Essentials of Human Development A Life -Span View 1st Edition by Robert V. Kail - Test Bank

Essentials of Human Development A Life -Span View 1st Edition by Robert V. Kail – Test Bank

 

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Chapter 5—Entering the Social World: Socioemotional Development in Infancy and

Early Childhood

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1. Which developmentalist is credited with having proposed the psychosocial theory of development?

a.	Erik Erikson	c.	Sigmund Freud
b.	Lev Vygotsky	d.	Urie Bronfenbrenner

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   Beginnings: Trust and Attachment

OBJ:   Erikson’s stages of early psychosocial development           MSC:  Factual

 

2. Which of the following is the primary thrust of the psychosocial theory of development?

a.	There are five different stages of psychosexual growth, each of which contributes to our adult personality.
b.	At each of eight different stages, people encounter a unique crisis that must be resolved for development to proceed normally.
c.	Development is a dynamic process of interaction with our environment, where unskilled children are guided by more skilled adults.
d.	There are four stages of cognitive development, and at each stage a child becomes more capable of understanding and utilizing symbolic thought.

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Difficult         REF:   Beginnings: Trust and Attachment

OBJ:   Erikson’s stages of early psychosocial development           MSC:  Conceptual

 

3. Which of the following represents the correct order of the first three stages of psychosocial development?

a.	basic trust vs. mistrust, initiative vs. guilt, autonomy vs. shame and doubt
b.	autonomy vs. shame and doubt, basic trust vs. mistrust, initiative vs. guilt
c.	initiative vs. guilt, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, basic trust vs. mistrust
d.	basic trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   Beginnings: Trust and Attachment

OBJ:   Erikson’s stages of early psychosocial development           MSC:  Factual

 

4. According to Erikson, which is the foundation of human development?

a.	autonomy	c.	identity
b.	initiative	d.	trust in oneself and others

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   Beginnings: Trust and Attachment

OBJ:   Erikson’s stages of early psychosocial development           MSC:  Conceptual

 

 

 

 

 

 

5. Caden is a four-month-old child whose parents spend quite a bit of time with him. There is rarely a time when one of them is not holding him, and they always make sure to come to him when he cries in his crib. According to the first stage of Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development, Caden should develop a sense of

a.	basic trust.	c.	initiative.
b.	autonomy.	d.	guilt.

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   Beginnings: Trust and Attachment

OBJ:   Erikson’s stages of early psychosocial development           MSC:  Application

 

6. According to Erikson, a proper balance of trust and mistrust leads children to develop a sense of ________.

a.	efficacy	c.	equilibration
b.	hope	d.	egocentrism

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Difficult         REF:   Beginnings: Trust and Attachment

OBJ:   Erikson’s stages of early psychosocial development           MSC:  Conceptual

 

7. Mitzi is very worried about her daughter, Maya, because the bottle that she gave her had formula that was a little too hot and Maya cried when she first drank some of it. She fears that even at her early age Maya will now be afraid of her mother, and that this mistake will have detrimental consequences on Maya’s development. Based on Erikson’s theory, what would you say to Mitzi?

a.	Children at this age cannot associate such an experience with the person who caused it, so you’re in the clear.
b.	The child is now unlikely to develop a basic sense of trust in you, but you will be able to overcome that in the next stages of psychosocial development.
c.	A child can actually benefit from some of these experiences, because it helps them develop hope.
d.	You should now switch to nursing instead of bottle feeding so that this mistake does not happen again.

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Difficult         REF:   Beginnings: Trust and Attachment

OBJ:   Erikson’s stages of early psychosocial development           MSC:  Application

 

8. Jessminder is a two-year-old girl who is exploring her world. She can walk very well, and frequently tries to walk away from her parents to go look around. According to Erikson, Jessminder is attempting to develop a sense of ________.

a.	initiative	c.	basic trust
b.	industry	d.	autonomy

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   Beginnings: Trust and Attachment

OBJ:   Erikson’s stages of early psychosocial development           MSC:  Application

 

9. A blend of autonomy, shame, and doubt give rise to ________, the knowledge that, within limits, a youngster can act on his/her world with intentionality.

a.	industry	c.	will
b.	hope	d.	purpose

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Difficult         REF:   Beginnings: Trust and Attachment

OBJ:   Erikson’s stages of early psychosocial development           MSC:  Factual

10. Four-year-old Luticia pretends to be a doctor and has begun to realize that she needs to be responsible and cooperate with her parents. According to Erikson, this indicates that she is beginning to achieve a sense of

a.	trust.	c.	intimacy.
b.	purpose.	d.	will.

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Difficult         REF:   Beginnings: Trust and Attachment

OBJ:   Erikson’s stages of early psychosocial development           MSC:  Application

 

11. Many parents play the “What do you want to be when you grow up?” game with their children. Perhaps they don’t realize that this question, in Erikson’s theory, helps preschoolers develop a sense of

a.	initiative.	c.	autonomy.
b.	industry.	d.	basic trust.

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   Beginnings: Trust and Attachment

OBJ:   Erikson’s stages of early psychosocial development           MSC:  Conceptual

 

12. John Bowlby, one of the earliest theorists in the area of attachment, advocated a(n) ________ perspective of human relationships.

a.	ethological	c.	evolutionary
b.	object-relations	d.	cognitive-behavioral

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Difficult         REF:   Beginnings: Trust and Attachment

OBJ:   The growth of attachment                MSC:  Factual

 

13. ________ refers to an enduring socioemotional relationship between a child and his or her caregivers.

a.	Affectivity	c.	Attachment
b.	Bonding	d.	Industry

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   Beginnings: Trust and Attachment

OBJ:   The growth of attachment                MSC:  Factual

 

14. Bowlby described four phases in the growth of attachment. They are, in correct order:

a.	preattachment, attachment in the making, true attachment,  and reciprocal relationships.
b.	reciprocal relationships, attachment in the making, preattachment, and true attachment.
c.	preattachment, attachment in the making, reciprocal relationships, and true attachment.
d.	preattachment, attachment in the making, reciprocal relationships, attachment in the making, and true attachment.

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Difficult         REF:   Beginnings: Trust and Attachment

OBJ:   The growth of attachment                MSC:  Factual

 

15. Baby Hughie has singled out his mother as someone different from all others. When his mother takes him to a new place, Hughie is able to explore but looks back to his mother every once in a while for reassurance. He also cries when he is separated from his mother for more than a minute or two. According to Bowlby, Hughie is most likely in the ____ phase of attachment.

a.	attachment in the making	c.	preattachment
b.	reciprocal relationships	d.	true attachment

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   Beginnings: Trust and Attachment

OBJ:   The growth of attachment                MSC:  Application

 

16. Anthony and Martina are the new parents of a new baby named Zoe and are wondering whether Zoe will attach to them. A developmental psychologist explains to them that if Zoe is a typical baby, she will

a.	attach to both Anthony and Martina.	c.	attach only to Anthony.
b.	attach only to Martina.	d.	not attach to either Anthony or Martina.

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   Beginnings: Trust and Attachment

OBJ:   The growth of attachment                MSC:  Application

 

17. Which of the following does research suggest is more emphasized by fathers as they interact with their babies?

a.	reading and talking to them	c.	playing quiet games
b.	showing them toys	d.	physical play

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   Beginnings: Trust and Attachment

OBJ:   The growth of attachment                MSC:  Factual

 

18. Ainsworth created a research procedure that was/is used to test the different forms of attachment that may exist between a child and his/her caregiver. That procedure is called the ________.

a.	Visual Cliff	c.	Shockbox Experiment
b.	Strange Situation	d.	Apgar Protocol

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   Beginnings: Trust and Attachment

OBJ:   The growth of attachment                MSC:  Factual

 

19. Research has consistently found that approximately ________ percent of American babies have secure attachment relationships.

a.	60–65	c.	80–85
b.	40–45	d.	25–30

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   Beginnings: Trust and Attachment

OBJ:   The growth of attachment                MSC:  Factual

 

 

 

 

20. Marlee and her father are being observed to determine the kind of attachment relationship they share, and the evaluation is using the Strange Situation experiment. Marlee gets somewhat upset when her father leaves the room, but stops crying when he returns. She walks over to him for a hug and seems easily comforted. This indicates that there is a(n) ________ attachment.

a.	avoidant	c.	resistant
b.	secure	d.	disorganized (disoriented)

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   Beginnings: Trust and Attachment

OBJ:   The growth of attachment

 

21. When Sarah and her mother Rika are observed using the Strange Situation protocol, the observers conclude that there is an avoidant attachment between the two. Which of the following behavior sets would lead to such a conclusion?

a.	Sarah seems confused both when Rika leaves the room and when she returns. She doesn’t seem to understand at all what is happening.
b.	Sarah is mildly upset when Rika leaves the room and is easily soothed when she returns.
c.	Sarah is upset when Rika leaves the room and is angry and difficult to console when she returns.
d.	Sarah is not upset when Rika leaves the room and ignores her when she returns.

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Difficult         REF:   Beginnings: Trust and Attachment

OBJ:   The growth of attachment                MSC:  Application

 

22. Research has found that children who have a(n) ________ attachment relationship with their parents have higher-quality friendships and fewer conflicts in their friendships than children with other types of attachments.

a.	avoidant	c.	secure
b.	ambivalent	d.	disorganized

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   Beginnings: Trust and Attachment

OBJ:   The growth of attachment                MSC:  Factual

 

23. Verna struggles with several different behavioral problems, including anxiety, anger, and aggressive actions. According to research presented by your authors, she is most likely to have had a(n) ________ attachment relationship with her parents during her childhood.

a.	disorganized	c.	avoidant
b.	resistant	d.	secure

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Difficult         REF:   Beginnings: Trust and Attachment

OBJ:   The growth of attachment                MSC:  Application

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

24. Many different factors contribute to the nature of attachment relationships between children and their parents. Undoubtedly, the most important factor is

a.	the age at which parents begin fostering an attachment with their children.
b.	the number of siblings in the home.
c.	the interactions between parents and their babies.
d.	genetic considerations.

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   Beginnings: Trust and Attachment

OBJ:   What determines quality of attachment?                            MSC:  Conceptual

 

25. The fact that infant Ricardo has come to expect that his mother is available when he needs her means that Ricardo has developed

a.	temperament.	c.	an internal working model.
b.	parallel play.	d.	autonomy.

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Difficult         REF:   Beginnings: Trust and Attachment

OBJ:   What determines quality of attachment?                            MSC:  Application

 

26. How does temperament contribute to attachment?

a.	Infants with easygoing temperaments are more likely to form disorganized attachments.
b.	Infants who fuss often and are difficult to console are more prone to insecure attachments.
c.	Infants with moms who have rigid temperaments tend to form secure attachments.
d.	Infants with any type of temperament are equally likely to form secure attachments.

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   Beginnings: Trust and Attachment

OBJ:   What determines quality of attachment?                            MSC:  Conceptual

 

27. Basic emotions include all but which of the following?

a.	surprise	c.	distress
b.	apathy	d.	disgust

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   Emerging Emotions

OBJ:   Experiencing and expressing emotions                              MSC:  Factual

 

28. Which of the following is a central defining characteristic of the basic emotions?

a.	They are demonstrated as early as two or three days after birth.
b.	They trigger activity in the same facial muscles, though in slightly different ways.
c.	They activate a common part of the brain that is responsible for all emotions.
d.	They are experienced by human beings worldwide.

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Difficult         REF:   Emerging Emotions

OBJ:   Experiencing and expressing emotions                              MSC:  Conceptual

 

 

 

 

 

29. Giselle is three weeks old and during a diaper change she looks up at her mother and smiles. Her mother gets very excited and immediately tells her husband, Chin, what happened. Since Chin has read your textbook, he thinks to himself:

a.	Giselle is smiling as a result of operant conditioning, not as a result of an emotional state.
b.	This was a paradoxical smile, as children at this age will frequently demonstrate the wrong facial expressions based on the emotion they are currently experiencing.
c.	Giselle already recognizes her mother and feels joy when she is nearby.
d.	It is way too early for Giselle to be experiencing a social smile.

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Difficult         REF:   Emerging Emotions

OBJ:   Experiencing and expressing emotions                              MSC:  Application

 

30. Place the following basic emotions in the chronological order in which they typically emerge:

a.	joy, anger, fear	c.	anger, joy, fear
b.	fear, joy, anger	d.	joy, fear anger

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   Emerging Emotions

OBJ:   Experiencing and expressing emotions                              MSC:  Factual

 

31. What is often the first indication that a child has developed the ability to experience the emotion of fear?

a.	stranger wariness	c.	egocentric dystonia
b.	separation anxiety	d.	generalized apprehension

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   Emerging Emotions

OBJ:   Experiencing and expressing emotions                              MSC:  Conceptual

 

32. Which of the following is NOT a complex emotion?

a.	pride	c.	embarrassment
b.	guilt	d.	surprise

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Difficult         REF:   Emerging Emotions

OBJ:   Experiencing and expressing emotions                              MSC:  Factual

 

33. Complex emotions differ from basic emotions in that complex emotions require some understanding of

a.	self.	c.	waking states.
b.	biology.	d.	purpose.

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   Emerging Emotions

OBJ:   Experiencing and expressing emotions                              MSC:  Conceptual

 

34. Which of the following children is experiencing a complex emotion?

a.	Ippy, who is surprised when his father sneezes loudly
b.	Martita, who smiles deeply when her mother smiles at her
c.	Michele, who sulks when her father catches her taking cookies that she knows she’s not permitted to have.
d.	Malcolm, cries when his toy falls out of his crib

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   Emerging Emotions

OBJ:   Experiencing and expressing emotions                              MSC:  Application

35. There is a student who earned the highest score on a quiz in her math class. The teacher pointed out her triumph to the whole class, and her classmates applauded and told her how great she is. Which of the following students would be MOST likely to be embarrassed by this public display?

a.	Yvan, who is a  Guatemalan-American child
b.	Tion, who is a Korean-American child
c.	Mario, who is an Italian-American child
d.	Kjell, who is a European-American child

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   Emerging Emotions

OBJ:   Experiencing and expressing emotions                              MSC:  Application

 

36. As early as ________ month(s) of age, infants begin to distinguish facial expressions associated with different emotions.

a.	one	c.	four
b.	three	d.	six

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Difficult         REF:   Emerging Emotions

OBJ:   Recognizing and using others’ emotions                            MSC:  Factual

 

37. Infants, like adults, tend to pay more attention to faces depicting ________ emotions and pay attention to those faces for longer than other emotional displays.

a.	negative	c.	positive
b.	self-conscious	d.	complex

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   Emerging Emotions

OBJ:   Recognizing and using others’ emotions                            MSC:  Factual

 

38. Dalton is a six-month-old baby who is watching the faces of his parents and their friends as they sit around the dinner table. From his mother’s arms, he has a good view of each diner’s expression. Which dinner guest would probably draw the most of Dalton’s attention?

a.	Linda, whose face is really expressing no emotion at all.
b.	Melvin, who is not terribly engaged in the conversation but is not unhappy either.
c.	Stan, who looks irritated because his wife keeps interrupting him.
d.	Barb, who is happy to be chatting with her friends.

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Difficult         REF:   Emerging Emotions

OBJ:   Recognizing and using others’ emotions                            MSC:  Application

 

39. One-year-old Mathieu is afraid of the dog because he saw his father react with fear to the same dog. Which term BEST explains why Mathieu is afraid?

a.	stranger wariness	c.	complex emotions
b.	avoidant attachment	d.	social referencing

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   Emerging Emotions

OBJ:   Recognizing and using others’ emotions                            MSC:  Application

 

 

 

 

 

40. Social ________ refers to behavior in which infants in unfamiliar or ambiguous environments look at an adult for cues to help them interpret the situation.

a.	anxiety	c.	balancing
b.	referencing	d.	equilibration

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   Emerging Emotions

OBJ:   Recognizing and using others’ emotions                            MSC:  Factual

 

41. The suppression of fear, anger, and joy by adults based on social norms is an example of emotional ________.

a.	regulation	c.	equilibration
b.	disinhibition	d.	referencing

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   Emerging Emotions

OBJ:   Regulating emotions                        MSC:  Conceptual

 

42. How might a five-month-old infant best demonstrate emotional regulation when confronted with a frightening stimulus?

a.	By chewing harder on his/her pacifier.	c.	By looking away from the stimulus.
b.	By dropping his/her security blanket.	d.	By crying loudly.

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   Emerging Emotions

OBJ:   Regulating emotions                        MSC:  Application

 

43. When Adam walks into the dark basement, he feels afraid but is able to calm himself down by saying to himself, “Don’t be afraid. There’s nothing down here that can hurt you.” Apparently, Adam is successfully

a.	engaging in solitary play.	c.	regulating his emotions.
b.	expressing complex emotions.	d.	utilizing social referencing.

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   Emerging Emotions

OBJ:   Regulating emotions                        MSC:  Application

 

44. As kids get older and move beyond simple strategies for regulating their emotions, they may employ several different methods to control their feelings. Which of the following is NOT one of these methods, as presented by your chapter?

a.	Regulating their own emotions rather than relying on others (including adults) to do it for them.
b.	Accurately matching regulation strategies with the setting in which emotions occur.
c.	Relying on mental strategies to regulate emotions.
d.	Increasing their reliance on peers to help them control their emotional outbursts.

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   Emerging Emotions

OBJ:   Regulating emotions                        MSC:  Conceptual

 

 

 

 

 

 

45. Children who have difficulty with emotional regulation often encounter all but which of the following?

a.	problems solving problems	c.	conflicts with peers
b.	difficulties adjusting to school	d.	inadequate physical growth

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   Emerging Emotions

OBJ:   Regulating emotions                        MSC:  Factual

 

46. When children play alone but remain aware of and interested in what another child is doing, they are engaging in ________ play.

a.	collaborative	c.	onlooker
b.	imitative	d.	parallel

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   Interacting With Others

OBJ:   The joys of play                              MSC:  Factual

 

47. Kimmy is playing with her doll in her yard, and is watching as Shira-Leah is playing with a similar doll in the yard across the street. Shira-Leah is also aware of and observing Kimmy, but the two girls have not yet played together. These youngsters are engaging in ________ play.

a.	collaborative	c.	onlooker
b.	imitative	d.	parallel

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   Interacting With Others

OBJ:   The joys of play                              MSC:  Application

 

48. The phrase, “interest but no interaction,” best describes _____ play.

a.	cooperative	c.	parallel
b.	simple social	d.	make-believe

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   Interacting With Others

OBJ:   The joys of play                              MSC:  Conceptual

 

49. Simple social play between toddlers typically begins

a.	between 12 and 15 months of age.	c.	between 18 and 21 months of age.
b.	between 15 and 18 months of age.	d.	between 21 and 24 months of age.

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Difficult         REF:   Interacting With Others

OBJ:   The joys of play                              MSC:  Factual

 

50. Nell and Delia have gotten together for a “Mommy Meet,” during which they have coffee and chat at their homes. Today they both have their 18-month-old sons, Steve and Nash. While the ladies sip and chat, Steve and Nash crawl around on the floor pushing toy trucks and making “vroooom” sounds. Every now and then, they switch trucks with each other. Steve and Nash are engaged in ________ play.

a.	cooperative	c.	parallel
b.	simple social	d.	conjunctive

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   Interacting With Others

OBJ:   The joys of play                              MSC:  Application

 

 

51. The one word that best distinguishes simple social play from parallel play is

a.	rules	c.	interaction
b.	cooperative	d.	imagination

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   Interacting With Others

OBJ:   The joys of play                              MSC:  Conceptual

 

52. If a group of children are playing together, which of the following games would NOT be an example of cooperative play?

a.	playing tag	c.	playing with toy cars on the floor
b.	hide and seek	d.	playing house

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   Interacting With Others

OBJ:   The joys of play                              MSC:  Application

 

53. The one word that best distinguishes cooperative play from parallel play is:

a.	observation	c.	together
b.	imagination	d.	cooperation

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   Interacting With Others

OBJ:   The joys of play                              MSC:  Conceptual

 

54. Play that is organized around a particular theme, with each child taking on a different role, is called ________ play.

a.	cooperative	c.	parallel
b.	associative	d.	simple social

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   Interacting With Others

OBJ:   The joys of play                              MSC:  Factual

 

55. Your textbook presents three different types of play in which young children can engage. Which of the following is the correct chronological order in which you would expect each type of play to appear?

a.	simple social play, parallel play, cooperative play
b.	parallel play, simple social play, cooperative play
c.	parallel play, cooperative play, simple social play
d.	cooperative play, simple social play, parallel play

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Difficult         REF:   Interacting With Others

OBJ:   The joys of play                              MSC:  Factual

 

56. What is it that distinguishes ‘early’ make-believe play from ‘later’ make-believe play?

a.	The early play is usually abstract, while the later play is more concrete
b.	The early play is based on true fantasy, while the later play is based on variations of real-life circumstances.
c.	The early play usually requires realistic props, while the later play does not.
d.	The early play is done solo, while the later play involves peers.

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Difficult         REF:   Interacting With Others

OBJ:   The joys of play                              MSC:  Conceptual

 

 

57. Which statement is TRUE regarding make-believe?

a.	It seems to promote cognitive development.
b.	It is a sign of emotional disturbance.
c.	Children make-believe the same things in all cultures.
d.	It always involves imaginary companions.

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   Interacting With Others

OBJ:   The joys of play                              MSC:  Conceptual

 

58. According to your authors, children who engage in make-believe play tend to be more advanced in several areas. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

a.	centration	c.	memory
b.	language	d.	reasoning

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   Interacting With Others

OBJ:   The joys of play                              MSC:  Factual

 

59. Johnny’s parents have told him that they are going to a 4^th of July picnic tonight, and Johnny is afraid of the fireworks that he is going to see and hear. Which of the following would be the best way for Johnny to deal with this fear?

a.	Johnny takes his favorite stuffed animal and plays “fireworks,” telling the toy not to be afraid.
b.	Asking his father to tell him a story about how fireworks got their name.
c.	Trying hard to tell himself to “be brave.”
d.	Immersing himself in other activities so that he doesn’t have to think about the fireworks until they get to the picnic.

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   Interacting With Others

OBJ:   The joys of play                              MSC:  Application

 

60. LaTanya is only two years old, and recently she has begun playing with an imaginary friend whom she has named Bonnie. LaTanya’s parents wonder why this is occurring, as LaTanya has two older siblings and often has play dates with other children her own age. What would you advise her parents?

a.	I’m not sure! While imaginary friends may promote some important social skills, they are so uncommon that one can’t help but wonder why LaTanya needs Bonnie!
b.	Watch out! It is not a sure thing that this is a problem, but kids with imaginary friends have a tendency to develop fewer positive characteristics as they grow.
c.	Worry! Research has found that children with imaginary friends have more difficulty making real friends later in life.
d.	Relax! Having an imaginary friend is common and is associated with many positive characteristics.

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Difficult         REF:   Interacting With Others

OBJ:   The joys of play                              MSC:  Application

 

 

 

 

 

61. According to Maccoby (1998), the tendency for preschool children to gravitate toward peers of the same sex has three distinct features. They include all but which of the following?

a.	Children spontaneously choose same-sex playmates without adult pressure.
b.	Children are interested in activities of the opposite sex peers, but resist their interest to avoid the scorn of same-sex peers.
c.	Children resist parental pressure to play with children of the opposite sex.
d.	Children are obviously reluctant to play with opposite sex peers, even when doing gender-neutral activities.

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   Interacting With Others

OBJ:   Helping others                                 MSC:  Conceptual

 

62. Play among girls is often described as ________, while play among boys is often described as ________.

a.	antisocial; prosocial	c.	prosocial; antisocial
b.	enabling; constricting	d.	constricting; enabling

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Difficult         REF:   Interacting With Others

OBJ:   The joys of play                              MSC:  Conceptual

 

63. When one’s actions or remarks support others and sustain interactions, they can be described as engaging in ________ exchange.

a.	enabling	c.	detracting
b.	constricting	d.	centrating

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   Interacting With Others

OBJ:   The joys of play                              MSC:  Factual

 

64. When one partner in an exchange behaves in ways that allows them to emerge as the victor by threatening or contradicting the other partner, (s)he is engaging in a(n) ________ exchange.

a.	constricting	c.	detracting
b.	enabling	d.	centrating

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   Interacting With Others

OBJ:   The joys of play                              MSC:  Factual

 

65. Hulk often has to step in and solve disagreements between his son Hogan and his daughter Brooke. This action best reflects the idea of a parent as a

a.	playmate.	c.	coach.
b.	social director.	d.	mediator.

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   Interacting With Others

OBJ:   The joys of play                              MSC:  Application

 

66. When a parent helps their child acquire and master the social skills needed to have successful interactions with peers, that parent is acting in the role of a ________.

a.	mediator	c.	social director
b.	playmate	d.	coach

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   Interacting With Others

OBJ:   The joys of play                              MSC:  Factual

 

67. Hank and his son Adam like to play a game on Hank’s cell phone. The game involves looking at cubes with letters in them and finding words. Sometimes Hank plays below his own skill level so that Adam can win, and other times Hank plays a little harder to encourage Adam to develop his own skills. In this scenario, Hank is occupying the role of

a.	mediator.	c.	coach.
b.	playmate.	d.	social director.

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   Interacting With Others

OBJ:   The joys of play                              MSC:  Application

 

68. Any behavior that benefits another person is ________.

a.	acquiescent	c.	prosocial
b.	empathic	d.	constricting

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   Interacting With Others

OBJ:   Helping others                                 MSC:  Factual

 

69. Matthew sees that one of his kindergarten classmates is unhappy today because nobody is playing with him. Matthew walks over to his classmate and asks if they can play together, which they do until the teacher calls for music time. Matthew’s actions demonstrate ________ behavior.

a.	mediating	c.	altruistic
b.	centralized	d.	prosocial

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   Interacting With Others

OBJ:   Helping others                                 MSC:  Application

 

70. All acts of altruistic and cooperative behavior are also

a.	prosocial behaviors.	c.	examples of dispositional praise.
b.	basic emotions.	d.	social roles.

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Difficult         REF:   Interacting With Others

OBJ:   Helping others                                 MSC:  Conceptual

 

71. Prosocial behavior where both involved parties benefit is to ________ as prosocial behavior where the actor does not benefit is to ________.

a.	cooperation; altruism	c.	empathy; altruism
b.	altruism; empathy	d.	cooperation; altruism

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Difficult         REF:   Interacting With Others

OBJ:   Helping others

 

72. As they left the restaurant, Jack and Mimi passed by a man on a park bench who was asking for spare change. Jack put a dollar in the man’s cup and smiled at him, and he and Mimi went to their car to drive home. Jack’s behavior demonstrates

a.	egocentrism.	c.	cooperation.
b.	centration.	d.	altruism.

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   Interacting With Others

OBJ:   Helping others                                 MSC:  Application

 

73. Evidence supporting the idea that prosocial behavior may be genetically wired into human beings is supported by the fact that children as young as ________ months of age will try to comfort an adult when they perceive that the adult is hurt or upset.

a.	9	c.	18
b.	12	d.	24

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Difficult         REF:   Interacting With Others

OBJ:   Helping others                                 MSC:  Factual

 

74. Which of the following qualities of young children may actually serve to interfere with their ability to experience and demonstrate empathy?

a.	centration	c.	egocentrism
b.	reversion	d.	altruism

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   Interacting With Others

OBJ:   Helping others                                 MSC:  Conceptual

 

75. Three-year-old Maxim is playing with his toys happily as his mother is watching a movie. He looks up to see a few tears running down his mother’s cheeks, because a sad scene just occurred in the film. He puts down his toys, climbs up next to his mother, and lays his head on her arm. When she asks him what’s wrong, he says, “I’m sad, Mommy.” Maxim has demonstrated the capacity to experience

a.	empathy.	c.	acrimony.
b.	sympathy.	d.	alimony.

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   Interacting With Others

OBJ:   Helping others                                 MSC:  Application

 

76. Young Jim experiences the sadness of his friend Abdul when Abdul’s dog runs away. Jim is exhibiting

a.	empathy.	c.	altruism.
b.	cooperation.	d.	sympathy.

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   Interacting With Others

OBJ:   Helping others                                 MSC:  Application

 

77. The ability to experience and relate to another person’s emotions is called

a.	sympathy.	c.	altruism.
b.	empathy.	d.	cooperation.

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   Interacting With Others

OBJ:   Helping others                                 MSC:  Factual

 

78. Several different factors may contribute to a child being more likely to behave in an altruistic manner. They include all but which of the following?

a.	The child feeling happy or successful.
b.	The child feeling competent to act in a helpful manner.
c.	The child feeling responsible for the person in need.
d.	The child recognizing that the cost of the altruistic act would be quite high.

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   Interacting With Others

OBJ:   Helping others                                 MSC:  Conceptual

79. When Delia and her mother are out shopping, they watch as another shopper accidentally drops her basket of groceries all over the floor. Delia’s mother tells her to wait while she assists the lady, and proceeds to help pick up all of the dropped groceries. At school the next day, Delia assists a classmate who dropped her books on the way into class in the same manner. In this case, Delia’s mother has helped inspire prosocial behavior through

a.	induction of prosocial acts.
b.	providing Delia an opportunity to behave prosocially.
c.	disciplinary practices.
d.	modeling.

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Difficult         REF:   Interacting With Others

OBJ:   Helping others                                 MSC:  Application

 

80. Stanley and Barbara are talking about how they can teach their children, Andrew and Christine, to be more prosocial. They decide that this weekend they are going to take their children to a local food kitchen and they are going to volunteer as a family. After they do so, the children both ask when they can go back and help again. In this case, Stanley and Barbara have helped inspire prosocial behavior through

a.	induction of prosocial acts.
b.	providing Andrew and Christine with an opportunity to behave prosocially.
c.	disciplinary practices.
d.	modeling.

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   Interacting With Others

OBJ:   Helping others                                 MSC:  Application

 

81. A ________ is a set of cultural guidelines that dictate how a person should behave, particularly with other people.

a.	social role	c.	social norm
b.	social rule	d.	social more

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Difficult         REF:   Gender Roles and Gender Identity

OBJ:   Images of men and women: Facts and fantasy                    MSC:  Factual

 

82. Young Jean observes that her mother often cooks dinner, while her father is responsible for taking out the trash and mowing the lawn. She is learning ________ that are associated with men and women.

a.	gender identities	c.	gender typing
b.	social roles	d.	social stereotypes

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Difficult         REF:   Gender Roles and Gender Identity

OBJ:   Images of men and women: Facts and fantasy                    MSC:  Application

 

83. All cultures have gender ________, which refers to beliefs and images about males and females that may or may not be true.

a.	identities	c.	stereotypes
b.	types	d.	roles

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   Gender Roles and Gender Identity

OBJ:   Images of men and women: Facts and fantasy                    MSC:  Factual

 

84. Research has found that while 12-month-old children look at gender-stereotyped toys equally, by the time children reach ________ they look longer at toys that are associated with their own sex.

a.	14 months of age	c.	24 months of age
b.	18 months of age	d.	30 months of age

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Difficult         REF:   Gender Roles and Gender Identity

OBJ:   Images of men and women: Facts and fantasy                    MSC:  Factual

 

85. If he is like most preschoolers, Dougie is likely to believe that girls are

a.	physically aggressive.	c.	verbally aggressive.
b.	strong and dominant.	d.	capable of playing football.

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   Gender Roles and Gender Identity

OBJ:   Images of men and women: Facts and fantasy                    MSC:  Application

 

86. With regard to differences between men and women, research has found that there are, in fact, differences in all but which of the following area?

a.	frequency of prosocial behaviors	c.	mathematics
b.	verbal abilities	d.	spatial ability

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   Gender Roles and Gender Identity

OBJ:   Images of men and women: Facts and fantasy                    MSC:  Factual

 

87. Marlene is very angry at Dominique, a girl in her class, because she feels that Dominique has been flirting with her boyfriend. To get back at her, Marlene starts spreading rumors about Dominique that are designed to attack her character. Marlene is using ________ aggression to hurt her classmate.

a.	relational	c.	retaliatory
b.	psychosocial	d.	inductive

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   Gender Roles and Gender Identity

OBJ:   Images of men and women: Facts and fantasy                    MSC:  Application

 

88. Maccoby and Jacklin (1974) found that girls are more likely to comply with the directions of adults than boys, and they are more readily influenced by others than boys are. One explanation your authors offer for these findings is that

a.	girls are genetically more docile and conforming than boys.
b.	girls are more empathetic than boys, so they don’t want to hurt feelings by disagreeing.
c.	girls are trained by their mothers to be “agreeable,” while boys are trained by their fathers to be “confrontational.”
d.	girls value harmony and don’t want people to start arguing.

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Difficult         REF:   Gender Roles and Gender Identity

OBJ:   Images of men and women: Facts and fantasy                    MSC:  Conceptual

 

 

 

 

 

89. Which of the following statements would be the MOST consistent with social cognitive theory?

a.	Children do not need to learn gender roles, because they are a part of our built-in genetic code.
b.	Children learn gender roles as a direct result of operant conditioning in their earliest years.
c.	Children learn gender roles as a direct result of classical conditioning in their earliest years.
d.	Children learn gender roles as they learn other social behaviors, by watching the world around them and learning different outcomes of actions.

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   Gender Roles and Gender Identity

OBJ:   Gender typing                                 MSC:  Conceptual

 

90. According to a research study described in your textbook, when mothers heard their children making gender stereotyped remarks,

a.	they showed high levels of frustration and irritation with their children.
b.	they almost never disagreed directly with their children.
c.	they gently corrected the stereotyped comment 75% of the time.
d.	they tended to agree with the stereotyped comment in a majority of cases.

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Difficult         REF:   Spotlight on Research

OBJ:   Gender typing                                 MSC:  Factual

 

91. Research consistently finds that fathers and mothers treat their children differently based on the child’s sex. Which of the following statements accurately explains some of this difference?

a.	Fathers respond to children to promote direct aggression, while mothers respond to children to promote relational aggression.
b.	Mothers respond to children based on their individual needs, while fathers respond to children based on gender stereotypes.
c.	Mothers respond to children to promote direct aggression, while Fathers respond to children to promote relational aggression.
d.	Fathers respond to children based on their individual needs, while mothers respond to children based on gender stereotypes.

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   Gender Roles and Gender Identity

OBJ:   Gender typing                                 MSC:  Conceptual

 

92. Children tend to have more gender-neutral interests, attitudes, and self-concepts when their parents are more

a.	traditional.	c.	agrarian.
b.	patriarchical.	d.	nontraditional.

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   Gender Roles and Gender Identity

OBJ:   Gender typing                                 MSC:  Factual

 

 

 

 

 

93. An individual’s sense of themselves as a male or female is their

a.	gender identity.	c.	gender type.
b.	gender role.	d.	gender stereotype.

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   Gender Roles and Gender Identity

OBJ:   Gender identity                               MSC:  Factual

 

94. Full understanding of gender is said to develop gradually in three stages. They include all but which of the following?

a.	gender labeling	c.	gender stability
b.	gender ambiguity	d.	gender constancy

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   Gender Roles and Gender Identity

OBJ:   Gender identity                               MSC:  Factual

 

95. Full understanding of gender is said to develop gradually in three stages. Which of the following represents the correct chronological order in which those stages develop?

a.	gender stability, gender constancy, and gender labeling
b.	gender labeling, gender stability, and gender constancy
c.	gender constancy, gender labeling, and gender stability
d.	gender labeling, gender constancy, and gender stability

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Difficult         REF:   Gender Roles and Gender Identity

OBJ:   Gender identity                               MSC:  Factual

 

96. According to gender-schema theory, in order to decide where to learn more about an object, a child must first

a.	decide whether the object is associated with females or males.
b.	play with the object.
c.	develop gender constancy.
d.	be reinforced for interacting with the object.

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   Gender Roles and Gender Identity

OBJ:   Gender identity                               MSC:  Conceptual

 

97. Your authors suggest that several factors may explain gender roles and differences. They include biology, socialization, and a child’s own efforts. Which of the following words best encapsulates your author’s view of the contributions of these three factors to such understanding?

a.	prohibited	c.	exclusive
b.	structured	d.	interactive

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   Gender Roles and Gender Identity

OBJ:   Gender identity                               MSC:  Conceptual

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

98. Results from the Family Lifestyles Project indicate that children raised by counterculture parents are different from children raised by parents with more traditional values in that

a.	they have few stereotypes regarding occupations.
b.	they play with same-sex peers.
c.	the boys enjoy physical play.
d.	the girls enjoy reading and drawing.

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   Gender Roles and Gender Identity

OBJ:   Evolving gender roles                      MSC:  Factual

 

99. Your friend Nadia has recently had a child, and is struggling with the decision to return to work. “I miss my job terribly,” she says,” but if I put the baby in day care, she might lose her bond with me!” Knowing the research in this area as well as you do, you reply:

a.	“In fact, child care can actually help, especially if your child has an insecure attachment to you.”
b.	“If your child has a secure attachment to you, child care is very unlikely to take that away!”
c.	“Research has found that children who spend more than 10 hours a week in child care are at risk for a whole host of social problems, so I would stay home if I were you!”
d.	“Research found that the quality of child care is the most important factor, but the number of hours the child spends there will have no impact on your attachment with your child.”

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Difficult         REF:   Linking Research to Life

OBJ:   Attachment and child care                MSC:  Application

 

100. When trying to find day care for children, research suggests that all but which of the following features should be sought out?

a.	a low ratio of children to caregivers
b.	well-trained, experienced staff
c.	high staff turnover
d.	ample opportunities for educational and social stimulation

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   Linking Research to Life

OBJ:   Attachment and child care                MSC:  Factual

 

TRUE/FALSE

 

1. According to Erikson, the first three stages of psychosocial development involve the crises of basic trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, and initiative vs. guilt.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Beginnings: Trust and Attachment

OBJ:   Erikson’s stages of early psychosocial development

 

2. As an infant’s growing cognitive and language skills allow them to act as true partners in an attachment relationship, they enter the ‘true attachment’ stage of attachment.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Beginnings: Trust and Attachment    OBJ:   The growth of attachment

 

3. When a baby is upset when her attachment figure leaves the room, and then demonstrates anger when the attachment figure returns, she is displaying an avoidant attachment style.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Beginnings: Trust and Attachment    OBJ:   The growth of attachment

 

4. Internal working models involve expectations about parental responsiveness.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Beginnings: Trust and Attachment

OBJ:   What determines quality of attachment?

 

5. The formation of an attachment demonstrates the combined influence of the different facets of the biopsychosocial framework of human development.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Beginnings: Trust and Attachment

OBJ:   What determines quality of attachment?

 

6. The basic emotions include fear, anger, sadness, rage, jealously, and shame.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Emerging Emotions

OBJ:   Experiencing and expressing emotions

 

7. Infants as early as four months of age will attend more to a face depicting a negative emotional expression than to a face depicting a positive one.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Emerging Emotions

OBJ:   Recognizing and using others’ emotions

 

8. Like adults, children (even very young ones) use others’ emotions to direct their own behaviors. This is called social referencing.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Emerging Emotions

OBJ:   Recognizing and using others’ emotions

 

9. As children get older, one strategy that they develop for regulating their own emotions is to rely less on others to regulate their emotions for them.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Emerging Emotions                         OBJ:   Regulating emotions

 

10. When two children share the same toys and play with them in the same way, working together to refine their chosen game, they are engaging in parallel play.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Interacting With Others                   OBJ:   The joys of play

 

11. Toward a child’s second birthday, cooperative play emerges and is peppered with some form of organization and collaboration between playmates.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Interacting With Others                   OBJ:   The joys of play

 

12. Imaginary friends are psychologically unhealthy and should be discouraged.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Interacting With Others                   OBJ:   The joys of play

13. Girls’ interactions with each other are typically constricting, while boys’ interactions with each other are typically enabling.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Interacting With Others                   OBJ:   The joys of play

 

14. Behavior that is driven by feelings of responsibility toward other people, such as helping and sharing, in which individuals do not benefit directly from their actions is called empathy.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Interacting With Others                   OBJ:   Helping others

 

15. Research has found that children who are presented with opportunities to behave prosocially develop a stronger interest and satisfaction in engaging in prosocial activities.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Interacting With Others                   OBJ:   Helping others

 

16. All cultures have gender stereotypes.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Gender Roles and Gender Identity

OBJ:   Images of men and women: Facts and fantasy

 

17. As toddlers, girls tend to have smaller vocabularies than boys.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Gender Roles and Gender Identity

OBJ:   Images of men and women: Facts and fantasy

 

18. Research has found that fathers are more likely than mothers to treat their sons and daughters differently based on the child’s sex.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Gender Roles and Gender Identity    OBJ:   Gender typing

 

19. A full understanding of one’s gender begins by understanding that gender does not change over time.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Gender Roles and Gender Identity    OBJ:   Gender identity

 

20. Children who are placed in some form of child care almost always develop social difficulties as they reach their late toddler and early adolescent years.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Linking Research to Life                 OBJ:   Attachment and child care

 

COMPLETION

 

1. Erikson suggested that a child who is able to successfully balance autonomy with shame and doubt will develop a sense of ________.

 

ANS:  hope

 

REF:   Beginnings: Trust and Attachment

OBJ:   Erikson’s stages of early psychosocial development

 

2. According to Bowlby, the second stage in the formation of an attachment relationship, usually appearing between 6–8 weeks and 6–8 months, is called ________.

 

ANS:  attachment in the making

 

REF:   Beginnings: Trust and Attachment    OBJ:   The growth of attachment

 

3. The child who responds to his/her parent as if they were saying, “Why do you keep leaving me to fend for myself?” is demonstrating a(n) ________ attachment style.

 

ANS:  avoidant

 

REF:   Beginnings: Trust and Attachment    OBJ:   The growth of attachment

 

4. The internal ________ model suggests that attachments develop, in part, because of a child’s expectations of his parents’ availability and dependability.

 

ANS:  working

 

REF:   Beginnings: Trust and Attachment    OBJ:   What determines quality of attachment

 

5. Joy, anger, fear, interest, disgust, distress, sadness, and surprise are considered to be ________.

 

ANS:  basic emotions

 

REF:   Emerging Emotions                         OBJ:   Experiencing and expressing emotions

 

6. Stranger ________ first emerges around six months of age, when children demonstrate anxiety when in the presence of unfamiliar people.

 

ANS:  wariness

 

REF:   Emerging Emotions                         OBJ:   Experiencing and expressing emotions

 

7. Giselle is watching a television program with her mother, when something happens in the show that she does not understand .When she looks up to see her mother laughing, she starts laughing too. This is a demonstration of social ________.

 

ANS:  referencing

 

REF:   Emerging Emotions                         OBJ:   Recognizing and using others’ emotions

 

8. When children are playing by themselves but are watching each other while they do so, they are engaging in _____ play.

 

ANS:  parallel

 

REF:   Interacting With Others                   OBJ:   The joys of play

 

9. A group of neighborhood kids get together a few times a week to play hide and seek, and the game rotates from yard to yard. This is a large-scale example of ________ play.

 

ANS:  cooperative

 

REF:   Interacting With Others                   OBJ:   The joys of play

 

10. Boys’ interactions with each other, which often involve one trying to emerge as a victorious leader by threatening or contradicting the others, might best be described as ________.

 

ANS:  constricting

 

REF:   Interacting With Others                   OBJ:   The joys of play

 

11. Cooperation, empathy, and altruism are all examples of ________ behavior.

 

ANS:  prosocial

 

REF:   Interacting With Others                   OBJ:   Helping others

 

12. ________ is the actual experiencing of another’s feelings.

 

ANS:  Empathy

 

REF:   Interacting With Others                   OBJ:   Helping others

 

13. When children see their parents helping and caring for others, they learn to engage and initiate such prosocial behaviors themselves. Parents who employ this technique of _________ may also express feelings of warmth and concern for others.

 

ANS:  modeling

 

REF:   Interacting With Others                   OBJ:   Helping others

 

14. A social ________ refers to a set of culturally-determined guidelines about how one should behave, especially around other people.

 

ANS:  role

 

REF:   Gender Roles and Gender Identity    OBJ:   Images of men and women: Facts and fantasy

 

15. “Girls should play with dolls,” and “boys should roughhouse with each other” are both examples of ________.

 

ANS:  gender stereotypes

 

REF:   Gender Roles and Gender Identity    OBJ:   Images of men and women: Facts and fantasy

 

 

16. An attempt to hurt another by damaging his or her peer relationships is referred to as _____ aggression.

 

ANS:  relational

 

REF:   Gender Roles and Gender Identity    OBJ:   Images of men and women: Facts and fantasy

 

17. An individual’s sense of themselves as male or female is their ________.

 

ANS:  gender identity

 

REF:   Gender Roles and Gender Identity    OBJ:   Gender identity

 

18. Gender ________ is part of the process of acquiring our gender identity. It refers to the fact that children come to understand that boys become men and girls become women.

 

ANS:  stability

 

REF:   Gender Roles and Gender Identity    OBJ:   Gender identity

 

19. In gender-________ theory, children are believed to learn more about an activity only after first deciding whether it is masculine or feminine.

 

ANS:  schema

 

REF:   Gender Roles and Gender Identity    OBJ:   Gender identity

 

20. Research has found that a(n) ________ mother-child attachment is just as likely to occur, regardless of the quality, duration, and frequency of childcare. The age at which a child enters child care is similarly unlikely to interfere with such an attachment.

 

ANS:  secure

 

REF:   Linking Research to Life                 OBJ:   Attachment and child care

 

ESSAY

 

1. Discuss the first the stages of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development. Make sure to include the age range, crisis, and the strength that develops in each stage.

 

ANS:  The first stage of Erikson’s theory occurs during the first year of life (infancy) and involves the crisis of basic trust vs. mistrust. In this stage if parents are responsive and present in the baby’s life, the baby will learn a sense of security in the world. When responsiveness is less than immediate or is inconsistent, children will learn mistrust. Erikson believed that a healthy balance of trust and mistrust moments leads to hope.

 

The second stage is from ages one to three years, and is autonomy vs. shame and doubt. During this stage children become more independent of others, realizing that they can do things on their own. When they master these challenges they become more autonomous. This is tempered by worries that they cannot handle these challenges, and failures can result in shame and doubt. A blend of autonomy and shame/doubt leads to what Erikson called will.

 

The third stage is initiative vs. guilt, and occurs from ages three to five years. During this stage preschoolers begin exploring their environment, ask questions, and seek out information and knowledge. This leads to initiative. When their impulses and desires are in conflict with their surroundings, this leads to guilt. Erikson felt that a healthy blend of these two outcomes leads to purpose.

 

REF:   Beginnings: Trust and Attachment

 

2. Present, in correct order, the four stages by which attachment develops between a child and caregiver. Not what happens at each stage, and the approximate ages of each stage.

 

ANS:  Stage 1 is preattachment, which occurs between birth and 6–8 weeks. Babies learn to recognize their caregivers by smell and sound, and engage in behaviors that elicit caretaking from adults. The interaction between child and caregiver begins to become established.

 

Stage 2 is Attachment in the making, which occurs between 6–8 weeks and 6–8 months. Babies smile and laugh with the caregiver, and rely on that person when they are upset. They are beginning to identify this individual as the person to be counted upon.

 

Stage 3 is True attachment, which occurs between 6–8 and 18 months. An attachment figure has been singled out (usually the mother), and is the base of socioemotional comfort. Separation from this figure results in distress.

 

Stage 4 is Reciprocal relationships, which occurs from 18 months on. Developing cognitive and language skills allow for more interaction in the attachment relationship, initiative in actions, and understanding of others’ feelings and goals.

 

REF:   Beginnings: Trust and Attachment

 

3. Do children typically develop attachments to their fathers? If so, what is the nature of those relationships?

 

ANS:  Attachment typically first develops between infants and their mothers but babies soon become attached to fathers, too. Most fathers spend more time playing with their babies than taking care of them. And fathers emphasize physical play whereas mothers spend more time reading and talking to babies, showing them toys, and playing quiet games (Paquette, 2004). Many infants prefer to play with fathers but turn to mothers when distressed (Field, 1990).   (This selection is taken directly from the textbook, but provides a brief-essay answer to this question.)

 

REF:   Beginnings: Trust and Attachment

 

4. What are three techniques that older children might use to enhance their emotional self-regulation skills?

 

ANS:  The textbook points out three emotional regulation strategies employed by older children:

 

1. a) Children will begin to regulate their own emotions more and rely less on others/adults to help them with this skill.

 

1. b) Children will rely more on mental strategies to control their emotional states.

 

1. c) Children more accurately match the strategies for regulating emotions with the particular setting in which the emotion occurs.

 

Excellent answers will list and give an example of all three of these strategies.

 

REF:   Emerging Emotions

 

5. Phil and Lil are both playing with dolls in the same room. Use them in examples of parallel, simple social, and cooperative play.

 

ANS:  During parallel play, Phil and Lil would intently watch each other play but would not directly interact. During simple social play, Phil and Lil would engage in similar activities (e.g., each building a sand castle) and would talk and/or smile at each other. During cooperative play, Phil and Lil would directly interact with each other during some organized activity (e.g., playing tag with each other).

 

REF:   Interacting With Others

 

6. Jamie is a rather self-centered child who does not like to help other people. Describe three things Jamie’s parents could do to make it more likely that Jamie will engage in altruistic behaviors.

 

ANS:  There are several identified strategies for helping children take a greater interest in altruism.

 

(a)  Modeling – parents who demonstrate altruistic behavior and give their children the opportunity see them doing so will have children more likely to engage in such behaviors on their own.

 

(b)  Disciplinary practices – parents who employ warmth and support, set guidelines, provide feedback, and avoid harsh, threatening, and physical punishment have children who are more commonly involved in prosocial behaviors.

 

(c)  Opportunities to behave prosocially – when parents give their children ample opportunities to act in ways that help others, the children develop an interest in and satisfaction from such actions.

 

REF:   Interacting With Others

 

7. Describe the relationship between gender stereotypes and actual differences between boys and girls. Are any of these stereotypes accurate? Explain.

 

ANS:  There are several stereotypes noted by the textbook, and teachers will want to examine particular examples they emphasized in class as part of this answer. The text notes that stereotypes are picked up very early by children, even before they are verbal. There are, however, noted differences between boys and girls, as follows:

 

(a)  Verbal abilities – Girls tend to have a larger vocabulary and excel at reading, writing, and spelling. Boys tend to have more language-related problems, such as stuttering.

 

(b)  Mathematics – For years boys had an advantage on standardized tests, but these differences have dwindled as society has become more accepting and encouraging of girls in mathematics-related professions. In traditional societies, these advantages remain, but in societies that provide equal access to education and jobs in this area, the differences are minimal.

 

(c)  Spatial ability – Males typically outperform females on such tasks, answering more accurately and in less time. These differences appear very early in life.

 

(d) Social influence – Girls comply more with the instructions of adults, and are more easily influenced by group pressure. It is important to note that these differences may reflect societal expectations rather than true characterological differences.

 

(e)  Aggression – Boys are more physically aggressive, while girls resort more to relational aggression (trying to hurt others by damaging peer relationships). The excellent answer may use the recent trend in cyberbullying cases as an example of such aggression.

 

(f)  Emotional sensitivity – Girls are more emotionally mature, expressing their own emotions and reading those of others with greater skill. Girls also demonstrate more accurate empathy than boys.

 

REF:   Gender Roles and Gender Identity

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

8. You are going to start a new business aimed at providing day care for children of working parents.  Describe four things you could do at your center to foster secure attachments in the children that come to it.

 

ANS:  As the textbook presents, there is a list of things that parents should look for in a day care that will enhance the parent-child relationship. As a founder of a day care center, the following should be emphasized:

1)   A low child to caregiver ratio

2)   Staff who are experienced and well-trained

3)   Creating a work environment where staff will remain at the business for longer periods of time, thus creating less turnover

4)   Providing educational and social opportunities for the children in the day care

5)   Emphasizing exceptional communication between the day care staff and the parents regarding the aims and routine functions of the facility

 

REF:   Linking Research to Life: Attachment and Child Care