Juvenile Delinquency Theory, Practice, and Law 12th Edition by Larry J. Siegel - Test Bank

Juvenile Delinquency Theory, Practice, and Law 12th Edition by Larry J. Siegel - Test Bank   Instant Download - Complete Test Bank With Answers     Sample Questions Are Posted Below   True / False   1. Social reaction theory is also commonly called critical theory.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   False REFERENCES:   …

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Juvenile Delinquency Theory, Practice, and Law 12th Edition by Larry J. Siegel – Test Bank

 

Instant Download – Complete Test Bank With Answers

 

 

Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

True / False

 

1. Social reaction theory is also commonly called critical theory.

  a. True
  b. False

 

ANSWER:   False
REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.01 – 05.01
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

2.  Secondary deviance produces a deviance amplification effect.

  a. True
  b. False

 

ANSWER:   True
REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.03 – 05.03
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

3. People often interpret symbolic gestures from others, but rarely incorporate them in their self-image.

  a. True
  b. False

 

ANSWER:   False
REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.01 – 05.01
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

4. While some judges feel sympathetic toward White defendants, they never help them avoid delinquent labels.

  a. True
  b. False

 

ANSWER:   False
REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.05 – 05.05
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

5. In some cases, youthful offenders fight back against their negative labels.

  a. True
  b. False

 

ANSWER:   True
REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.06 – 05.06
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

6. To drive home the point that the youthful suspect is an outcast who should be shunned by society, the justice system relies on a degradation ceremony.​

  a. True
  b. False

 

ANSWER:   True
REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.06 – 05.06
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

7. According to social conflict theory, those who hold power in contemporary society set the rules, control the law, and decide who is deviant, delinquent, and/or criminal.​

  a. True
  b. False

 

ANSWER:   True
REFERENCES:   Social Conflict Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.08 – 05.08
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

8. Conflict theorists suggest that the justice system is effective in limiting delinquency.

  a. True
  b. False

 

ANSWER:   False
REFERENCES:   Social Conflict Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.08 – 05.08
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

9. The concept of restorative justice has its roots in symbolic interaction theory.

  a. True
  b. False

 

ANSWER:   False
REFERENCES:   Social Conflict Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.09 – 05.09
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

10. Shame is a powerful tool of formal social control.

  a. True
  b. False

 

ANSWER:   False
REFERENCES:   Social Conflict Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.09 – 05.09
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

11.  In the long run it is less damaging to be falsely accused than to be a secret deviant.

  a. True
  b. False

 

ANSWER:   False
REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.04 – 05.04
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

12. Being institutionalized as a juvenile will hit girls particularly hard.

  a. True
  b. False

 

ANSWER:   True
REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.02 – 05.02
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

13. Youths who were in trouble and arrested at an early age are more likely to lose their jobs and have spotty employment records as adults.

  a. True
  b. False

 

ANSWER:   True
REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.06 – 05.06
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

14. Control theory centers on a view of society in which an elite class uses the law as a means of meeting threats to its status.

  a. True
  b. False

 

ANSWER:   False
REFERENCES:   Social Conflict Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.08 – 05.08
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

15. Globalization has allowed criminal gangs, but not individual offenders, to gain tremendous operational benefits while reducing risks of apprehension and punishment.​

  a. True
  b. False

 

ANSWER:   False
REFERENCES:   Social Conflict Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.08 – 05.08
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

16. There has been an ongoing effort to reduce the conflict created by the application of harsh punishments to offenders, many of whom are powerless social outcasts.​

  a. True
  b. False

 

ANSWER:   True
REFERENCES:   Social Conflict Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.10 – 05.10
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

17. Embarrassment is the feeling we get when we do not meet the standards we have set for ourselves or that significant others have set for us.​

  a. True
  b. False

 

ANSWER:   False
REFERENCES:   Social Conflict Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.09 – 05.09
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

18. The fear of shame can backfire or be neutralized.

  a. True
  b. False

 

ANSWER:   True
REFERENCES:   Social Conflict Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.09 – 05.09
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

19. Research efforts have generally shown that BARJ (Balanced and Restorative Justice) programs have little to no success in reducing offender recidivism rates.​

  a. True
  b. False

 

ANSWER:   False
REFERENCES:   Social Conflict Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.10 – 05.10
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

20. Both positive and negative labels involve objective interpretation of behavior.

  a. True
  b. False

 

ANSWER:   False
REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.02 – 05.02
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

Multiple Choice

 

21.  If you were to investigate a theory that views sustained delinquent behavior resulting from destructive social interactions and encounters, which of the following should you choose?

  a. ​Conflict
  b. ​Social control
  c. ​Social reaction
  d. ​Critical

 

ANSWER:   c
REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.07 – 05.07
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

22. The roots of social reaction theory can be found in what branch of sociology?

  a. ​Symbolic interaction
  b. ​Functionalism
  c. ​Conflict
  d. ​Deviance

 

ANSWER:   a
REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.07 – 05.07
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

23. Jill is interested in understanding the theory that focuses on power in contemporary society.  What theory should Jill investigate?

  a. ​Social conflict
  b. ​Social reaction
  c. ​Social control
  d. ​Differential association

 

ANSWER:   a
REFERENCES:   Social Conflict Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.08 – 05.08
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

24. Alice is considered introverted.  She has never engaged in any type of delinquent activities.  A student at Sabre High School, her social skills are not commensurate with her age, prompting classmates to call her stupid.  Her manner of dress is viewed by her peers as “weird.”  She is shunned in the cafeteria and is never chosen for group assignments or as a lab partner.  As a result of Alice’s social condemnation by her classmates, she begins to commit minor and then more serious acts of delinquency.  The process experienced by Alice is best associated with which of the following theories?

  a. ​Social conflict
  b. ​Labeling
  c. ​Social control
  d. ​Differential association

 

ANSWER:   b
REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.02 – 05.02
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

25. What leads to a damaged self-image and an increase in antisocial behaviors?

  a. ​Reintegrative shaming
  b. ​Self-fulfilling prophecy
  c. ​Degradation ceremonies
  d. ​Dramatization of evil

 

ANSWER:   b
REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.02 – 05.02
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

26. Labels become the basis of personal identity; as the labels become more and more negatively enforced by feedback from significant persons in the youth’s life, the youth’s identity transforms. What is this process called?

  a. ​Dramatization of evil
  b. ​Labeled deviant
  c. ​Reintegrative shaming
  d. ​Self-fulfilling prophecy

 

ANSWER:   a
REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.06 – 05.06
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

27. Roscoe stole a Match-Box car to give to his cousin who is in the hospital.  Roscoe is not caught and his cousin, who is dying from cancer, is happy for a short period of time.  Why type of deviance applies in this situation?

  a. ​Primary
  b. ​Covert
  c. ​Overt
  d. ​Secondary

 

ANSWER:   a
REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.03 – 05.03
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

28. In addition to assuring reintegration of the offender, what is the intended process of restorative programs?

  a. ​Repair injuries suffered by the victim
  b. ​Repair injuries suffered by the victim and the community
  c. ​Repair injuries suffered by the community
  d. ​Repair injuries suffered by the victim and repay the justice system

 

ANSWER:   b
REFERENCES:   Social Conflict Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.09 – 05.09
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

29.  What source of labeling is extremely damaging because it may cause adolescents to seek deviant peers whose behavior amplifies the effect of the label?

  a. ​Parental
  b. ​Peer
  c. ​Community
  d. ​Judicial

 

ANSWER:   a
REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.02 – 05.02
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

30. Youths who engage in delinquency and get caught and labeled are referred to as pure deviants, whereas youths who continually break rules and avoid labeling are referred to as secret deviants.  What models of labeling would best fit these descriptions?

  a. ​Conformists, pure deviants,
  b. ​Secret deviants, conformists
  c. ​Pure deviants, secret deviants
  d. ​Falsely accused, secret deviants

 

ANSWER:   c
REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.04 – 05.04
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Apply

 

31. Labeling alienates parents from their children and negative labels reduce children’s self-image and increase delinquency.  What is this process called?

  a. ​Stigmatization
  b. ​Dramatization of evil
  c. ​Reintegrative shaming
  d. ​Reflected appraisals

 

ANSWER:   d
REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.02 – 05.02
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

32. Lizzy is 16 years old; she was recently waived to adult court, charged with stabbing her father 60 times and her mother 61 times.  Friends and neighbors said they always knew something “wasn’t right with that girl.”  NCC ran a week’s worth of debates on their various discussion formats dissecting Lizzy’s past behaviors and current situation with their legal analysts.  What is this discussion concerning the link between Lizzy’s past and present behaviors called?

  a. ​Self-fulfilling prophecy
  b. ​Retrospective reading
  c. ​Reintegrative shaming
  d. ​Degradation ceremony

 

ANSWER:   b
REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.02 – 05.02
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Apply

 

33. If someone were interested in researching the theory that holds the view that society is in a constant state of internal conflict as different groups strive to impose their will on others, what theory would best fit their research interest?

  a. ​Social control
  b. ​Social conflict
  c. ​Labeling
  d. ​Symbolic interaction

 

ANSWER:   b
REFERENCES:   Social Conflict Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.08 – 05.08
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

34. Alicia shoplifted in a boutique known for its trendy clothes.  Alicia is caught with a $200.00 purse and a $75.00 tank top.  After the charges are read aloud in court, Alicia is severely scolded by the judge who states that Alicia’s actions were greedy and tells Alicia it is obvious that she is self-absorbed. Alicia is adjudicated delinquent. What process is exemplified by Alicia’s encounter with the juvenile justice system?​

  a. ​Dramatization of evil
  b. ​Strategic labeling
  c. ​Degradation ceremony
  d. ​Reintegrative shaming

 

ANSWER:   c
REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.02 – 05.02
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Apply

 

35. King has been in and out of the juvenile court for a variety of minor offenses.  Some within the court refer to the court as King’s revolving door as adjudication does not appear to inhibit his delinquent behaviors.  His court-appointed counselor has suggested that the justice system may actually be sustaining rather than inhibiting King’s behavior. What theory aligns with the court counselor’s view?

  a. ​Symbolic interaction
  b. ​Social control
  c. ​Labeling
  d. ​Social conflict

 

ANSWER:   d
REFERENCES:   Social Conflict Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.08 – 05.08
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Apply

 

36.  What theorists view the law and justice system as vehicles for controlling the have-not members of society?

  a. ​Symbolic interaction
  b. ​Social control
  c. ​Social conflict
  d. ​Labeling

 

ANSWER:   c
REFERENCES:   Social Conflict Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.08 – 05.08
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

37. Jack is researching delinquency and capitalism; specifically, that delinquency is a normal response to the conditions created by capitalism.  What theory should Jack be researching?

  a. ​Social control
  b. ​Social reaction
  c. ​Social conflict
  d. ​Law and justice

 

ANSWER:   c
REFERENCES:   Social Conflict Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.08 – 05.08
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

38. What two concepts do social reaction theorists indicate apply to labeling?

  a. ​Interaction, stigmatizing
  b. ​Interpretation, symbolic interaction
  c. ​Stigmatizing, interpretation
  d. ​Interaction, interpretation

 

ANSWER:   d
REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.02 – 05.02
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

39. Jack is captain of the football team, the criminal justice student association president, and has an outstanding GPA.  He was just notified that he had received a full-ride scholarship to an Ivy League university.  The week before the big playoff game, it was discovered that Jack had cheated on his history exam.  Upon review of several of his essays, it was also discovered that he had plagiarized a lot of the material included in the papers.  Everyone was shocked when Jack’s academic dishonesty became known throughout the school.  Jack was removed as president of the student organization as well as captain of the football team, he could not participate in the playoff game, and worst of all, he was stripped of the scholarship.  Jack dropped out of high school rather than return and face everyone; he eventually wound up a petty thief who was in and out of prison.  Jack’s academic dishonesty essentially created a new identity for Jack; this is what type of labeling?

  a. ​Primary deviance
  b. ​Labeling
  c. ​Secondary deviance
  d. ​Shaming

 

ANSWER:   c
REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.06 – 05.06
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Apply

 

40. What term refers to the use of humanistic, nonpunitive strategies to right wrongs and restore social harmony?

  a. ​Neutralization
  b. ​Restorative justice
  c. ​Balanced justice
  d. ​Deinstitutionalization

 

ANSWER:   b
REFERENCES:   Social Conflict Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.10 – 05.10
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

41. By focusing attention on the social interactions and reactions that shape individual behavior, what does labeling theory recognize about delinquency?

  a. ​Labeling a youth as delinquent does not matter
  b. ​Delinquency is not a disease or pathological behavior
  c. ​Understanding agencies or individuals charged with control over delinquents is not necessary
  d. ​There is no distinction between delinquent acts

 

ANSWER:   b
REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.07 – 05.07
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

42. What is the policy that substitutes alternative, community-based sanctions for state training schools?

  a. ​Deinstitutionalization
  b. ​Treatment
  c. ​Reintegration
  d. ​Diversion

 

ANSWER:   a
REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.07 – 05.07
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

43. Stigmatized as troublemakers, youth may begin to incorporate the label into their own self-image.  What is the consequence of labeling called?

  a. ​Self-rejecting attitude
  b. ​Personal reassessment
  c. ​Degradation ceremony
  d. ​Self-fulfilling prophecy

 

ANSWER:   b
REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.06 – 05.06
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

44. In what country does criminal prosecution proceed only when the normal process of public apology, compensation, and the victim’s forgiveness breaks down?

  a. ​Germany
  b. ​Sweden
  c. ​England
  d. ​Japan

 

ANSWER:   d
REFERENCES:   Social Conflict Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.09 – 05.09
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

45. Which of the following theories supports the use of Family Group Conferencing in deciding the resolution of the delinquent/criminal act?

  a. ​Social control
  b. ​Social reaction
  c. ​Reintegrative shaming
  d. ​Restorative justice

 

ANSWER:   a
REFERENCES:   Social Conflict Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.10 – 05.10
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

46. Techniques used to allow offenders to understand and recognize their wrongdoing and to shame themselves refers to what process?

  a. ​Degradation ceremonies
  b. ​Retrospective reinterpretation
  c. ​Reintegrative shaming
  d. ​Deinstitutionalization

 

ANSWER:   c
REFERENCES:   Social Conflict Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.09 – 05.09
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

47. What is the peacemaking technique in which offenders, victims, and other community members are brought together in an effort to formulate a sanction that addresses the needs of all concerned parties?

  a. ​Community restitution
  b. ​Reintegrative shaming
  c. ​Sentencing circles
  d. ​Intermediate sanctions

 

ANSWER:   c
REFERENCES:   Social Conflict Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.10 – 05.10
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

48. Jack lives with both biological parents in a middle-class neighborhood.  Jack was caught with alcohol in his locker at school and ended up in juvenile court.  What theory acknowledges middle-class delinquency?

  a. ​Social conflict
  b. ​Restorative justice
  c. ​Social control
  d. ​Social reaction

 

ANSWER:   a
REFERENCES:   Social Conflict Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.08 – 05.08
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Apply

 

49. What is seen as a set of principles, a philosophy, an alternate set of guiding questions, and questions that provide an alternative framework for thinking about wrongdoing?

  a. ​Symbolic interaction
  b. ​Intermediate sanctions
  c. ​Community restoration
  d. ​Restorative justice

 

ANSWER:   d
REFERENCES:   Social Conflict Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.09 – 05.09
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

Completion

 

50. What are significant predictors of serious delinquent behaviors?

ANSWER:   Perceptions of negative labels​
REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.06 – 05.06
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

51. What often involves conforming to group norms that conflict with those of conventional society?

ANSWER:   Membership in a deviant subculture​
REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.06 – 05.06
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

52. Name the four possible outcomes developed by Becker in the relationship between labeling and delinquent or other deviant behavior.​

ANSWER:   Pure deviant

Falsely accused

Secret deviant

Conformist

REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.04 – 05.04
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

53. What occurs when a deviant event comes to the attention of significant others or social control agents who apply a negative label?

ANSWER:   Secondary deviance
REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.02 – 05.02
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

54. According to social conflict theory, what happens to society as different groups strive to impose their will on others?

ANSWER:   It is in a state of internal conflict
REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.07 – 05.07
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

55. What refers to the reassessment of a person’s past to fit a current generalized label?

ANSWER:   Retrospective reading​
REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.06 – 05.06
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

56. What process occurs when offenders begin to understand and recognize their wrongdoing?

ANSWER:   Reintegrative shaming
REFERENCES:   Social Conflict Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.09 – 05.09
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

57. What important principle of social reaction theory states that those with economic and social power benefit while those who are powerless are penalized?

ANSWER:   The law is differentially applied
REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.05 – 05.05
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

58. What is the process of removing juveniles from adult jails and placing them in community-based programs to avoid the stigma attached to these facilities?

ANSWER:   Deinstitutionalization
REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.07 – 05.07
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

59. What helps socialize youth into the wider society, instilling in them such desirable values as discipline, caring, and respect for others?​

ANSWER:   Employment (work)
REFERENCES:   Social Conflict Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.08 – 05.08
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

60. What is the process of creating a worldwide economy through transnational markets and political and legal systems and who is most affected?​

ANSWER:   Globalization

Minority youth

REFERENCES:   Social Conflict Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.08 – 05.08
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

61. What is restorative justice?

ANSWER:   The use of humanistic, nonpunitive strategies to right wrongs and rebuild social harmony
REFERENCES:   Social Conflict Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.09 – 05.09
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

62. Conflict theorists view delinquency as a normal response to what conditions?

ANSWER:   Conditions created by capitalism
REFERENCES:   Social Conflict Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.08 – 05.08
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

63. What does labeling perspective identify as the role played by social control agents?

ANSWER:   Process of delinquency causation
REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.02 – 05.02
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

64. On what concept should restorative programs focus?

ANSWER:   Balance
REFERENCES:   Social Conflict Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.10 – 05.10
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

65. Rather than a distributor of retribution and revenge, what does the justice system become under restoration?

ANSWER:   A healing process
REFERENCES:   Social Conflict Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.10 – 05.10
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

66. People communicate via symbols that stand for or represent something else. To what does this refer?

ANSWER:   Symbolic interaction
REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.01 – 05.01
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

67. Why do the meanings of concepts and symbols change over time?

ANSWER:   Because interpretation changes over time
REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.01 – 05.01
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

68. What does “stigmatize” mean?

ANSWER:   To mark someone with disgrace or reproach; to characterize or brand someone as disgraceful or disreputable
REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.02 – 05.02
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

69. Name two types of shaming.

ANSWER:   Stigmatization

Reintegrative

REFERENCES:   Social Conflict Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.09 – 05.09
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

Essay

 

70. Describe the concept of symbolic interaction, including some examples.  Explain your view of this concept.

ANSWER:  
  • Symbolic interaction theory holds that people communicate via symbols—gestures signs, words, or images—that stand for or represent something else.
    • For example, when you see a person with a gold ring on the fourth finger of his left hand you know he is married. The ring is not merely a piece of jewelry but a representation or symbol of the wearer’s status. It tells you that he lives a conventional lifestyle, is most likely emotionally stable, ready for commitment, and so on.
    • Wearing an expensive watch such as a Rolex symbolizes that the owner is successful, wealthy, and confident; this is referred to as a status symbol. A Rolex may keep no better time than a Timex, yet one conveys an image of wealth and success and the other of thrift and frugality.
    • Sometimes symbols take the form of a gesture. If a guy asks a girl out on a date and she rolls her eyes, shakes her head, and turns her back, he quickly gets the message: This is not going to work.  Body language is open to interpretation and can be easily misread.
  • People often interpret symbolic gestures from others and incorporate them in their self-image. When a teacher puts an A on your paper, it tells you that you are an excellent student, and the symbol pumps up your self-image.
  • Symbols are also used by people to let others know how well they are doing and whether they are liked or appreciated.
  • How people view reality depends on the content of the messages and situations they encounter, their subjective interpretation of these interactions, and how this shapes future behavior.
  • There is no objective reality; people interpret the reactions of others, and this interpretation assigns meaning. Because interpretation changes over time, so do the meanings of concepts and symbols.
  • Student views will vary.
REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.01 – 05.01
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Understand

 

71. Identify and describe sources of labels and how labels from the juvenile justice system can be devastating.  Explain why you agree or disagree with this idea.

ANSWER:  
  • Young people who perceive that they have been negatively labeled by significant others such as peers and teachers are also more likely to self-report delinquent behavior and to adopt a deviant self-concept.
  • They are likely to seek out deviant friends and join gangs, associations that escalate their involvement in criminal activities.
  • Parental labeling is extremely damaging because it may cause adolescents to seek deviant peers whose behavior amplifies the effect of the labeling.
  • Children negatively labeled by their parents routinely suffer a variety of problems, including antisocial behavior and school failure.
  • This process has been observed in the United States and abroad, indicating that the labeling process is universal.
  • In addition to these informal labels, official labels from the juvenile justice system can also have a devastating effect.
  • An official label increases the risk of adolescents later dropping out of high school; rather than deterring crime, court intervention increases the likelihood of future criminality.
  • The younger the adolescent, the more powerful the influence of the negative label on their self-image.
  • Student views will vary.​

REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.02 – 05.02
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Understand

 

72. Describe the concept of primary and secondary deviance and explain how secondary deviance involves resocialization into a deviant role. Explain your view of this theory.

ANSWER:  
  • Primary deviance involves norm violations or crimes that have very little influence on the actor and can be quickly forgotten.
    • For example, a college student takes a “five-finger discount” at the campus bookstore. He successfully steals a textbook, uses it to get an A in a course, goes on to graduate, is admitted into law school, and later becomes a famous judge. Because his shoplifting goes unnoticed, it is a relatively unimportant event that has little bearing on his future life.
  • Secondary deviance occurs when a deviant event comes to the attention of significant others or social control agents who apply a negative label.

o   The newly labeled offender then reorganizes his or her behavior and personality around the consequences of the deviant act.

o   The shoplifting student is caught by a security guard and expelled from college. With his law school dreams dashed and his future cloudy, his options are limited; people who know him say he “lacks character,” and he begins to share their opinion. He eventually becomes a drug dealer and winds up in prison.

  • Secondary deviance involves resocialization into a deviant role as it produces a deviance amplification effect.
  • Offenders feel isolated from the mainstream of society and become firmly locked within their deviant role. They may seek out others similarly labeled to form deviant subcultures or groups.
  • Ever more firmly enmeshed in their deviant role, they are locked into an escalating cycle of deviance, apprehension, more powerful labels, and identity transformation.
  • The concept of secondary deviance expresses the core of social reaction theory: Deviance is a process in which a person’s identity is transformed.
  • Efforts to control the offenders, whether by treatment or punishment, simply help lock them in their deviant role.
  • Student views will vary.

REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.03 – 05.03
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Understand

 

73. Discuss Becker’s Fourfold Model of Labeling as presented in the text.  Explain why you agree or disagree with Becker’s theory.​

ANSWER:  
  • Youth who engage in delinquency and also get caught and labeled are called pure deviants.
  • Conformists are both rule-abiding and free of negative labels.
  • Some youth are falsely accused or blamed for something they did not do, while others who continually break rules are able to avoid labeling; these are called secret deviants.
  • Pure deviants are the youths most likely to repeat their antisocial activities, while conformists are the ones most likely to stay straight and never engage in antisocial behaviors.
  • If labeling theory is valid, then the falsely accused will be more likely to become secondary deviants (i.e., chronic offenders) than the secret deviants.
  • While the latter may be more troubled, because they have escaped the labeling process they are not affected by negative stigma.
  • According to social reaction theory, negative labels, even false ones, are the critical element that create secondary deviance and result in a delinquent career.
  • Student views will vary.​

REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.04 – 05.04
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Understand

 

74. Explain differential labeling and the major premise of social reaction theory.  Explain your view on differential labeling.

ANSWER:  
  • An important principle of social reaction theory is that the law is differentially applied, benefiting those who hold economic and social power and penalizing the powerless.
  • The probability of being brought under the control of legal authority is a function of a person’s race, wealth, gender, and social standing. While wealthy white-collar criminals are most often punished by a relatively small fine, poor youths who get involved in street crimes, such as burglary or car theft, most often face incarceration and other harsh punishments.
  • While substantive and procedural laws govern almost every aspect of the American justice system, discretionary decision making controls its operation at every level.
  • From the police officer’s decision on whom to arrest, to the prosecutor’s decisions on whom to charge and how many and what kind of charges to bring or whether to treat the offender as a juvenile or prosecute in adult court, to the judge’s decision on the length of the sentence, discretion works to the detriment of minorities, including African Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans, and Native Americans.
  • While differential labeling may be the norm, some juvenile court judges may sympathize with White defendants and help them avoid delinquent labels, especially if they seem to come from “good families,” whereas minority youths are not afforded that luxury.
  • A major premise of social reaction theory is that racial, age, income, and gender differences in the delinquency rate reflect the fact that the law is differentially constructed and applied.
  • It favors the powerful members of society who direct its content and penalizes people whose actions represent a threat to those in control, such as minority group members and the poor who demand equal rights.
  • If the law were totally unbiased, official data would reflect self-report studies, which show that delinquency is spread equally among racial and class groups.
  • Student views will vary.

REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.05 – 05.05
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Understand

 

75. Describe the concept of damaged identity. Explain why you agree or disagree with the idea that once labels are applied, they increase the likelihood of persistent offending.

ANSWER:  
  • Stigmatized as “troublemakers,” adolescents may begin to incorporate the label into their own self-image: “If everyone says I am a troublemaker, it must be true.”
  • Although labels may not have caused adolescents to initiate delinquent behaviors, once applied, they increase the likelihood of persistent offending because the adolescent now has a “damaged identity.”
  • Damaged identities follow adolescents around and may never go away.
  • Their bad behavior can even be captured by cell phone cameras and be on the Internet almost instantly. A damaged identity provokes some adolescents into repeating their antisocial behaviors, creating new labels and amplifying old ones; this creates what is called a cumulative disadvantage.
  • Bearing a negative label limits conventional opportunities, such as educational attainment and employment.
  • Delinquents who were labeled in adolescence are much more likely to engage in crime in early adulthood unless they are able to overcome labels and do well in school and obtain meaningful employment.
  • Student views will vary.

REFERENCES:   Social Reaction Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.06 – 05.06
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Understand

 

76. Describe globalization and delinquency. Explain why you agree or disagree with the premise that globalization will have a profound influence on the future of indigent youth.

ANSWER:  
  • Technological advances such as efficient and widespread commercial airline traffic, improvements in telecommunications (ranging from global cell phone connectivity to the Internet), and the growth of international trade, have all aided the growth in illicit transnational activities.
  • These changes have facilitated the cross-border movement of goods and people, conditions exploited by criminals who now use Internet chat rooms to plan their activities.
  • Gangs can now cross unpatrolled borders to expand their activities to new regions of the world.
  • Transnational crime groups freely exploit this new freedom to travel to regions where they cannot be extradited, base their operations in countries with ineffective or corrupt law enforcement, and launder their money in countries with bank secrecy or few effective controls.
  • Globalization has allowed both individual offenders and criminal gangs to gain tremendous operational benefits while reducing risks of apprehension and punishment.
  • Student views will vary.

REFERENCES:   Social Conflict Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.09 – 05.09
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Understand

 

77. Describe the relationship between class and delinquency. Explain why you agree or disagree that the capitalist system affects youth differently at the different class levels.

ANSWER:  
  • In the lowest classes, youths form gangs, which can be found in the most desolated ghetto areas.
  • These gangs serve as a means of survival in a system that offers no reasonable alternative.
  • Lower-class youths who live in more stable areas are on the fringe of delinquent activity because the economic system excludes them from meaningful opportunity.
  • In regard to middle-class delinquency, the alienation of individuals from one another, the competitive struggle, and the absence of human feeling—all qualities of capitalism—contribute to middle-class delinquency.
  • Because capitalism is dehumanizing, it is not surprising that even middle-class youths turn to drugs, gambling, and illicit sex to find escape.
  • Student views will vary.

REFERENCES:   Social Conflict Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.08 – 05.08
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Understand

 

78.  Identify and describe the levels within our society where restorative justice is being utilized.  What is your view on restoration programs in these areas? Provide a rationale for your view.

ANSWER:  
  • Community. Communities that isolate people and have few mechanisms for interpersonal interaction encourage and sustain delinquency. Those that implement forms of community, engage in dialogue to identify problems, and plan tactics for their elimination guided by restorative justice practices and principles may create a climate in which violent crime is less likely to occur.
  • Schools. Some schools have embraced restorative justice practices to deal with students involved in drug and alcohol abuse without resorting to more punitive measures such as expulsion. Schools in Minnesota, Colorado, and elsewhere are now trying to involve students in “relational rehabilitation” programs that strive to improve individuals’ relationships with key figures in the community who may have been harmed by their actions.
  • Police. Restorative justice has also been implemented by police when crime is first encountered. The new community policing models are an attempt to bring restorative concepts into law enforcement. Restorative justice relies on the fact that policy makers need to listen and respond to the needs of those who will be affected by their actions, and community policing relies on policies established with input and exchanges between officers and citizens.
  • Courts. Restorative programs in the courts typically involve diverting the formal court process. These programs encourage meeting and reconciling the conflicts between offenders and victims via victim advocacy, mediation programs, and sentencing circles, in which crime victims and their families are brought together with offenders and their families in an effort to formulate a sanction that addresses the needs of each party. Victims are given a chance to voice their stories, and offenders can help compensate them financially or provide some service (such as fixing damaged property). The goal is to enable offenders to appreciate the damage they have caused, to make amends, and to be reintegrated into society.
  • Student answers will vary.

REFERENCES:   Social Conflict Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.10 – 05.10
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Understand

 

79. Describe Balanced and Restorative Justice (BARJ).  Explain why you agree or disagree that justice is best served when the victim, community, and offender are viewed as equal clients of the justice system.

ANSWER:  
  • According to the balanced approach, the juvenile justice system should give equal weight to offender accountability, competency development, and community protection.
  • Holding offenders accountable to victims. Offender accountability refers specifically to the requirement that offenders make amends for the harm resulting from their crimes by repaying or restoring losses to victims and the community.
  • Providing competency development for offenders in the system so they can pursue legitimate endeavors after release. Competency development, the rehabilitative goal for intervention, requires that people who enter the justice system should exit the system more capable of being productive and responsible in the community.
  • Ensuring community safety. The community protection goal explicitly acknowledges and endorses a long-time public expectation—a safe and secure community.
  • The balanced approach means that justice policies and priorities should seek to address each of the three goals in each case and that system balance should be pursued.
  • The goal of achieving balance suggests that no one objective can take precedence over any other without creating a system that is “out of balance” and implies that efforts to achieve one goal (e.g., offender accountability) should not hinder efforts to achieve other goals.
  • Student views will vary.

REFERENCES:   Social Conflict Theory
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.05.10 – 05.10
KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Understand

 

 

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