Elements of Ecology 9th Edition by Thomas M. Smith - Test Bank

Elements of Ecology 9th Edition by Thomas M. Smith – Test Bank

 

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Elements of Ecology, 9e (Smith)

Chapter 5   Adaptation and Natural Selection

 

5.1   Short Answer Questions

 

1) An organism’s structure and ________ reflect adaptations to its particular environment.

Answer:  function

Topic:  Introduction to Chapter 5

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

2) ________ is the differential success of individuals in a population in response to environmental conditions.

Answer:  Natural selection

Topic:  Section 5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

3) A(n) ________ is any heritable behavioral, morphological, or physiological trait of an organism that has evolved over a period of time by the process of natural selection.

Answer:  adaptation

Topic:  Section 5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

4) The alternate forms of a gene are called ________.

Answer:  alleles

Topic:  Section 5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

5) A(n) ________ individual has the same alleles at the same locus on homologous chromosomes.

Answer:  homozygous

Topic:  Section 5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

6) All of the DNA in a cell is collectively called the ________.

Answer:  genome

Topic:  Section 5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

7) The outward appearance of an organism for a given characteristic is called its ________.

Answer:  phenotype

Topic:  Section 5.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

 

8) If the physical expression of a heterozygous individual is intermediate between those of the homozygotes, the alleles are ________.

Answer:  codominant

Topic:  Section 5.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

9) Phenotypic characteristics that have a continuous distribution are considered to be ________ traits.

Answer:  quantitative

Topic:  Section 5.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

10) When genetic variation occurs among subpopulations of the same species, it is known as genetic ________.

Answer:  differentiation

Topic:  Section 5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

11) The sum of genetic information (alleles) across all individuals in a population at any one time is called the ________.

Answer:  gene pool

Topic:  Section 5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

12) Reversible phenotypic changes in an individual organism in response to changing environmental conditions are referred to as ________.

Answer:  acclimation

Topic:  Section 5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

13) The sum of genetic information (alleles) across all individuals in the population is referred to as the ________.

Answer:  gene pool

Topic:  Section 5.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

14) The phenotypic trait that selection acts upon directly is referred to as the ________ of selection.

Answer:  target

Topic:  Section 5.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

15) The type of natural selection in which the mean value of a trait is shifted toward one extreme is called ________ selection.

Answer:  directional

Topic:  Section 5.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

16) ________ are heritable changes in a gene or chromosome.

Answer:  Mutations

Topic:  Section 5.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

17) ________ mating occurs when individuals choose mates nonrandomly with respect to some phenotypic trait.

Answer:  Assortative

Topic:  Section 5.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

18) ________ is the mating of individuals in the population that are more closely related than expected by random chance.

Answer:  Inbreeding

Topic:  Section 5.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

19) A(n) ________ is a measurable, gradual change over a geographic region in the average value of a trait.

Answer:  cline

Topic:  Section 5.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

20) A(n) ________ is a population that has adapted to its unique local environmental conditions.

Answer:  ecotype

Topic:  Section 5.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

21) A population of a species that is distinguishable from other populations by one or more characteristics is referred to as a(n) ________.

Answer:  subspecies

Topic:  Section 5.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

22) The process by which one species gives rise to multiple species that exploit different features of the environment is called ________.

Answer:  adaptive radiation

Topic:  Section 5.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

 

5.2   Multiple-Choice Questions

 

1)  The mechanism of evolution proposed by Charles Darwin in The Origin of Species is

1. A) acclimatization.
2. B) natural selection.
3. C) acquired inheritance.
4. D) adaptation.

Answer:  B

Topic:  Introduction to Chapter 5

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

2) The fitness of an individual is measured by

1. A) the proportion of heterozygous alleles within its genome.
2. B) its body size.
3. C) its efficiency in obtaining energy.
4. D) the proportionate contribution it makes to future generations.

Answer:  D

Topic:  Section 5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

3) The specific traits of a particular organism enabling it to survive, grow, and reproduce within a given environment are called

1. A) mutations.
2. B) genes.
3. C) adaptations.
4. D) phenotypes.

Answer:  C

Topic:  Section 5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

4) A gene is

1. A) a stretch of DNA coding for a polypeptide chain (sequence of amino acids).
2. B) a microscopic, threadlike body within a cell.
3. C) any heritable behavioral, morphological, or physiological trait of an organism.
4. D) all of the DNA in a cell.

Answer:  A

Topic:  Section 5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

5) The alternate forms of a gene are called

1. A) chromosomes.
2. B) loci.
3. C) alleles.
4. D) genomes.

Answer:  C

Topic:  Section 5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

6) The color of a flower is controlled by two alternative alleles at a single locus, R (red) and r (white). If an individual has the Rr alleles, it is considered to be

1. A) homozygous dominant with a red color.
2. B) heterozygous with a red color.
3. C) heterozygous with a white color.
4. D) homozygous recessive with a white color.

Answer:  B

Topic:  Section 5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Application/Analysis

 

7) An allele that completely masks the effect of another allele is considered

1. A) codominant.
2. B) dominant.
3. C) ineffective.
4. D) recessive.

Answer:  B

Topic:  Section 5.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

8) Which of the following characteristics is an example of a qualitative trait?

1. A) flower color
2. B) arm length
3. C) body weight
4. D) root length

Answer:  A

Topic:  Section 5.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Application/Analysis

 

9) The tongue length of an animal is controlled by two alternative alleles at a single locus, L (long) and l (short). If an individual has parents that are both homozygous dominant, it will be

1. A) homozygous dominant with a long tongue.
2. B) heterozygous with a long tongue.
3. C) heterozygous with a short tongue.
4. D) homozygous recessive with a long tongue.

Answer:  A

Topic:  Section 5.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Application/Analysis

 

10) Traits that have a continuous distribution are known as

1. A) quantitative traits.
2. B) qualitative traits.
3. C) phenotypic traits.
4. D) genotypic traits.

Answer:  A

Topic:  Section 5.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

11) The gene pool refers to all of the genetic information within a

1. A) cell.
2. B) individual.
3. C) population.
4. D) species.

Answer:  C

Topic:  Section 5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

12)

 

Plants grown under a medium light condition would exhibit how much biomass?

1. A) 5g
2. B) 20g
3. C) 30g
4. D) 45g

Answer:  B

Topic:  Section 5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Application/Analysis

 

13) The expression of different phenotypic traits for a given genotype under different environmental conditions is referred to as

1. A) acclimation.
2. B) phenotypic plasticity.
3. C) developmental plasticity.
4. D) habituation.

Answer:  C

Topic:  Section 5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

14) If a population has an allele frequency of 1.0, you would say that

1. A) the allele frequency is ideal.
2. B) genetic variation of that allele is low.
3. C) genetic variation of that allele is high.
4. D) that allele is under selection.

Answer:  B

Topic:  Section 5.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Synthesis/Evaluation

 

15) Identical twin raccoons are raised in different environments and yet behave very differently. This is an example of

1. A) heterozygous alleles.
2. B) the norm of reaction.
3. C) genetic differentiation.
4. D) acclimation.

Answer:  B

Topic:  Section 5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Application/Analysis

 

16) Which of the following represents acclimation?

1. A) Deeper beaks evolve in a population.
2. B) Marine lionfish are able to tolerate freshwater in estuaries.
3. C) Tropical trees grow taller than temperate ones to compete for light.
4. D) Poisonous animals are brightly colored to ward off predators.

Answer:  B

Topic:  Section 5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Application/Analysis

 

17) Researchers Rosemary and Peter Grant have discovered that beak size frequency of Galápagos Island medium ground finch populations varies with all the following, except

1. A) rainfall.
2. B) seed hardness.
3. C) seed size.
4. D) seed color.

Answer:  D

Topic:  Section 5.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

18) If birds with larger beaks are favored by the environment, it is likely that ________ selection will occur.

1. A) directional
2. B) disruptive
3. C) stabilizing
4. D) standardizing

Answer:  A

Topic:  Section 5.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Application/Analysis

 

19) Measurements of bill length in a population of seed-eating birds reveals two distinct groups: small-billed individuals feeding on soft-shelled seeds and large-billed individuals feeding on hard-shelled seeds. This bimodal distribution most likely resulted from

1. A) stabilizing selection.
2. B) natural selection.
3. C) directional selection.
4. D) disruptive selection.

Answer:  D

Topic:  Section 5.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Application/Analysis

 

20) Several years of heavy precipitation occur on the Galápagos Islands. What do you predict would happen to the beaks of Darwin’s medium ground finches?

1. A) Populations would crash.
2. B) Disruptive selection on seed size would occur.
3. C) Midparent beak size would decrease.
4. D) Offspring beak depth would increase.

Answer:  D

Topic:  Section 5.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Synthesis/Evaluation

 

21) Peter and Rosemary Grant are known for their work on

1. A) Tenebrionid beetles.
2. B) marine iguanas.
3. C) Galápagos tortoises.
4. D) Darwin’s finches.

Answer:  D

Topic:  Section 5.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

 

22) What is the primary original source of genetic variation in a population?

1. A) mutation
2. B) genetic drift
3. C) blending inheritance
4. D) cloning

Answer:  A

Topic:  Section 5.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

23) Under which of the following conditions would genetic drift exert the greatest influence?

1. A) a population with a large range
2. B) a very small population
3. C) a very large population
4. D) a population that has access to sufficient resources

Answer:  B

Topic:  Section 5.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

24) The movement of genes between populations is referred to as

1. A) mutation.
2. B) migration.
3. C) genetic drift.
4. D) gene flow.

Answer:  D

Topic:  Section 5.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

25) The effect of positive assortative mating is to

1. A) increase the number of homozygotes in the population.
2. B) increase the number of heterozygotes in the population.
3. C) reduce the number of individuals with diseases in the population.
4. D) increase the fertility of individuals in the population.

Answer:  A

Topic:  Section 5.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

26) In tiger salamanders one phenotype is cannibalistic while another is not. Both are stable strategies. Which form of selection is best represented by this scenario?

1. A) stabilizing
2. B) directional
3. C) disruptive
4. D) proportional

Answer:  C

Topic:  Section 5.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Synthesis/Evaluation

 

 

27) Squirrels tend to have larger body sizes at higher latitudes. This could be an example of

1. A) acclimation.
2. B) positive assortative mating.
3. C) a cline.
4. D) the Hardy-Weinberg principle.

Answer:  C

Topic:  Section 5.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Application/Analysis

28) A gradual change in phenotype across an environmental gradient, such as white-tailed deer changing gradually in size from large in the north to small in the south, is referred to as

1. A) migration.
2. B) a subspecies.
3. C) a cline.
4. D) an ecotype.

Answer:  C

Topic:  Section 5.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

29) Geographic isolates of a particular species that differ from other populations by one or more characteristics are considered to be

1. A) clines.
2. B) subspecies.
3. C) evolutionary “dead ends.”
4. D) ecotypes.

Answer:  B

Topic:  Section 5.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

30) Individual beak size of individual finches of the Galápagos Islands

1. A) may change during a bird’s lifetime.
2. B) will always match the beak size useful for seed foraging.
3. C) has nothing to do with overall population characteristics.
4. D) will greatly influence individual survival.

Answer:  D

Topic:  Section 5.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

31) The Galápagos Islands are inhabited by 13 species of Darwin’s finches that evolved from a single species. This is an example of

1. A) clinal variation.
2. B) adaptive radiation.
3. C) directional selection.
4. D) genetic drift.

Answer:  B

Topic:  Section 5.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

32) The simplest response an individual organism can make to a change in environmental conditions is to

1. A) remain still.
2. B) move to a more suitable location.
3. C) produce offspring that are better suited to the new conditions.
4. D) reduce foraging activity.

Answer:  B

Topic:  Section 5.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

33) According to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, which of the following must be true for gene frequencies in a population to remain the same?

1. A) Mating is random.
2. B) Mutations occur consistently.
3. C) The population is small.
4. D) Natural selection occurs.

Answer:  A

Topic:  Quantifying Ecology 5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

34) In the Hardy-Weinberg equation P + H + Q = 1, what does “Q” represent?

1. A) total number of individuals in the population
2. B) frequency of heterozygotes
3. C) frequency of dominant homozygotes
4. D) frequency of recessive homozygotes

Answer:  D

Topic:  Quantifying Ecology 5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

35) A transgenic organism is one that

1. A) changes gene frequency over time.
2. B) provides gene information to another organism.
3. C) changes gender over time.
4. D) has received genetic information from another organism.

Answer:  D

Topic:  Ecological Issues & Applications 5: Genetic Engineering

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

36) Bt corn is

1. A) adapted to resist Bt pesticides.
2. B) grown only on no till farms.
3. C) a variety that possesses genes from a bacterium.
4. D) a drought tolerant form of corn.

Answer:  C

Topic:  Ecological Issues & Applications 5: Genetic Engineering

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

37) In a population with a q allele frequency of 0.6, what would the frequency of allele p be?

1. A) 0.6
2. B) 0.5
3. C) 0.36
4. D) 0.4

Answer:  D

Topic:  Quantifying Ecology 5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Application/Analysis

38) What is the allele frequency of q in a population with genotypic frequencies of P = 0.3, H = 0.4, and Q = 0.3?

1. A) 0.3
2. B) 0.5
3. C) 0.6
4. D) 0.9

Answer:  B

Topic:  Quantifying Ecology 5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Application/Analysis

 

5.3   True/False Questions

 

1) Charles Darwin advocated a theory of evolution that involved individuals acquiring useful characteristics during their lifetimes.

Answer:  FALSE

Topic:  Section 5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

2) A trait cannot be subject to natural selection unless it is heritable.

Answer:  TRUE

Topic:  Section 5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

3) An individual evolves during its lifetime.

Answer:  FALSE

Topic:  Section 5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

4) Genes are arranged in threadlike bodies called chromosomes.

Answer:  TRUE

Topic:  Section 5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

5) The position occupied by a gene on the chromosome is called the locus.

Answer:  TRUE

Topic:  Section 5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

6) Most traits are influenced by only one locus.

Answer:  FALSE

Topic:  Section 5.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

7) The expression of most phenotypic traits is affected to varying degrees by the environment.

Answer:  TRUE

Topic:  Section 5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

8) Changes due to developmental plasticity are reversible.

Answer:  FALSE

Topic:  Section 5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

9) The selective agent is the environmental cause of fitness differences among organisms with different phenotypes.

Answer:  TRUE

Topic:  Section 5.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

10) Disruptive selection favors individuals possessing traits near the mean value of a population.

Answer:  FALSE

Topic:  Section 5.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

11) Most mutations are beneficial.

Answer:  FALSE

Topic:  Section 5.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

12) Inbreeding is usually beneficial to a population because it increases genetic diversity.

Answer:  FALSE

Topic:  Section 5.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

13) Gene flow is restricted between subspecies because of some extrinsic barrier, such as rivers or mountain ridges.

Answer:  TRUE

Topic:  Section 5.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

14) Ecotypes are variants within a species that are adapted to local environmental conditions.

Answer:  TRUE

Topic:  Section 5.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

15) Variation within and among species would increase dramatically if the environment were homogeneous.

Answer:  FALSE

Topic:  Section 5.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

16) The characteristics maximize the fitness of an individual under one set of environmental conditions generally limit its fitness under a different set of conditions.

Answer:  TRUE

Topic:  Section 5.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

5.4   Essay Questions

 

1) Define an adaptation and describe how it relates to natural selection.

Topic:  Section 5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Application/Analysis

2) Use an example to explain how and why the genotype and environment influence the phenotype of an organism.

Topic:  Sections 5.2 and 5.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Application/Analysis

 

3) Describe the differences between stabilizing, disruptive, and directional selection.

Topic:  Section 5.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

4) According to the research of Beren Robinson, how would you expect stickleback species to differ between two lakes, one of which supports two species of stickleback and the other has a single species?

Topic:  Section 5.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

5) Explain how the effects of mutation, genetic drift, and gene flow influence the genetic variation of a population.

Topic:  Section 5.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Application/Analysis

 

6) Define a cline and a subspecies, and explain how they are affected by gene flow.

Topic:  Section 5.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Knowledge/Comprehension

 

7) Explain the difference between phenotypic plasticity and adaptation, and suggest how you would collect data that would distinguish between them.

Topic:  Section 5.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  Synthesis/Evaluation