Essentials of Life Span Development 6th Edition by Santrock - Test Bank Instant Download - Complete Test Bank With Answers Sample Questions Are Posted Below Essentials of Life-Span Development, 6e (Santrock) Chapter 5 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood 1) The Reggio Emilia approach is a(n) A) nutrition program …
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Essentials of Life-Span Development, 6e (Santrock)
Chapter 5 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
1) The Reggio Emilia approach is a(n)
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 140
Topic: Early Childhood Education
Learning Objective: Evaluate different approaches to early childhood education.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
2) Sandra is informed by a pediatrician that her four-year-old son, Manuel, has gained six pounds over the last one year. Sandra should
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 141
Topic: Height and Weight
Learning Objective: Summarize physical changes in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
3) During early childhood, girls are ________ than boys.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 141
Topic: Height and Weight
Learning Objective: Summarize physical changes in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
4) By the end of early childhood, girls have more ________ tissue than boys.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 141
Topic: Height and Weight
Learning Objective: Summarize physical changes in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
5) A review of the height and weight of children around the world concluded that there are
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 141
Topic: Height and Weight
Learning Objective: Summarize physical changes in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
6) What are the two most important contributors to height differences among children all over the world?
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 141
Topic: Height and Weight
Learning Objective: Summarize physical changes in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
7) Who among the following five-year-olds is most likely to be the tallest?
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 141
Topic: Height and Weight
Learning Objective: Summarize physical changes in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
8) Which of the following statements about brain development and early childhood is true?
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 142
Topic: Brain Development
Learning Objective: Summarize physical changes in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
9) ________ is a process by which the nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 142
Topic: Brain Development
Learning Objective: Summarize physical changes in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
10) ________ involves an increase in the speed and efficiency of information traveling through the nervous system during brain development in children between the ages of 3 and 5.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 142
Topic: Brain Development
Learning Objective: Summarize physical changes in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
11) Scientists have discovered that there ________ the brains of children in the 3- to 15-year age range.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 142
Topic: Brain Development
Learning Objective: Summarize physical changes in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
12) Identify a characteristic of autobiographical memory.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 156
Topic: Memory
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
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APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
13) Researchers have found that in children from 3 to 6 years of age the most rapid growth takes place in the ________ lobe areas of the brain.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 142
Topic: Brain Development
Learning Objective: Summarize physical changes in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
14) Toby is three years old. His parents are concerned because he always runs and jumps around. He cannot sit still. Even when watching his favorite cartoon on TV, he fidgets and wiggles. It is especially frustrating for his parents when Toby does not sit still through dinner. Which of the following should Toby’s parents do?
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 142
Topic: Gross Motor Skills
Learning Objective: Summarize physical changes in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Apply
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APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
15) When 4- and 5-year-olds scramble over jungle gyms and race their friends, they demonstrate their
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 142
Topic: Gross Motor Skills
Learning Objective: Summarize physical changes in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
16) Fred and Wayne are 4-year-olds. When they are together, they often wrestle, run, race, push, and shove each other. Although their activities often aggravate their parents, these activities will
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 142
Topic: Gross Motor Skills
Learning Objective: Summarize physical changes in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
17) Irene is a 3-year-old girl. Her father takes her to a nearby park in the evening. In the context of the development of gross motor skills in children her age, identify an activity that Irene is mostly likely to do at the park.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 142
Topic: Gross Motor Skills
Learning Objective: Summarize physical changes in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Apply
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APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
18) Debra is a very active child. She loves to tumble and show off. She always tries, what her parents consider, hair-raising stunts. She also loves running and believes she can run faster than her parents. This type of activity level and confidence is most characteristic of
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 142
Topic: Gross Motor Skills
Learning Objective: Summarize physical changes in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
19) Jim, a 3-year-old boy, gets a box of colorful blocks as a birthday gift from his uncle. He is excited to see the gift and demands to play with the blocks immediately. In the context of physical and cognitive development in early childhood, when playing with the blocks, Jim is most likely to
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 143
Topic: Fine Motor Skills
Learning Objective: Summarize physical changes in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
20) Studies by Powers and Dodd in 2017 and Powers and Howley in 2018 show that a child’s life should center around ________.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 143
Topic: Exercise
Learning Objective: Summarize physical changes in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
21) Four-year-old Nathan is good at stacking blocks to make tall structures. However, he knocks them down occasionally. Which of the following is the most likely reason for this?
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 143
Topic: Fine Motor Skills
Learning Objective: Summarize physical changes in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
22) Which of the following should be minimized in order to improve the eating behavior of children?
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 144
Topic: Obesity
Learning Objective: Summarize physical changes in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
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APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
23) Which of the following determines the categories for obesity, overweight, and at risk of being overweight?
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 144
Topic: Obesity
Learning Objective: Summarize physical changes in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
24) The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2018) has established categories for weight that are determined by body mass index. Children and adolescents at or above the 97th percentile are classified as ________.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 144
Topic: Obesity
Learning Objective: Summarize physical changes in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
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APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
25) According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2018), a person with a body mass index (BMI) at the 90th percentile is
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 144
Topic: Obesity
Learning Objective: Summarize physical changes in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
26) Six-year-old Gina has a body mass index (BMI) at the 95th percentile. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2018), she is
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 144
Topic: Obesity
Learning Objective: Summarize physical changes in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
27) Which of the following statements about childhood obesity is true?
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 144
Topic: Obesity
Learning Objective: Summarize physical changes in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
28) Recently, four expert panels from Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States issued physical activity guidelines for young children that were quite similar (Pate & others, 2015). The guidelines recommend that young children engage in about ________ of physical activity per day total.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 145
Topic: Exercise
Learning Objective: Summarize physical changes in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
29) Leah, a 6-year-old girl, is a fussy eater. She avoids eating dark green vegetables and meat. She only prefers junk food. She feels weak, becomes tired easily, and shows signs of chronic fatigue. It can be said that Leah is showing symptoms of
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 204
Topic: Malnutrition
Learning Objective: Summarize physical changes in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Apply
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APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
30) The leading cause of death in young children in 2015 in the United States was
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 146
Topic: Illness and Death
Learning Objective: Summarize physical changes in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
31) Which of the following statements about parental smoking is true?
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 145
Topic: Illness and Death
Learning Objective: Summarize physical changes in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
32) Which of the following can enhance a child’s safety and reduce the likelihood of injury?
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 146
Topic: Illness and Death
Learning Objective: Summarize physical changes in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
33) According to Sleet and Mercy, which of the following steps can be taken to enhance children’s safety and prevent injury in the context of their family and home?
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 146
Topic: Illness and Death
Learning Objective: Summarize physical changes in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
34) According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2017), which of the following was the most common cause of accidental death in young children in 2015 in the United States?
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 146
Topic: Illness and Death
Learning Objective: Summarize physical changes in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
35) Many of the deaths of young children around the world could be prevented by reductions in
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 142
Topic: Illness and Death
Learning Objective: Summarize physical changes in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
36) Which of the following statements is true of Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive development?
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 147
Topic: Preoperational Stage
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
37) Six-year-old Patricia loves to draw pictures and describe them. Her ideas are more balanced now than earlier. She has started to analyze and understand things. However, she is egocentric and holds, what her parents describe as, “magical beliefs.” Patricia is in Piaget’s ________ stage of development.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 147
Topic: Preoperational Stage
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Apply
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APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
38) Piaget’s preoperational stage is so named because he believed that children in this stage of development
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 147
Topic: Preoperational Stage
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
39) Brian is 2.5 years old. He dwells in his own imaginary world and represents objects that are not present. He often scribbles patterns on walls that represent cloud, trees, birds, and so on. Brian’s behavior indicates that he is in Piaget’s ________ of cognitive development.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 147
Topic: Symbolic Function Substage
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Apply
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APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
40) Three-year-old Ruth draws a picture with lavender, purple, and blue colors intermixed with green, yellow, and brown. “It is a boat in the ocean at sunset, with whales jumping all around it!” she explains to her teacher. Which of the following does this explain?
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 147
Topic: Symbolic Function Substage
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
41) The inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and someone else’s perspective is known as
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 147
Topic: Symbolic Function Substage
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
42) Wendy, a 4-year-old girl, decides to gift her father a teddy bear on his birthday because she likes teddy bears. She asks her elder brother to help her wrap the gift. She does not consider the fact that her father may not like the gift or have no use for it. In the context of cognitive development in early childhood, this scenario illustrates
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 147
Topic: Symbolic Function Substage
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
43) Olivia, 3-year-old girl, loves to play with her toy train. She names it Max and takes it with her everywhere. One day, while drinking milk, she spills the milk on the floor. To avoid being scolded, Olivia tells her mother that Max has spilled the milk. Another day, she blames Max for soiling her dress. In the context of cognitive development in early childhood, this scenario illustrates the concept of
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 148
Topic: Symbolic Function Substage
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
44) “My computer does not like me. It keeps eating my pictures,” says three-year-old Kimberly. This is an example of
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 148
Topic: Symbolic Function Substage
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
45) The second substage of preoperational thought, occurring between approximately 4 and 7 years of age, is characterized by the use of
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 148
Topic: Preoperational Stage
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
46) Derek, a 4-year-old boy, is curious by nature and exhausts his parents with “why” questions. However, he is not able to comprehend ideas. His imagination does not resemble reality. Whenever he sees a rainbow, he believes that a fairy has painted it with watercolors. In the context of cognitive development in early childhood, this scenario illustrates
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 147
Topic: Preoperational Stage
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
47) Piaget called the second substage of the preoperational stage intuitive because children know something but know it without the use of ________.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 148
Topic: Preoperational Stage
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
48) Juan and his little sister, Anne, are each given a large cookie. Their mother breaks Anne’s cookie into four pieces to enable her to eat it easily. Juan immediately begins to cry and says that it is not fair that his sister got more cookies than him. Juan is showing a lack of
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 148
Topic: Conservation
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Apply
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APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
49) Which of the following best describes the relation between centration and conservation?
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 148
Topic: Centration
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
50) Diego is 3 years old. His mother pours him and his elder sister orange juice. Because his mother does not have two glasses of the same size, she pours his sister the juice in a taller glass than his. Though both glasses have the same amount of juice, Diego starts to cry because he think his sister has more juice. In the context of cognitive development in early childhood, this scenario illustrates the concept of
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 148
Topic: Centration
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
51) In general, conservation involves the ability to understand that changing an object’s appearance
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 148
Topic: Centration
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
52) In Piaget’s theory, failing the conservation-of-liquid task demonstrates
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 148
Topic: Centration
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
53) According to Rochel Gelman, ________ is especially important in explaining conservation.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 150
Topic: Centration
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
54) The zone of proximal development (ZPD) is Vygotsky’s term for
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 150
Topic: Zone of Proximal Development
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
55) According to Gauvain and Perez, which of the following factors can enhance the effectiveness of the zone of proximal development?
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 150
Topic: Zone of Proximal Development
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
56) Kevin is just learning to walk. He can take a few steps by himself if he uses both hands to hold on to a piece of furniture for support. He can walk to the middle of a room only if one of his parents holds his hands. Which of the following represents the lower limit of Kevin’s zone of proximal development (ZPD) for walking?
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 150
Topic: Zone of Proximal Development
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
57) Three-year-old Sharon can solve 4-piece jigsaw puzzles on her own but needs her parents’ help to solve 6-piece jigsaw puzzles. Which of the following represents the upper limit of Sharon’s zone of proximal development (ZPD) for solving such puzzles?
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 150
Topic: Zone of Proximal Development
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
58) Which of the following did Vygotsky call the “buds” or “flowers” of development?
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 150
Topic: Zone of Proximal Development
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
59) When adults are working with young children, they often provide a lot of hints, assistance, instructions, and other support to help the children succeed. As the children indicate that they can do more for themselves, the adults begin to withdraw their support. This shows the adults’ involvement in the children’s
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 150
Topic: Zone of Proximal Development
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
60) Which of the following refers to teachers’ adjustment of their level of support and guidance to the level of the skills of their students?
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 150
Topic: Scaffolding
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
61) Over the past week, Walter has been learning to tie his shoelaces. Initially, his mother held his hands and worked his fingers through the process. Now that Walter is better at it, she only guides him verbally. This is an example of ________.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 150
Topic: Zone of Proximal Development
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
62) Natalie is 4 years old. When she buttons her shirt, she talks to herself and describes the steps. This helps her in self-regulating and guiding her behavior. In the context of cognitive and physical development in early childhood, this scenario illustrates the concept of
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 151
Topic: Language
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
63) Which of the following describes Lev Vygotsky’s belief about the development of thought and language?
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 150
Topic: Language
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
64) For Vygotsky, private speech is ________.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 151
Topic: Language
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
65) Kristi works in a day-care center. She notices that Pablo, a 4-year-old boy, often indulges in private speech when doing any activity on his own. She has heard him talking to himself when solving puzzles. Kristi believes in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development in children. After seeing Pablo’s behavior, Kristi is likely to assume that Pablo’s usage of private speech is
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 151
Topic: Language
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Analyze
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena
66) Four-year-old Michelle talks to herself frequently. She does this especially when she is trying to solve a difficult problem. Lev Vygotsky would say that Michelle is
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 151
Topic: Language
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
67) Three-year-old Amy looks at her grandmother’s collection of glass animals and says, “Those are a ‘no-no’. Do not touch.” It appears that Amy is using ________ to regulate her own behavior.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 151
Topic: Language
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
68) Which of the following is true of Lev Vygotsky’s educational applications?
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 151
Topic: Teaching Strategies
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
69) Which of the following scenarios best represents Lev Vygotsky’s view of mental and behavioral development?
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 151
Topic: Teaching Strategies
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
70) According to Vygotsky, which of the following educational strategies should be incorporated in classrooms?
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 151
Topic: Teaching Strategies
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
71) According to Gauvain (2016) and Holzman (2017), Vygotsky’s view of the importance of ________ on children’s development fits with the current belief that it is important to evaluate the contextual factors in learning.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 152
Topic: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Cognitive Theory
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
72) In moving from Piaget to Vygotsky, the conceptual shift is one from
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 152
Topic: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Cognitive Theory
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
73) In the context of cognitive development in early childhood, Vygotsky argued that ________.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 151
Topic: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Cognitive Theory
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
74) Vygotsky believed that children construct knowledge through
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 150
Topic: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Cognitive Theory
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
75) In the context of theories of cognitive development, unlike Vygotsky, Piaget believed that ________.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 153
Topic: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Cognitive Theory
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Analyze
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena
76) Tools of the Mind is a program that is grounded in ________ theory of cognitive development.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 152
Topic: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Cognitive Theory
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
77) In a Tools of the Mind classroom, ________ has a central role.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 152
Topic: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Cognitive Theory
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
78) Ted is in a Tools of the Mind classroom. His teacher guides him in planning his own message by drawing a line to stand for each word he says. Ted then repeats the message, pointing to each line as he says the word. Finally, he writes on the lines, trying to represent each word with some letters or symbols. This process is called
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 152
Topic: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Cognitive Theory
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
79) Which of the following is a criticism of Vygotsky’s theory?
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 152
Topic: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Cognitive Theory
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
80) According to McClelland and others (2017) and Schmitt and others (2017), ________ attention involves action planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection and compensation, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 153
Topic: Information Processing
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
81) ________ attention is focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environment.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 153
Topic: Information Processing
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
82) A police officer visits Heather’s class to discuss safety rules. To attract the children’s attention, the officer brings colorful balloons and jars of bubbles. Later, Heather tells her parents all about the balloons and bubbles but cannot remember any of the safety rules the officer talked about. Heather obviously paid more attention to what was
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 154
Topic: Information Processing
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
83) A police officer visits Timothy and Evelyn’s class to discuss safety rules. To attract the children’s attention, the officer brings colorful balloons and jars of bubbles for the children to blow. Later, Timothy tells his parents about all the safety rules discussed by the officer. Timothy obviously paid attention to what was
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 154
Topic: Information Processing
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
84) Patsy is a 5-year-old girl. She participates in a laboratory experiment in which random alphabets are rapidly read out to her. After 20 seconds, she is asked to recall those alphabets. In the context of information processing, this experiment has been conducted to assess Patsy’s
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 154
Topic: Memory
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
85) The ability of preschool children to control and sustain their attention is related to
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 156
Topic: Information Processing
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
86) When experimenters ask children to judge whether two complex pictures are the same, preschool children tend to use a haphazard comparison strategy, not examining all of the details before making a judgment. The children exhibit a lack of
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 154
Topic: Information Processing
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
87) Which of the following statements is true of short-term memory?
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 154
Topic: Memory
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
88) Irene conducts a laboratory experiment to test the memory of children. She rapidly reads out a list of colors to three children aged 4, 6, and 13 years. The children are then asked to repeat the names of the colors. Irene notices that the 6-year-old and the 13-year-old are able to recall more colors than the 4-year-old. This experiment illustrates that
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 154-155
Topic: Memory
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
89) Using rehearsal, we can keep information in short-term memory for a much longer period. In this context, rehearsal means
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 154
Topic: Memory
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
90) Research with the memory-span task suggests that
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 154
Topic: Memory
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
91) In a study comparing the memory spans of preschool and elementary school children, the latter group consistently scored better. This apparent increase in memory span with age could be explained partly by how
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 155
Topic: Memory
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
92) Six-year-old Shirley, a witness to a robbery, was asked to testify at a trial. The defense argued that her testimony could be invalid because
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 155
Topic: Memory
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
93) ________ refers to an umbrella-like concept that consists of a number of higher-level cognitive processes linked to the development of the brain’s prefrontal cortex, which play a role in managing thoughts to engage in goal-directed behavior and self-control.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 156
Topic: Memory
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
94) The theory of ________ refers to awareness of one’s own mental processes and the mental processes of others.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 158
Topic: Theory of Mind
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
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APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
95) 18-month-old Alan hates spinach but says, “Yum!” when he sees his mother eating her favorite spinach casserole. This indicates that
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 158
Topic: Theory of Mind
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
96) Children begin to understand three mental states from 18 months to 3 years of age. According to Pratt and Bryant, a child realizes that looking leads to knowing what’s inside a container by 3 years of age. This mental state of the child is known as ________.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 158
Topic: Theory of Mind
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
97) Russell conducts an experiment to study children’s theory of mind. He selects participants and divides them into two groups. The first group consists of 3-year-olds, whereas the second group consists of 5-year-olds. Russell takes a box of crayons and places candies in them. He opens the box and shows it to both groups. Next, he asks the first group what a child who has never seen the box will think is actually inside the box. The group replies, “Candies!” To the same question, the second group replies, “Crayons!” This scenario illustrates that
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 158
Topic: Theory of Mind
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
98) According to Benson and Sabbagh (2017), ________ describes several operations, such as inhibition and planning, that are important for flexible, future-oriented behavior and are also connected to theory of mind development.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 159
Topic: Executive Function
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
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APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
99) Executive function involves ________.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 156
Topic: Executive Function
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
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APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
100) Pointing to a tree, young Leo says, “Bird flied away.” Leo’s interesting but incorrect use of “-ed” in “flied” shows that he is trying to learn the ________ rules of language.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 159-160
Topic: Language Development
Learning Objective: Summarize how language develops in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Apply
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APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
101) 3-year-old Zelda always asks questions like “Where Daddy is going?” and “What Mommy is doing?” This indicates that she is yet to learn the auxiliary-inversion rule and to apply the rules of
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 160
Topic: Syntax and Semantics
Learning Objective: Summarize how language develops in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Apply
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APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
102) Jean Berko’s experiment involving “wugs” demonstrated that young children who took part in the experiment knew
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 160
Topic: Language Development
Learning Objective: Summarize how language develops in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
103) ________ is a process that helps to explain how young children learn the connection between a word and its referent so quickly.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 161
Topic: Language Development
Learning Objective: Summarize how language develops in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
104) According to Harris, Golinkoff, and Hirsh-Pasek (2011), which of the following is a key principle in young children’s vocabulary development?
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 161
Topic: Syntax and Semantics
Learning Objective: Summarize how language develops in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
105) In the context of cognitive development in early childhood, identify a true statement about pragmatics.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 161
Topic: Pragmatics
Learning Objective: Summarize how language develops in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
106) Five-year-old Donna uses shorter, simpler sentences when talking to her baby brother. She speaks in a very informal way with her friends and uses a more formal language with her father’s friends. Donna is demonstrating her grasp of
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 161
Topic: Pragmatics
Learning Objective: Summarize how language develops in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
107) In the context of early childhood education, developmentally appropriate practice emphasizes
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 163
Topic: Developmentally Appropriate Practice
Learning Objective: Evaluate different approaches to early childhood education.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
108) ________ is a philosophy of education in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 162
Topic: Montessori Approach
Learning Objective: Evaluate different approaches to early childhood education.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
109) Nicole, a 3-year-old girl, goes to a school that follows the Montessori approach to education. Which of the following are Nicole’s teachers likely to follow?
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 162
Topic: Montessori Approach
Learning Objective: Evaluate different approaches to early childhood education.
Bloom’s: Analyze
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena
110) Nurturing is a key aspect of ________, which emphasizes the education of the whole child and concern for his or her physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 162
Topic: Early Childhood Education
Learning Objective: Evaluate different approaches to early childhood education.
Bloom’s: Remember
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APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
111) Dorothy is enrolled in a preschool where she spends much of her time in unstructured activities. She plays with the toys she chooses, and her teacher acts as a facilitator rather than a director. Which of the following approaches is Dorothy’s preschool using?
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 162
Topic: Montessori Approach
Learning Objective: Evaluate different approaches to early childhood education.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
112) Which of the following is a criticism of the Montessori approach?
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 162
Topic: Montessori Approach
Learning Objective: Evaluate different approaches to early childhood education.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
113) ________ is based on knowledge of the typical progress of a child within an age span as well as the uniqueness of the child.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 163
Topic: Developmentally Appropriate Practice
Learning Objective: Evaluate different approaches to early childhood education.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
114) In 1965, the federal government began an effort to break the cycle of poverty and substandard education for young children in the United States through
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 164
Topic: Project Head Start
Learning Objective: Evaluate different approaches to early childhood education.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
115) Karla is a single mother of a 5-year-old son. She works in a bakery on a meager salary. Recently, she found out about a government-funded program that provides children from low-income families with the opportunity to acquire the skills important for success in school. The program aims to improve substandard education and alleviate poverty. Karla decides to apply for the program. The program being referred to in this scenario is
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 164
Topic: Project Head Start
Learning Objective: Evaluate different approaches to early childhood education.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
116) Which of the following is true of Head Start programs?
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 164
Topic: Project Head Start
Learning Objective: Evaluate different approaches to early childhood education.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
117) Two current controversies in early childhood education involve
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 165-166
Topic: Curriculum
Learning Objective: Evaluate different approaches to early childhood education.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
118) According to Feeney, Moravcik, and Nolte (2019), Follari (2019), and Gestwicki (2017), competent early childhood programs should focus
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 166
Topic: Curriculum
Learning Objective: Evaluate different approaches to early childhood education.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
119) Which of the following was cited by Zigler and his colleagues supporting universal preschool in the United States?
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 166
Topic: Universal Preschool Education
Learning Objective: Evaluate different approaches to early childhood education.
Bloom’s: Understand
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APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
120) Critics of universal preschool education argue that
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 166
Topic: Universal Preschool Education
Learning Objective: Evaluate different approaches to early childhood education.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
121) Critics of universal preschool education say that
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 166
Topic: Universal Preschool Education
Learning Objective: Evaluate different approaches to early childhood education.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
122) Name the researcher who showed that when a child’s attention to relevant aspects of the conservation task is improved, the child is more likely to conserve.
Answer: Rochel Gelman
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 150
Topic: Centration
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
123) Name the cognitive theorist who emphasized the social contexts of learning and the construction of knowledge through social interaction.
Answer: Lev Vygotsky
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 150
Topic: Language
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
124) Name the Italian physician-turned-educator who at the beginning of the twentieth century crafted a revolutionary approach to young children’s education. In this approach, children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities.
Answer: Maria Montessori
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 162
Topic: Montessori Approach
Learning Objective: Evaluate different approaches to early childhood education.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
125) Identify the substage of preoperational thought in which a young child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present.
Answer: Symbolic function substage
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 147
Topic: Symbolic Function Substage
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
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APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
126) Identify the inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and the perspective of another.
Answer: Egocentrism
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 147
Topic: Symbolic Function Substage
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
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APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
127) Identify the term that refers to the awareness that altering an object’s or a substance’s appearance does not change its basic properties.
Answer: Conservation
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 148
Topic: Conservation
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
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APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
128) A(n) ________ is an approach that emphasizes the social contexts of learning and asserts that knowledge is mutually built and constructed.
Answer: social constructivist approach
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 150
Topic: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Cognitive Theory
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
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APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
129) Identify the term for the range of tasks that are too difficult for children to master alone but can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children.
Answer: Zone of proximal development
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 150
Topic: Zone of Proximal Development
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
130) Identify the term that refers to awareness of one’s own mental processes and the mental processes of others.
Answer: Theory of mind
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 158
Topic: Theory of Mind
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
131) Aubrey is in a school that takes into account the typical development of children within an age span as well as the uniqueness of the child. It also emphasizes the importance of creating settings that encourage active learning and reflect the child’s interests and capabilities. This view represents a ________.
Answer: developmentally appropriate practice (DAP)
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 163
Topic: Developmentally Appropriate Practice
Learning Objective: Evaluate different approaches to early childhood education.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
132) The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2018) has established categories for obesity, overweight, and at risk of being overweight. Describe how these categories are determined and classified.
Answer: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2018) has established categories for obesity, overweight, and at risk of being overweight. These categories are determined by body mass index (BMI), which is computed using a formula that takes into account height and weight. Children and adolescents at or above the 97th percentile are classified as obese, those at the 95th or 96th percentile as overweight, and those from the 85th to the 94th percentile as at risk of being overweight.
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 144
Topic: Obesity
Learning Objective: Summarize physical changes in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
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APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
133) Discuss the 5-2-1-0 obesity prevention guidelines recently issued for young children.
Answer: Recently, the following 5-2-1-0 obesity prevention guidelines have been issued for young children: 5 or more servings of fruits and vegetables, 2 hours or less of screen time, minimum of 1 hour of physical activity, and 0 sugar-sweetened beverages daily (Khalsa & others, 2017).
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 145
Topic: Obesity
Learning Objective: Summarize physical changes in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
134) Define what Piaget meant by an operation. What would be one task that preoperational children fail to do because they lack operations?
Answer: An operation is a reversible mental action that allows children to do mentally what before they could only do physically. Tasks that illustrate the lack of operations could be conservation, serration, the three mountains task, and so on.
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 147
Topic: Preoperational Stage
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
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APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
135) Briefly describe the two stages of preoperational thought. Provide an example of children’s thinking at each stage.
Answer: The Piagetian preoperational stage in cognitive development can be divided into two substages: the symbolic function substage and the intuitive thought substage. The symbolic function substage occurs roughly between the ages of 2 and 4. In this substage, the young child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present but still has limitations like egocentrism and animism. The intuitive thought substage occurs between approximately 4 and 7 years of age when children begin to use primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to all sorts of questions.
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 147
Topic: Symbolic Function Substage; Preoperational Stage
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
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APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
136) What is the zone of proximal development (ZPD)? What are its lower and upper limits? How can one use peer scaffolding to teach children mathematics within the zone?
Answer: The zone of proximal development (ZPD), developed by Lev Vygotsky, consists of the range of tasks that are too difficult for children to master alone but can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children. The lower limit of the ZPD is the level of skill reached by the child working independently. The upper limit is the level of additional responsibility the child can accept with the assistance of an able instructor.
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 150
Topic: Zone of Proximal Development; Scaffolding
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
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APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
137) List the ways in which Lev Vygotsky’s theory can be incorporated in classrooms.
Answer: Some of the ways in which Vygotsky’s theory can be incorporated in classrooms are (1) assess a child’s zone of proximal development; (2) use a child’s zone of proximal development in teaching; (3) use skilled peers as teachers; (4) place instruction in a meaningful context; and (5) transform the classroom with Vygotskian ideas.
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 151-152
Topic: Teaching Strategies
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
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APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
138) Briefly state two criticisms leveled against Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development.
Answer: One criticism of Vygotsky’s theory is that Vygotsky was not specific enough about age-related changes. Another criticism is that Vygotsky did not adequately describe how changes in socioemotional capabilities contribute to cognitive development.
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 152
Topic: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Cognitive Theory
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
139) Describe two reasons for developmental changes in memory span.
Answer: Memory span improves with age. Rehearsal of information is important in improving short-term memory. Older children rehearse the digits from tests more than younger children do. Speed—especially the speed with which memory items can be identified—and efficiency of processing information are important.
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 155
Topic: Memory
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
140) Identify the factors that can influence the accuracy of a young child’s memory.
Answer: Several factors can influence the accuracy of a young child’s memory. There are age differences in children’s susceptibility to suggestion. Preschoolers are the most suggestible age group in comparison with older children and adults. There are individual differences in susceptibility. Some preschoolers are highly resistant to interviewers’ suggestions, whereas others immediately succumb to the slightest suggestion. Interviewing techniques can produce substantial distortions in children’s reports about highly salient events.
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 155
Topic: Memory
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
141) Arielle took part in one of Walter Mischel’s delay of gratification studies. She was able to stop herself from eating the marshmallow by humming a song to herself. What does research suggest about her future?
Answer: Research suggests that Arielle will be more academically successful than others, have high SAT scores and high grade point averages at the end of college, and cope more effectively with stress than others as an adolescent and emerging adult. Furthermore, Arielle would be more likely to have a lower body mass index and be happier than those who could not delay gratification in preschool.
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 156
Topic: Memory
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
142) Briefly describe a child’s theory of mind. How are false-belief tasks useful in assessing the theory of mind?
Answer: Young children are curious about the nature of the human mind. They have a theory of mind, which refers to awareness of one’s own mental processes and the mental processes of others. One of the ways to assess a child’s theory of mind is by false-belief tasks. The realization that people can have false beliefs—beliefs that are not true—develops in a majority of children by the time they are 5 years old. This point is often described as a pivotal one in understanding the mind—recognizing that beliefs are not just mapped directly into the mind from the surrounding world, but that different people can also have different, and sometimes incorrect, beliefs.
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 158
Topic: Theory of Mind
Learning Objective: Describe the major theories of cognitive development in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
143) Describe four strategies suggested by Ellen Galinsky for using books effectively with preschool children.
Answer: Four strategies suggested by Ellen Galinsky (2010) for using books effectively with preschool children are (1) using books to initiate conversation with young children, (2) using what and why questions, (3) encouraging children to ask questions about stories, and (4) choosing some books that play with language.
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 162
Topic: Language Development
Learning Objective: Summarize how language develops in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
144) Describe the six key principles in young children’s vocabulary development as identified by Harris, Golinkoff, and Hirsh-Pasek.
Answer: According to Harris, Golinkoff, and Hirsh-Pasek (2011), the key principles in young children’s vocabulary development are as follows: (1) Children especially benefit from encountering words that they do not know; (2) children learn words for things and events that interest them; (3) children learn words better in responsive and interactive contexts than in passive contexts; (4) children learn words best in contexts that are meaningful; (5) children learn words best when they access clear information about word meaning; and (6) children who experience a large number of words and diversity in verbal stimulation develop a richer vocabulary and better understanding of grammar.
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 161
Topic: Language Development
Learning Objective: Summarize how language develops in early childhood.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
145) What are the criticisms of the Montessori approach to early education?
Answer: Critics of the Montessori approach believe that it neglects children’s socioemotional development. For example, although Montessori fosters independence and the development of cognitive skills, it deemphasizes verbal interaction between the teacher and child and between peers. Montessori’s critics also argue that it restricts imaginative play and that its heavy reliance on self-corrective materials may not adequately allow for creativity and for a variety of learning styles.
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 162
Topic: Montessori Approach
Learning Objective: Evaluate different approaches to early childhood education.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
146) What are the three principles that the child-centered kindergarten honors?
Answer: The child-centered kindergarten honors three principles: (1) each child follows a unique developmental pattern; (2) young children learn best through firsthand experiences with people and materials; and (3) play is extremely important in the child’s total development.
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 162
Topic: Early Childhood Education
Learning Objective: Evaluate different approaches to early childhood education.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
147) What are the current controversies in early childhood education?
Answer: Two current controversies in early childhood education involve (1) what the curriculum for early childhood education should be and (2) whether preschool education should be universal in the United States.
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 162
Topic: Curriculum
Learning Objective: Evaluate different approaches to early childhood education.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
Essentials of Life-Span Development, 6e (Santrock)
Chapter 5 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
1) The Reggio Emilia approach is a(n)
2) Sandra is informed by a pediatrician that her four-year-old son, Manuel, has gained six pounds over the last one year. Sandra should
3) During early childhood, girls are ________ than boys.
4) By the end of early childhood, girls have more ________ tissue than boys.
5) A review of the height and weight of children around the world concluded that there are
6) What are the two most important contributors to height differences among children all over the world?
7) Who among the following five-year-olds is most likely to be the tallest?
8) Which of the following statements about brain development and early childhood is true?
9) ________ is a process by which the nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells.
10) ________ involves an increase in the speed and efficiency of information traveling through the nervous system during brain development in children between the ages of 3 and 5.
11) Scientists have discovered that there ________ the brains of children in the 3- to 15-year age range.
12) Identify a characteristic of autobiographical memory.
13) Researchers have found that in children from 3 to 6 years of age the most rapid growth takes place in the ________ lobe areas of the brain.
14) Toby is three years old. His parents are concerned because he always runs and jumps around. He cannot sit still. Even when watching his favorite cartoon on TV, he fidgets and wiggles. It is especially frustrating for his parents when Toby does not sit still through dinner. Which of the following should Toby’s parents do?
15) When 4- and 5-year-olds scramble over jungle gyms and race their friends, they demonstrate their
16) Fred and Wayne are 4-year-olds. When they are together, they often wrestle, run, race, push, and shove each other. Although their activities often aggravate their parents, these activities will
17) Irene is a 3-year-old girl. Her father takes her to a nearby park in the evening. In the context of the development of gross motor skills in children her age, identify an activity that Irene is mostly likely to do at the park.
18) Debra is a very active child. She loves to tumble and show off. She always tries, what her parents consider, hair-raising stunts. She also loves running and believes she can run faster than her parents. This type of activity level and confidence is most characteristic of
19) Jim, a 3-year-old boy, gets a box of colorful blocks as a birthday gift from his uncle. He is excited to see the gift and demands to play with the blocks immediately. In the context of physical and cognitive development in early childhood, when playing with the blocks, Jim is most likely to
20) Studies by Powers and Dodd in 2017 and Powers and Howley in 2018 show that a child’s life should center around ________.
21) Four-year-old Nathan is good at stacking blocks to make tall structures. However, he knocks them down occasionally. Which of the following is the most likely reason for this?
22) Which of the following should be minimized in order to improve the eating behavior of children?
23) Which of the following determines the categories for obesity, overweight, and at risk of being overweight?
24) The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2018) has established categories for weight that are determined by body mass index. Children and adolescents at or above the 97th percentile are classified as ________.
25) According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2018), a person with a body mass index (BMI) at the 90th percentile is
26) Six-year-old Gina has a body mass index (BMI) at the 95th percentile. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2018), she is
27) Which of the following statements about childhood obesity is true?
28) Recently, four expert panels from Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States issued physical activity guidelines for young children that were quite similar (Pate & others, 2015). The guidelines recommend that young children engage in about ________ of physical activity per day total.
29) Leah, a 6-year-old girl, is a fussy eater. She avoids eating dark green vegetables and meat. She only prefers junk food. She feels weak, becomes tired easily, and shows signs of chronic fatigue. It can be said that Leah is showing symptoms of
30) The leading cause of death in young children in 2015 in the United States was
31) Which of the following statements about parental smoking is true?
32) Which of the following can enhance a child’s safety and reduce the likelihood of injury?
33) According to Sleet and Mercy, which of the following steps can be taken to enhance children’s safety and prevent injury in the context of their family and home?
34) According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2017), which of the following was the most common cause of accidental death in young children in 2015 in the United States?
35) Many of the deaths of young children around the world could be prevented by reductions in
36) Which of the following statements is true of Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive development?
37) Six-year-old Patricia loves to draw pictures and describe them. Her ideas are more balanced now than earlier. She has started to analyze and understand things. However, she is egocentric and holds, what her parents describe as, “magical beliefs.” Patricia is in Piaget’s ________ stage of development.
38) Piaget’s preoperational stage is so named because he believed that children in this stage of development
39) Brian is 2.5 years old. He dwells in his own imaginary world and represents objects that are not present. He often scribbles patterns on walls that represent cloud, trees, birds, and so on. Brian’s behavior indicates that he is in Piaget’s ________ of cognitive development.
40) Three-year-old Ruth draws a picture with lavender, purple, and blue colors intermixed with green, yellow, and brown. “It is a boat in the ocean at sunset, with whales jumping all around it!” she explains to her teacher. Which of the following does this explain?
41) The inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and someone else’s perspective is known as
42) Wendy, a 4-year-old girl, decides to gift her father a teddy bear on his birthday because she likes teddy bears. She asks her elder brother to help her wrap the gift. She does not consider the fact that her father may not like the gift or have no use for it. In the context of cognitive development in early childhood, this scenario illustrates
43) Olivia, 3-year-old girl, loves to play with her toy train. She names it Max and takes it with her everywhere. One day, while drinking milk, she spills the milk on the floor. To avoid being scolded, Olivia tells her mother that Max has spilled the milk. Another day, she blames Max for soiling her dress. In the context of cognitive development in early childhood, this scenario illustrates the concept of
44) “My computer does not like me. It keeps eating my pictures,” says three-year-old Kimberly. This is an example of
45) The second substage of preoperational thought, occurring between approximately 4 and 7 years of age, is characterized by the use of
46) Derek, a 4-year-old boy, is curious by nature and exhausts his parents with “why” questions. However, he is not able to comprehend ideas. His imagination does not resemble reality. Whenever he sees a rainbow, he believes that a fairy has painted it with watercolors. In the context of cognitive development in early childhood, this scenario illustrates
47) Piaget called the second substage of the preoperational stage intuitive because children know something but know it without the use of ________.
48) Juan and his little sister, Anne, are each given a large cookie. Their mother breaks Anne’s cookie into four pieces to enable her to eat it easily. Juan immediately begins to cry and says that it is not fair that his sister got more cookies than him. Juan is showing a lack of
49) Which of the following best describes the relation between centration and conservation?
50) Diego is 3 years old. His mother pours him and his elder sister orange juice. Because his mother does not have two glasses of the same size, she pours his sister the juice in a taller glass than his. Though both glasses have the same amount of juice, Diego starts to cry because he think his sister has more juice. In the context of cognitive development in early childhood, this scenario illustrates the concept of
51) In general, conservation involves the ability to understand that changing an object’s appearance
52) In Piaget’s theory, failing the conservation-of-liquid task demonstrates
53) According to Rochel Gelman, ________ is especially important in explaining conservation.
54) The zone of proximal development (ZPD) is Vygotsky’s term for
55) According to Gauvain and Perez, which of the following factors can enhance the effectiveness of the zone of proximal development?
56) Kevin is just learning to walk. He can take a few steps by himself if he uses both hands to hold on to a piece of furniture for support. He can walk to the middle of a room only if one of his parents holds his hands. Which of the following represents the lower limit of Kevin’s zone of proximal development (ZPD) for walking?
57) Three-year-old Sharon can solve 4-piece jigsaw puzzles on her own but needs her parents’ help to solve 6-piece jigsaw puzzles. Which of the following represents the upper limit of Sharon’s zone of proximal development (ZPD) for solving such puzzles?
58) Which of the following did Vygotsky call the “buds” or “flowers” of development?
59) When adults are working with young children, they often provide a lot of hints, assistance, instructions, and other support to help the children succeed. As the children indicate that they can do more for themselves, the adults begin to withdraw their support. This shows the adults’ involvement in the children’s
60) Which of the following refers to teachers’ adjustment of their level of support and guidance to the level of the skills of their students?
61) Over the past week, Walter has been learning to tie his shoelaces. Initially, his mother held his hands and worked his fingers through the process. Now that Walter is better at it, she only guides him verbally. This is an example of ________.
62) Natalie is 4 years old. When she buttons her shirt, she talks to herself and describes the steps. This helps her in self-regulating and guiding her behavior. In the context of cognitive and physical development in early childhood, this scenario illustrates the concept of
63) Which of the following describes Lev Vygotsky’s belief about the development of thought and language?
64) For Vygotsky, private speech is ________.
65) Kristi works in a day-care center. She notices that Pablo, a 4-year-old boy, often indulges in private speech when doing any activity on his own. She has heard him talking to himself when solving puzzles. Kristi believes in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development in children. After seeing Pablo’s behavior, Kristi is likely to assume that Pablo’s usage of private speech is
66) Four-year-old Michelle talks to herself frequently. She does this especially when she is trying to solve a difficult problem. Lev Vygotsky would say that Michelle is
67) Three-year-old Amy looks at her grandmother’s collection of glass animals and says, “Those are a ‘no-no’. Do not touch.” It appears that Amy is using ________ to regulate her own behavior.
68) Which of the following is true of Lev Vygotsky’s educational applications?
69) Which of the following scenarios best represents Lev Vygotsky’s view of mental and behavioral development?
70) According to Vygotsky, which of the following educational strategies should be incorporated in classrooms?
71) According to Gauvain (2016) and Holzman (2017), Vygotsky’s view of the importance of ________ on children’s development fits with the current belief that it is important to evaluate the contextual factors in learning.
72) In moving from Piaget to Vygotsky, the conceptual shift is one from
73) In the context of cognitive development in early childhood, Vygotsky argued that ________.
74) Vygotsky believed that children construct knowledge through
75) In the context of theories of cognitive development, unlike Vygotsky, Piaget believed that ________.
76) Tools of the Mind is a program that is grounded in ________ theory of cognitive development.
77) In a Tools of the Mind classroom, ________ has a central role.
78) Ted is in a Tools of the Mind classroom. His teacher guides him in planning his own message by drawing a line to stand for each word he says. Ted then repeats the message, pointing to each line as he says the word. Finally, he writes on the lines, trying to represent each word with some letters or symbols. This process is called
79) Which of the following is a criticism of Vygotsky’s theory?
80) According to McClelland and others (2017) and Schmitt and others (2017), ________ attention involves action planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection and compensation, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances.
81) ________ attention is focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environment.
82) A police officer visits Heather’s class to discuss safety rules. To attract the children’s attention, the officer brings colorful balloons and jars of bubbles. Later, Heather tells her parents all about the balloons and bubbles but cannot remember any of the safety rules the officer talked about. Heather obviously paid more attention to what was
83) A police officer visits Timothy and Evelyn’s class to discuss safety rules. To attract the children’s attention, the officer brings colorful balloons and jars of bubbles for the children to blow. Later, Timothy tells his parents about all the safety rules discussed by the officer. Timothy obviously paid attention to what was
84) Patsy is a 5-year-old girl. She participates in a laboratory experiment in which random alphabets are rapidly read out to her. After 20 seconds, she is asked to recall those alphabets. In the context of information processing, this experiment has been conducted to assess Patsy’s
85) The ability of preschool children to control and sustain their attention is related to
86) When experimenters ask children to judge whether two complex pictures are the same, preschool children tend to use a haphazard comparison strategy, not examining all of the details before making a judgment. The children exhibit a lack of
87) Which of the following statements is true of short-term memory?
88) Irene conducts a laboratory experiment to test the memory of children. She rapidly reads out a list of colors to three children aged 4, 6, and 13 years. The children are then asked to repeat the names of the colors. Irene notices that the 6-year-old and the 13-year-old are able to recall more colors than the 4-year-old. This experiment illustrates that
89) Using rehearsal, we can keep information in short-term memory for a much longer period. In this context, rehearsal means
90) Research with the memory-span task suggests that
91) In a study comparing the memory spans of preschool and elementary school children, the latter group consistently scored better. This apparent increase in memory span with age could be explained partly by how
92) Six-year-old Shirley, a witness to a robbery, was asked to testify at a trial. The defense argued that her testimony could be invalid because
93) ________ refers to an umbrella-like concept that consists of a number of higher-level cognitive processes linked to the development of the brain’s prefrontal cortex, which play a role in managing thoughts to engage in goal-directed behavior and self-control.
94) The theory of ________ refers to awareness of one’s own mental processes and the mental processes of others.
95) 18-month-old Alan hates spinach but says, “Yum!” when he sees his mother eating her favorite spinach casserole. This indicates that
96) Children begin to understand three mental states from 18 months to 3 years of age. According to Pratt and Bryant, a child realizes that looking leads to knowing what’s inside a container by 3 years of age. This mental state of the child is known as ________.
97) Russell conducts an experiment to study children’s theory of mind. He selects participants and divides them into two groups. The first group consists of 3-year-olds, whereas the second group consists of 5-year-olds. Russell takes a box of crayons and places candies in them. He opens the box and shows it to both groups. Next, he asks the first group what a child who has never seen the box will think is actually inside the box. The group replies, “Candies!” To the same question, the second group replies, “Crayons!” This scenario illustrates that
98) According to Benson and Sabbagh (2017), ________ describes several operations, such as inhibition and planning, that are important for flexible, future-oriented behavior and are also connected to theory of mind development.
99) Executive function involves ________.
100) Pointing to a tree, young Leo says, “Bird flied away.” Leo’s interesting but incorrect use of “-ed” in “flied” shows that he is trying to learn the ________ rules of language.
101) 3-year-old Zelda always asks questions like “Where Daddy is going?” and “What Mommy is doing?” This indicates that she is yet to learn the auxiliary-inversion rule and to apply the rules of
102) Jean Berko’s experiment involving “wugs” demonstrated that young children who took part in the experiment knew
103) ________ is a process that helps to explain how young children learn the connection between a word and its referent so quickly.
104) According to Harris, Golinkoff, and Hirsh-Pasek (2011), which of the following is a key principle in young children’s vocabulary development?
105) In the context of cognitive development in early childhood, identify a true statement about pragmatics.
106) Five-year-old Donna uses shorter, simpler sentences when talking to her baby brother. She speaks in a very informal way with her friends and uses a more formal language with her father’s friends. Donna is demonstrating her grasp of
107) In the context of early childhood education, developmentally appropriate practice emphasizes
108) ________ is a philosophy of education in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities.
109) Nicole, a 3-year-old girl, goes to a school that follows the Montessori approach to education. Which of the following are Nicole’s teachers likely to follow?
110) Nurturing is a key aspect of ________, which emphasizes the education of the whole child and concern for his or her physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development.
111) Dorothy is enrolled in a preschool where she spends much of her time in unstructured activities. She plays with the toys she chooses, and her teacher acts as a facilitator rather than a director. Which of the following approaches is Dorothy’s preschool using?
112) Which of the following is a criticism of the Montessori approach?
113) ________ is based on knowledge of the typical progress of a child within an age span as well as the uniqueness of the child.
114) In 1965, the federal government began an effort to break the cycle of poverty and substandard education for young children in the United States through
115) Karla is a single mother of a 5-year-old son. She works in a bakery on a meager salary. Recently, she found out about a government-funded program that provides children from low-income families with the opportunity to acquire the skills important for success in school. The program aims to improve substandard education and alleviate poverty. Karla decides to apply for the program. The program being referred to in this scenario is
116) Which of the following is true of Head Start programs?
117) Two current controversies in early childhood education involve
118) According to Feeney, Moravcik, and Nolte (2019), Follari (2019), and Gestwicki (2017), competent early childhood programs should focus
119) Which of the following was cited by Zigler and his colleagues supporting universal preschool in the United States?
120) Critics of universal preschool education argue that
121) Critics of universal preschool education say that
122) Name the researcher who showed that when a child’s attention to relevant aspects of the conservation task is improved, the child is more likely to conserve.
123) Name the cognitive theorist who emphasized the social contexts of learning and the construction of knowledge through social interaction.
124) Name the Italian physician-turned-educator who at the beginning of the twentieth century crafted a revolutionary approach to young children’s education. In this approach, children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities.
125) Identify the substage of preoperational thought in which a young child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present.
126) Identify the inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and the perspective of another.
127) Identify the term that refers to the awareness that altering an object’s or a substance’s appearance does not change its basic properties.
128) A(n) ________ is an approach that emphasizes the social contexts of learning and asserts that knowledge is mutually built and constructed.
129) Identify the term for the range of tasks that are too difficult for children to master alone but can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children.
130) Identify the term that refers to awareness of one’s own mental processes and the mental processes of others.
131) Aubrey is in a school that takes into account the typical development of children within an age span as well as the uniqueness of the child. It also emphasizes the importance of creating settings that encourage active learning and reflect the child’s interests and capabilities. This view represents a ________.
132) The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2018) has established categories for obesity, overweight, and at risk of being overweight. Describe how these categories are determined and classified.
133) Discuss the 5-2-1-0 obesity prevention guidelines recently issued for young children.
134) Define what Piaget meant by an operation. What would be one task that preoperational children fail to do because they lack operations?
135) Briefly describe the two stages of preoperational thought. Provide an example of children’s thinking at each stage.
136) What is the zone of proximal development (ZPD)? What are its lower and upper limits? How can one use peer scaffolding to teach children mathematics within the zone?
137) List the ways in which Lev Vygotsky’s theory can be incorporated in classrooms.
138) Briefly state two criticisms leveled against Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development.
139) Describe two reasons for developmental changes in memory span.
140) Identify the factors that can influence the accuracy of a young child’s memory.
141) Arielle took part in one of Walter Mischel’s delay of gratification studies. She was able to stop herself from eating the marshmallow by humming a song to herself. What does research suggest about her future?
142) Briefly describe a child’s theory of mind. How are false-belief tasks useful in assessing the theory of mind?
143) Describe four strategies suggested by Ellen Galinsky for using books effectively with preschool children.
144) Describe the six key principles in young children’s vocabulary development as identified by Harris, Golinkoff, and Hirsh-Pasek.
145) What are the criticisms of the Montessori approach to early education?
146) What are the three principles that the child-centered kindergarten honors?
147) What are the current controversies in early childhood education?
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
