Juvenile Justice 6th International Edition by Kären M. Hess - Test Bank

Juvenile Justice 6th International Edition by Kären M. Hess – Test Bank

 

Instant Download – Complete Test Bank With Answers

 

 

Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

Chapter 5- Juvenile Victims

 

Multiple Choice

 

1. The largest single cause of death in young children is:
2. child abuse
3. malnutrition
4. second-hand smoke
5. neglect

ANS:   D                     REF: 134                     LO:  2

 

2. The following are the three levels of abuse EXCEPT:
3. collective
4. institutional
5. correctional
6. individual

ANS:   C                     REF: 134                     LO:  3

 

3. The most common form of child maltreatment is:
4. child abuse
5. neglect
6. malnutrition
7. inconsistent healthcare

ANS:   B                     REF:  134        LO:  4

 

4. Behavioral indicators of neglect may include all of the following EXCEPT:
5. begging
6. stealing food
7. inappropriate dress
8. constant fatigue

ANS:   C                     REF: 137                     LO:  5

 

5. Physical or sexual assault is a higher risk in families with:
6. step-parents/sibling and single parents
7. two biological parents
8. two adoptive parents
9. two foster parents

ANS:   A                     REF:  134        LO:  5

 

6. The Missing Children’s Act passed in 1984, does NOT define a missing child as:
7. one whose age is less than 21 years of age
8. one whose whereabouts are unknown to such individual’s legal custodian
9. one whose disappearance indicates that the child has been removed from the legal guardian’s control without the custodian’s consent
10. one whose circumstances indicate the child is likely to be abused or sexually exploited

ANS:   A                     REF:  149                    LO:   11

7. ___________ strain refers to real-life strains experienced by others when around a victimized individual.
8. Secondary
9. Peripheral
10. Vicarious
11. Projected

ANS:   C                     REF: 142                     LO: 9

 

8. Typically, the three components of child abuse/neglect laws are the following EXCEPT:
9. criminal definitions and penalties
10. a mandate to report suspected cases
11. mental health treatment
12. civil processes for removing a child from the abusive or neglectful environment

ANS:   C                     REF:   138                   LO:  6

 

9. The two leading causes of child abuse are thought to be:
10. violence between spouses and poverty
11. ongoing exposure to violent video games and movies
12. malnutrition and lack of health care
13. drugs and alcohol abuse

ANS:   A                     REF:   140                   LO: 7

 

10. Individual maltreatment includes situations when:
11. there is sexual abuse of a child
12. one or more people emotionally abuse a child
13. one or more people physically abuse a child
14. students bully peers at school

ANS:   D                     REF:   142       LO:  3

 

11. Child abuse can be directly linked with:
12. illiteracy
13. drug abuse
14. DUI/DWI
15. delinquency

ANS:   D                     REF:   143                   LO:  9

 

12. Victimization rates are:
13. inversely related to age, with the youngest children being the highest
14. similar among all ages, with the median age being 8
15. highest among foster parents
16. highest among legal guardians

ANS:   A               REF: 131               LO:   9

 

 

 

13. The two organizations that have concurrent jurisdiction for missing and exploited children are:
14. NAF and OJJDP
15. ACYF and OJJDP
16. Communities in Action and NAF
17. ACYF and CPS

ANS:   B                     REF:   155       LO:   10

 

14. Warning signs of suicide often include all of the following EXCEPT:
15. threatening to kill oneself, and talking as if no one cares
16. preparing for death, such as giving away possessions
17. expressing hopelessness and giving up on oneself
18. wearing dark clothing

ANS:   D                     REF:   158                   LO:   13

 

15. Collective maltreatment is seen in the effects of:
16. poverty and other forms of social injustice
17. sickness and hospitalization
18. gang activity
19. poor educational facilities

ANS:   A                     REF: 134                     LO:  5

 

16. The broken home, in and of itself:
17. causes delinquency
18. does not cause delinquency
19. causes physical abuse
20. causes emotional abuse

ANS:   B                     REF:  136                    LO:  5

 

17. The leading cause of teen suicide is:
18. drug use
19. untreated anxiety
20. alcohol abuse
21. untreated depression

ANS:   D                     REF:   157                   LO:   12

 

18. OJJDP is focused on:
19. social welfare and emergency care approaches for missing and exploited children
20. educational approaches for missing and exploited children
21. mental health approaches for missing and exploited children
22. the challenges missing children present to law enforcement and the justice system

ANS:   D               REF:  155              LO:   10

 

 

 

 

19. Most maltreatment cases enter the child welfare system through:
20. school counselors
21. hospitalization
22. Child Protective Services
23. National Institute of Mental Health

ANS:   C               REF: 131               LO:  1

 

20. All states mandate agencies to do the following EXCEPT:
21. assess reports of child abuse and neglect
22. investigate reports of child abuse and neglect
23. offer rehabilitative services to families where maltreatment has or is likely to occur
24. offer home educational services to families where maltreatment is likely to occur

ANS:   D               REF: 131               LO:  6

 

21. An act or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm or serious risk of harm to a child is referred to as:
22. maltreatment
23. abuse
24. neglect
25. exploitation

ANS:   A               REF:  131              LO:  3

 

22. Most common types of maltreatment include all of the following EXCEPT:
23. neglect and medical neglect
24. physical abuse and sexual abuse
25. psychological maltreatment
26. emotional maltreatment

ANS:   D               REF:  131              LO: 3

 

23. Sexual abuse by a parent or other family member is referred to as:
24. suprafamilial sexual abuse
25. intrafamilial sexual abuse
26. extrafamilial sexual abuse
27. parafamilial sexual abuse

ANS:   B               REF:   144             LO: 4

 

24. Rates of victimization of females are typically:
25. about the same as that of boys
26. slightly lower than that of boys
27. higher than that of boys
28. considerably lower than that of boys

ANS:   C               REF:   148             LO:   9

 

 

 

 

25. The “dark underbelly of cohabitation” refers to:
26. drug abuse
27. abusive-boyfriend syndrome
28. alcoholism
29. depression

ANS:   B               REF:   134             LO: 4

 

26. __________ ________ are emergency messages broadcast when a law enforcement       agency determines that a child has been abducted and is in imminent danger:
27. Amber Alert
28. Caution Alert
29. All Points Alert
30. SOS Alert

ANS:   A               REF: 154                           LO 11

 

27. Physical indicators of child neglect include all of the following EXCEPT:
28. frequent hunger
29. poor hygiene
30. appropriate dress
31. consistent lack of supervision

ANS:   C               REF: 19                             LO:   3

 

28. Behavioral indicators of neglect may include all of the following EXCEPT:
29. begging
30. stealing food
31. highly energetic
32. alcohol or drug abuse

ANS:   C              REF:  19                             LO:   7

 

29. The three primary risk factors for child abuse include all of the following EXCEPT:
30. domestic violence
31. poverty
32. individual temperamental factors
33. wealth

ANS:   D             REF: 26                               LO:   6

 

30. Physical Indicators of child neglect include all of the following EXCEPT:
31. frequent hunger
32. poor hygiene
33. inappropriate dress
34. falling asleep in class

ANS:   D                     REF: 137                     LO:  3

 

 

 

 

True/False

 

1. It is estimated that 500,000 teens attempt suicide every year with 5,000 succeeding.

ANS:   true            REF: 158               LO:   12

 

2. Investigations concluded that an estimated 899,000 children were abused or neglected during 2005.

ANS:   true            REF: 131               LO:  1

 

3. Maltreated youths are at an increased risk for performing poorly in school and displaying symptoms of mental illness.

ANS:   true            REF: 132               LO:  1

 

4. The risk of kidnapping increases substantially for male juveniles after age nine.

ANS:   false           REF:  153              LO:   9

 

5. More than half of all maltreatment victims are white.

ANS:   true            REF:  131              LO:   9

 

6. Foster parents, residential facility staff and legal guardians each made up less than one percent of maltreatment perpetrators.

ANS:   true            REF:  132              LO: 4

 

7. Child abuse has been identified as the leading cause of death of young children.

ANS:   true            REF: 134               LO:  2

 

8. Vicarious strain refers to real-life strains experienced by others around the individual.

ANS:   true            REF: 142               LO:  9

 

9. The broken home, in and of itself, causes delinquency.

ANS:   false           REF:  136              LO:   4

 

10. Children who are abused are less likely to be violent themselves.

ANS:   false           REF:  143              LO:   7

 

11. Premature birth increases a child’s risk of being abused.

ANS:   true            REF:  140              LO:   6

 

12. Children who experience intrafamily violence are no more at risk for child abuse than children who are exposed to this type of violence.

ANS:   false           REF:  141              LO:   6

 

13. Witnessing actual violence or fearing its potential occurrence has no real effect on children.

ANS:   false           REF: 142               LO: 9

 

14. Child abuse has been directly linked with delinquency.

ANS:   true            REF:  143              LO:    8

 

15. A central complexity of the juvenile victim justice system is that it encompasses two distinct subsystems, the criminal justice system and the child protection system.

ANS:   true            REF:   161             LO:   8

 

16. Cultural values do not play a role in determining what constitutes abuse.

ANS:   false           REF:   147             LO: 3

 

17. Less than one-third of violent crimes with juvenile victims occur in a residence.

ANS:   false           REF:   149             LO:   4

 

18. More than one-third of juvenile victims of violent crime are under age 16.

ANS:   false           REF:   148             LO: 9

 

19. Researchers theorized that early puberty creates unusually high levels of distress for adolescents.

ANS:   true            REF: 151               LO:   8

 

20. The Cycle of Violence has been used to describe the phenomenon by whereby a victim is transformed into a victimizer over time:

ANS:   true            REF: 142               LO:   7

 

 

Short Answer

 

1. Most maltreatment cases enter the child welfare system through___________ agencies.

ANS:   CHILD PROTECTIVE SERVICES REF: 131                     LO: 1

 

2. Victimization rates were highest among young children from _________________. (Provide an age range.)

ANS:   BIRTH TO AGE 4                              REF: 131                     LO:  10

 

3. The leading cause of suicide is untreated ___________________.

ANS:   DEPRESSION                                  REF: 157                           LO:   12

 

4. The two most frequently mentioned personal problems indicated by runaway youth were ___________ and ____________.

ANS:   POOR SELF-IMAGE; DEPRESSION          REF: 155                                 LO: 10

 

5. Fatal neglect cases usually result from a caregiver’s _____________.

ANS:   FAILURE TO ACT                            REF: 134         LO: 5

 

 

6. The three levels of child maltreatment are ___________, ________________, and ___________.

ANS:   COLLECTIVE, INSTITUTIONAL, INDIVIDUAL             REF: 134         LO:  3

 

7. Institutional maltreatment of children is sometimes called ________.

ANS:   ADMINISTRATIVE ABUSE           REF: 134                     LO:  3

 

8. The homes of neglected children often are ______________.

ANS:   DISORGANIZED                              REF: 137                                             LO:   4

 

9. Frequent hunger, poor hygiene, inappropriate dress, consistent lack of supervision are considered __________________ of child neglect.

ANS:   PHYSICAL INDICATORS               REF: 138                                             LO:  5

 

10. Begging, stealing food, extending school days by arriving early or leaving late, constant fatigue, listlessness or falling asleep in school, alcohol or drug abuse are examples of __________________ of child neglect.

ANS:   BEHAVIORAL INDICATORS        REF: 138                                             LO:   7

 

11. In _______________________ the court held that “The parent is the sole judge of the necessity for the exercise of disciplinary right and of the nature of the correction to be given.”

ANS:   PEOPLE v. GREEN (1909)                REF: 139                                             LO:   5

 

12. Mistaken for child abuse is the condition ______________ which is characterized by bones that break easily.

ANS:   OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA    REF: 141                                             LO:   3

 

13. The two leading causes of child abuse are thought to be __________________and __________.

ANS:   VIOLENCE BETWEEN SPOUSES, POVERTY     REF: 141                     LO:   2

 

14. Violence is ___________ behavior that is often self-perpetuating.

ANS:   LEARNED                                         REF: 142         LO:   6

 

15. The leading cause of youth suicide is ___________________.

ANS:   UNTREATED DEPRESSION          REF:  157                    LO:   13

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Essay

 

1. Discuss four different types of maltreatment and note the most common type of maltreatment in our society

ANS:   *Physical Abuse – a caregiver inflicts a physical injury upon a child by other than accidental means.

*Sexual Abuse   – any sexual contact or attempt at sexual contact that occurs between a caretaker or responsible adult and a child for the purposes of the caretaker’s sexual gratification or financial benefit

*Physical Neglect – a caretaker fails to exercise a minimum degree of care in meeting a child’s physical needs.

*Educational Maltreatment – a caretaker fails to ensure that a child receives adequate education

*Most common – Physical Neglect

REF:  131        LO: 3

 

2. Compare and contrast federal and state child neglect and abuse laws.

ANS:   Federal

*In 1974 the federal government passed Public Law (PL) 93–247, the Federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act. It was amended in 1978 under PL 95–266.

*The law states in part that any of the following elements constitutes a crime:

The physical or mental injury, sexual abuse or exploitation, negligent treatment, or maltreatment of a child under the age of 18, by a person who is responsible for the child’s welfare under circumstances that indicate the child’s health or welfare is harmed or threatened.

 

State

* Since the 1960s every state has enacted child abuse and neglect laws. On the whole, states offer a bit more protection to children by statute than does the federal government. Legal definitions vary from state to state.

REF:   137-139                                   LO: 6

 

 

3. Discuss the cycle of violence. Provide an example.

ANS:   Cycle of Violence

The cycle of violence has been used to describe the phenomenon whereby a victim is transformed into a victimizer over time:

Example

“A group of picked-upon students may band together to ambush their bullying tormentors; a battered wife may launch a vengeful attack against her brutal husband; or a child subjected to periodic beatings might grow up to parent his sons in the same excessively punitive way he was raised” (Karmen, 2007, p.6).

REF:   142                               LO: 8

 

 

 

4. Discuss, including legislation directly related to, child sexual abuse and the Internet.

ANS:   “The Internet provides a child predator with access to children on a scale that makes the world his local playground. It is a medium through which digital images and movies documenting the most horrific crimes against children are distributed to a worldwide audience.” Collins notes that all the services the Internet provides—e-mail, the World Wide Web, instant messaging—can be used to facilitate crimes against children. Examples of how this occurs are provided by Collins (2007, p.40).

 

The Child Protection and Sexual Predator Punishment Act, passed in 1998, imposes tougher penalties for sex crimes against children, particularly those facilitated by the use of the Internet.  The act prohibits contacting a minor via the Internet to engage in illegal sexual activity and punishes those who knowingly send obscenity to children.

REF:  144-145            LO: 9

 

5. Discuss missing and exploited children. Address the NISMART project.

ANS:   Oftentimes, these children are “missing” by choice because of intolerable conditions in the home, including abuse and violence.

 

The Missing Children’s Act was passed in 1982 and the Missing Children’s Assistance Act in 1984.

 

The Missing Children’s Assistance Act of 1984 defines a missing child as:

Any individual, less than 18 years of age, whose whereabouts are unknown to such individual’s legal custodian—if the circumstances surrounding the disappearance indicate that (the child) may possibly have been removed by another person from the control of his/her legal custodian without the custodian’s consent; or the circumstances of the case strongly indicate that (the child) is likely to be abused or sexually exploited.

 

This act requires the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) to conduct periodic national incidence studies to determine the actual number of children reported missing and the number of missing children recovered for a given year.

 

This requirement is being met through the National Incidence Studies of Missing, Abducted, Runaway, and Thrownaway Children in America (NISMART). NISMART has completed its second in-depth study of this population and has identified six episode types of missing children.

 

The six episode types of missing children included in the NISMART-2 study are missing benign explanation; missing involuntary, lost or injured; runaway/thrownaway; nonfamily abduction; stereotypical kidnapping; and family abduction.

REF:    149-150                      LO: 11