Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal Justice 8th Edition by Joycelyn M. Pollock - Test Bank

Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal Justice 8th Edition by Joycelyn M. Pollock – Test Bank

 

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Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

Chapter 5 – The Police Role in Society

 

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Crime control is an approach that is consistent with the following except:
2. Criminals are the enemy.
3. Police officers are soldiers in a war.
4. Police officers serve all the people.
5. Efficiency is a top priority.

 

ANS:  C          REF:  p.105                 OBJ:  LO 1

 

2. The crime control and due process models were developed by:
3. Carl Klockars
4. Herbert Packer
5. Lawrence Sherman
6. John Crank

 

ANS:  B          REF:  p.105                 OBJ:  LO 1

 

3. According to Packer, which of the following is one of the principles under which the crime control model operates?
4. efficiency is rejected if it involves shortcuts
5. protection of process is as important as protection of innocents
6. a conveyor belt is the model for the system
7. the coercive power of the state is always subject to abuse

 

ANS: C           REF: p. 105                 OBJ: LO 1

 

4. According to Packer, which of the following is one of the principles under which the due process model operates?
5. efficiency is a top priority
6. there is a presumption of guilt
7. protection of process is as important as protection of innocents
8. emphasis is on speed and finality

 

ANS: C           REF: p. 106                 OBJ: LO 1

 

5. The public servant model of policing includes all the following except:
6. Criminals are not a distinct group.
7. Police have a limited ability to control crime.
8. Protection of the process of justice is as important as crime control.
9. Police are not public servants of those who commit crime.

 

ANS:  D          REF:  pp.105               OBJ:  LO 1

 

6. The first era of police professionalism began in the:
7. 1920s
8. 1930s
9. 1960s
10. 1980s

 

ANS:  A          REF:  p.107                 OBJ:  LO 1

 

7. In relation to community policing and ethics, all of the following is true except:
8. Community policing ethical issues arise from the closer relationships formed with community members.
9. There is evidence that there is more corruption in community policing models than with traditional law enforcement.
10. Community policing reduces cynicism and burnout which may reduce corruption.
11. Community policing may increase the potential for gratuities.

 

ANS:  B          REF:  pp.109-110       OBJ:  LO 2

 

8. A model of law enforcement that creates partnerships with the community and addresses underlying problems rather than simply enforcing the law is referred to as:
9. crime control policing
10. reactive policing
11. traditional policing
12. community policing

 

ANS: D           REF: p. 109                 OBJ: LO 1

 

9. Harris’ “preventive policing” model includes:
10. the concepts of community policing, problem-oriented policing, and accountability mechanisms
11. the concepts of community policy and the practices of crime control policing
12. the concepts of problem-oriented policing, and counter-terrorism efforts
13. the concepts of accountability mechanisms and counter-terrorism efforts

 

ANS: A           REF: p. 110                 OBJ: LO 1

 

10. Authority is defined as:
11. the right to inherent in a role to use any means to overcome resistance
12. the use of signs and symbols to induce compliance
13. the use of words and arguments to induce compliance
14. the unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from fulfilling a specific role

 

ANS: D           REF: p. 111                 OBJ: LO 2

11. Power is defined as:
12. the right inherent in a role to use any means to overcome resistance
13. the use of signs and symbols to induce compliance
14. the use of words and arguments to induce compliance
15. the unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from fulfilling a specific role

 

ANS: A           REF: p. 111                 OBJ: LO 2

 

12. Persuasion is defined as:
13. the right to inherent in a role to use any means to overcome resistance
14. the use of signs, symbols, words, and arguments to induce compliance
15. the use of force and coercion to get one’s way
16. the unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from fulfilling a specific role

 

ANS: B           REF: p. 111                 OBJ: LO 2

 

13. Force is defined as:
14. the right to inherent in a role to use any means to overcome resistance
15. the use of signs, symbols, words, and arguments to induce compliance
16. the use of physical coercion to overcome the will of the individual
17. the unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from fulfilling a specific role

 

ANS: C           REF: p. 111                 OBJ: LO 2

 

14. According to Klockars, what are the four elements of police power?
15. power, persuasion, threat, and force
16. power, persuasion, force, and authority
17. authority, threat, force, and persuasion
18. force, coercion, persuasion, authority

 

ANS:  B          REF:  pp.111               OBJ:  LO 2

 

15. Cohen and Feldberg include all of the following as ethical standards derived from the social contract except:
16. safety and security
17. efficiency
18. fair access
19. teamwork

 

ANS:  B          REF:  p.112                 OBJ:  LO 2,3

 

16. Cohen and Feldberg proposed five ethical standards that can be derived from the social contract between society and the individuals. Which of the following is not one of these standards?
17. Teamwork
18. Objectivity
19. Equality
20. Fair access

 

ANS: C           REF: p. 112                 OBJ: LO 2,3

 

17. Cohen and Feldberg propose five ethical standards that can be derived from the social contract. Which of the following is not one of these five principles?
18. fair access
19. punishment
20. teamwork
21. decentralization

 

ANS: D           REF: p. 112                 OBJ: LO 2,3

 

18. ___________________ is different from the other three means of control in that it is physical.
19. Force
20. Authority
21. Discretion
22. Persuasion

 

ANS: A           REF: p. 111                 OBJ: LO 2

 

19. Wilson described types of police as including all except:
20. legalistic
21. service
22. watchman
23. caretaker

 

ANS:  B          REF:  pp.112-113       OBJ:  LO 2

 

20. Muir’s typology of police styles includes:
21. The professional
22. The avoider
23. The enforcer
24. The watchman

 

ANS: D           REF: p. 113                 OBJ: LO 2

 

21. In Muir’s typology of police styles, the professional:
22. used coercion exclusively
23. avoided situations where they might be challenged
24. balanced coercion with compassion
25. had citizens solve problems and made deals to keep the peace

 

ANS: C           REF: p. 113                 OBJ: LO 2

 

22. In Brown’s typology of police styles, the old-style crime fighters:
23. are concerned only with action that might be considered crime control
24. avoided situations where they might be challenged
25. balanced coercion with compassion
26. had citizens solve problems and made deals to keep the peace

 

ANS: A           REF: p. 113                 OBJ: LO 2

 

23. In Muir’s typology of police styles, the reciprocator:
24. used coercion exclusively
25. avoided situations where they might be challenged
26. balanced coercion with compassion
27. had citizens solve problems and made deals to keep the peace

 

ANS: D           REF: p. 113                 OBJ: LO 2

 

24. In Brown’s typology of police styles, which type of officer emphasizes public order and peace officer tasks?
25. the professional-style officer
26. the service-style officer
27. the clean-beat officer
28. the old-style crime fighter

 

ANS: B           REF: p. 113                 OBJ: LO 2

 

25. The four major themes of formal ethical codes for law enforcement include all except:
26. fairness
27. personal conduct
28. service
29. education

 

ANS:  D          REF:  pp.115-116       OBJ:  LO 3

 

26. The informal values of police have been said to include which of the following?
27. Cynicism
28. Loyalty
29. Force
30. All these are informal values of police

 

ANS:  D          REF:  p.118                 OBJ:  LO 4

 

27. Another name for the code of silence or the practice of police officers to remain silent when fellow officers commit unethical actions is:
28. the blue wall
29. the blue curtain of secrecy
30. the green wall of silence
31. the blue code

 

ANS: B           REF: p. 121                 OBJ: LO 4

 

28. Souryal argued that there are different kinds of loyalty to superiors or to fellow officers, including all of the following except:
29. integrated loyalty
30. personal loyalty
31. institutional loyalty
32. fragmented loyalty

 

ANS: D           REF: pp. 125-126       OBJ: LO 4

 

29. Which of the following statements about police subculture is false?
30. increasing diversity of police recruits has eliminated the social homogeneity of the workforce
31. civil litigation has increased the risk of covering for another officer
32. decreasing crime rates have reduced the need for a “code of silence”
33. police unions have contributed to the weakening of the police subculture

 

ANS: C           REF: pp. 126-127       OBJ: LO 5

 

30. The law enforcement approach first implemented when William Bratton was police chief in New York City in the 1990s is called:
31. community policing
32. “safe for tourists” zone
33. zero-tolerance policy
34. blue wall of integrity

 

ANS: C           REF: p. 106                 OBJ: LO 1

 

 

CRITICAL THINKING

 

Case 5.1

A new police chief is sworn in.  The city has been plagued with street crime and a poor relationship with the community. He has pledged to reduce crime and improve public satisfaction.

 

1. Assume the new chief sets up a D.A.R.E. program with the local schools, orders 25% of his patrol officers to switch to foot patrol, and sets up a citizen’s advisory board. These actions would be consistent with:
2. A ‘zero tolerance’ policy
3. An intelligence-based strategy
4. Predictive policing
5. Community policing

 

ANS: D           REF: pp. 109-110                   OBJ: LO 1

 

2. If the new chief issues orders requiring patrol officers to issue citations or make arrests for any observed infraction, no matter how minor, this would be consistent with:
   1. A ‘zero tolerance’ policy
   2. An intelligence-based strategy
   3. Predictive policing
   4. Community policing

 

ANS: A           REF: p. 106                             OBJ: LO 1,2

 

3. If the chief invests in new technologies such as GIS mapping software and data analysis tools, in order to better deploy police resources, this would be known as:
   1. A ‘zero tolerance’ policy
   2. An intelligence-based strategy
   3. Predictive policing
   4. Community policing

 

ANS: C           REF: p. 110                             OBJ: LO 1

 

4. If the chief wants to pursue an intelligence-led policing strategy, he would:
   1. Require his officers to obtain bachelor’s degrees
   2. Improve relations with the local media
   3. Increase surveillance of known criminal organizations
   4. Research successful police methods from other cities

 

ANS: C           REF: p. 110                             OBJ: LO 1

 

Case 5.2

Roland is a police officer in pursuit of a fleeing rape suspect. The chase is on foot, and Roland is a much faster runner than his partner.  He catches the suspect out of sight of his partner.  When his partner, Ted, arrives on the scene, he observes Roland striking the suspect, despite the fact that the suspect is already in handcuffs.

 

5. Ted chooses not to report his partner. He arrived at this decision by deciding that the greater good is served by preserving the rapist’s conviction, rather than risk losing it due to an excessive force complaint. Ted does believe that Roland acted improperly, but decides that the community is better off if the rapist is incarcerated than if a complaint is pursued against an otherwise excellent officer.  Ted’s decision is consistent with:
   1. utilitarianism
   2. ethical formalism
   3. ethics of care
   4. zero tolerance

 

ANS: A           REF: p. 124                             OBJ: LO 4

 

6. The suspect does file a complaint with Internal Affairs, and Ted is questioned about the incident. Ted tells the investigator that he observed nothing out of the ordinary:  when he arrived at the scene the suspect was in custody and Roland was reading him his rights. This is an example of:
   1. the blue curtain of secrecy
   2. discretion
   3. persuasion
   4. “dilemma of duty”

 

ANS: A           REF: p. 121                             OBJ: LO 4

 

7. When the case comes to trial, Ted maintains his story on the witness stand. This is known informally as:
   1. a blue screen
   2. discretion under oath
   3. “dilemma of duty”
   4. “testilying”

 

ANS: D           REF: p. 119                             OBJ: LO 4

 

8. Ted understands that committing perjury in this case is wrong, and technically qualifies as corruption. What type of corruption is this?
   1. “Noble cause” corruption
   2. Gratuitous corruption
   3. Legalistic corruption
   4. “Blue curtain” corruption

 

ANS: A           REF: pp. 118-119                   OBJ: LO 4

 

Case 5.3

Our new police chief has determined that the strong police subculture and code of silence are detrimental to the department.

 

9. According to the text, all of the following methods would help the new chief weaken the existing subculture EXCEPT:
   1. Work with the police union to address officer issues
   2. Emphasize formal ethics training in the police academy
   3. Increase diversity in the force through new hires
   4. Use less severe punishments for officer misconduct

 

ANS: B           REF: p. 128                             OBJ: LO 5

 

10. If the chief institutes a policy to help officers with stress, anger, or substance abuse, rather than seek to terminate or punish them, this policy would be consistent with:
    1. blue curtain
    2. ethics of care
    3. noble cause
    4. managerial discretion

 

ANS: B           REF: p. 125                             OBJ: LO 4

 

 

TRUE/FALSE

 

1. The crime control paradigm of policing is most consistent with ethical formalism.

 

ANS:  F           REF:  p. 106                OBJ:  LO 1

 

2. Cohen and Feldberg believe that the justification for police power comes from natural law.

 

ANS:  F           REF:  p.111                 OBJ:  LO 3

 

3. The public service paradigm of policing is consistent with utilitarianism.

 

ANS:  F           REF:  p.106                 OBJ:  LO 1

 

4. One problem critics have with The Law Enforcement Code of Ethics is that it is focused more directly on the public servant role, as opposed to the crime fighter role.

 

ANS:  T           REF:  p.116                OBJ:  LO 3

 

5. The four themes found in formal codes are fairness, service, importance of law, and continuing education.

 

ANS:  F           REF:  pp.115-116       OBJ:  LO 3

 

6. According to Scheingold, the values of police subculture are like dominant American values, only they are more extreme.

 

ANS:  T           REF:  p.118                 OBJ:  LO 4,5

 

7. Reuss-Ianni found that the informal subculture of police enforced the notion that managers were not to be trusted.

 

ANS:  T           REF:  p.118                 OBJ:  LO 4,5

 

8. Informal police subculture may be breaking down, in part because of police unions.

 

ANS:  T           REF:  p.126                 OBJ:  LO 5

 

9. Muir’s police types included the professional, the reciprocating officer, the enforcer, and the clean beat officer.

 

ANS:  F           REF:  p.113                 OBJ:  LO 2

 

10. Brown and Muir both included the “peacemaker” officer in their typologies.

 

ANS:  F           REF:  p.113                 OBJ:  LO 2

 

11. Loyalty to groups or persons is logical and based on fact, not emotion.

 

ANS:  F           REF: p.125                  OBJ:  LO 4

 

12. According to Packer’s crime control model, one of the key principles is that repression of criminal behavior is more important than procedural justice.

 

ANS:  T           REF: p.105                  OBJ:  LO 1

 

13. A perception of the police officer as public servant implies a much more restrictive view of the use of force and police power.

 

ANS:  T           REF: p.106                  OBJ:  LO 1

 

14. “Testilying” is the practice of lying to a suspect in order to elicit information or a confession.

 

ANS:  F           REF: p.119                              OBJ:  LO 4

 

15. In the early days of American policing, the police performed social services such as housing indigents and running soup kitchens.

 

ANS:  T           REF: p.107                              OBJ:  LO 1

 

 

FILL-IN-THE-BLANK

 

1. An unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from fulfilling a specific role is called ___________________.

 

ANS:  authority                                   REF:  p.111                 OBJ:  LO 2

 

2. The term ____________________________ means to have the power to make a decision between two or more choices.

 

ANS:  discretion                                 REF:  p. 112                OBJ:  LO 2

 

3. A program where officers and community members form partnership to prevent crime is called a ____________________ program.  

 

ANS:  community policing                 REF:  p.109                 OBJ:  LO 1

 

4. A perception that everyone is weak or corrupt is called ___________________.

 

ANS:  cynicism                                   REF:  p.117                 OBJ:  LO 4

 

5. The responsibilities that are attached to a specific role are called ______________.

 

ANS:  duties                                       REF:   p.112                OBJ:  LO 2

 

6. The term used to describe the use of physical power to overcome the will of another individual is ______________.

 

ANS:  force                                         REF:  p.111                 OBJ:  LO 2

 

7. The use of signs, symbols, words, and arguments to induce compliance is called __________________.

 

ANS:  persuasion                                REF:  p.111                 OBJ:  LO 2

 

8. ________________ is the right, inherent in a role, to use any means to overcome resistance.

 

ANS:  power                                       REF:  p.111                 OBJ:  LO 2

 

9. Since the police are paid from the public purse and are expected to serve the public good, they are considered ___________________.

 

ANS:  public servants                         REF:  p.105                 OBJ:  LO 1

 

10. The law enforcement approach whereby small violations and ordinances are enforced to the maximum with the expectation that this will reduce more serious crime is called the ________________________ policy.

 

ANS:  zero-tolerance                           REF:  p.106                 OBJ:  LO 1,2

 

11. The idea that just about any practices are allowed in the pursuit of crime control is justified by a _______________ view of ethics.

 

ANS:  utilitarian                                  REF: p.106                  OBJ:  LO 1

 

12. ___________ were divisions within some police departments that spied on organizations thought to be promoting socialism.

 

ANS:  Red squads                               REF: p.108                  OBJ:  LO 1

 

13. Because community policing results in more personal, one-on-one interaction between individual officers and members of the public, there is an increased likelihood of __________________.

 

ANS:  gratuities                                  REF: p.109                  OBJ:  LO 1

 

14. An element of the police subculture is that some police see themselves as a _______, due in part to low pay.

 

ANS:  victim                                       REF: p.117                  OBJ:  LO 4

 

15. Improper police behavior in the pursut of fighting crime, such as falsifying information to obtain a warrant, is known as _______________ corruption.

 

ANS:  noble-cause                              REF: p.118                  OBJ:  LO 4

 

 

ESSAY

 

1. Explain the public servant role and the crime fighter role and why the two may be inconsistent.

 

ANS:  answer not provided    REF:  pp.104-107                   OBJ:  LO 1

 

2. Compare and contrast the due process model and crime control model.

 

ANS:  answer not provided    REF: p. 105-106                     OBJ: LO 1

 

3. Discuss what potential ethical issues arise with community policing. Why might community policing act as an “insulator” against unethical behavior?

 

ANS:  answer not provided    REF:  p.109                             OBJ:  LO 1

 

4. List and discuss Klockars’ four elements of police control.

 

ANS:  answer not provided    REF:  pp.111                           OBJ:  LO 2

 

5. Explain how the social contract is the source of police power and explain the elements or characteristics of policing that logically flow from such power.

 

ANS:  answer not provided    REF:  pp.111-112                   OBJ:  LO 3

 

6. Describe the elements of the formal code of ethics and contrast them with the values of the police subculture.

 

ANS:  answer not provided    REF:  p.115-116                     OBJ:  LO 4

 

7. List and discuss Brown’s typology of police styles. Discuss it compared to Muir’s typology.

 

ANS:  answer not provided    REF: p. 113                             OBJ: LO 2

 

8. Describe Sherman’s police “values.”

 

ANS:  answer not provided    REF:  p.117                             OBJ:  LO 4

 

9. Explain the forces that have had the effect of reducing police subculture.

 

ANS:  answer not provided    REF:  pp.126-127                   OBJ:  LO 5

 

10. Describe Wilson and Brown’s typologies of police and explain how each might perceive the role of discretion.

 

ANS:  answer not provided    REF:  pp.112-113                   OBJ:  LO 2