Evolution and Prehistory The Human Challenge 10th Edition By Haviland -Test Bank

Evolution and Prehistory The Human Challenge 10th Edition By Haviland -Test Bank

 

Instant Download – Complete Test Bank With Answers

 

 

Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

Chapter 5 – Field Methods in Archaeology and Paleoanthropology

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1. The durable aspects of culture such as tools, structures, and art are known as

a.	fossils.
b.	artifacts.
c.	material culture.
d.	prehistory.
e.	intangibles.

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Recovering Cultural and Biological Remains

OBJ:   1                    MSC:  Pickup

 

2. Which of the following statements about prehistory is incorrect?

a.	Prehistory refers to a time period that occurred before history existed.
b.	Prehistory occurs before the existence of written history.
c.	Paleoanthropologists and archaeologists share a focus on prehistory.
d.	Prehistory is an important time period for the study of paleoanthropologists.
e.	Prehistory does not deny the existence of history.

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Conceptual     REF:   Chapter Introduction

OBJ:   1                    MSC:  New

 

3. Any object fashioned or altered by humans is called a(n)

a.	ecofact.
b.	fossil.
c.	artifact.
d.	tool.
e.	manufact.

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Recovering Cultural and Biological Remains

OBJ:   1                    MSC:  New

 

4. Those physical anthropologists engaged in the recovery and study of fossil evidence for human evolution are known as

a.	paleontologists.
b.	geoarchaeologists.
c.	fossilologists.
d.	osteologists.
e.	paleoanthropologists.

 

 

ANS:  E                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Chapter Introduction

OBJ:   1                    MSC:  Pickup

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5. The study of how bones and other materials come to be preserved in the earth as fossils is called

a.	fossology.
b.	relative dating.
c.	paleoanthropology.
d.	taphonomy.
e.	taxonomy.

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Recovering Cultural and Biological Remains

OBJ:   1                    MSC:  Pickup

 

6. Fossilization occurs most frequently among which type of organism?

a.	Marine animals and other creatures living near water
b.	Water-dwelling animals in tropical areas
c.	Animals located in arid deserts
d.	Land animals in high-altitude environments
e.	Reptiles that are both land- and water-dwelling

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Applied          REF:   Recovering Cultural and Biological Remains

OBJ:   1                    MSC:  New

 

7. How many years ago do archaeologists believe that humans began to consistently bury their dead?

a.	6,000
b.	15,000
c.	72,000
d.	100,000
e.	3 million

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Recovering Cultural and Biological Remains

OBJ:   1                    MSC:  New

 

8. In the original study “Whispers from the Ice,” the remains of historic and prehistoric houses that were part of an old village were uncovered. This site is located near which modern-day community?

a.	Ukkuqsi
b.	Anchorage
c.	Fairbanks
d.	Barrow
e.	Murmansk

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Applied          REF:   Recovering Cultural and Biological Remains

OBJ:   1                    MSC:  Pickup

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

9. For the archaeologists, according to the original study “Whispers from the Ice,” there was a great benefit in having elders stand beside them to identify items and providing

a.	moral support.
b.	funding.
c.	encouragement.
d.	sustenance.
e.	historical context.

 

 

ANS:  E                    DIF:    Applied          REF:   Recovering Cultural and Biological Remains

OBJ:   1                    MSC:  Pickup

 

10. As pointed out in the original study “Whispers from the Ice,” working with community elders is not a radical idea to the archaeologists Jensen and Sheehan, whose previous work in the Arctic has earned them high regard from the local officials who appreciate their

a.	generosity.
b.	sense of humor.
c.	expense account.
d.	sensitivity.
e.	status.

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Applied          REF:   Recovering Cultural and Biological Remains

OBJ:   1                    MSC:  Pickup

 

11. The scientific team mentioned in the article “Whispers from the Ice,” determined by radiocarbon dating that the girl died about

a.	1 million B.C.
b.	20,000 B.C.
c.	5,200 A.D.
d.	1,200 A.D.
e.	1,200 B.P.

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Searching for Artifacts and Fossils

OBJ:   1                    MSC:  Pickup

 

12. Laboratory tests and analysis of the girl’s frozen body in the original study “Whispers from the Ice” will not contribute much to which of the following kinds of information?

a.	Soot damage in her lungs might offer health implications for people who rely on oil lamps, dung fires, and charcoal for heat and light
b.	Political ideology
c.	Genetic tests could illuminate early population movements of Inupiats
d.	Diet and nutrition
e.	Disease

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Conceptual     REF:   Searching for Artifacts and Fossils

OBJ:   1                    MSC:  Pickup

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

13. What is unique about physical remains dating back from before 2.5 to 2.6 million years ago?

a.	They are never found underground
b.	They are hard tissue remains only
c.	There is very little DNA evidence in them
d.	They are found in isolation with no context
e.	They are found underground and encased in a matrix

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Applied          REF:   Searching for Artifacts and Fossils

OBJ:   2                    MSC:  New

 

14. A midden is

a.	a garbage dump.
b.	a house foundation area.
c.	an area of human burials.
d.	a human-made dwelling mound.
e.	a sterile area without artifacts.

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Searching for Artifacts and Fossils

OBJ:   2                    MSC:  New

 

15. The purpose of a grid system is

a.	to record the exact location of an artifact or fossil accurately, both horizontally and vertically.
b.	to tell relic collectors where to find artifacts to sell to private collections.
c.	to provide electricity to primitive villages.
d.	to cook bacon.
e.	to recover small objects immersed in water.

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Conceptual     REF:   Searching for Artifacts and Fossils

OBJ:   2                    MSC:  Pickup

 

16. The term “soil marks” refers to

a.	a place where fossils are found in paleoanthropology.
b.	a system for recording data from an archaeological excavation.
c.	stains that show up on the surface of recently plowed fields, indicating an archaeological site.
d.	remains of plants and animals whose organic material has been replaced by silica.
e.	places where animals have left some sort of prints on the ground.

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Searching for Artifacts and Fossils

OBJ:   2                    MSC:  Pickup

 

17. The starting point, or reference, for a grid is called

a.	flotation.
b.	stratification.
c.	a datum point.
d.	a grid system.
e.	paleoanthropology.

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Searching for Artifacts and Fossils

OBJ:   2                    MSC:  Pickup

 

18. Which of the following statements is true of an assemblage?

a.	It provides enough information to tell all details about the artifacts.
b.	It allows archaeologists to reconstruct the daily life of the inhabitants.
c.	It provides the type of evidence that requires a team of experts.
d.	It is a collection of artifacts that provides more information on the culture.
e.	It allows scientists to use multiple excavation techniques and get more accurate dates.

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Applied          REF:   Searching for Artifacts and Fossils

OBJ:   2                    MSC:  New

 

19. All of the following is information that is gained from studying coprolites except:

a.	overall health of individual.
b.	type of diet.
c.	time of year of death.
d.	type of climate in area.
e.	cultural value of food.

 

 

ANS:  E                    DIF:    Applied          REF:   Searching for Artifacts and Fossils

OBJ:   2                    MSC:  New

 

20. Excavation records include all of the following except:

a.	scale map of the features.
b.	assemblage of artifacts.
c.	description of exact location of every artifact.
d.	photographs of the site.
e.	stratification of each excavated square.

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Applied          REF:   Sorting Out the Evidence

OBJ:   3                    MSC:  New

 

21. The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act was passed in

a.	1964.
b.	2006.
c.	1990.
d.	1887.
e.	2001.

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Searching for Artifacts and Fossils

OBJ:   2                    MSC:  Pickup

 

22. Russian archaeologist S.A. Semenov studied the wear pattern on prehistoric scrapers and found that

a.	all tools were constructed by the same individual.
b.	all tools were constructed by left-handed individuals.
c.	virtually all tools were constructed by right-handed individuals.
d.	almost every tool was devoid of any kind of meaningful wear pattern.
e.	all tools were used as decorative objects.

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Applied          REF:   Sorting Out the Evidence

OBJ:   3                    MSC:  New

 

23. What is the purpose of cranial endocasts?

a.	They provide data on the ethnic background of the individual
b.	They provide data on the nutritional status of the individual
c.	They provide information about long bones and the height of the individual
d.	They tell us how smart the individual was
e.	They tell us the size and shape of the brain

 

 

ANS:  E                    DIF:    Applied          REF:   Sorting Out the Evidence

OBJ:   3                    MSC:  New

 

24. What is a polymerase chain reaction?

a.	It is a technique for creating extra copies of DNA for laboratory study
b.	It is a technique for cloning the individual and recreating the life context
c.	It is a way to extract DNA from fossil material, even though carbon particles no longer remain
d.	It is a chemical reaction that releases the fossil from a matrix
e.	It is an excavation technique that allows archaeologists to sift through material quickly

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Sorting Out the Evidence

OBJ:   3                    MSC:  New

 

25. Which of the following cannot be learned from a human skeleton?

a.	An individual’s gender
b.	An individual’s overall health
c.	An individual’s social status
d.	An individual’s mortality
e.	An individual’s religious beliefs

 

 

ANS:  E                    DIF:    Conceptual     REF:   Sorting Out the Evidence

OBJ:   3                    MSC:  New

 

26. Approximately how many individuals were buried in the African burial ground in Manhattan?

a.	500
b.	1,000
c.	12,000
d.	15,000
e.	20,000

 

 

ANS:  E                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Sorting Out the Evidence

OBJ:   3                    MSC:  New

 

27. Computed tomography (CT) allows researchers what kind of information on skeletal remains?

a.	Types of soft tissue disease
b.	Evidence of past traumas
c.	Geographical origin of the individual
d.	Date on which the individual was deceased
e.	Ethnic affiliation of the individual

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Applied          REF:   Sorting Out the Evidence

OBJ:   3                    MSC:  New

 

28. Why are aboriginal skeletal analyses more challenging today than earlier in our history?

a.	Today, there are so many scientific questions about remains that analyses take a long time
b.	There are fewer skeletal remains left today to study than there were before
c.	In the past, scientists were better educated and able to do analyses more effectively
d.	Many aboriginal groups do not want remains of their ancestors being analyzed for science
e.	The equipment and processes are much more sophisticated and require teams of scientists

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Conceptual     REF:   Sorting Out the Evidence

OBJ:   3                    MSC:  New

 

29. The fact that most stone tools were probably made by right-handed individuals has implications for

a.	the disappearance of the prehensile tail.
b.	the appearance of agriculture.
c.	the study of brain structure.
d.	the study of skeletal structure.
e.	aggressive behavior in humans.

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Applied          REF:   Sorting Out the Evidence

OBJ:   3                    MSC:  New

 

30. Kennewick Man is dated at around

a.	9,300 years old.
b.	6,700 years old.
c.	7,900 years old.
d.	10,080 years old.
e.	12,400 years old.

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Sorting Out the Evidence

OBJ:   3                    MSC:  Pickup

 

31. Skeletal analyses have become more difficult to carry out, especially in the U.S., where American Indian communities now often request the return of skeletons from archaeological excavations for reburial, as required by federal law. Which of the following techniques helps to resolve this conflict?

a.	Coating it with latex
b.	Dissolving it with chemicals
c.	3D digital images of skeletons
d.	Cutting it into pieces and saving a few
e.	Analyzing its shape

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Conceptual     REF:   Sorting Out the Evidence

OBJ:   3                    MSC:  Pickup

 

 

 

 

 

 

32. A “relative date”

a.	is when you take your cousin out to dinner.
b.	would be represented by the statement, “this fossil is about 100,000 years old, plus or minus 10,000 years.”
c.	is the same as a “chronometric date.”
d.	would be represented by the statement, “Fossil A has more fluorine in it than Fossil B, so it is the older one.””
e.	is based on solar years.

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Applied          REF:   Dating the Past

OBJ:   4                    MSC:  Pickup

 

33. The use of tree rings to assign chronometric dates is called

a.	palynology.
b.	potassium argon.
c.	dendrochronology.
d.	stratigraphy.
e.	matrix analysis.

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Dating the Past

OBJ:   4                    MSC:  Pickup

 

34. The radiocarbon method can be used to date organic materials up to approximately how many years old?

a.	11,460
b.	50,000
c.	5,730
d.	1.3 billion
e.	4.5 billion

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Dating the Past

OBJ:   4                    MSC:  New

 

35. Which of the following dating methods is not considered to be an absolute dating method?

a.	Electron spin resonance
b.	Accelerator mass spectrometry
c.	Carbon 14 dating
d.	Potassium-argon dating
e.	Stratigraphy

 

 

ANS:  E                    DIF:    Applied          REF:   Dating the Past

OBJ:   4                    MSC:  Pickup

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

36. Stratigraphy is based on the assumption that layers are deposited in order; thus, an artifact or fossil in a lower stratum is _____ one found in a higher stratum.

a.	the same age as
b.	older than
c.	younger than
d.	likely to be descended from
e.	likely to be unrelated to

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Conceptual     REF:   Dating the Past

OBJ:   4                    MSC:  Pickup

 

37. You are a paleoanthropologist uncovering fossils in East Africa. Using a certain technique, you discover that a humanlike fossil is in a stratum between a volcanic eruption dated at 2.9 million years and another volcanic eruption whose rocks give a date of 3.6 million years. The fossil is about midway between these layers, so you assign a tentative date of 3.2 to 3.3 million years to your fossil. What technique are you using?

a.	Radiocarbon analysis
b.	Stratigraphy
c.	Dendrochronology
d.	Potassium argon analysis
e.	Grid system

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Applied          REF:   Dating the Past

OBJ:   4                    MSC:  Pickup

 

38. According to the theory of plate tectonics, the movement of continents embedded in underlying plates on the Earth’s surface have moved in relation to one another over the history of life on Earth. This is called

a.	the molecular clock.
b.	continental drift.
c.	tectonic shifting.
d.	the geologic scale.
e.	the big bang theory.

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Concepts and Methods for the Most Distant Past

OBJ:   5                    MSC:  New

 

39. How does the molecular clock theory work?

a.	It is based on examining the number of genetic mutations that have occurred during divergence of species
b.	It proposes that species divergence is based on a constant rate of genetic drift and isolation
c.	It is based on the notion that the Earth is one hour old, and it calculates events on a 60-minute clock
d.	It is based on examining molecules and how chemical reactions occur over time
e.	It argues that evolution occurs at steady rates and cannot make any changes over time that are not programmed

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Conceptual     REF:   Concepts and Methods for the Most Distant Past

OBJ:   5                    MSC:  New

 

40. Which of the following scientists used biochemistry to discover how evolutionary relationships have emerged over time?

a.	John McCain
b.	Juan Luis Arsuaga
c.	Allan Wilson
d.	Michael Zimmerman
e.	Anne Jensen

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Concepts and Methods for the Most Distant Past

OBJ:   5                    MSC:  New

 

TRUE/FALSE

 

1. The importance of the context in which artifacts are found cannot be overstated; without context, the archaeologist, in effect, knows nothing.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Recovering Cultural and Biological Remains

OBJ:   1                    MSC:  Pickup

 

2. The only way to thoroughly investigate our past is to excavate sites where biological and cultural remains are found. Unfortunately, excavation results in the site’s destruction.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Recovering Cultural and Biological Remains

OBJ:   1                    MSC:  Pickup

 

3. Archaeologists sometimes work on hostile conditions, where local people do not want them to excavate burial remains. This was the problem in Barrow, Alaska.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Recovering Cultural and Biological Remains

OBJ:   1                    MSC:  New

 

4. Chance plays a major role in the discovery of archaeological sites.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Searching for Artifacts and Fossils   OBJ:   2

MSC:  New

 

5. As in the case of Schliemann’s discovery of Troy, place names and local lore often play a role in discovering archaeological sites.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Searching for Artifacts and Fossils   OBJ:   2

MSC:  New

 

6. Since the passage of the Historic Preservation Act of 1966, the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, the Archaeological and Historical Preservation Act of 1974, and the Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979, cultural resource management has been required for any construction project funded or licensed by the U.S. government.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Searching for Artifacts and Fossils   OBJ:   2

MSC:  New

 

 

7. Flotation is a technique that is used to establish stratigraphy, or earth layers.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Searching for Artifacts and Fossils   OBJ:   2

MSC:  New

 

8. If the site is stratified, archaeologists should dig each layer separately.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Searching for Artifacts and Fossils   OBJ:   2

MSC:  New

 

9. Paleoanthropologists working on sites that are older must use geologists to help them interpret the context.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Searching for Artifacts and Fossils   OBJ:   2

MSC:  New

 

10. Certain climates can obliterate all evidence of organic remains.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Searching for Artifacts and Fossils   OBJ:   2

MSC:  New

 

11. A bioarchaeologist specializes in both archaeology and geology.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Sorting Out the Evidence                 OBJ:   3

MSC:  New

 

12. Analyses of DNA become increasingly unreliable when the sample is more than 5,000 years old.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Sorting Out the Evidence                 OBJ:   3

MSC:  New

 

13. Bioarchaeologists can determine gender from skeletal analyses.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Sorting Out the Evidence                 OBJ:   3

MSC:  New

 

14. There is no equivalent international law to NAGPRA to protect aboriginal graves worldwide.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Sorting Out the Evidence                 OBJ:   3

MSC:  New

 

15. Because of the controversy, Kennewick Man has not yet been studied by scientists.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Sorting Out the Evidence                 OBJ:   3

MSC:  New

 

16. Relative dates do not provide any way of knowing when an event occurred.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Dating the Past                                OBJ:   4

MSC:  New

 

17. The most reliable form of relative dating is stratigraphy.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Dating the Past                                OBJ:   5

MSC:  New

 

18. Radiocarbon dating is a type of chronometric dating.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Dating the Past                                OBJ:   5

MSC:  New

 

19. Paleomagnetic reversals are considered the most reliable form of absolute dating.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Dating the Past                                OBJ:   5

MSC:  New

 

20. The molecular clock allows scientists a better calculation of the time when one species split off from another.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Concepts and Methods for the Most Distant Past

OBJ:   6                    MSC:  New

 

SHORT ANSWER

 

1. What is the difference between archaeology and paleoanthropology?

 

ANS:  Will vary       REF:   Recovering Cultural and Biological Remains          MSC:   Pickup

 

2. What has to happen for an organism to become a fossil?

 

ANS:  Will vary       REF:   Recovering Cultural and Biological Remains          MSC:   Pickup

 

3. Why does context have such an important role in understanding the past?

 

ANS:  Will vary       REF:   Recovering Cultural and Biological Remains          MSC:   Pickup

 

4. What is the benefit of taphonomy to the study and interpretation of fossils?

 

ANS:  Will vary       REF:   Recovering Cultural and Biological Remains          MSC:   Pickup

 

5. What was special about the excavation in Barrow, Alaska, described in the article “Whispers from the Ice”?

 

ANS:  Will vary       REF:   Recovering Cultural and Biological Remains          MSC:   New

 

6. How do archaeologists identify sites?

 

ANS:  Will vary       REF:   Searching for Artifacts and Fossils   MSC:  New

 

7. Describe the importance culturally and ethics of cultural resource management.

 

ANS:  Will vary       REF:   Searching for Artifacts and Fossils   MSC:  New

8. What is the controversy surrounding the Kennewick Man? What is important about this controversy in archaeology?

 

ANS:  Will vary       REF:   Sorting Out the Evidence                 MSC:  Pickup

 

9. Describe the grid system used in archaeological excavation.

 

ANS:  Will vary       REF:   Searching for Artifacts and Fossils   MSC:  New

 

10. What types of information can an archaeologist get from coprolites?

 

ANS:  Will vary       REF:   Searching for Artifacts and Fossils   MSC:  New

 

11. What is the role of the bioarchaeologist in laboratory analyses of human remains?

 

ANS:  Will vary       REF:   Sorting Out the Evidence                 MSC:  New

 

12. Describe polymerase chain reaction, and why it is used in laboratory analyses.

 

ANS:  Will vary       REF:   Sorting Out the Evidence                 MSC:  New

 

13. Why are skeletal analyses of aboriginal material more challenging today than they were in the past?

 

ANS:  Will vary       REF:   Sorting Out the Evidence                 MSC:  New

 

14. What is NAGPRA, and why is it important to archaeologists?

 

ANS:  Will vary       REF:   Sorting Out the Evidence                 MSC:  New

 

15. Discuss how objects and events from the past can be reliably dated in order to give an accurate understanding of the age of remains.

 

ANS:  Will vary       REF:   Dating the Past                                MSC:  Pickup

 

16. What is the meaning of the “half–life” of Carbon 14?

 

ANS:  Will vary       REF:   Dating the Past                                MSC:  Pickup

 

17. Choose two types of relative dating, and describe the process involved.

 

ANS:  Will vary       REF:   Dating the Past                                MSC:  New

 

18. Identify and explain the method most commonly used to date sequences of cultural remains into relative chronological order based on stylistic features.

 

ANS:  Will vary       REF:   Dating the Past                                MSC:  Pickup

 

 

 

19. Discuss the ways that ancient societies used to record dates that enable archaeologists to correlate with our own calendar.

 

ANS:  Will vary       REF:   Concepts and Methods for the Most Distant Past     MSC:   Pickup

 

20. What is the molecular clock, and how does it work?

 

ANS:  Will vary       REF:   Concepts and Methods for the Most Distant Past     MSC:   Pickup

 

ESSAY

 

1. Explain each of the absolute dating methods considered in your textbook. What are the uses and limitations of each?

 

ANS:  Will vary       MSC:  Pickup

 

2. If you were a paleoanthropologist who had just discovered an ancient-looking skull, what techniques would you use to remove and preserve the find?

 

ANS:  Will vary       MSC:  Pickup

 

3. What do the findings from the autopsy of the frozen girl’s body described in the original study “Whispers from the Ice” suggest what about her life?

 

ANS:  Will vary       MSC:  Pickup

 

4. The methods used to date archaeological or fossil remains are varied. Why are there so many different ways to conduct dating analyses? Use examples in your answer.

 

ANS:  Will vary       MSC:  Pickup

 

5. How does an archaeologist identify a site? Outline the steps an archaeologist uses to study the site. Using a hypothetical example, suggest how the remains that are found could be dated.

 

ANS:  Will vary       MSC:  Pickup

 

6. Why does context matter when excavating fossils and artifacts? Discuss the implications of context and assemblages and the types of information that may be read from a site.

 

ANS:  Will vary       MSC:  New

 

7. Discuss the various types of legislation passed to preserve and care for our national heritage. Do you believe that this type of legislation is necessary? Why? Use evidence in your answer.

 

ANS:  Will vary       MSC:  New

 

8. What is the importance of understanding our past? Distinguish between artifacts and fossils, and explain the role they play in retelling our history.

 

ANS:  Will vary       MSC:  New

9. The text authors describe prehistory as a time before the written record, but not a time in which history did not occur. What does this mean? How does history change the archaeological and paleoanthropological context?

 

ANS:  Will vary       MSC:  New

 

10. Distinguish among the work of archaeologists, paleoanthropologists, forensic anthropologists, and bioarchaeologists in discovering and interpreting our past.

 

ANS:  Will vary       MSC:  New

 

11. Ethical issues surround excavation and analysis of human remains. Identify some of these issues and discuss.

 

ANS:  Will vary       MSC:  New

 

12. What is the significance of the molecular clock in our studies of the past? How does this contribute to our understanding of ourselves?

 

ANS:  Will vary       MSC:  New

 

13. Science moves forward on hypotheses, theories, and new discoveries. Sometimes a new fossil causes paleoanthropologists to change the story of evolution as we know it. Discuss the importance of this type of flexibility and adaptability in the study of the past.

 

ANS:  Will vary       MSC:  New

 

14. What is continental drift, and how does it help us to explain the process of evolution in species? Consider issues such as the gene pool and genetic drift that you learned in prior chapters.

 

ANS:  Will vary       MSC:  New

 

15. While all parts of our human history can be interesting and compelling, which time period in archaeology would most interest you? Why? Discuss what types of excavation you would use and what kinds of artifacts and fossils you may be seeking.

 

ANS:  Will vary       MSC:  New