 176                     A

CO: 6                     Moderate

 

73. ___________________ combines fearfulness and a general cautiousness.
74. Behavioral inhibition
75. Problem temperament
76. Terrible two
77. Stranger anxiety

 

Conceptual           p. 175                     A

CO: 6                     Moderate

 

 

74. Juanita is anxious and sings to herself to ease the feelings of fear while waiting for a doctor’s appointment. She is showing what capacities?
75. reactivity
76. coping
77. emotional regulation

d              self-monitoring

 

Application           p. 174                     C

CO: 6                     Difficult

 

75. Children’s outcomes are linked with
76. children’s temperament.
77. parent’s temperament.
78. social experiences.
79. all of these.

 

Factual                  p. 175                     D

CO: 6                     Moderate

 

76. Infants who exhibit a pattern of withdrawal from unfamiliar objects, negative mood, and low level of activity are called
77. difficult.
78. shy.
79. uninhibited.
80. slow to warm up.

 

Conceptual           p. 174                     D

CO: 6                     Easy

 

77. The percentage of infants who do not clearly fit into one of the three categories of temperament is
78. 10%.
79. 20%.
80. 35%.
81. 50%.

 

Factual                  p. 174                     C

CO: 6                     Moderate

 

78. In the case of the Cotton family, how did the baby Anna contribute to family well-being?
79. She increased her father’s sense of competence as a caregiver.
80. She brought enjoyment to her mother.
81. She helped her grandmother cope with the bereavement of having a daughter who died.
82. All of these contribute.

 

Application           p. 176                     D

CO: 6                     Easy

 

 

 

79. Peter Wolff described seven states of arousal among newborn infants. Which of the following is not one of these?
80. pride
81. crying
82. waking activity
83. irregular sleep

 

Conceptual           p. 172                     A

CO: 6                     Easy

 

80. Which of the following is the pattern of development of emotion along the rage-anger dimension?
81. distress, anger, guilt
82. guilt, anger, distress
83. guilt, distress, anger
84. anger, guilt, distress

 

Conceptual           p. 173                     A

CO: 6                     Difficult

 

81. Which of the following is most accurate about infant emotion in the first 2 years of life?
82. Emotions are tied to internal states of pain and pleasure during the first 2 years of life.
83. Emotions change in stage-like progression from internal physical expressions to differentiation of self in relation to others in the environment.
84. Infant emotional expressions remain limited and unchanging during the first 2 years with no stage-like progression.
85. Infant emotions are primarily negative in the first 2 years, reflecting wariness, anger, and defiance.

 

Factual                  p. 173                     B

CO: 6                     Difficult

 

82. Social smiles begin to be observed
83. at about 1 year.
84. at about 20 weeks.
85. at about 5 weeks.
86. 12 hours after birth.

 

Factual                  p. 173                     C

CO: 6                     Moderate

 

83. Which is an example of a cognitive or mastery smile?
84. smile at being tickled
85. smile at making a bell jingle
86. smile at seeing a favorite toy
87. smile at seeing mommy in the morning

 

Conceptual           p. 173                     B

CO: 6                     Easy

 

 

84. What is the relationship of high levels of motor activity and frequent crying at 4 months of age to later development?
85. There is no relationship to later behavior.
86. These babies become high exploring, curious toddlers.
87. These babies show greater fearfulness and shyness at later ages.
88. These babies have fewer behavior problems than the quiet, less active infants.

 

Factual                  p. 174                     C

CO: 6                     Moderate

 

85. Japanese parents try to regulate anger by
86. displacing their feelings of anger toward an acceptable target such as a doll.
87. minimizing their children’s exposure to anger or frustration.
88. encouraging their children to express anger when they feel it.
89. talking about their feelings when they are angry.

 

Factual                  p. 177                     B

CO: 6                     Moderate

 

86. Which of the following family factors is tied to increases in an infant’s negative emotionality?
87. being a first born child
88. high levels of marital dissatisfaction for mother or father
89. low educational level of mother
90. lack of grandparent involvement in childcare

 

Factual                  p. 177                     B

CO: 6                     Moderate

 

87. When parents and infants can understand each other’s emotions, creating and modifying shared interactions in response to each other, this is called
88. intersubjectivity.
89. conformity.
90. equivalence.
91. self-recognition.

 

Conceptual           p. 177                     A

CO: 6                     Moderate

 

88. On her first birthday, Emily looks at her mother as they observe the clown coming to her party. At first Emily is crying. Then her mother smiles and acts very happy, so Emily smiles, too. This is an example of
89. empathy.
90. attachment.
91. visual acuity.
92. social referencing.

 

Application           p. 177                     D

CO: 6                     Moderate

 

 

89. Which term refers to caregiver-infant interactions that are rhythmic, well-timed, and mutually rewarding?
90. synchrony
91. ethology
92. differentiation
93. behavioral system

 

Conceptual           p. 181                     A

*CO: 7                   Moderate

 

90. Which of the following behaviors is not used as evidence that an attachment has been formed?
91. greater relaxation and expressions of comfort with the caregiver
92. greater fretfulness with the caregiver than with strangers
93. expressions of distress when the caregiver is absent
94. efforts by the infant to maintain contact with the caregiver

 

Conceptual           p. 181                     B

CO: 7                     Moderate

 

91. The psychosocial crisis of infancy is
92. initiative versus guilt.
93. autonomy versus shame and doubt.
94. industry versus inferiority.
95. trust versus mistrust.

 

Conceptual           p. 178                     D

CO: 7                     Easy

 

92. Which of the following statements captures the sense of trust?
93. A trusting relationship links confidence about the past with faith about the future.
94. A trusting relationship has nothing to do with the past, only the present.
95. A trusting relationship is only about the other person; not about oneself.
96. A trusting relationship can only be experienced once in a lifetime.

 

Conceptual           p. 178                     A

CO: 7                     Moderate

 

93. If the caregiver is unable to differentiate the infant’s needs or responds harshly to those needs, the infant is likely to develop a sense of
94. mutuality.
95. synchrony.
96. mistrust.
97. hope.

 

Conceptual           p. 179                     C

CO: 7                     Easy

 

94. In the normal pattern of development, mother-infant interactions become increasingly
95. rigid.
96. disengaged.
97. fussy.
98. coordinated.

 

Conceptual           p. 181                     D

CO: 7                     Moderate

 

95. Coordination of infant-caregiver interaction involves two related characteristics, which are
96. causality and categorization.
97. matching and synchrony.
98. crying and smiling.
99. trust and hope.

 

Conceptual           p. 181                     B

CO: 7                     Moderate

 

96. Trust develops as parents
97. make up innovative games to play with their baby.
98. give their child more time to explore the environment.
99. get older.
100. interpret their children’s signals correctly.

 

Conceptual           p. 181                     D

CO: 7                     Moderate

 

97. When infants pay attention to their caregivers, the caregivers attempt to stimulate them. When infants withdraw attention, caregivers reduce their efforts at stimulation. This illustrates the concept of
98. synchrony.
99. trust.
100. communication repair.
101. soothability.

 

Conceptual           p. 181     A

CO: 7                     Moderate

 

98. Within the process of communication, which of the following patterns builds a sense of mutuality between the infant and the caregiver?
99. attend, protest, anger
100. trust, mistrust, withdrawal
101. coordination, mismatch, repair
102. coordination, mismatch, protest

 

Conceptual           p. 181                     C

CO: 7                     Moderate

 

99. The prime adaptive ego quality of infancy is
100. caring.
101. fidelity.
102. will.
103. hope.

 

Conceptual           p. 182                     D

CO: 7                     Moderate

 

 

100. The infant’s sense of self as __________ combined with the caregiver’s sensitivity create the context for the emergence of hope.
101. emotional regulator
102. a permanent object
103. an animate category
104. causal agent

 

Conceptual           p. 182                     D

CO: 7                     Moderate

 

101. _________________ refers to a general orientation of wariness toward people and objects.
102. Anxiety
103. Withdrawal
104. Fear
105. Apprehension

 

Factual                  p. 183                     B

CO: 7                     Moderate

 

102. Cross-cultural observations suggest that infants are likely to be carried for longer periods during the day and for more months during infancy when
103. women marry at younger ages.
104. families live in extended family groups.
105. men help with childcare.
106. there are more physical dangers on the ground.

 

Conceptual           p. 186                     D

CO: 8                     Moderate

 

103. According to the text, many parental behaviors that are important for the development of strong emotional bonds between parents and infants are also important for
104. fostering intellectual growth.
105. achieving autonomy.
106. fostering communication mismatch.
107. producing early signs of depression.

 

Conceptual           p. 187                     A

CO: 8                     Moderate

 

104. In what way are fathers’ interactions likely to differ from mothers’ interactions with their infants?
105. Fathers are more likely to respond to the infants’ signals.
106. Fathers do more care giving, such as feeding and bathing.
107. Fathers interact in more physically playful ways.
108. Fathers focus more on fostering a sense of comfort and trust.

 

Conceptual           p. 188                     C

CO: 8                     Moderate

 

 

 

 

 

 

Post-Test Questions from Student Study Guide

 

105. Sensory experiences can strengthen certain neural pathways in the infant brain while less used pathways may disappear. This is called ____.
106. habituation
107. intersubjectivity
108. visual acuity
109. plasticity

 

Factual                  p. 142                     D

CO: 1                     Moderate

 

106. Which of the following sensory/motor systems is least well developed in newborns?
107. voluntary motor activity b. hearing
108. vision
109. taste

 

Factual                  p. 148                     A

CO: 1                     Moderate

 

107. Which of the following motor skills is not acquired during the first year of life?
108. standing alone
109. rolling over
110. running
111. crawling

 

Factual                  p. 150     C

CO: 1                     Moderate

 

108. Infants who are inactive and have mild, low-key reactions to new environmental stimuli, are generally negative in mood, and have a hard time adjusting to new situations are considered to fall within which temperament category?
109. insecure
110. difficult
111. secure
112. slow-to-warm-up

 

Factual                  p. 174                     B

CO: 1                     Moderate

 

109. During the second half of the first year, two signs of a child’s growing attachment to a specific other person are ____.
110. rooting and grasping
111. first habits and circular reactions
112. stranger anxiety and separation anxiety
113. intersubjectivity and matching

 

Factual                  p. 163     C

CO: 2                     Moderate

 

 

110. Three critiques of the attachment paradigm are presented in the text and focus on the __________ aspect of parenting behaviors. (pp. 170-171)
111. socioeconomic
112. cultural
113. nutritional
114. educational

 

Factual                  p. 170-171            B

CO: 5                     Easy

 

111. Which of the following is used as evidence that an attachment has been formed?
112. An infant calls to his or her attachment figure by name.
113. An infant shows distress when the loved person comes near.
114. An infant acts fussier in the afternoons than in the evenings.
115. An infant tries to maintain physical contact with the object of attachment.

 

Factual                  p. 162                     D

CO: 2                     Moderate

 

112. Jackie actively explores the room at her aunt’s house while her mother is sitting on the couch. When mom leaves to get a drink in the kitchen, Jackie fusses, but she calms down quickly as soon as mom returns. Jackie may be best described as having a(n) __________ attachment.
113. secure
114. anxious-avoidant
115. disorganized
116. anxious-resistant

 

Factual                  p. 165                     A

CO: 2                     Moderate

 

113. According to Piaget’s theory, what is the primary mechanism underlying the growth of intelligence during infancy?
114. synchrony
115. intersubjectivity
116. sensorimotor adaptation
117. assimilation

 

Factual                  p. 152     C

CO: 3                     Moderate

 

114. The first phase in the development of causal schemes is the phase of _______.
115. insight
116. circular reactions
117. reflexes
118. smiling

 

Factual                  p. 154                     C

CO: 3                     Moderate

 

 

115. Which of the following is not an example of sensorimotor intelligence?
116. pulling Dad’s beard so he looks at infant
117. shaking rattle to get Mom’s attention
118. rolling over on tummy
119. cooing to elicit smile from caregiver

 

Conceptual           p. 155     C

CO: 3                     Easy

 

116. Amanda, who is 5 1/2 months old, discovers that if she lets her spoon drop it will fall to the floor and make a noise. She repeatedly drops her spoon and expresses great delight. This behavior is an example of ___________.
117. imprinting
118. sensorimotor causality
119. attachment
120. object permanence

 

Application           p. 156                     D

CO: 4                     Moderate

 

117. Which of the following is among the earliest emotions to be expressed in infancy before 6 months of age?
118. pride
119. pleasure
120. defiance
121. guilt

 

Factual                  p. 172                     B

CO: 5                     Moderate

 

118. ____________ illustrates how members of a cultural group build a shared view of reality during infancy.
119. Primary circular reactions
120. Social referencing
121. Self-regulation
122. none of these

 

Application                           p. 178                     B

CO: 5                     Moderate

 

119. In infancy, trust refers to the infant’s sense that he or she is ___________.
120. skillful and resourceful
121. creative
122. intelligent
123. valued

 

Conceptual           p. 178                     D

CO: 6                     Moderate

 

120. Mistrust may develop if a caregiver is unusually harsh while meeting an infant’s needs or if ____________.
121. the caregiver responds too quickly
122. the caregiver talks to the infant too much
123. the caregiver caters to the child’s every whim
124. the caregiver cannot identify the child’s needs and respond appropriately to them

 

Factual                  p. 180                     D

CO: 6                     Moderate

 

121. Which of the following is the central process for resolving the psychosocial crisis of infancy?
122. education
123. social support
124. mutuality with the caregiver
125. imitation

 

Conceptual           p. 180                     C

CO: 6                     Moderate

 

122. Social support is viewed as effective when _____________________.
123. parents feel isolated
124. parents are unable to interpret childrearing problems
125. validation of parental roles is present
126. it is offered by strangers

Conceptual           p. 189                     C

CO: 8                     Moderate

 

123. Within the process of communication the pattern of coordination, mismatch, and repair builds a sense of ___________ between the infant and the caregiver.
124. mistrust
125. causality
126. anxiety
127. mutuality

 

Conceptual           pp. 181  D

CO: 6                     Moderate

 

124. In their parental roles, fathers in the United States tend to emphasize ______ while mothers tend to emphasize _________.
125. physical play; caregiving
126. the process of development; product
127. object permanence; the development of causal schemes
128. intersubjectivity; communication repair

 

Factual                  p. 188                     A

CO: 7                     Moderate

 

TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS

125. The average full-term baby in the United States weighs about 7 to 7.5 pounds and is 20 inches long.

 

CO: 1                     p. 139                     T

 

126. Vagal tone is the sound a neonate hears at birth.

 

CO: 1                     p. 140                     F

 

127. Babies as young as 4 months display object permanence.

 

CO: 3                     p. 156                     T

 

 

128. Infants cannot categorize since they do not have enough words in their vocabulary yet.

 

CO: 3                     p. 157                     F

 

129. Classification of objects becomes more sophisticated over the childhood years.

 

CO: 3                     p. 157                     T

 

130. People with damage to the prefrontal cortex are unable to respond impulsively to environmental stimuli.

 

CO: 3                     p. 153                     F

 

131. If a mother speaks in a positive tone of voice to her baby about a stranger, the baby will cry because of stranger anxiety.

 

CO: 5                     p. 163                     F

 

132. Separation anxiety can be displayed when a 9 month-old baby is separated from its mother for 30 minutes.

 

CO: 5                     p. 163                     T

 

133. When a toddler reverts to more immature forms of behavior, it may be a sign of stress.

 

CO: 5                     p. 163                     T

 

134. Infants in a poor quality care center-based setting are more likely to develop secure attachments with their mothers.

 

CO: 5                     p. 164                     F

 

135. No matter what culture an infant is raised in, mothers will respond just as quickly to a crying baby.

 

CO: 5                     p. 164                     F

 

136. Depressed mothers are less verbally stimulating and less playful when interacting with their infants.

 

CO: 5                     p. 169                     T

 

137. Children who spend infancy in institutions with a high turnover in caregivers have difficulty forming close relationships later.

 

CO: 5                     p. 167                     T

 

138. Research supports the idea that child outcomes are a product of child temperament and parenting strategies.

 

CO: 6                     p. 175                     T

 

139. Infant cries communicate a different level of need through pitch, tempo, and duration.

 

CO: 7                     p. 181                     T

 

140. High levels of marital dissatisfaction are correlated with infant negative behavior.

 

CO: 7                     p. 181                     T

 

141. For infants, trust is an emotion.

 

CO: 7                     p. 178                     T

 

142. Oxytocin has been shown to decrease trust in humans.

 

CO: 7                     p. 179                     F

 

143. Mothers who were mistreated as children are more involved with their own child.

 

CO: 7                     p. 182                     F

 

144. The only effect of a parent’s mental illness on a child is if the parent becomes violent.

 

CO: 7                     p. 182                     F

 

145. Non-depressed mothers typically engage in touching, talking, soothing, and comforting their infants more than depressed mothers.

 

CO: 7                     p. 182                     T

 

146. People who have higher levels of hopefulness undertake more goals and more difficult tasks in life.

 

CO: 7                     p. 182                     T

 

147. African cultures carry infants longer than industrialized countries because they care more about infant safety.

 

CO: 7                     p. 186                     F

 

148. Optimal infant development includes being available when your child needs you.

 

CO: 7                     p. 187                     T

MATCHING QUESTIONS

 

149. Match the term with its definition.

Term

1. Productive language
2. Receptive language
3. Holophases
4. Baby signs

 

Definitions

1. ability to understand words
2. gesture training in language development
3. single word utterance accompanied by gestures

4              ability to produce words

 

CO: 4                     pp. 159 – 160        a-4, b-1, c-3, d-2

 

 

150. Match the stage in the development of social attachment with the best description of what happens during that stage.

Stage in the Development of Social Attachment

1. Stage 1 (birth to 3 months)
2. Stage 2 (3 to 6 months)
3. Stage 3 (6 to 9 months)
4. Stage 4 (9 to 12 months)
5. Stage 5 (12 months and older)

 

Description of What Happens in a Stage

1. infant forms internal mental representation of object of attachment
2. infant uses sucking, rooting, gazing, smiling, cuddling, and visual tracking to maintain closeness
3. infant seeks physical proximity and contact with caregiver
4. infant more responsive to familiar figures than to strangers
5. child uses a variety of behaviors to influence the behavior of objects of attachment in ways that will satisfy needs for safety and closeness

 

CO: 5                     p. 162                     a-2, b-4, c-3, d-1, e-5

 

151. Match the pattern of attachment with the behaviors that accompany it.

Patterns of Attachment

1. Secure attachment
2. Anxious-avoidant attachment
3. Anxious-resistant attachment
4. Disorganized attachment

 

Behaviors

1. show less distress at being alone than other babies
2. no consistent strategy for managing the stress of separation
3. very cautious in the presence of strangers and hard to soothe upon caregiver’s return
4. actively explore their environment and interact with strangers when mothers are present

 

CO: 5                     pp. 165-166                          a-4, b-1, c-3, d-2

 

152. Match the infant temperament to the description.

Infant Temperament

1. easy
2. slow to warm up
3. difficult

 

Description

1. 10% of sample
2. slow to adapt
3. low or moderate intensity of reaction

 

CO: 6                     p. 174                     a-3, b-2, c-1

 

ESSAY QUESTIONS

 

153. Give three reasons why very-low-birth-weight babies are at risk for cognitive delays.

 

*CO: 1                   pp. 140-141

 

 

154. Explain how infants use their sensorimotor experience to organize experience and communicate with their caregivers.

 

CO: 3                     pp. 152-153

 

155. What are two characteristics of mothers whose babies develop anxious-avoidant attachment?

 

*CO: 5                   p. 166

 

156. Give two examples of relationships formed in adolescence or adulthood that may be influenced by the quality of early attachments.

 

CO: 5                     pp. 169-170

 

157. Discuss some ways that culture influences emotional expression and emotional regulation during infancy.

 

CO: 6                     p. 177                     www

 

158. What are some ways mistrust may be expressed in behavior?

 

CO: 7                     p. 179

 

159. What are three ways that the prime adaptive ego qualities influence a person’s outlook on life?

 

*CO: 7                   pp. 182-183

 

160. Discuss the role of parents in promoting optimal development for their infants. How does the psychosocial perspective influence the way the parent role is analyzed in this text?

 

CO: 8                     pp. 187-189          www