Human Biology Concepts And Current Issues 8Th Ed By Johnson - Test Bank

Human Biology Concepts And Current Issues 8Th Ed By Johnson – Test Bank

 

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Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues, 8e (Johnson)

Chapter 5   The Skeletal System

 

5.1   Multiple-Choice Questions

 

1) All of the following are functions of bone EXCEPT which one?

1. A) red blood cell formation
2. B) serving as an endocrine organ, secreting several different hormones
3. C) support and protection
4. D) attachment of muscles, enabling movement
5. E) mineral storage

Answer:  B

Topic:  Sec. 5.1

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.1

GLO:  G1

 

2) A typical long bone has an epiphysis at each end, which can be thought of as

1. A) yellow bone marrow.
2. B) a cylindrical hollow shaft.
3. C) a tough layer of connective tissue.
4. D) a site of water storage.
5. E) an enlarged knob.

Answer:  E

Topic:  Sec. 5.1

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.1

GLO:  G1

 

3) Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding bone?

1. A) The epiphysis of a long bone is filled with yellow bone marrow.
2. B) Bone is not considered to be a living tissue because it does not contain cells or blood vessels.
3. C) Dense compact bone is located in the center of a long bone.
4. D) Stem cells responsible for the production of blood cells are located in red bone marrow.
5. E) The outer surface of a bone is covered with loose connective tissue.

Answer:  D

Topic:  Sec. 5.1

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.1

GLO:  G1

 

4) Which one of the following statements CORRECTLY describes the location of compact bone and spongy bone?

1. A) Spongy bone is located at the ends, and compact bone is located in the core of the shaft of the bone.
2. B) Compact bone covers the ends of the bone and forms the shaft, and spongy bone is inside the ends, under the compact bone.
3. C) Spongy bone is found on the outside of the shaft, and compact bone forms the hard core of the shaft.
4. D) Spongy bone is found throughout the shaft and ends, covered by a thin layer of compact bone.
5. E) The ends of long bones are solid compact bone, and the shaft is predominantly spongy bone.

Answer:  B

Topic:  Sec. 5.1

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.1

GLO:  G1

 

5) Bones are connected to other bones across a joint by

1. A) ligaments.
2. B) tendons.
3. C) osteocytes.
4. D) cartilage.
5. E) trabeculae.

Answer:  A

Topic:  Sec. 5.1

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.1

GLO:  G1

 

6) In characterizing cartilage, which one of the following is CORRECT?

1. A) Cartilage is found where support under pressure is required.
2. B) All types of cartilage are produced by osteocytes.
3. C) Cartilage functions to link muscles to bone.
4. D) Cartilage fibers make up ligaments.
5. E) Cartilage is flexible due to a spongy network of trabeculae.

Answer:  A

Topic:  Sec. 5.1

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.1

GLO:  G1

 

7) The type of cell responsible for the production of red and white blood cells in bone marrow is the

1. A) osteon.
2. B) osteocyte.
3. C) osteoclast.
4. D) stem cell.
5. E) canaliculi.

Answer:  D

Topic:  Sec. 5.1

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.1

GLO:  G1

 

8) Arrange in the proper sequence the following events as they occur in the ossification of a long bone.

1. Chondroblasts die, and the surrounding matrix breaks down.
2. Osteoblasts secrete osteoid.
3. Blood vessels transport osteoblasts into the area to be ossified.
4. Chondroblasts create a model of long bones from cartilage.
5. Osteoblasts become osteocytes.
6. A) 3, 2, 5, 4, 1
7. B) 4, 1, 3, 2, 5
8. C) 4, 1, 5, 3, 2
9. D) 5, 2, 3, 1, 4
10. E) 3, 2, 1, 5, 4

Answer:  B

Topic:  Sec. 5.2

Bloom’s:  Applying/Analyzing

LO:  5.2

GLO:  G2

 

9) Bones continue to lengthen throughout childhood and adolescence because

1. A) a growth plate is present in each epiphysis until the late teens.
2. B) the production of cartilage for a lengthening bone occurs primarily on the inside of the growth plate.
3. C) ossification cannot occur until after puberty.
4. D) primary ossification occurs until death.
5. E) the activity of osteoblasts cannot be reduced until adulthood.

Answer:  A

Topic:  Sec. 5.2

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.2

GLO:  G1

 

10) Even before organs begin to form, rudimentary versions of the shapes of bones begin to form in a fetus due to the

1. A) activity of growth hormone.
2. B) formation of secondary ossification sites.
3. C) activity of chondroblasts.
4. D) formation of an osteoclast.
5. E) breakdown of hyaline cartilage.

Answer:  C

Topic:  Sec. 5.2

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.2

GLO:  G1

 

11) Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

1. A) It stimulates the release of growth hormone.
2. B) It is released when blood calcium levels are high.
3. C) It has the same function as calcitonin.
4. D) It causes the breakdown of bone.
5. E) It causes decreased activity of osteoclasts.

Answer:  D

Topic:  Sec. 5.3

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.3

GLO:  G1

 

12) Which one of the following is TRUE regarding bone repair?

1. A) Fibrocartilage degenerates where the two broken ends of the bone were once together.
2. B) Osteoblasts convert cartilage to bone in the injured area.
3. C) Immediately after breaking a bone, a hematoma breaks free from the injured area.
4. D) Bones heal more quickly as individuals age.
5. E) The repaired area of a bone is much thinner than the original bone.

Answer:  B

Topic:  Sec. 5.3

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.3

GLO:  G1

 

 

13) Osteoporosis is a common condition that essentially results when homeostasis cannot be maintained in ________ and ________.

1. A) osteoclasts; osteoblasts
2. B) osteoblasts; osteons
3. C) chondroblasts; osteoclasts
4. D) canaculi; chondroblasts
5. E) canaculi; osteoclasts

Answer:  A

Topic:  Sec. 5.6

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.6

GLO:  G1

14) When a bone breaks, a ________ forms until later being replaced with bone.

1. A) cyst
2. B) growth plate
3. C) hematoma
4. D) callus
5. E) pore

Answer:  D

Topic:  Sec. 5.3

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.3

GLO:  G1

 

15) Bones of trained athletes may be visibly thicker and heavier than those of nonathletes because

1. A) athletes have lower blood calcium levels than nonathletes.
2. B) weight-bearing exercise increases bone mass and strength.
3. C) nonathletes have a low parathyroid hormone rate.
4. D) athletes produce more growth plates.
5. E) nonathletes produce fewer osteoids.

Answer:  B

Topic:  Sec. 5.3

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.3

GLO:  G1

 

 

16) A young man is brought to an emergency room; his diagnosis is a broken cheek bone. Which one of the following bones has been affected?

1. A) zygomatic
2. B) mandible
3. C) frontal
4. D) sphenoid
5. E) temporal

Answer:  A

Topic:  Sec. 5.4

Bloom’s:  Applying/Analyzing

LO:  5.4

GLO:  G2

 

17) Which one of the following separates neighboring vertebrae and also functions as shock absorbers?

1. A) ribs
2. B) palatine bones
3. C) intervertebral disks
4. D) intravertebral disks
5. E) osteons

Answer:  C

Topic:  Sec. 5.4

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.4

GLO:  G1

18) All of the following statements about the sinuses are TRUE EXCEPT which one?

1. A) The sinuses are located in several of the facial bones.
2. B) The sinuses are lined by a tissue that produces and secretes mucus.
3. C) The sinuses give the human voice its characteristic resonance and tone.
4. D) The sinuses add weight and bulk to the skull and facial bones, strengthening them.
5. E) The sinuses connect to the nasal cavity by small passageways.

Answer:  D

Topic:  Sec. 5.4

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.4

GLO:  G1

 

 

19) In which of the following bones are the teeth anchored?

1. A) mandible and zygomatic bones
2. B) mandible and maxilla
3. C) maxilla and zygomatic bones
4. D) mandible and sphenoid bone
5. E) sphenoid bone and maxilla

Answer:  B

Topic:  Sec. 5.4

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.4

GLO:  G1

 

20) Which one of the following is the correct classification of vertebrae, from the skull to the pelvis?

1. A) sacral, coccygeal, lumbar, thoracic, cervical
2. B) cervical, thoracic, lumbar, coccygeal, sacral
3. C) cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
4. D) coccygeal, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, cervical
5. E) coccygeal, thoracic, lumbar, cervical, sacral

Answer:  C

Topic:  Sec. 5.4

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.4

GLO:  G1

 

21) Which one of the following bones articulates with the metatarsal bones?

1. A) phalanges
2. B) fibula
3. C) patella
4. D) tibia
5. E) femur

Answer:  A

Topic:  Sec. 5.4

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.4

GLO:  G1

 

22) Each of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton EXCEPT which one?

1. A) ribs
2. B) vertebrae
3. C) sternum
4. D) maxilla
5. E) clavicle

Answer:  E

Topic:  Sec. 5.4

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.4

GLO:  G1

 

23) Which bone is frequently broken when someone dies of deliberate strangulation?

1. A) floating ribs
2. B) maxilla
3. C) cervical vertebrae
4. D) hyoid bone
5. E) mandible

Answer:  D

Topic:  Sec. 5.4

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.4

GLO:  G1

 

24) Which one of the following lists the bones of the arm from the fingertips to the shoulder joint?

1. A) humerus, radius and ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
2. B) phalanges, metacarpals, carpals, radius and ulna, humerus
3. C) phalanges, carpals, metacarpals, radius and ulna, humerus
4. D) phalanges, metacarpals, carpals, humerus, radius and ulna
5. E) radius and ulna, humerus, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

Answer:  B

Topic:  Sec. 5.4

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.4

GLO:  G1

 

 

25) Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding fibrous joints?

1. A) They are freely movable and can bend and rotate.
2. B) The bones are separated by a fluid-filled cavity that lubricates the joint.
3. C) Fibrous joints present at birth between bones of the skull develop into sutures in the adult.
4. D) The bones are held together by cartilage and tendons.
5. E) They include hinge joints and ball-and-socket joints.

Answer:  C

Topic:  Sec. 5.5

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.5

GLO:  G1

26) In which one of the following locations would one find a cartilaginous joint?

1. A) between the frontal and parietal bones
2. B) in a hinge joint
3. C) between the lower ribs and sternum
4. D) between the scapula and humerus
5. E) in a ball-and-socket joint

Answer:  C

Topic:  Sec. 5.5

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.5

GLO:  G1

 

27) A clear fluid lubricates

1. A) ligaments.
2. B) suture.
3. C) fibrous joints.
4. D) synovial joints.
5. E) hyaline cartilage.

Answer:  D

Topic:  Sec. 5.5

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.5

GLO:  G1

 

 

28) Which one of the following disorders of the skeletal system results from the “wearing out” of the cartilage that covers the ends of bones?

1. A) bursitis
2. B) osteoarthritis
3. C) tennis elbow
4. D) rheumatoid arthritis
5. E) sinusitis

Answer:  B

Topic:  Sec. 5.6

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.6

GLO:  G1

 

5.2   True/False Questions

 

1) Bone is composed only of nonliving material.

Answer:  FALSE

Topic:  Sec. 5.1

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.1

GLO:  G1

 

2) As bone develops and becomes hard, osteocytes become trapped in hollow chambers called lacunae.

Answer:  TRUE

Topic:  Sec. 5.1

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.1

GLO:  G1

3) In mature compact bone, osteocytes become isolated from one another by the extracellular matrix, making it impossible for them to communicate with each other.

Answer:  FALSE

Topic:  Sec. 5.1

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.1

GLO:  G1

 

4) Cartilage-forming cells are referred to as chondroblasts.

Answer:  TRUE

Topic:  Sec. 5.2

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.2

GLO:  G1

 

 

5) Late in puberty, the sex hormones signal the growth plate of a bone to stop growing; once this happens, the bone cannot get longer, but it can grow in width.

Answer:  TRUE

Topic:  Sec. 5.2

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.2

GLO:  G1

 

6) Osteoporosis may result if the activity of osteoclasts outstrips the activity of osteoblasts.

Answer:  TRUE

Topic:  Sec. 5.3

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.3

GLO:  G1

 

7) Surgically removed growth plates from a child result in no further increases in bone length.

Answer:  TRUE

Topic:  Sec. 5.3

Bloom’s:  Applying/Analyzing

LO:  5.3

GLO:  G2

 

8) During the last two months of fetal development of the female, sex hormones cause bone remodeling of the pelvic girdle that adapts it for pregnancy and birth.

Answer:  FALSE

Topic:  Sec. 5.4

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.4

GLO:  G1

 

9) Osteoclasts dissolve the hydroxyapatite and digest the matrix during bone remodeling.

Answer:  TRUE

Topic:  Sec. 5.3

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.3

GLO:  G1

10) During normal healing of broken bones, a callus forms between the two broken ends.

Answer:  TRUE

Topic:  Sec. 5.4

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.4

GLO:  G1

 

 

11) The stability of a synovial joint is due largely to the presence of calcium salts.

Answer:  FALSE

Topic:  Sec. 5.5

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.5

GLO:  G1

 

12) Individuals can prevent osteoporosis by including sufficient supplies of vitamin C and calcium in their diets and maintaining a consistent exercise program.

Answer:  FALSE

Topic:  Sec. 5.5

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.5

GLO:  G1

 

13) The foramen ovale is a large opening in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes.

Answer:  FALSE

Topic:  Sec. 5.4

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.4

GLO:  G1

 

14) Tendons join bones to other bones across a joint.

Answer:  FALSE

Topic:  Sec. 5.5

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.4

GLO:  G1

 

5.3   Matching Questions

 

 

Using the figure above, match the following.

 

1) epiphysis

Answer:  A

Topic:  Sec. 5.1

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.1

GLO:  G1

 

2) diaphysis

Answer:  B

Topic:  Sec. 5.1

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.1

GLO:  G1

 

3) location of red bone marrow

Answer:  A

Topic:  Sec. 5.1

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.1

GLO:  G1

 

4) location of yellow bone marrow

Answer:  B

Topic:  Sec. 5.1

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.1

GLO:  G1

 

5) location of hyaline cartilage

Answer:  A

Topic:  Sec. 5.1

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.1

GLO:  G1

 

6) location of trabeculae

Answer:  A

Topic:  Sec. 5.1

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.1

GLO:  G1

 

 

Match the following.

 

1. A) carpal tunnel syndrome
2. B) flat bones
3. C) irregular bone
4. D) sinusitis
5. E) osteoporosis
6. F) long bone
7. G) sprain
8. H) short bone
9. I) arthritis

 

7) condition resulting from a stretched or torn ligament

Topic:  Sec. 5.6

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.6

GLO:  G1

 

8) condition in which bones decrease in size over time due to an imbalance in the activities of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Topic: Sec. 5.3

Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 5.3

GLO: G1

9) a repetitive stress syndrome that occurs when the tendons of the hand and fingers become inflamed

Topic:  Sec. 5.4

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.4

GLO:  G1

 

10) inflammation of a joint

Topic:  Sec. 5.6

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.6

GLO:  G1

 

11) inflammation of the air spaces of the facial bones

Topic:  Sec. 5.4

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.4

GLO:  G1

 

 

12) phalanges

Topic:  Sec. 5.4

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.4

GLO:  G1

 

13) wide as they are long, such as the carpals

Topic:  Sec. 5.4

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.4

GLO:  G1

 

14) vertebrae

Topic:  Sec. 5.4

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.4

GLO:  G1

 

15) cranial bones and sternum

Topic:  Sec. 5.4

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.4

GLO:  G1

Answers: 7) G 8) E 9) A 10) I 11) D 12) F 13) H 14) C 15) B

 

 

Match the following bones of the skull to their description.

 

1. A) maxilla
2. B) zygomatic
3. C) parietal
4. D) occipital
5. E) frontal
6. F) mandible
7. G) lacrimal

 

16) forms the upper left and right sides of the skull

Topic:  Sec. 5.4

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.4

GLO:  G1

 

17) lower jaw

Topic:  Sec. 5.4

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.4

GLO:  G1

 

18) forms inner eye sockets; tear ducts pass through openings in this bone

Topic:  Sec. 5.4

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.4

GLO:  G1

 

19) forms the base and back of the skull

Topic:  Sec. 5.4

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.4

GLO:  G1

 

20) anchors the upper row of teeth

Topic:  Sec. 5.4

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.4

GLO:  G1

 

21) forms the cheekbones and portion of eye sockets

Topic:  Sec. 5.4

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.4

GLO:  G1

 

22) forms the forehead

Topic:  Sec. 5.4

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.4

GLO:  G1

 

Answers: 16) C 17) F 18) G 19) D 20) A 21) B 22) E

 

 

 

Using the figure above, identify the bones of the appendicular skeleton.

 

1. A) humerus
2. B) patella
3. C) radius
4. D) metatarsals
5. E) phalanges
6. F) scapula
7. G) tibia
8. H) femur

 

 

23) Label A represents the ________ bone.

Topic:  Sec. 5.4

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.4

GLO:  G1

24) Label B represents the ________ bone.

Topic:  Sec. 5.4

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.4

GLO:  G1

 

25) Label C represents the ________ bone.

Topic:  Sec. 5.4

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.4

GLO:  G1

 

26) Label D represents the ________ bone.

Topic:  Sec. 5.4

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.4

GLO:  G1

 

27) Label E represents the ________ bone.

Topic:  Sec. 5.4

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.4

GLO:  G1

 

28) Label F represents the ________ bone.

Topic:  Sec. 5.4

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.4

GLO:  G1

 

29) Label G represents the ________ bone.

Topic:  Sec. 5.4

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.4

GLO:  G1

 

30) Label H represents the ________ bone.

Topic:  Sec. 5.4

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.4

GLO:  G1

Answers: 23) F 24) A 25) C 26) E 27) H 28) G 29) B 30) D

 

5.4   Short Answer Questions

 

1) Stem cells in red bone marrow give rise to ________ and ________ blood cells.

Answer:  red; white

Topic:  Sec. 5.1

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.1

GLO:  G1

 

2) Tendons attach ________ to bone.

Answer:  muscle(s)

Topic:  Sec. 5.1

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.1

GLO:  G1

 

3) As osteocytes become enclosed in small chambers called lacunae, they still can communicate via ________.

Answer:  canaliculi

Topic:  Sec. 5.1

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.1

GLO:  G1

 

4) ________ forms the embryonic structures that later become bone.

Answer:           Hyaline cartilage or Cartilage

Topic:  Sec. 5.1

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.1

GLO:  G1

 

5) ________ refers to inflammation of the bursae following an injury.

Answer:  Bursitis

Topic:  Sec. 5.6

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.6

GLO:  G1

 

6) The outer surface of a bone is covered with a tough connective tissue called the ________.

Answer:  periosteum

Topic:  Sec. 5.1

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.1

GLO:  G1

7) The outer ear and epiglottis have a small amount of flexibility associated with them because of the presence of ________ cartilage.

Answer:  elastic

Topic:  Sec. 5.1

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.1

GLO:  G1

 

8) The process where cartilage is gradually replaced with bone tissue during fetal development is called ________.

Answer:  ossification

Topic:  Sec. 5.2

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.1

GLO:  G1

 

9) Chondroblasts produce ________.

Answer:  cartilage

Topic:  Sec. 5.2

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.2

GLO:  G1

 

10) The region of a long bone where cartilage is produced as a model for lengthening bone is the ________.

Answer:  growth plate

Topic:  Sec. 5.2

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.2

GLO:  G1

 

11) When bones undergo repair, the process begins with the formation of a blood clot known as a(n) ________.

Answer:  hematoma

Topic:  Sec. 5.3

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.3

GLO:  G1

 

12) The blood calcium level is regulated by two hormones: ________ causes an increase in blood calcium, whereas ________ causes a decrease in blood calcium.

Answer:  parathyroid hormone (PTH); calcitonin

Topic:  Sec. 5.3

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.3

GLO:  G1

 

13) The ________ bones are pierced by tiny openings through which the tear ducts drain.

Answer:  lacrimal

Topic:  Sec. 5.4

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.4

GLO:  G1

14) The coccyx is classified as a(n) ________ structure because it no longer has a function.

Answer:  vestigial

Topic:  Sec. 5.4

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.4

GLO:  G1

 

15) Vertebrae of the spinal cord are separated from each other by compressible, flat structures called ________ disks.

Answer:  intervertebral

Topic:  Sec. 5.4

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.4

GLO:  G1

 

16) Immovable joints such as those found between bones of the skull are ________ joints.

Answer:  fibrous

Topic:  Sec. 5.5

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.5

GLO:  G1

 

17) The coxal bones of the pelvic girdle meet in front at the ________, where they are joined by cartilage.

Answer:  pubic symphysis

Topic:  Sec. 5.4

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.4

GLO:  G1

 

18) Osteogenesis imperfecta, also known as “brittle bone disease,” is caused by a genetic defect in the gene that encodes a major fibrous protein found in bone called ________.

Answer:  collagen

Topic:  Sec. 5.1

Bloom’s:  Applying/Analyzing

LO:  5.1

GLO:  G2

 

 

19) A debilitating disease involving inflammation of the joints caused by an individual’s own immune system is ________.

Answer:  rheumatoid arthritis

Topic:  Sec. 5.6

Bloom’s:  Remembering/Understanding

LO:  5.6

GLO:  G1

5.5   Essay Questions

 

1) After adolescence, bones stop growing longer. They do, however, continue to grow. Describe how bones remodel or undergo repair.

Answer:  During remodeling, osteoclasts cut through mature bone tissue, dissolving the hydroxyapatite and digesting the matrix. The result is a release of calcium and phosphate ions into the blood. The areas where bone has been removed attract new osteoblasts that produce new matrix and new hydroxyapatite.

Topic:  Sec. 5.3

Bloom’s:  Applying/Analyzing

LO:  5.3

GLO:  G8

 

2) If a person has a herniated disk, sometimes surgery can relieve the pain that is associated with the condition. However, one side effect can be a loss in spinal flexibility. Why does this loss occur?

Answer:  The herniated condition generally results from a ballooning of gelatinous center of intervertebral disks. These disks are soft and elastic, and positioned between bony vertebrae. Corrective surgery requires fusing of adjacent vertebrae following the removal of the damaged intervertebral disk. Thus, spinal flexibility is reduced.

Topic:  Sec. 5.4

Bloom’s:  Applying/Analyzing

LO:  5.4

GLO:  G9

 

3) If a child needed to have surgery that removed all growth plates, what would be the effect on bone growth?

Answer:  Growth plates are located as a narrow strip of cartilage between the diaphysis and epiphysis. If removed, the bone lengthening would stop, and the child would essentially remain the same height. Bones would still be able to grow in terms of width.

Topic:  Sec. 5.2

Bloom’s:  Applying/Analyzing

LO:  5.2

GLO:  G8

 

 

4) A number of different hormones work together to influence bone growth and integrity. Explain how each of the following hormones affects the development for the maintenance of bone: growth hormone, estrogen, testosterone, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone

Answer:  Growth hormone is primarily active during childhood and stimulates the lengthening of bones at the growth plates. Estrogen and testosterone also stimulate growth at the growth plate early during puberty, but as adolescence draws to a close, these same hormones stimulate the ossification of the growth plates, signaling the end of growth in bone length. Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone (PTH) affect the deposition of calcium or removal of calcium from bones as they attempt to regulate calcium homeostasis. PTH stimulates osteoclast activity and moves calcium from the bone stores into the blood. Calcitonin has the opposite effect, stimulating osteoblast activity and the deposition of calcium in the bone.

Topic:  Sec. 5.3

Bloom’s:  Applying/Analyzing

LO:  5.3

GLO:  G8