Gangs In Americas Communities 2nd Edition By C.-Howell - Test Bank

Gangs In Americas Communities 2nd Edition By C.-Howell – Test Bank

 

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Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

 

Gangs in America’s Communities

James C. Howell

Elizabeth Griffiths

                      Chapter 5: Micro-Level Theories: Gang Involvement as a Development Pathway

 

1. Which of the following is a patterned sequence of behaviors that ranges from minor to more severe?

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Knowledge; Answer Location: Pg. 93; Question Type: MC

 

1. Trajectory
2. Life course

*c. Developmental pathway

1. Environmental

 

2. Which of the following is NOT an example of a problem/criminal behavior chronicled in the Pittsburgh Youth Study?

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Application; Answer Location: Pg. 94; Question Type: MC

 

*a. Stealing sodas from a convenience store

1. Using heroin
2. Drinking beers at a house party
3. Selling marijuana

 

Type: MR

3. CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are delinquency pathways identified by Loeber and colleagues (1997, 1999)?

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Knowledge; Answer Location: Pgs. 94-95; Question Type: MS

 

1. Developmental pathway

*b. Authority-conflict pathway

1. Peer-conflict pathway

*d. Covert pathway

 

4. Which of the following is an implication of Loeber and colleagues’ (1997, 1999) pathways model?

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Analysis; Answer Location: Pgs.  94-95; Question Type: MC

 

1. It challenges the age-crime curve in its entirety.

*b. It provides detailed, visual support for the age-crime curve.

1. It challenges the notion that youth who engage in earlier delinquency tend to engage in later delinquency.
2. It supports macro-level theorizing on delinquency.

 

5. Which of the following is an example of “minor covert behavior” in the covert pathway of Loeber and colleagues’ (1997, 1999) pathways model?

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Application; Answer Location: Pg. 95; Question Type: MC

 

1. Tagging
2. Breaking into a home
3. Getting into a fistfight

*d. Stealing from a convenience store

 

6. _____________ is a common variable used for testing gang involvement among researchers who employ a delinquency pathway model.

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Pg. 96; Question Type: MC

 

1. Gang tagging
2. Self-reported gang membership

*c. Gang fighting

1. Drug dealing

 

7. Which of the following is NOT an example of a behavior attributed to a “life-course-persistent offender”?

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Application; Answer Location: Pg. 96; Question Type: MC

 

1. An individual who started shoplifting at the age of 9
2. An individual who first got arrested for vandalism at the age of 10 and then robbery at the age of 15, assault at 17, and rape at 21

*c. An individual who used drugs heavily in high school and during the first 2 years of college, but not at other times in his life

1. An individual who received his 18th charge for assault at the age of 33

 

8. Which of the following gang interventions would Sampson and Laub (1995) be most likely to support according to their development theory?

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Application; Answer Location: Pg. 97; Question Type: MC

 

1. Mandatory minimum prison sentences for gang crimes

*b. A recreational program that pairs gang-involved youth with prosocial mentors in a basketball league

1. Intensive therapy
2. Bootcamp

 

9. _______________ was originally developed to explain gang involvement among Mexican-Americans.

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Knowledge; Answer Location: Pg. 98; Question Type: MC

 

1. Developmental pathways theory
2. Interactional theory

*c. Multiple marginality theory

1. The social development model

 

10. In their social developmental model, Catalano and Hawkins (1996) assert that ______.

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Pgs. 98-99; Question Type: MC

 

1. antisocial and prosocial behavior always occurs at different stages

*b. gang involvement is based on both prosocial and antisocial developmental pathways

1. neither prosocial nor antisocial behavior affects gang involvement in adolescents
2. the effect of risk and protective factors vary by age

 

11. Which of the following is one of the least contested findings in criminological research?

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Pg. 99; Question Type: MC

 

*a. Gang involvement significantly increases youths’ chances of engaging in criminal behavior.

1. Offenders are either limited to criminality in adolescence or they are lifelong offenders.
2. Children who commit crimes before the age of 14 are the most likely to become gang members.
3. Children of single parents are more likely to be life-course-persistent offenders.

 

Type: MR

12. CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following has NOT been found to be associated with gang involvement in research studies?

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Pgs. 99-100; Question Type: MS

 

1. Gang members are more likely to engage in multiple crimes at the same time.
2. Gang members have worse educational outcomes than non-gang members.

*c. Gang members are less likely than non-gang members to suffer from mental health issues.

*d. Gang members achieve greater long-term economic success than non-gang members from similarly disadvantaged neighborhoods.

 

13. Which of the following was found by Esbensen and colleagues (1999) to be the least important reason that youth in their study joined gangs?

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Pg. 102; Question Type: MC

 

*a. Because a friend was in a gang

1. For safety
2. For fun
3. For money

 

14. Esbensen and colleagues (1999) found _____________ to be the most important factor in determining whether or not youth joined a gang.

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Pg. 102; Question Type: MC

 

1. respect

*b. protection

1. money
2. fun

 

15. Which of the following is the most commonly perpetrated crime by female gang members?

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Pg. 103; Question Type: MC

 

1. Theft
2. Burglary
3. Weapons possession

*d. Drug possession and sales

 

16. Howell and Egley (2005) found that risk factors for gang membership ranged across _________ risk factor domains.

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Knowledge; Answer Location: Pg. 103; Question Type: MC

 

1. one
2. two
3. three

*d. five

 

17. ______________ studies are ideal for assessing the causal ordering of risk factors and outcomes related to gang involvement.

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Application; Answer Location: Pg. 104; Question Type: MC

 

1. Cross-sectional

*b. Longitudinal

1. Focus group
2. Ethnographic

 

18. In Thornberry and colleagues’ developmental model of delinquency and gang involvement, delinquency is first expected during what stage?

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Pg. 105; Question Type: MC

 

1. Preschool
2. School entry

*c. Later childhood

1. Early adolescence

 

19. The developmental theoretical model proposed in the chapter asserts that the earliest a risk factor can present itself is ________.

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Pg. 106; Question Type: MC

 

*a. before birth

1. immediately following birth
2. during preschool
3. when a child starts elementary school

 

20. Loeber and Farrington (2001) argue that _______________ of child delinquents become serious, chronic, and violent offenders.

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Analysis; Answer Location: Pg. 110; Question Type: MC

 

1. less than 10%

*b. less than half

1. more than half
2. nearly 100%

 

21. Research on the school entry stage of the developmental theoretical model implies that which of the following influences exerts the most significant impact on subsequent delinquency?

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Pg. 111; Question Type: MC

 

1. Peers
2. School officials

*c. Parents

1. Older siblings

 

Type: MR

22. CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are believed to be sources of poor school performance in the later childhood stage of the developmental theoretical model?

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Knowledge; Answer Location: Pg. 111; Question Type: MS

 

*a. Prosocial peer rejection

1. Lack of sports involvement

*c. Child delinquency

*d. Family problems

 

23. Which of the following is NOT an example of a family structure that would serve as a risk factor for delinquency in the developmental theoretical model?

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Application; Answer Location: Pg. 112; Question Type: MC

 

1. A female-headed household
2. A household where both parents punish their children by beating them

*c. Living with foster siblings

1. A home in which the primary guardian works three jobs and is out of the house 12 hours a day

 

24. Which of the following is the MOST commonly reported psychiatric condition experienced by gang members?

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Pg. 114; Question Type: MC

 

1. Psychosis

*b. Antisocial personality disorder

1. High anxiety
2. Schizophrenia

 

 

25. It is implied that the most difficult context for leaving a gang is when _______.

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Pg. 117; Question Type: MC

 

1. a gang member’s partner is in the gang
2. a gang member has a criminal record and cannot find legal employment easily as a result

*c. a gang culture is embedded in the community where a member lives

1. a gang member does not have the support of prosocial parents

 

26. The age-crime curve that explains onset of, and desistence from, criminal behavior does not apply to gang activity.

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Knowledge; Answer Location: Pg. 93; Answer: False; Question Type: TF

 

1. True

*b. False

 

27. The Pittsburgh Youth Study found marijuana to be one of the earliest developed problem behaviors among respondents.

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Pg. 94; Answer: False; Question Type: TF

 

1. True

*b. False

 

28. In Loeber and colleagues’ (2010) pathways model, all youth that start in the authority-conflict pathway subsequently enter the covert pathway.

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Pg. 96; Answer: False; Question Type: TF

 

1. True

*b. False

 

29. Each pathway in Loeber and colleagues’ (2010) pathways model has multiple stages of delinquency or criminal behavior.

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Pg. 96; Answer: True; Question Type: TF

 

*a. True

1. False

 

30. Developmental theories are known for their attention to group processes and group offending.

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Knowledge; Answer Location: Pg. 96; Answer: False; Question Type: TF

 

1. True

*b. False

 

31. Sampson and Laub’s (1993) developmental theory and multiple marginality theory are each closely related to social disorganization theory.

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Analysis; Answer Location: Pgs. 97-98; Answer: True; Question Type: TF

 

*a. True

1. False

 

32. Contemporary research has confirmed Thrasher’s (1927) assertions that joining gangs is a natural process.

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Pg. 101; Answer: False; Question Type: TF

 

1. True

*b. False

 

33. Decker and Vin Winkle (1996) imply that joining a gang for protection is an instrumental reason to become a gang member.

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Analysis; Answer Location: Pg. 102; Answer: True; Question Type: TF

 

*a. True

1. False

 

34. In Thornberry and colleagues’ developmental model of delinquency and gang involvement, failing three out of four classes would be an example of a risk factor for gang involvement in both early adolescence and late adolescence.

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Pgs. 104-105; Answer: False; Question Type: TF

 

1. True

*b. False

 

35. Stouthamer-Loeber and colleagues’ (2008) findings on desistance from serious offenses are consistent with key elements of routine activities (opportunity) theory.

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Analysis; Answer Location: Pg. 115; Answer: True; Question Type: TF

 

*a. True

1. False

 

36. Female gang members have comparatively lower risks of violent victimization than male gang members.

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Pg. 116; Answer: False; Question Type: TF

 

1. True

*b. False

 

Type: E

37. According to Moffitt (1993), what are the two main groups of offenders in childhood and adolescence, and what are their defining features?

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Pg. 96; Question Type: SA

 

*a. Answer: Moffitt identified two distinct groups of offenders: (1) adolescence-limited offenders and (2) life-course-persistent offenders. Adolescence-limited offenders start offending later in life than life-course-persistent offenders, and they also stop offending once they mature past adolescence. Life-course-persistent offenders, on the other hand, are characterized by (a) early onset of offending, (b) active offending during adolescence, (c) escalation of seriousness in offenses, and (d) persistence of crime into adulthood.

 

Type: E

38. What is the key distinction between Loeber and colleagues’ developmental delinquency pathway model and Howell and Egley’s developmental gang membership theory?

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Analysis; Answer Location: Pgs. 94-95, 104

 

*a. Answer: Howell and Egley’s developmental gang membership theory starts much earlier in the life course than Loeber and colleagues’ model does, allowing for risk factors starting from birth to be considered. This addition is beneficial since prior research has found that risk factors for subsequent delinquent and criminal behavior actually begin very early in the life course.

 

Type: E

39. How are macro-level and micro-level theories of delinquency and gang development linked? Be sure to provide examples of at least two theories that link the two levels of theorizing, and implications for empirical testing.

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Analysis; Answer Location:  Pgs. 96-98; Question Type: ESS

 

*a. Answer: Varies. Students should refer to a number of developmental theories such as Sampson and Laub’s age-graded informal social control theory and Vigil’s multiple marginality theory. Students should then indicate that both theories indicate the importance of social control on developmental pathways that lead to delinquency and criminal involvement. In focusing on the importance of social control in determining how individuals develop, these two theories also recognize that structural and historical factors influence the ability of communities under certain conditions (e.g., poor areas, per Sampson and Laub, or second-generation communities of Mexican Americans, per Vigil) to provide effective social control to residents. While Sampson and Laub pay more attention to key features of social disorganization theory (e.g., informal social control), Vigil is more explicit about key features of societal-level theories (e.g., marginalization in conflict theory). Students should then indicate that developmental theories such as Vigil’s that incorporate macrohistorical and macrostructural variables into their models face the largest challenges to empirical testing, since variables such as those are difficult to measure.