Essentials of Criminal Justice International Edition 8th Edition by Larry J. Siegel - Test Bank

Essentials of Criminal Justice International Edition 8th Edition by Larry J. Siegel – Test Bank

 

Instant Download – Complete Test Bank With Answers

 

 

Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

TEST BANK

Chapter 5

 

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1. Regardless of the size of the policing organization this person has general administrative control and sets policy for all of the department’s operating branches

a.	Democratic Appointee
b.	CompStat
c.	Chief of Police
d.	Chief of Hot Spots

 

ANS: C                    REF:  p. 95              OBJ:  01

 

2. How do most municipal police departments determine promotion eligibility?

a.	Intelligence testing
b.	Physical agility
c.	Arrest performance
d.	Time-in-rank

 

ANS: D                   REF:  p. 95              OBJ:  01

 

3. The time-in-rank system used in police departments often discourages the:

a.	recruitment and hiring of college-educated officers.
b.	recruitment and hiring of minority officers.
c.	transfer of experienced officers to other departments.
d.	use of a military-like organizational structure.

 

ANS: C                    REF:  p. 95              OBJ:  01

 

4. More than half of the contact that police officers engage in with civilians is spent?

a.	Catching Criminals
b.	handling traffic related matters
c.	Ferreting out drug deals
d.	Investigating crime

 

ANS: B                    REF:  p. 96              OBJ:  01

 

5. UCR data suggests that the average police officer makes less than one felony arrest every ____ months.

a.	2
b.	4
c.	6
d.	8

 

ANS: B                    REF:  p. 96              OBJ:  02

6. Which of the following is not one of the major purposes of police patrol?

a.	Deter crime through police presence
b.	Aid individuals who cannot help themselves
c.	Facilitate the movement of traffic and people
d.	Issue arrest warrants

 

ANS: D                   REF:  p. 96-97         OBJ:  03

 

7. Jurisdictions that encourage patrol officers to aggressively arrest and detain suspicious persons experience lower crime rates than other jurisdictions that do not practice this type of policing?

a.	Reactive
b.	Neighborhood Snitching
c.	Preventive
d.	Proactive

 

ANS: D                   REF:  p. 98              OBJ:  03

 

8. While there are many goals of patrol, most police experts agree that the majority of police patrol efforts are devoted to:

a.	crime fighting.
b.	order maintenance.
c.	responding to emergencies.
d.	deterring crime.

 

ANS: B                    REF:  p. 100            OBJ:  03

 

9. What was the principle finding of the Kansas City study?

a.	It is significant what type of patrol model you implement.
b.	There is little evidence that police patrol deters crime.
c.	Patrol techniques can have a significant impact on citizens’ attitudes.
d.	Patrol techniques can significantly impact citizens’ satisfaction with police.

 

ANS: B                    REF:  p. 98-99         OBJ:  03

 

10. ____ policing is a department policy that emphasizes stopping crimes before they occur rather than reacting to crimes that have already occurred.

a.	Community
b.	Proactive
c.	Deterrent
d.	Reactive

 

ANS: B                    REF:  p. 98              OBJ:  04

 

11. Based on research like the Kansas City study, what is the prevailing wisdom on preventive patrols?

a.	The number of patrol cars on the street and their visibility to citizens has little impact on the crime rate.
b.	More patrol cars on the street can deter specific types of crime, such as motor vehicle theft and vandalism.
c.	Fewer patrol cars on the street results in higher crime rates.
d.	Patrol cars should be assigned to a reactive response mode only.

 

ANS: A                   REF:  p. 98              OBJ:  04

 

12. Aggressive patrol in New York City during the 1990s has been credited with a reduction in:

a.	prostitution
b.	violent crime
c.	drug dealing
d.	property crime

 

ANS: B                    REF:  p. 98-99         OBJ:  04

 

13. The Kansas City Gun Experiment is an example of:

a.	problem-oriented policing.
b.	community policing.
c.	reactive patrolling.
d.	a police crackdown targeting a specific type of crime problem.

 

ANS: D                   REF:  p. 98-99         OBJ:  04

 

14. Which of the following is a method of improving patrol?

a.	Aggressive patrol
b.	Targeting specific crimes
c.	Making more arrests
d.	All of these

 

ANS: D                   REF:  p. 98-100       OBJ:  04

 

15. The statement “Aggressive policing increases community perception that police arrest many criminals and therefore most violators get caught” is an example of what?
16. a deterrent effect
17. a proactive effect
18. an aggressive effect
19. sheer luck

 

ANS: A                       REF: p. 98       OBJ:  04

 

16. What was a result of the Kansas City Gun Experiment?

a.	There was a measurable effect on gun crimes in the target area during the experiment.
b.	Assaults on police officers increased in the target area.
c.	Gun crimes in the target area marginally increased.
d.	Gun crimes were displaced to contiguous beats.

 

ANS: A                   REF:  p. 98-99         OBJ:  04

 

17. Which of the following statements is true?

a.	Criminal investigation is a key element of police work.
b.	Detectives are often handicapped by limited time, money, and resources.
c.	Modern criminal investigators are usually knowledgeable about legal rules of evidence and procedure.
d.	All of these statements are true

 

ANS: D                   REF:  p. 101-104     OBJ:  05

 

18. The vice squad specializes in:

a.	violent crime
b.	property crime
c.	crimes of public morals
d.	sex crime

 

ANS: C                    REF:  p. 103            OBJ:  05

 

19. What is the term used to describe organized groups of detectives who deceive criminals into openly committing illegal acts or conspiring to engage in criminal activity?

a.	Detective bureau
b.	Sting operations
c.	Community policing
d.	Proactive patrol

 

ANS: B                    REF:  p. 103            OBJ:  05

 

20. In Martin Innes’ study of investigation techniques he found that police rely heavily on _________ that includes canvas of neighborhoods, interviews with friends/family and constructing victim/suspect timelines to solve a crime.
21. Specific Focus
22. General coverage
23. Technology and Crime Mapping
24. PERF

 

ANS: B                    REF: 101                 OBJ:  05

 

21. Which of the following is a commonly cited source of ineffective investigation?

a.	Length of investigation
b.	Poor sources of information
c.	Poor follow-up on initial calls for service
d.	All of these

 

ANS: D                   REF:  p. 104            OBJ:  05

22. Community policing is often exemplified by which of the following models?

a.	Broken windows
b.	Shattered promises
c.	Urban decay
d.	Urban blight

 

ANS: A                   REF:  p. 106-107     OBJ:  07

 

23. Which of the following is not a fundamental assumption of the broken windows model?

a.	Neighborhood disorder creates fear.
b.	Neighborhoods can give out crime-promoting signals.
c.	Police require citizen cooperation.
d.	Reactive patrol is necessary.

 

ANS: D                   REF:  p. 99-100       OBJ:  04

 

24. Which of the following is not a focus of community policing?

a.	Order maintenance
b.	Emergency service
c.	Crime fighting
d.	Problem solving

 

ANS: C                    REF:  p. 106-107     OBJ:  07

 

25. Community oriented policing links police effectiveness to:

a.	productive interaction with the community being served.
b.	interrelationships between cooperative police agencies.
c.	efficient utilization of existing personnel.
d.	optimized usage of advanced technology.

 

ANS: A                   REF:  p. 106-107     OBJ:  07

 

26. Which of the following police operations best exemplifies community oriented policing?

a.	A sting operation where officers pose as fences of stolen property
b.	Creation of a well armed SWAT team trained in hostage negotiation
c.	Computerized data terminals installed on the dash of all patrol cars
d.	The hiring of bilingual officers to patrol ethnic neighborhoods

 

ANS: D                   REF:  p. 106-109     OBJ:  07

 

27. What have evaluations of foot patrol programs in New Jersey and Michigan demonstrated?

a.	The crime rate went down in foot patrol beats.
b.	The crime rate went up in foot patrol beats.
c.	Officer job satisfaction increased.
d.	Citizen attitudes toward the police improved.

 

ANS: D                   REF:  p. 106-112     OBJ:  03

28. The concept of hot spots of crime is most closely associated with which model of policing?

a.	Community-oriented policing (COP)
b.	Neighborhood oriented policing (NOP)
c.	Problem-oriented policing (POP)
d.	Police-community relations (PCR)

 

ANS: C                    REF:  p. 112            OBJ:  08

 

29. What is Operation Ceasefire?

a.	A problem-oriented policing program in Boston to get guns off the street
b.	A community-oriented policing program in Chicago aimed at auto theft
c.	A crime mapping program in Dallas designed to plot gun crimes
d.	A civilian review board initiative in New York

 

ANS: C                    REF:  p. 112-113     OBJ:  10

 

30. What is the name of the police support unit that is responsible for investigating allegations of police misconduct?

a.	Internal Affairs
b.	Personnel Services
c.	Civilian Review Boards
d.	Field-training Offices

 

ANS: A                   REF:  p. 113-114     OBJ:  10

 

31. Which of the following is not one of the administrative problems of community policing?

a.	Defining community
b.	Re-orienting police values
c.	Revising training
d.	Reducing police corruption

 

ANS: D                   REF:  p. 106-109     OBJ:  07

 

32. According to your text, an example of problem oriented policing would be;
33. POP
34. B-PAD
35. CompStat

d.NAS

 

ANS: A           REF: p. 112-113         OBJ:  07

 

 

TRUE/FALSE

 

1. College degrees may have little direct impact on promotion potentials for police officers.

 

ANS: T                    REF:  p. 95              OBJ:  01

2. The average police officer can expect to make between 10 and 15 arrests per month for serious crimes.

 

ANS: F                    REF:  p. 96              OBJ:  02

 

3. The detective bureau is considered the backbone of policing.

 

ANS: F                    REF:  p. 96-97         OBJ:  05

 

4. Creating a feeling of security is one of the major purposes of police patrol.

 

ANS: T                    REF:  p. 96-97         OBJ:  03

 

5. Proactive policing is a cornerstone of community policing.

 

ANS: T                    REF:  p. 98              OBJ:  04

 

6. One reason for investigative ineffectiveness is that there are too many competing interests to solve a case within the police department.

 

ANS: F                     REF: p.104                     OBJ:  05

 

7. Vice squads target violent crime.

 

ANS: F                    REF:  p. 103            OBJ:  05

 

8. Evaluations of foot patrol indicate that it lowers crime rates.

 

ANS: F                    REF:  p. 109-110     OBJ:  04

 

9. Length of investigation is associated with success of investigation operations.

 

ANS: T                    REF:  p. 104            OBJ:  05

 

10. According to the “broken windows” concept, police need citizen cooperation.

 

ANS: T                    REF:  p. 99-100       OBJ:  04

 

 

COMPLETION

 

1. Most promotions in policing have ____________________ requirements.

 

ANS: time-in-rank                                   REF: p. 95               OBJ:  01

 

 

2. Designated police patrol areas are called ____________________.

 

ANS: beats                                               REF: p. 109             OBJ:  03

 

3. ____________________ is another term for the order maintenance function of police.

 

ANS: Peacekeeping                                 REF: p. 97               OBJ:  03

 

4. Begun in New York City __________is/was a means of directing police efforts in a more productive way.

 

ANS: CompStat                                  REF: p. 100     OBJ:  03

 

5. One aggressive patrol program, known as the ____________________, was directed at restricting the carrying of guns in high-risk places at high-risk times.

 

ANS: Kansas City Gun Experiment        REF:  p. 98-99         OBJ:  03

 

6. ____________________ is an aggressive law enforcement style that emphasizes attacking crimes head-on and in advance rather than waiting for calls for service.

 

ANS: Proactive policing                          REF:  p. 98              OBJ:  03

 

7. ____________________ are groups of police officers who enforce morality-based laws such as prostitution.

 

ANS: Vice squads                                   REF: p. 103             OBJ:  05

 

8. A(n) ____________________ is an operation designed to encourage and observe criminal behavior so the officers can make an arrest.

 

ANS: sting                                               REF:  p. 103            OBJ:  05

 

9. ____________________ policing strategies require police agencies to identify particular long-term community issues and to develop strategies to eliminate these issues.

 

ANS: Problem-oriented                           REF:  p. 112            OBJ:  08

 

10. Forensic means __________________

 

ANS: Pertaining to the law                      REF: p. 106             OBJ:  05

 

 

 

 

 

ESSAY

 

1. Is the time-in-rank system of police promotion an antiquated practice? What are its advantages and disadvantages?

 

ANS: Because most departments are civil service organizations, administrators must rise through the ranks to get to command positions. The Time In Rank system is employed by most police departments and means that before moving up the administrative ladder, an officer must spend a certain amount of time in the next lowest rank. Although it promotes stability and fairness and limits favoritism. It also protects police agencies from losing talented officers trained at the public expense to other departments who offer more money and incentives. The disadvantage of this system is that it restricts administrative flexibility. In the limits of time in rank, the department would be forced to hire an expert in a specialized field  as a civilian employee instead of within the police agency.

 

REF:  p. 95              OBJ:  01

 

2. How does the Hollywood version of policing differ from reality? Can you think of some movies and television programs which most accurately portray the police?

 

ANS: Books, movies and tv shows romanticize police officers as fearless crime fighters who think little of their own safety as they engage in daily high speed chases and shootouts. In a more realistic and somewhat accurate view, the shows Law and Order, NYPD blue, and Homicide portray many police activities and investigations in a less romanticized version that traditional Hollywood views. In addition, the HBO series “The Wire“ portrays a seedy yet somewhat accurate portrayal of policing.

 

REF:  p. 107            OBJ:  02

 

3. Explain the major purposes of patrol and how patrols can be improved.

ANS: Uniformed patrol officers are the backbone of the department and are the most visible component of the entire criminal justice system. The purposes of patrol include deterring crime by visible presence, maintaining public order, responding quickly to law violations or emergencies, identifying and apprehending law violators, aiding individuals who cannot help themselves, facilitating the movement of traffic and people, and create a feeling of community security. One way patrol can be improved is to ensure that officers are able to continue their practice of selective enforcement and use their discretion as they see fit.

 

REF:  p. 96-97         OBJ:  03

 

4. Elaborate on three reasons why investigations are often ineffective. What can be done to improve investigations?

 

ANS: Detectives are often handicapped by limited time, money, and resources to carry out lengthy ongoing probes of any but the most serious cases. Investigations can be improved with technology such as searching criminal histories and using forensic science such as DNA analysis to clear the backlog of unsolved cases.

 

REF:  p. 104            OBJ:  05

 

5. For many years, preventive patrol has been considered one of the greatest deterrents to criminal behavior. Discuss what the research from the Kansas City study tells us about the relationship between prevention patrol and crime deterrence.

 

ANS: There is little evidence that police patrol deters crime and despite the number of patrol cars on the street and their visibility to citizens it seems to have little impact on the crime rate.

 

REF:  p. 98              OBJ:  04

 

6. Explain the three key points to Wilson and Kelling’s broken windows model. Elaborate on how the move to community policing reflects the move from a purely crime-control model to one that encompasses elements of rehabilitation and restorative justice.

 

ANS:

• Neighborhood disorder creates fear
• Neighborhoods give out crime-promoting signals
• Police need citizen cooperation

Under the crime control model in deteriorated neighborhoods there may be residents who are fearful, pessimistic, and despondent. Moving to a model of community policing, the police presence deters crime in a preventive manner and may encourage public confidence, strengthen feelings of safety, and elicit cooperation from citizens.

 

REF:  p. 99-100       OBJ:  04

 

7. Discuss the concept of community policing. How effective have these programs been in reducing crime and improving community-law enforcement relations?

 

ANS: Proactive policing such as foot patrol is the cornerstone of community policing. There is empirical evidence that some community policing efforts can reduce disorder and increase the perception of safety. A key element of community policing philosophy is that citizens must participate with police to fight crime. Community policing means the redesign of police departments’ administration and management to focus on the problems of the community, not on the needs of the department. Community policing works best in neighborhoods that are not already saturated with crime and disorder but rather show signs that deterioration is and will occur.

 

REF:  p. 106-108     OBJ:  07

 

.

 

 

8. Compare and contrast problem-oriented policing and community policing.

ANS: Problem oriented policing is closely associated with, but independent from, community policing and requires police agencies to identify particular long-term community problems and to develop strategies to eliminate them. It also requires police departments to rely on local residents and private resources and is supported by fact that great deal of urban crime is concentrated in a few “hot spots”. Community policing means the redesign of police departments’ administration and management to focus on the problems of the community, not on the needs of the department.

 

REF:  p. 106-112     OBJ:  07 | 08

 

9. Discuss the major problems of community policing strategies.

 

ANS: Some of the major problems with community policing  include;

1.      Defining community─ Police administrators must be able to define concept of community as an ecological area defined by common norms, shared values, and interpersonal bonds.

2.      Defining roles─ Police administrators must establish exact role of community police agents.

3.      Changing supervisor attitudes─ Some supervisors are wary because it supports a decentralized command structure.

4.      Reorienting police values─ Police with a traditional crime-control orientation are less satisfied with community policing efforts than those who are public-service oriented

5.      Revise training─ Training must reflect a community organizer role.

6.      Reorient recruitment─ Midlevel managers must be recruited and trained to be receptive to and able to implement community-change strategies.

 

REF:  p. 108-109     OBJ:  07

 

10. Define forensics and discuss what forensic experts can contribute to police agencies and investigations.

 

ANS: Forensic means “pertaining to the law,” and forensic scientists perform comprehensive chemical and physical analyses on evidence submitted by law enforcement agencies. It provides for accurate and scientific development and examination of evidence.  Without forensics evidence may go undetected or be undervalued. The more accurate and finite results bolster case credibility and may serve to support or erode probable cause—resulting in more

 

REF:  p. 106            OBJ:  10