Essentials of Understanding Abnormal Behavior 2nd Edition by David Sue - Test Bank

CHAPTER 5: TRAUMA AND

STRESS-RELATED DISORDERS

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1.Jake is confused about what a stressor is. According to the text, a stressor is ____.

a. an internal psychological or physical response

b. an external event or situation that places a physical or psychological demand on a person

c. something that irritates people

d. an event or situation that is beyond a person’s ability to cope

ANS:BREF:Introduction

OBJ: 1 MSC: Applied

2.Which statement concerning stressors and stress is accurate?

a. Stressors are external events; stress is an internal reaction to such events.

b. Stress is a chronic condition; stressors are only temporary.

c. Stressors are internal reactions such as increased heartbeat; stress is an external condition.

d. Stress and stressor are two different words that have the same meaning.

ANS:AREF:Introduction

OBJ: 1 MSC: Factual

3.Dale seemed to be okay when he returned from duty in Afghanistan in June 2009, despite witnessing his two best friends being killed when their tank exploded. Six months after his return, though, he began having nightmares and flashbacks about his experiences and became constantly vigilant. He would jump at even the slightest noise. Finally, his wife insisted that Dale see a therapist. The most likely diagnosis is ____.

a. noise phobia c. posttraumatic stress disorder

b. panic disorder d. acute stress disorder

ANS: C REF: Acute and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders

OBJ: 2 MSC: Applied

4.Ramon saw a therapist because he was reliving a traumatic experience and trying to avoid reminders of it for two weeks. The onset of his problem occurred three weeks after he was brutally assaulted and robbed. The therapist would most likely diagnose Ramon with which disorder?

a. acute stress disorder c. generalized anxiety disorder

b. posttraumatic stress disorder d. panic disorder

ANS: A REF: Acute and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders

OBJ: 1 MSC: Applied

5.Drazen was in Bosnia during the civil war there. He has daytime flashbacks of the bombing and is emotionally numb, withdrawing from friends and family. Although he is much calmer than he was before the war, symptoms have lasted for several months. What about Drazen’s case is unusual for a person with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

a. It is unusual for people with PTSD to have flashbacks.

b. It is unusual for people with PTSD to withdraw from others.

c. It is unusual for people with PTSD to become calm.

d. It is unusual for people with PTSD to have symptoms longer than thirty days.

ANS: C REF: Acute and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders

OBJ: 1 MSC: Applied

6.Lifetime prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is highest among ____.

a. African Americans c. White Americans

b. Hispanic Americans d. Asian Americans

ANS: A REF: Acute and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders

OBJ: 1 MSC: Factual

7.Research by Delahanty (2007) found that following the experience of an overwhelming and traumatic stimulus, ____.

a. most individuals who have experienced trauma show a marked decrease in symptoms with time

b. most individuals who have experienced trauma developed severe PTSD

c. most individuals who experienced trauma developed ASD

d. most individuals engaged in maladaptive appraisals of the trauma

ANS: A REF: Acute and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders

OBJ: 1 MSC: Factual

8.It is suspected that the prevalence of ASD is underestimated because ____.

a. individuals with the symptoms may not seek treatment within the thirty-day period that defines the disorder

b. people who have it are too embarrassed to ask for help

c. it is not a well-recognized diagnosis

d. clinicians are more likely to diagnose PTSD than ASD for insurance purposes

ANS: A REF: Acute and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders

OBJ: 1 MSC: Factual

9.Cortina and Kubiak (2006) found that ____.

a. women are more likely than men to experience stress because women are more likely to be exposed to violent interpersonal situations

b. men are more likely than women to experience stress because men are more likely to be exposed to violent interpersonal situations

c. women are more likely than men to experience stress because of women’s physiological make up

d. men are more likely than women to experience stress because men are more violent than women

ANS: A REF: Acute and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders

OBJ: 2 MSC: Factual

10.Gina was driving on a bridge when it collapsed over a river. Although she was not physically injured, she had to wait in her car for three hours before she was helped off the bridge. Which hormone is most likely to have been released to help her body deal with this dangerous and frightening situation?

a. thyroxin c. cortisol

b. testosterone d. estradiol

ANS:CREF:Etiology of Acute and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders

OBJ: 2 MSC: Applied

11.What is now known as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was called ____ in World War I.

a. shell shock c. battle fatigue

b. soldier’s heart d. postwar syndrome

ANS:AREF:Etiology of Acute and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders

OBJ: 2 MSC: Factual

12.What epigenetic factors could be involved in the development of PTSD?

a. Childhood trauma may produce changes in biologic processes of the serotonin transporter gene.

b. Dysregulation of the HPA axis.

c. The release of neurohormones triggered by a stressor.

d. Dysregulation of the sympathetic nervous system.

ANS:AREF:Etiology of Acute and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders

OBJ: 2 MSC: Factual

13.Mitchell, a Vietnam veteran, spends his therapy sessions describing the horrors of combat. His therapist has him recall all the details, focusing on the horrific events for extended periods of time. Mitchell’s therapist is most likely using ____ to treat him for ____.

a. exposure; generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

b. extinction; generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

c. psychoeducation; posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

d. exposure; posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

ANS:DREF:Treatment of Acute and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders

OBJ: 3 MSC: Applied

14.Rhonda has been diagnosed with PTSD after being beaten and raped by her ex-husband. She is discussing various treatment options with her therapist. Why might her therapist suggest psychotherapy rather than medication?

a. Medications only numb the emotions, they do not help with the problems.

b. Discontinuation rates are twice as high with medication as compared with psychotherapy treatments.

c. Psychotherapy treatments are easier.

d. Medications have not been found to be successful for treating PTSD.

ANS:BREF:Treatment of Acute and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders

OBJ: 3 MSC: Applied

15.Kwan, a refugee from the Southeast Asian country of Cambodia, woke up feeling fine but was dead by the end of the day. His autopsy showed no identifiable cause for his death. His death may be said to illustrate ____.

a. ventricular fibrillation

b. psychosomatic heart disease

c. sudden death syndrome

d. acute bradycardia

ANS:C

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied

16.Thirty years ago, a psychiatrist might have considered peptic ulcers and essential hypertension to be ____, but today the term ____ is used.

a. psychosomatic illnesses; conversion disorders

b. psychophysiological disorders; neuroses

c. psychosomatic illnesses; psychophysiological disorders

d. neuroses; psychoses

ANS:C

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Conceptual

17.Sandi is diagnosed as having two conditions: migraine headaches and hypertension. A mental health professional should consider her as suffering from ____.

a. a psychophysiological disorder (migraine) and a physical condition (hypertension)

b. two physical conditions that normally have little to do with psychological factors

c. a psychophysiological disorder (hypertension) and a conversion disorder (migraine)

d. two psychophysiological disorders

ANS:D

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied

18.Which of the following people has a psychophysiological disorder?

a. Carla, who complains of a loss of feeling but shows no signs of a medical condition to account for it

b. Wendy, who was diagnosed with an anxiety disorder

c. Brenda, whose migraine headaches began several days after a stressful life event

d. Hallie, whose medical condition is genetic

ANS:C

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied

19.Professor McLeod said, “Psychological factors can influence physical processes by producing physiological changes in the immune system. For hundreds of years, health care professionals have understood this connection between psychological and physical factors. However, psychological conditions cannot influence neural and biological systems. Additionally, a person’s beliefs about the causes, symptoms, duration, and curability of a disease do not affect that person’s willingness to seek treatment and follow through with it.” Which part of Professor McLeod’s statement is accurate?

a. Psychological factors can influence physical processes by producing physiological changes in the immune system.

b. Health care professionals have understood this connection between psychological and physical factors for hundreds of years.

c. Psychological conditions cannot influence neural and biological systems.

d. A person’s beliefs about the causes, symptoms, duration, and curability of a disease do not affect that person’s willingness to seek treatment and follow through with it.

ANS:A

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied

20.Which of the following is not a recognized characteristic of psychophysiological disorders?

a. actual tissue damage c. physical dysfunction

b. disease process d. feelings of depression or anxiety

ANS:D

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual

21.Imagine that you are a physician and your patient is a Hmong immigrant who has just arrived in the United States. The patient, through a translator, tells you that spirits come into his room while he sleeps and make it hard for him to breathe. He wakes up screaming. Considering reports from other Hmong immigrants, you should ____.

a. reassure the patient that there is nothing to worry about and that symptoms will disappear on their own

b. assume the patient suffers from a psychotic mental condition

c. treat the person for anxiety disorder

d. be concerned that the patient’s psychological stress can lead to sudden death

ANS:D

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied

22.Both Kurt and Magda survived airplane crashes. Both experience intrusive memories of the event as well as extreme anxiety and dissociative episodes. In what situation might one be diagnosed with acute stress disorder and the other with posttraumatic stress disorder?

a. When one experiences anxiety and the other does not

b. When one relives the experience and the other does not

c. When one has had symptoms for more than thirty days and the other has not

d. When one experiences panic attacks and the other does not

ANS:C

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied

23.A dominant theme in understanding the manifestation of stress is that ____.

a. negative stressors have greater impact on health than positive stressors

b. illness results from a complex interaction of biological, psychological, social, and sociocultural factors

c. the most important factor in the interaction between stress and health is interpretation of the situation

d. the more stress a person encounters, the more likely that person is to become ill

ANS:B

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Conceptual

24.Continuing research on stress suggests that ____.

a. biological stressors play a more important role in affecting the immune system than do psychological or social stressors

b. biological stressors can cause physiological damage, but psychological and social stressors do not

c. there is very little relationship between stress and health

d. stress affects the immune system, heart function, hormone levels, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal systems

ANS:D

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual

25.Stacey suffers from a psychophysiological disorder. Which statement about her condition would be accurate?

a. Psychological factors play an important role in her physical condition.

b. Her condition is psychological, not physical.

c. She most likely suffers from conversion disorder.

d. Medical treatment will provide the best outcome for her disorder.

ANS:A

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied

26.In the study by Cohen and his colleagues (1998) on susceptibility to the cold virus, ____.

a. stress was not related to whether participants developed cold symptoms.

b. all of the subjects who became infected with the virus developed cold symptoms because they all suffered some level of stress.

c. only participants who suffered from acute stressful life events for less than a month developed cold symptoms.

d. the stressors most closely related to colds were long-term conflicts with family or friends and either unemployment or underemployment.

ANS:D

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual

27.What is the most widely held opinion concerning the effect of mood and attitude on cancer treatment?

a. It is clear that mood and attitude have no impact on the course of cancer.

b. Mood and attitude influence the course of cancer only in females, not in males.

c. Research so far is unable to show conclusively that mood and attitude affect cancer treatment.

d. It is clear that a positive mood does cause cancer remission.

ANS:C

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Conceptual

28.Which statement accurately describes the relationship between stress and health?

a. Stress reactions increase vulnerability to disease because the immune system is strengthened.

b. Stress reactions directly cause infections in the body.

c. Stress reactions occur after the immune system’s strength has been decreased by other factors.

d. Stress reactions decrease the immune system’s efficiency and thereby increase vulnerability to disease.

ANS:D

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual

29.Which of the following individuals would be at highest risk for essential hypertension?

a. Ariela, an 80-year-old African American female

b. Botan, a 50-year-old Asian American female

c. Carlos, a 50-year-old Hispanic American male

d. Tzvi, a 35-year-old Middle Eastern male

ANS:A

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied

30.All of the following women are 50 years old and have similar health histories. Which of them is at highest risk of dying from coronary heart disease?

a. Naomi, who is always on the go

b. Nancy, who suffers from heartburn

c. Nina, who suffers from major depression

d. Nora, who is learning to eat healthier

ANS:C

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied

31.Which person would be diagnosed with hypertension?

a. Adele, whose blood pressure reading is 92/40

b. Bernard, whose blood pressure reading is 100/70

c. Carlysle, whose blood pressure reading is 120/70

d. Denny, whose blood pressure reading is 141/92

ANS:D

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied

32.____ leads to the death of over 400,000 Americans each year, although its incidence has diminished in recent years. This condition is also related to stress.

a. Cancer c. Asthma

b. Migraine headaches d. Coronary heart disease

ANS:D

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual

33.A researcher interested in resolving the issue of whether emotional states play a causal role in cancer must answer which of the following questions?

a. Is Type A personality a consistent trait?

b. Are people at risk for cancer also at risk for coronary heart disease?

c. Does knowledge that one has cancer cause changes in emotional states, or vice versa?

d. Do we have enough retrospective data to make an unambiguous conclusion?

ANS:C

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Conceptual

34.The text presents the story of Vang Xiong, a Hmong refugee who almost succumbed to sudden death syndrome. What treatment appears to have helped his symptoms disappear?

a. A Hmong healer interpreted his problems as being caused by unhappy spirits and she performed ceremonies to release the spirits.

b. A psychiatrist prescribed SSRIs for his symptoms.

c. A psychoanalyst interpreted his symptoms as survivor’s guilt, which helped him work through his problems.

d. A cognitive-behavioral therapist helped him deal with his problems through confrontational role playing and learning relaxation techniques.

ANS:A

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual

35.Norman Cousins is credited with suggesting that immune functioning is increased by ____.

a. exercise c. self-efficacy

b. humor d. perception of control

ANS:B

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual

36.Based on current knowledge about cancer, its prevalence, and factors related to its progression, which statement is accurate?

a. Cancer is a specific disease with relatively clear diagnostic criteria.

b. The negative emotions of people who have received a diagnosis of cancer may be the result of the knowledge of their disease rather than their personality traits.

c. Because cancer generally develops quickly over a short period of time, it is possible to determine a temporal relationship between its occurrence and specific moods.

d. Retrospective studies allow researchers to determine whether emotions related to cancer came before or after the diagnosis.

ANS:B

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: 4

37.Which of the following terms best describes a group of disorders with actual physical conditions?

a. hypochondriasis c. psychophysiological disorders

b. somatic disorders d. anxiety disorders

ANS:C

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual

38.Which type of headache results from constricting of the cranial arteries followed by dilation of the cerebral blood vessels?

a. migraine c. cluster

b. tension d. all three types

ANS:A

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual

39.An individual who has hypertension means refers to a person who ____.

a. is anxious or hostile most of the time

b. has heart disease because of blocked arteries

c. has blood pressure of 140 over 90 or higher

d. is subject to muscle spasms that have no physical basis

ANS:C

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual

40.Blood pressure tends to be temporarily higher when people ____.

a. are Type B personalities

b. respond to stressors physiologically

c. are depressed and guilt-ridden

d. talk about their anger after cooling down

ANS:B

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual

41.Research on high blood pressure indicates that of the 74 million Americans who have high blood pressure that needs treatment, ____.

a. 60% are unaware of their hypertension

b. more than 40% percent are not being treated

c. less than 10% percent are not being treated

d. 10% are unaware of their hypertension

ANS:B

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual

42.For most cases of hypertension, the cause is ____.

a. known c. determined by a physician

b. not known d. related to other physiological factors

ANS:B

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual

43.Which of the following statements about headaches is true?

a. People who suffer from headaches usually only suffer from one specific type.

b. Men experience headaches more often than women.

c. Poor body posture has been associated with the onset of headaches.

d. All three types of headaches have the same causes, although they manifest differently in different people.

ANS:C

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Conceptual

44.Which of the following substances suppresses the immune system?

a. T-cells c. lymphocytes

b. cortisol d. phagocytes

ANS:B

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual

45.Which of the following individuals is most likely to have high blood pressure?

a. Rebecca, a 45-year-old white woman

b. Randy, a 50-year-old Asian American male

c. Raul, an 80-year-old Mexican American male

d. Rosa, an 80-year-old African American woman

ANS:D

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied

46.Dr. Kazinsky says, “Headaches are among the most common psychophysiological complaints. It is clear that there are four different forms of headache, each with its own cause. All headache pain is due to the contraction of the scalp and neck muscles, and in some cases, stress plays a role.” What portion of this statement is not accurate?

a. It is not accurate to say that headache is among the most common complaints.

b. It is not accurate to say that all headache pain is due to the contraction of the scalp and neck muscles.

c. It is not accurate to say that pain can range from dull to excruciating.

d. It is not accurate to say that stress plays a role in some headaches.

ANS:B

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied

47.Dee and Jay, a married couple, both have asthma. What is the likelihood that each of their children will also have the disease?

a. 1 in 10 c. 5 in 10

b. 3 in 10 d. 7 in 10

ANS:D

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied

48.Which system in the human body maintains health by recognizing and destroying pathogens that produce disease?

a. the endocrine system c. the immune system

b. the hormonal system d. the central nervous system

ANS:C

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual

49.Which of the following conditions are associated with headaches?

a. positive emotions c. hypertension

b. the weather d. asthma

ANS:B

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual

50.Which groups have the highest risk of dying from asthma?

a. Asian Americans and Middle Easterners

b. European Americans and Native Hawaiians

c. Puerto Ricans and African Americans

d. Native Americans and Native Hawaiians

ANS:C

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual

51.Who is most likely to suffer from migraine headaches?

a. Candice, a 24-year-old white female

b. Claudia, a 24-year-old African American female

c. Carl, a 24-year-old white male

d. Clayton, a 24-year-old African American male

ANS:A

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied

52.Research by Eggleston and Kattan (1997) found that the highest association with emergency room treatment, hospitalization, and school absence was found for asthmatic children who had an allergy to ____.

a. dogs c. cockroaches

b. cats d. dust mites

ANS:C

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual

53.Murray is a child with allergies who has respiratory attacks that make breathing very difficult. These attacks often occur at night and when his parents have had a fight. Murray is probably suffering from ____.

a. angina pectoris c. essential hypertension

b. asthma d. posttraumatic stress disorder

ANS:B

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied

54.Of the following, which group has the lowest prevalence of asthma?

a. Asian c. African American

b. Hispanic d. Puerto Rican

ANS:A

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual

55.Otto complains of excruciatingly painful headaches that are centered near one eye. His eye tears, and his nose is blocked when the headache occurs. From what kind of headache is Otto probably suffering?

a. cluster c. classic migraine

b. common migraine d. tension

ANS:A

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied

56.Which type of headache typically occurs in cycles that may produce incapacitating attacks several times a day?

a. migraine c. cluster

b. tension d. any of these

ANS:C

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual

57.Which type of headaches are thought to be caused by prolonged contraction of the muscles in the scalp and neck?

a. migraine c. classic

b. tension d. cluster

ANS:B

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual

58.Tanya experiences nausea, and sensitivity to light, sound, odors, and movement. The headaches are caused by excessive dilation of blood vessels. Tanya will most likely be diagnosed with a ____.

a. migraine headache c. common tension headache

b. cluster headache d. stabbing headache

ANS:A

REF: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied

59.Stress researchers have found that ____.

a. both short-term and long-term exposure to stress are associated with deterioration of immune functioning

b. both short-term and long-term exposure to stress are associated with enhancement of immune functioning

c. brief exposure to stress enhances immune functioning; extended exposure to stress is associated with deterioration of immune functioning

d. the research is inconclusive with regard to any relationship between short- or long-term exposure to stress and immune functioning

ANS: C REF: Etiology of Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 5 MSC: Factual

60.What effect do negative emotions have on stress?

a. Negative emotions neutralize the body’s stress response.

b. Negative emotions have no effect on stress.

c. Negative emotions enable the body to adapt to stress.

d. Negative emotions can elevate CHD risk.

ANS: D REF: Etiology of Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 5 MSC: Factual

61.Who is more likely to be affected by stress?

a. men c. adolescents

b. women d. older adults

ANS: B REF: Etiology of Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 5 MSC: Factual

62.On one particularly stressful day, Darren learns that his girlfriend is leaving him, his mother was robbed, and the IRS is auditing him. His body reacts with an increased heart rate and increased respiration. Viewing Darren’s reaction from a biological perspective, Darren is experiencing ____.

a. activation of the sympathetic nervous system in order to prepare the body for emergency action

b. impaired immune response to stressors

c. dysfunctional cognitions regarding the stressors occurring during this day

d. pre-existing conditions that predispose him to developing stress reactions

ANS: A REF: Etiology of Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied

63.The body’s reaction to long-lasting stress is associated with ____.

a. enhanced immune functioning c. changes in personality

b. impaired immune response d. decreased sensitivity to stressors

ANS: B REF: Etiology of Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual

64.Leo took care of his wife for several years after she suffered a stroke. The stress on him was overwhelming. Shortly after she died, he developed a serious illness. His illness suggests  ____.

a. hypertension resulting from chronic stress

b. an impaired immune response to illness resulting from chronic stress

c. hypervigilance resulting from chronic stress

d. hyperglycemia resulting from chronic stress

ANS: B REF: Etiology of Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied

65.Mrs. Fujimori has been caring for her husband who has lung cancer. She reports feeling depressed and states she herself has become unusually susceptible to infections. One explanation is that the stress has weakened her immune system. Another is that she has ____.

a. a hardy personality

b. a Type A personality

c. relied too much on other emotionally supportive relationships

d. been neglecting her nutrition and sleep needs

ANS: D REF: Etiology of Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 5 MSC: Applied

66.Tindle et al. (2009) research study of women demonstrated that women who scored high on optimism ____ in comparison to women who had hostile thoughts about others.

a. have an exaggerated cardiovascular response

b. have a lower risk of developing heart disease

c. have an increased sense of competence

d. have decreased stress levels

ANS: B REF: Etiology of Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 5 MSC: Factual

67.A friend of yours is taking care of an elderly aunt. The friend wants advice on how best to provide the care so that the aunt is both happy and healthy. Based on research, you should suggest that ____.

a. the aunt’s activity level be increased beyond the range of which she thinks she is capable

b. your friend enable the aunt to have control in her daily life and make as many decisions as she can

c. your friend reduce all decisions the aunt must make to a minimum

d. the aunt be protected from all visitors and changes in her daily schedule

ANS: B REF: Etiology of Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 5 MSC: Applied

68.Harry works in a noisy manufacturing plant. According to research, his epinephrine levels and sense of anxiety will be higher if he ____.

a. hears the noise loud and clear

b. cannot hear the noise clearly

c. believes he cannot control the noise

d. believes he has a way of controlling the noise

ANS: C REF: Etiology of Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 5 MSC: Applied

69.Dr. Frank is doing research on cancer. Rats are injected with cancer cells and then either given no electric shocks or shocks in two conditions: having control over stopping the shocks or having no control. What results should Dr. Frank expect?

a. The sickest groups should be those getting shocks.

b. The sickest group should be the “control shock” condition.

c. The sickest group should be the “no shock” controls.

d. The sickest group should be the “no control shock” condition.

ANS: D REF: Etiology of Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 5 MSC: Applied

70.Bill, a high-powered executive, is rarely ill. Which of the following characteristics would be most important for Bill’s good health?

a. interpersonal abilities

b. genetic factors

c. sense of commitment and involvement of ongoing changes

d. the ability to delegate responsibility to others

ANS: C REF: Etiology of Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 5 MSC: Applied

71.Jill has a sense of control over her own life; she says she enjoys the challenge of change and is open to it. We would expect that Jill ____.

a. gets stressed out a lot c. will burn out in the near future

b. is happy and active d. does not have a good sense of reality

ANS: B REF: Etiology of Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 5 MSC: Applied

72.Who is at highest risk for high blood pressure?

a. Marianne, an African American woman who has a strong social support system

b. Peter, a white male who has been involved in the civil rights movement since he was a child

c. Damon, an African American male who has experienced and accepted discrimination since he was a child

d. Diana, a white female who has been aware of the lower status of women in our culture since she was a child

ANS: C REF: Etiology of Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 5 MSC: Applied

73.Based on research concerning control, personality, and stress-related illness, which person would be least likely to experience a weakened immune system?

a. Joe, who feels that his manager controls his work life

b. Jennifer, who feels little involvement in or commitment to her job

c. Jason, who is always optimistic and perceives that he has a lot of control over things in his life

d. Rochelle, who wants her job to remain the same forever

ANS: C REF: Etiology of Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 5 MSC: Applied

74.Racial differences in rates of ____ for women seem to be influenced by the availability of ____.

a. asthma; healthy diet

b. coronary heart disease; fibrogen

c. hypertension; social support

d. migraine and other headaches; social support

ANS: C REF: Etiology of Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 5 MSC: Factual

75.A longitudinal study by Maddi (2002) showed that after almost half of a company’s workforce was let go due to downsizing, of those who remained, two-thirds became ill and the other third thrived. Those who did well had which three characteristics?

a. commitment, control, and challenge c. challenge, control, and optimism

b. commitment, control, and apathy d. optimism, happiness, and commitment

ANS: A REF: Etiology of Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 5 MSC: Factual

76.Efforts to combine medical and psychological treatments for psychophysiological disorders have proved to be ____.

a. unsuccessful unless extensive psychoanalysis is used

b. successful

c. a temporary fad

d. largely unsuccessful

ANS: B REF: Treatment of Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 6 MSC: Factual

77.Recent research suggests that migraine headaches may involve a ____.

a. biological predisposition c. stimulus specificity

b. autonomic response d. somatic weakness

ANS: A REF: Etiology of Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 5 MSC: Factual

78.If a child has one parent with asthma, what is the likelihood that this particular child will also develop asthma?

a. This child will have a one in three chance of developing asthma.

b. This child will have a seven in ten chance of developing asthma.

c. This child will have a 50% chance of developing asthma.

d. There is no chance this child will develop asthma.

ANS: A REF: Etiology of Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 5 MSC: Factual

79.The rate of coronary heart disease is five times greater in Japanese Americans who become acculturated than in those who retain their traditional values. This fact supports which view of psychophysiological disorders?

a. sociocultural c. psychological

b. biological d. social

ANS: A REF: Etiology of Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 5 MSC: Conceptual

80.Treatment of psychophysiological disorders usually consists of ____.

a. medical treatment, because once the physical condition has been resolved the psychological distress will no longer be an issue

b. psychotherapy, because once the psychological issues have been resolved the medical condition will disappear

c. medical treatment for the physical condition and psychotherapy to alleviate the stress and anxiety caused by the medical condition

d. medical treatment and relaxation

ANS: C REF: Treatment of Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 6 MSC: Factual

81.Which of the following is a maladaptive, chronic response to stress?

a. hypervigilance c. diminished interest in sex

b. increased blood pressure d. faster blood clotting

ANS: A REF: Etiology of Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 5 MSC: Factual

82.Positive affect ____ the parasympathetic modulation of physiological stress reactions.

a. enhances c. exacerbates

b. inhibits d. constricts

ANS: A REF: Etiology of Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 5 MSC: Factual

83.All of the following individuals have the same type of cancer and are currently at the same state of health, receiving the same type of treatment, at the same facility. Who is most likely to live longest?

a. Abby, who has high self-efficacy and is unrealistically optimistic

b. Bernie, who has high self-efficacy and a realistic acceptance of his condition

c. Carl, who has low self-efficacy, but is nonetheless optimistic

d. Doug, who has low self-efficacy and is pessimistic about his outcome

ANS: A REF: Treatment of Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 6 MSC: Applied

84.Reduction of stress through relaxation appears to ____.

a. make no difference in the blood pressure of those with hypertension

b. increase arteriosclerosis in those with hypertension

c. significantly reduce headaches

d. increase incidence of migraines

ANS: C REF: Treatment of Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 6 MSC: Factual

85.Marquis is receiving relaxation training for his headache problems. Which of the following best illustrates what he should do?

a. Clench certain muscle groups and then release them.

b. Monitor his headache pain with a daily logbook.

c. Concentrate on tones played over a set of headphones so that he can lower the tones.

d. Change his way of thinking about the pain of a headache.

ANS: A REF: Treatment of Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 6 MSC: Applied

86.In relaxation training, participants ____.

a. develop the ability to put themselves into a trance state

b. relax all their muscles at once

c. imagine situations that are calm and pleasant

d. learn to relax their muscles in almost any situation

ANS: D REF: Treatment of Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 6 MSC: Factual

87.Henry is treated for hypertension by using a procedure in which he receives information about small decreases in his blood pressure presented visually on a screen. What treatment is Henry getting?

a. cognitive coping theory

b. biofeedback

c. autonomic response generalization

d. Jacobson’s progressive relaxation training

ANS: B REF: Treatment of Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 6 MSC: Applied

88.Deirdra’s husband has left her after she was diagnosed with breast cancer. She sees the world as unfair and is depressed.  Her therapist suggests she join a group that helps members find validation and meaning in their life experience. The therapist is suggesting what approach?

a. psychodynamic c. sociocultural

b. behavioral d. social-cognitive processing

ANS: D REF: Treatment of Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 6 MSC: Applied

89.Which emotion has been particularly implicated in coronary heart disease?

a. anger c. sadness

b. hostility d. impatience

ANS: B REF: Treatment of Psychophysiological Disorders

OBJ: 5 MSC: Factual

ESSAY

1.Describe psychophysiological disorders and some of the factors that may lead to their development. How are some people able to avoid succumbing to the ill effects of these risk factors?

ANS:

Psychophysiological disorders are physical disorders that have a strong psychological basis or component yet involve tissue damage (such as coronary heart disease), a disease process (e.g., immune impairment), or physiological dysfunction (e.g., asthma). The primary factor in developing these disorders is exposure to stressors, which are external events or situations that place a physical or psychological demand on a person; they can range from chronic irritation and frustration (like when your computer “crashes”) to acute and traumatic events (such as war, rape, or natural disasters). More specifically, we are constantly dealing with biological stressors (e.g., genetic inheritance or genetic predispositions that, when combined with environmental situations, can result in a psychophysiological disorder like asthma or heart disease); psychological stressors (e.g., cognitive functioning); social factors (e.g., lack of social support); or sociocultural factors (e.g., racial, gender, or age bias).

There are many ways to reduce one’s risk for developing some of these disorders, or for dealing with them in a healthier fashion. These include living a healthy lifestyle, assuming an optimistic perspective, reducing hostility, creating areas of one’s life where s/he has a sense of control, finding social support, developing one’s sense of spirituality, and learning to relax.

2.List and describe three different factors that moderate individuals’ stress responses.

ANS:

Psychological and personality characteristics can mediate the effects of exposure to stressors. Positive affect such as optimism, happiness, joy, and contentment enhance the parasympathetic modulation of heart rate, blood pressure, and other physiological stress reactions while negative emotions such as depression, hostility, anxiety, and cynicism accentuate the stress response. Hostility in particular has been implicated in several physiological disorders including coronary heart disease.

Perceived control is also important to stress level. A negative event that is perceived as controllable is likely to be less stressful than one that is perceived as uncontrollable. Perception of control over the environment seems to reduce stress effects.

The three characteristics of commitment (being involved in ongoing changes rather than giving up and feeling isolated), control (attempting to influence decisions and refusing to feel powerless), and challenge (viewing changes as opportunities) all appear not only to protect individuals against stress related illness, and actually helping them to thrive.

Social support moderates the impact of a stressor. Research suggests that social support may provide a buffer or protection against the health-damaging effects of stress. Additionally, perceived discrimination, cultural expectations, and conflicts with societal standards have an impact on health and can heighten the stress response.

3.Compare and contrast acute and posttraumatic stress disorders and discuss how they are treated.

ANS:

Both acute stress disorder (ASD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are brought on by exposure to a traumatic stressor. They differ primarily in onset (the onset for ASD is within four weeks, and may be any time for PTSD) and duration (ASD lasts two to twenty-eight days, PTSD lasts longer than one month). They are characterized by anxiety and dissociative symptoms. The trauma involves possible death or severe injury and is experienced by the individual with intense fear or horror. It is relived through intrusive and distressing recollections of the event, flashbacks, nightmares, intense physiological reactivity, or distress when exposed to reminders of the event. It involves emotional numbing, or avoiding stimuli associated with the trauma, and may involve emotional withdrawal. It is also characterized by heightened autonomic arousal, which can include sleep disturbance, hypervigilance, irritability, and poor control over aggressive impulses.

ASD and PTSD are both treated with medications (particularly, SSRI antidepressant medications) or psychotherapy strategies that focus on extinguishing the fear to trauma-related stimuli or to correct dysfunctional cognitions that are thought to perpetuate symptoms of ASD and PTSD; or a combination of both medications and psychotherapy. Exposure to cues associated with the trauma involves the individual to immerse him/herself in a recreation of the traumatic event and allows extinction to occur; it also helps to correct erroneous cognitions associated with the traumatic event. Psychotherapists teach their clients to challenge dysfunctional cognitions, developing a solution-oriented attitude, reduce negative self-talk, practice relaxation, and stress management. Research indicates these strategies to be effective for a large majority of clients.