Life The Essentials of Human Development Ist Edition By Gabriela Martorell - Test Bank

Life The Essentials of Human Development Ist Edition By Gabriela Martorell – Test Bank

 

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Life: Essentials of Human Development, 1e (Martorell)

Chapter 5   Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

 

1) In the context of the approaches to studying cognitive development, the behaviorist approach mainly ________.

1. A) studies the basic mechanics of learning
2. B) seeks to measure intelligence quantitatively
3. C) describes the qualitative stages in cognitive functioning
4. D) links brain processes with cognitive ones

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 105

Topic:  Cognitive Development

Learning Objective:  Explain the approaches to studying cognitive development.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

2) In the context of the different approaches to studying cognitive development, which of the following approaches measures quantitative differences in abilities that make up intelligence by using tests that indicate or predict these abilities?

1. A) The behaviorist approach
2. B) The psychometric approach
3. C) The information-processing approach
4. D) The social-contextual approach

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Page Ref: 105

Topic:  Cognitive Development

Learning Objective:  Explain the approaches to studying cognitive development.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA LO:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

3) In the context of the different approaches to studying cognitive development, which of the following statements is true about the Piagetian approach?

1. A) It is concerned with how behavior changes in response to experience.
2. B) It is concerned with how the mind structures its activities and adapts to the environment.
3. C) It aims to discover how children process information.
4. D) It observes and analyzes the mental processes involved in perceiving and handling information.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 105

Topic:  Cognitive Development

Learning Objective:  Explain the approaches to studying cognitive development.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

4) In the context of the different approaches to studying cognitive development, which of the following approaches examines the effects of environmental aspects of the learning process, particularly the role of parents and other caregivers?

1. A) The behaviorist approach
2. B) The psychometric approach
3. C) The information-processing approach
4. D) The social-contextual approach

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Page Ref: 105

Topic:  Cognitive Development

Learning Objective:  Explain the approaches to studying cognitive development.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA LO:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

5) Unlike operant conditioning, classical conditioning ________.

1. A) emphasizes learning that is based on reinforcement or punishment
2. B) enables infants to anticipate an event before it happens
3. C) remains strong even when it is not reinforced by repeated association
4. D) focuses on learning that is based on association of behavior with its consequences

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 105

Topic:  Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Analyze

APA LO:  2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

6) Paula is a 2-year-old girl who stays with her grandparents. Whenever she puts her toys back in their place after she is done playing with them, her grandparents praise her with a broad smile and a tight hug. Paula soon realizes that putting toys back in their place is likely to result in her being rewarded with smiles and warm hugs, and she increases this behavior. This scenario best illustrates ________.

1. A) invisible imitation
2. B) elicited imitation
3. C) operant conditioning
4. D) classical conditioning

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 105

Topic:  Operant Conditioning

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA LO:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

7) Identify a true statement based on various research studies conducted with older infants and toddlers.

1. A) The length of time a conditioned response lasts increases with age.
2. B) Infant memory is independent of the original cues encoded during conditioning.
3. C) Early procedural and perceptual knowledge are similar to the later explicit, language-based memories used by adults.
4. D) Brief, nonverbal exposure to an original stimulus is unlikely to sustain a memory during early infancy.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 106

Topic:  Memory

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

8) Research using operant conditioning techniques has illustrated that:

1. A) an infant’s memory processes differ fundamentally from those of older children and adults.
2. B) an infant’s retention time is longer than that of older children and adults.
3. C) an infant’s memory is less likely to be aided by reminders when compared to that of older children and adults.
4. D) an infant’s memory is more dependent on encoding cues than that of older children and adults.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 106

Topic:  Operant Conditioning

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

9) In the context of the psychometric approach to cognitive development, identify a true statement about developmental quotients (DQs).

1. A) They are an important aspect of the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME).
2. B) They are most commonly used for early detection of emotional disturbances.
3. C) They are primarily used to predict academic performance for school-age children.
4. D) They are rarely used to detect sensory, neurological, and environmental deficits in 3-year-olds.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 107

Topic:  Cognitive Development

Learning Objective:  Describe infant assessment measures.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

10) ________ is a standardized developmental test that is designed to assess children from 1 month to 3-1/2 years. Its scores indicate a child’s competencies in each of five developmental areas, which are cognitive, language, motor, social-emotional, and adaptive behavior.

1. A) The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development
2. B) The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales
3. C) The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV)
4. D) The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC-II)

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Page Ref: 107

Topic:  Intelligence; Cognitive Development

Learning Objective:  Describe infant assessment measures.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA LO:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

11) In the context of the psychometric approach to cognitive development, which of the following statements is true about the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME)?

1. A) It refers to neurological and behavioral tests that are used to measure neonates’ responses to the home environment.
2. B) It refers to Bronfenbrenner’s approach to understanding processes and contexts of human development that identifies five levels of environmental influences.
3. C) It is an instrument to determine the influence of the home environment on children’s cognitive growth.
4. D) It is a standardized test of infants’ and toddlers’ mental and motor development.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Page Ref: 107

Topic:  Intelligence; Cognitive Development

Learning Objective:  Describe infant assessment measures.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA LO:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

12) In the context of the psychometric approach to cognitive development, which of the following is defined as the systematic process of providing services to help families meet young children’s developmental needs?

1. A) Identification
2. B) Deferred imitation
3. C) Adaptation
4. D) Early intervention

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Page Ref: 108

Topic:  Cognitive Development

Learning Objective:  Describe infant assessment measures.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA LO:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

13) Identify Piaget’s term for processes by which an infant learns to reproduce desired occurrences originally discovered by chance.

1. A) Schemas
2. B) Circular reactions
3. C) Mental combinations
4. D) Visual preferences

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Page Ref: 109

Topic:  Piaget

Learning Objective:  Explain the cognitive processes young children use to construct their world, per Piaget.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA LO:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

14) In the context of the substages of the sensorimotor stage in the Piagetian approach to cognitive development, which of the following is a characteristic of the first substage?

1. A) Neonates learn to purposely repeat pleasant actions first achieved by chance.
2. B) Neonates begin to experiment to see what will happen.
3. C) Neonates begin to turn toward sounds.
4. D) Neonates practice their reflexes.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 109

Topic:  Piaget

Learning Objective:  Summarize Piaget’s sensorimotor stage.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

15) In the context of the substages of the sensorimotor stage in the Piagetian approach to cognitive development, which of the following statements is true about babies in the second substage?

1. A) They learn to purposely repeat pleasant actions first achieved by chance.
2. B) They have learned to generalize from past experience to solve new problems.
3. C) They vary a behavior to see what might happen.
4. D) They learn to pretend and use symbols.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 109

Topic:  Piaget

Learning Objective:  Summarize Piaget’s sensorimotor stage.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

16) In the context of the substages of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, identify a true statement about the second substage.

1. A) Infants begin to coordinate sensory information.
2. B) Infants begin to repeat actions that bring interesting results.
3. C) Infants begin to anticipate events.
4. D) Infants begin to pretend and start using symbols.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 109

Topic:  Piaget

Learning Objective:  Summarize Piaget’s sensorimotor stage.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

17) In the context of the substages of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, which of the following statements is most likely true about the third substage?

1. A) It occurs between 12 and 18 months of age.
2. B) It occurs between 1 and 3 months of age.
3. C) It involves mental combinations.
4. D) It involves secondary circular reactions.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 109

Topic:  Piaget

Learning Objective:  Summarize Piaget’s sensorimotor stage.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

18) In the context of the substages of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, identify a true statement about the fifth substage.

1. A) Babies begin to coordinate sensory information.
2. B) Babies begin to demonstrate insight.
3. C) Babies think about events and anticipate their consequences without always resorting to action.
4. D) Babies actively explore their world to determine what is novel about an object, event, or situation.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 109

Topic:  Piaget

Learning Objective:  Summarize Piaget’s sensorimotor stage.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

19) Alyssa is playing in a park with her father. She suddenly hits a ball and realizes that it moves away. She keeps hitting the ball with the intention of moving it to the other side of the park. According to the substages of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, Alyssa is most likely in the ________.

1. A) sixth substage
2. B) fifth substage
3. C) fourth substage
4. D) third substage

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 109-110

Topic:  Piaget

Learning Objective:  Summarize Piaget’s sensorimotor stage.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA LO:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

20) Jordan watches his mother place chocolate cookies in a newly bought jar and go to her room for a nap. Jordan loves the cookies and wants to have some of them. He tries to open the cookie jar by pulling up the lid; he also tries rotating the lid in a clockwise direction. He finally realizes that there is a “Push” button to open the cookie jar. According to the substages of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, Jordan is most likely in the ________.

1. A) second substage
2. B) fourth substage
3. C) third substage
4. D) fifth substage

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 109-110

Topic:  Piaget

Learning Objective:  Summarize Piaget’s sensorimotor stage.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA LO:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

21) After returning from his weekly grocery shopping, Emily’s father asks her to help him arrange the purchased items. He gives her baskets with pictures of different food items on them. She removes items from the grocery bag one at a time, matches them with the pictures on the baskets, and places them correctly without any help from her father. According to the substages of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, Emily is most likely in the ________.

1. A) sixth substage
2. B) fifth substage
3. C) fourth substage
4. D) third substage

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 109-110

Topic:  Piaget

Learning Objective:  Summarize Piaget’s sensorimotor stage.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA LO:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

22) In the third substage of the sensorimotor stage in the Piagetian approach to cognitive development, an infant ________.

1. A) tries behaviors until the infant finds the best way to attain a goal
2. B) intentionally repeats an action to get results beyond the infant’s own body
3. C) begins to show the ability to coordinate different kinds of sensory information
4. D) modifies and coordinates previous schemes to find one that works

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 110

Topic:  Piaget

Learning Objective:  Summarize Piaget’s sensorimotor stage.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

23) In the context of the sensorimotor stage in the Piagetian approach to cognitive development, the fourth substage ________.

1. A) is characterized by the intentional repetition of pleasant actions
2. B) marks the beginning of experimentation to see what will happen
3. C) marks the development of complex, goal-directed behavior
4. D) is characterized by a child’s ability to coordinate different kinds of sensory information

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 110

Topic:  Piaget

Learning Objective:  Summarize Piaget’s sensorimotor stage.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

24) In the fifth substage of the sensorimotor stage of the Piagetian approach to cognitive development, babies begin to:

1. A) practice their reflexes.
2. B) experiment to see what will happen.
3. C) generalize from past experience to solve new problems.
4. D) think about actions before taking them and try out solutions in their mind.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 110

Topic:  Piaget

Learning Objective:  Summarize Piaget’s sensorimotor stage.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

25) Rey is a 12-month-old baby who has been trying to open his sister’s pencil box by shaking it, pulling it sideways, and even throwing it on the floor. He later realizes that the only way to open the box is by pressing a small red button at the center of the lid. In the context of the sensorimotor stage in the Piagetian approach to cognitive development, Rey is most likely to enter the ________.

1. A) first substage
2. B) sixth substage
3. C) third substage
4. D) second substage

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 110

Topic:  Piaget

Learning Objective:  Summarize Piaget’s sensorimotor stage.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA LO:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

26) In the context of the sensorimotor stage in the Piagetian approach to cognitive development, which of the following statements is true about the sixth substage?

1. A) It is a transition to the preoperational stage of early childhood.
2. B) It is applicable to babies between 8 and 12 months of age.
3. C) During this stage, babies begin to try behaviors until they find the best way to attain a goal.
4. D) During this stage, babies learn to generalize from past experience to solve new problems.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 110

Topic:  Piaget

Learning Objective:  Summarize Piaget’s sensorimotor stage.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

27) Amelia, a 2-year-old, learns that her father gives her a candy whenever she gets hurt. Based on this realization, she pretends to be hurt to get a candy. Amelia is most likely in the ________ of the sensorimotor stage in the Piagetian approach to cognitive development.

1. A) fourth substage
2. B) third substage
3. C) first substage
4. D) sixth substage

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 110

Topic:  Piaget

Learning Objective:  Summarize Piaget’s sensorimotor stage.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA LO:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

28) Andrea, mother of a 2-year-old boy, often engages in fun activities with her son. She places flash cards on the floor and calls out an object’s name. He picks up a corresponding flash card and gives it to Andrea. Andrea’s son is most likely in the ________ substage of the sensorimotor stage in the Piagetian approach to cognitive development.

1. A) fourth
2. B) sixth
3. C) first
4. D) third

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 110

Topic:  Piaget

Learning Objective:  Summarize Piaget’s sensorimotor stage.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA LO:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

29) In the context of the Piagetian approach to cognitive development, identify a true statement about deferred imitation.

1. A) It nullifies the idea of recalling a stored representation of a desired action.
2. B) Piaget believed that 16-month-olds engaged in deferred imitation because of their ability to retain mental representations.
3. C) It is the reproduction of an observed behavior after the passage of time.
4. D) Piaget believed that 10-month-olds were able to engage in deferred imitation.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 110

Topic:  Piaget

Learning Objective:  Explain the cognitive processes young children use to construct their world, per Piaget.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

30) Unlike psychologists associated with recent findings, Piaget was of the view that:

1. A) deferred imitation begins with mental representations at 8 to 12 months.
2. B) deferred imitation of complex activities exists as early as 6 months.
3. C) invisible imitation develops around 9 months.
4. D) invisible imitation of facial expressions is innate.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 111

Topic:  Piaget

Learning Objective:  Explain the cognitive processes young children use to construct their world, per Piaget.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

31) In the context of the key developments of the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, Piaget was of the view that:

1. A) the concept of “object permanence” develops gradually between the third and sixth substage.
2. B) infants as young as 2-1/2 months seem to show object knowledge.
3. C) infants as young as 2 months recognize perceptual categories.
4. D) the concept of “categorization” develops gradually between the third and sixth substage.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 111

Topic:  Piaget

Learning Objective:  Explain the cognitive processes young children use to construct their world, per Piaget.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

32) In the context of the key developments of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, which of the following concepts or skills is most likely to develop at 18 to 24 months with the use of symbols instead of representational thinking?

1. A) Symbolic development
2. B) Number
3. C) Object permanence
4. D) Categorization

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 111

Topic:  Piaget

Learning Objective:  Explain the cognitive processes young children use to construct their world, per Piaget.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

33) The research method in which infants or toddlers are induced to replicate a specific series of actions they have seen but not necessarily done before is known as ________.

1. A) elicited imitation
2. B) object permanence
3. C) habituation
4. D) code switching

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Page Ref: 111

Topic:  Piaget

Learning Objective:  Explain the cognitive processes young children use to construct their world, per Piaget.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA LO:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

34) Laura, a 24-month-old, is extremely fond of a strawberry-shaped box gifted to her by her grandfather. One day, Laura’s brother mischievously hides the box. Unable to see the box, Laura searches for it and finds it hidden under her bed. This scenario best illustrates ________.

1. A) categorization
2. B) symbolic development
3. C) object permanence
4. D) causality

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 111

Topic:  Piaget

Learning Objective:  Explain the cognitive processes young children use to construct their world, per Piaget.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA LO:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

35) Piaget believed object permanence develops gradually during the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development. Which of the following statements supports Piaget’s beliefs?

1. A) The realization that an object or person continues to exist when out of sight is inborn in babies.
2. B) Research suggests that most 4-month-olds are able to carry out a two-step sequence of actions, such as lifting the cover of a box and then grasping an object.
3. C) At 5 to 8 months, object permanence is fully achieved; infants will look for an object even if they did not see it hidden.
4. D) At about 9 to 10 months, infants will start looking and reaching for objects in their correct location.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 112

Topic:  Piaget

Learning Objective:  Explain the cognitive processes young children use to construct their world, per Piaget.

Bloom’s:  Analyze

APA LO:  2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

36) Filip, a 6-month-old baby, is gifted a colorful ball, and his mother places it in his toy box. For a week, she pulls out the ball from the box, plays with Filip, and places it back in the box. After a week, she takes out the ball from the box, plays with Filip, and then places it in the laundry basket. Assuming that Filip is shown the location of the ball each time it is placed back, the next day during playtime, Filip is most likely to:

1. A) look at the toy box because he has forgotten that the ball’s location has changed.
2. B) be able to successfully pull out the ball from the laundry basket.
3. C) look at the laundry basket and try to reach for it.
4. D) look at the laundry basket.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 112

Topic:  Piaget

Learning Objective:  Explain the cognitive processes young children use to construct their world, per Piaget.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA LO:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

37) In the context of the Piagetian approach to cognitive development, which of the following is most likely to be true about the kind of pictorial competence demonstrated by two-year-old babies?

1. A) Two-year-olds understand that a picture is both an object and a symbol.
2. B) Two-year-olds begin to demonstrate representational understanding of screen images.
3. C) Two-year-olds use their hands to explore pictures as if they were objects.
4. D) Two-year-olds are able to point at a picture of an object while saying its name.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 112

Topic:  Piaget

Learning Objective:  Explain the cognitive processes young children use to construct their world, per Piaget.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

38) Which of the following most likely supports the presence of a scale error in babies, an error that refers to a momentary misperception of the relative sizes of objects?

1. A) A lack of circular reactions
2. B) A lack of impulse control
3. C) The object concept
4. D) Elicited imitation

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 112

Topic:  Piaget

Learning Objective:  Explain the cognitive processes young children use to construct their world, per Piaget.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

39) Which of the following refers to a proposal that children under age 3 have difficulty grasping spatial relationships because of the need to keep more than one mental description in mind at the same time?

1. A) The spillover hypothesis
2. B) The identity process theory (IPT)
3. C) The disengagement theory
4. D) The dual representation hypothesis

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Page Ref: 113

Topic:  Piaget

Learning Objective:  Explain the cognitive processes young children use to construct their world, per Piaget.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA LO:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

40) When evaluating Piaget’s sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, research suggested certain limitations in his findings. Which of the following weakens this suggestion?

1. A) Piaget correctly described what children did under certain circumstances.
2. B) Piaget focused on motor experience as the primary engine of cognitive growth.
3. C) Piaget emphasized the lack of immature linguistic and motor skills.
4. D) Piaget accurately estimated the cognitive competence of infants and toddlers.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 113

Topic:  Piaget

Learning Objective:  Explain the cognitive processes young children use to construct their world, per Piaget.

Bloom’s:  Analyze

APA LO:  2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

41) Which of the following is defined as a type of learning in which familiarity with a stimulus reduces, slows, or stops a response?

1. A) Nativism
2. B) Deferred imitation
3. C) Habituation
4. D) Operant conditioning

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Page Ref: 113

Topic:  Information Processing

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA LO:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

42) Samantha, mother of Luke, a 6-week-old baby, decides to do the dishes. She moves his crib to the kitchen. He lies peacefully in the crib sucking a pacifier. When she opens the tap, Luke stops sucking and looks in the direction of the running water. After a couple of minutes, he looks away and starts sucking again. In the context of the information-processing approach to cognitive development, this scenario best illustrates ________.

1. A) habituation
2. B) elicited imitation
3. C) retrieval
4. D) operant conditioning

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 113

Topic:  Information Processing

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA LO:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

43) In the context of the information-processing approach to cognitive development, which of the following statements supports the concept of habituation?

1. A) Familiarity breeds loss of interest and is likely to cause boredom.
2. B) Babies tend to spend more time looking at some visual objects than others.
3. C) Babies momentarily fail to perceive the relative sizes of objects.
4. D) Learning to interpret symbols is an essential task of childhood.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 113

Topic:  Information Processing

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Analyze

APA LO:  2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

44) Amelia, a 6-week-old baby, lies peacefully in a crib sucking a pacifier. Her elder brother, who was sent to stay with their grandparents at the time of her birth, returns home. He walks toward the crib and calls out her name. She looks at him, stops sucking, and starts to cry. In this scenario, Amelia’s reaction toward her brother best illustrates ________.

1. A) categorization
2. B) deferred imitation
3. C) dishabituation
4. D) operant conditioning

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 114

Topic:  Information Processing

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA LO:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

45) In the context of visual preference, researchers have determined that babies less than 2 days old prefer ________.

1. A) familiar sights to new sights
2. B) curved lines to straight lines
3. C) simple patterns to complex patterns
4. D) two-dimensional objects to three-dimensional objects

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Page Ref: 114

Topic:  Information Processing

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA LO:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

46) Simone delivers a baby boy in a hospital and comes back home after two days. After reaching home, she shows her newborn pictures of his grandparents from the family album. She also shows him pictures of different toys that she received as gifts during the baby shower. He looks at the pictures of his grandparents a little longer than the pictures of gifts. This scenario best illustrates ________.

1. A) object permanence
2. B) visual preference
3. C) visible imitation
4. D) circular reactions

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 114

Topic:  Information Processing

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA LO:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

47) Which of the following concepts best explains the excitement that is most likely to be reported by 3-year-olds on their first day of preschool?

1. A) Operant conditioning
2. B) Pictorial competence
3. C) Novelty preference
4. D) Guided participation

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 114

Topic:  Information Processing

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Analyze

APA LO:  2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

48) Which of the following is defined as the ability to distinguish a familiar visual stimulus from an unfamiliar one when shown both at the same time?

1. A) Pictorial competence
2. B) Visual preference
3. C) Visual recognition memory
4. D) Representational ability

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Page Ref: 114

Topic:  Information Processing

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA LO:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

49) Which of the following terms is defined as the ability to use information gained by one sense to guide another?

1. A) Elicited imitation
2. B) Cross-modal transfer
3. C) The dual representation hypothesis
4. D) Guided participation

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Page Ref: 115

Topic:  Information Processing

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA LO:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

50) Reyansh and his fellow preschoolers participate in a classroom activity. The preschoolers are blindfolded and asked to touch different objects and guess the object’s name. In the context of the visual and auditory perceptual and processing abilities, the activity in the scenario best illustrates ________.

1. A) invisible imitation
2. B) code switching
3. C) the use of working memory
4. D) cross-modal transfer

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 115

Topic:  Information Processing

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA LO:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

51) In the context of information processing and the development of Piagetian abilities, identify a true statement about infants, toddlers, and media use.

1. A) Researchers believe that infants and toddlers easily comprehend the meanings of what they view.
2. B) There is conclusive evidence that baby media positively impacts learning.
3. C) Tablets outrank other media in consumption.
4. D) Television and media use results in the displacement effect.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 116

Topic:  Information Processing

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

52) Jeff, an 18-month-old baby, spends a lot of time playing games on the iPad and watching cartoons on television. Jeff is an only child, and both his parents are working. Based on the recommendations of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), his parents should:

1. A) allow Jeff to continue playing games on the iPad to improve his cognitive skills.
2. B) encourage Jeff to play with other children or read children’s books.
3. C) encourage Jeff to watch educational videos on television instead of cartoons.
4. D) encourage Jeff to play with toys while television plays in the background.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 116

Topic:  Information Processing

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Evaluate

APA LO:  2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

53) According to Piaget, the ability to group things into categories does not appear until around 18 months. Which of the following weakens Piaget’s argument?

1. A) Brain imaging has found that basic components of the neural structures needed to support categorization are functional within the first 6 months of life.
2. B) Research has found that 2-year-old babies begin to categorize on the basis of perceptual features, such as shape, color, and pattern.
3. C) Research has found that 3-year-old children are able to categorize on the basis of concepts that are based on real-world knowledge, particularly of function.
4. D) Brain imaging has found that 3-month-old babies find it difficult to categorize musical chords into dissonant versus consonant and major versus minor dimensions.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 116

Topic:  Information Processing

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Analyze

APA LO:  2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

54) Research conducted by Cicchino and Rakison (2008) on causality suggests that:

1. A) 8-month-olds need to see the actual moment of contact between two objects to make causal attributions for simple events.
2. B) infants’ ability to identify self-propelled motion is linked to the development of self-locomotion.
3. C) infants who practice playing with a Velcro-covered ball and Velcro mittens fail to understand simple causality.
4. D) the understanding of causality develops slowly during infants’ first year.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 117

Topic:  Information Processing

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

55) Which of the following refers to the research method in which dishabituation to a stimulus that conflicts with experience is taken as evidence that an infant recognizes the new stimulus as surprising?

1. A) Tertiary circular reactions
2. B) Cross-modal transfer
3. C) Deferred imitation
4. D) Violation of expectations

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Page Ref: 117

Topic:  Information Processing

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA LO:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

56) Karen Wynn (1992) tested whether 5-month-old babies can add and subtract small numbers of objects. The infants watched as Mickey Mouse dolls were placed behind a screen, and a doll was either added or taken away. The screen then was lifted to reveal either the number of dolls that should have been there or a different number of dolls. Babies looked longer at surprising “wrong” answers than at expected “right” ones, suggesting that they had mentally computed the right answers. Which of the following statements supports the results of the study?

1. A) Piaget believed that the understanding of numbers began in the sixth substage of the sensorimotor stage.
2. B) Critics believed that the infants were responding perceptually to the puzzling presence or the absence of the doll behind the screen.
3. C) Further research studies found that infants noticed differences in the overall contours, area, or collective mass of sets of objects.
4. D) Further research found that humans possess an early system that supports numerical combination and manipulation.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 118

Topic:  Information Processing

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Analyze

APA LO:  2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

57) Which of the following statements is true about implicit memory?

1. A) It is also called declarative memory.
2. B) It most commonly pertains to habits and skills.
3. C) It appears relatively late in brain development.
4. D) It is characterized by deferred imitation of complex behaviors.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 119

Topic:  Memory

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

58) Keith, a high schooler, takes a shower daily after his baseball practice. He also brushes his teeth twice a day. He has been following this routine for the past 10 years. In the context of the cognitive neuroscience approach to cognitive development, this scenario best illustrates ________.

1. A) implicit memory
2. B) cross-modal transfer
3. C) delayed imitation
4. D) the dual representation hypothesis

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 119

Topic:  Memory

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA LO:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

59) Identify a true statement about explicit memory.

1. A) It is also known as procedural memory.
2. B) It is short-term storage of information the brain is actively processing.
3. C) It is primarily responsible for the slow development of object permanence.
4. D) It is conscious or intentional recollection of facts, names, and events.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 119

Topic:  Memory

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

60) Kyra, a 6-year-old, is asked to list five vegetables that her mother usually includes in their meals. Kyra tries to remember the names of all the vegetables she ate last week and quickly lists them in her notebook. This scenario best illustrates ________.

1. A) the use of explicit memory
2. B) the use of working memory
3. C) classical conditioning
4. D) operant conditioning

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 119

Topic:  Memory

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA LO:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

61) In the context of the cognitive neuroscience approach to cognitive development, which of the following statements is true of the prefrontal cortex?

1. A) It refers to a structure deep in the temporal lobes.
2. B) It develops faster than the other parts of the brain.
3. C) It is believed to control many aspects of cognition.
4. D) It is unlikely to be sensitive to environmental disruption.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 119

Topic:  Brain Development

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

62) In the context of the cognitive neuroscience approach to cognitive development, working memory ________.

1. A) most commonly pertains to facts, names, and events
2. B) is also known as procedural memory
3. C) appears relatively late in development
4. D) is responsible for delayed imitation of complex behaviors

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 120

Topic:  Memory

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

63) Samantha teaches math to Grade 1 students. During one of her classes, she conducts a classroom activity in which her students are supposed to answer math questions without using pen and paper. They are expected to make the calculations mentally. This activity best illustrates the ________.

1. A) sixth substage of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage
2. B) concept of invisible imitation
3. C) use of working memory
4. D) possibility of a scale error

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 120

Topic:  Memory

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA LO:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

64) Kumar, an Indian, is appointed as a caregiver for a U.S. toddler named Sam. The toddler was being taken care of by a nanny of American origin for the past three years. While taking care of Sam, Kumar keeps asking him how his previous nanny used to look after him. Based on the results obtained from a series of cross-cultural studies, instead of doing this, which of the following should Kumar do to make the transition as smooth as possible for Sam and effectively contribute to Sam’s cognitive development?

1. A) He should continuously motivate Sam with praise and excitement.
2. B) He should restrict verbal instructions and instead focus on visual demonstrations.
3. C) He should allow Sam to play by himself and go about with household chores.
4. D) He should constantly interact with Sam in the context of work and social worlds.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 120

Topic:  Social Interaction

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Evaluate

APA LO:  2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

65) Cultural context influences the way caregivers contribute to cognitive development. Unlike middle-class urban communities, in rural communities in developing countries, ________.

1. A) toddlers interact with adults in the context of child’s play
2. B) parents or caregivers show more interest in children’s play and learning
3. C) parents or caregivers have more time for their babies
4. D) children frequently observe and participate in adults’ work activities

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 120

Topic:  Social Interaction

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Analyze

APA LO:  2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

66) Which of the following is known as the forerunner of linguistic speech, refers to the utterance of sounds that are not words, and includes crying, cooing, babbling, and accidental and deliberate imitation of sounds without understanding their meaning?

1. A) Social speech
2. B) Private speech
3. C) Telegraphic speech
4. D) Prelinguistic speech

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Page Ref: 121

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA LO:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

67) Identify a true statement about the sequence of early language development.

1. A) Babies usually begin babbling when they are a year old.
2. B) Babies typically say their first word around the end of the first year.
3. C) Babies begin speaking in sentences when they are almost 14 months old.
4. D) Six-month-old babies use words to represent objects and actions.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 121

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

68) Anna, a 15-month-old baby, watches as her mother prepare dinner. Anna walks up to her father who is watching football in another room and tries to inform him about her mother’s current activity. According to the language milestones from birth to 3 years, Anna is most likely to:

1. A) say, “Mommy is preparing dinner.”
2. B) say, “dinner.”
3. C) point toward the kitchen and utter the string “di-di-di-di.”
4. D) say, “Mommy dinner.”

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 121

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA LO:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

69) According to the language milestones from birth to 3 years, who among the following is most likely to use new words every other day, combine three or more words to talk, and make many mistakes related to grammar?

1. A) Grace who is 18 months old
2. B) Adam who is 24 months old
3. C) Chloe who is 30 months old
4. D) Connor who is 36 months old

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 121

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA LO:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

70) While playing with his building blocks, Matteo makes a shape that almost looks like a house. He is very excited and wants to show his creation to his mother. He walks up to his Mom who is reading a book in another room and says, “Come Mommy.” She is excited because Matteo has just spoken his first sentence. According to the language milestones from birth to 3 years, Matteo is most likely to be ________.

1. A) 20 months old
2. B) 36 months old
3. C) 30 months old
4. D) 14 months old

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 121

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA LO:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

71) In the context of language development, identify a true statement about crying.

1. A) The same pitch, pattern, and intensity of crying signals hunger, sleepiness, and anger.
2. B) Adult family members are unlikely to find crying aversive.
3. C) It motivates children to find the source of their problem and fix it.
4. D) It is a newborn’s first means of communication and has great adaptive value.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 122

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

72) In the context of language development, which of the following statements is true about cooing?

1. A) It involves squealing, gurgling, and making vowel sounds.
2. B) It involves repeating consonant-vowel strings, such as “ma-ma-ma-ma.”
3. C) It occurs between ages 6 and 10 months.
4. D) It is often mistaken for a baby’s first word.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 122

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

73) Maria is a 3-month-old baby. When she is happy, she shrills loudly, gurgles while lying in her crib, and makes vowel sounds like “ooooh.” In this scenario, Maria is most likely ________.

1. A) babbling
2. B) cooing
3. C) gesturing
4. D) overregularizing

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 122

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA LO:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

74) In the context of language development, which of the following statements is true about babbling?

1. A) It is generally found aversive by adults.
2. B) It usually occurs between 6 weeks and 3 months.
3. C) It involves repeating consonant-vowel strings.
4. D) It is a newborn’s first means of communication.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 122

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

75) One day, Daniel, a 5-month-old baby, utters the string “ma-ma-ma-ma.” His mother assumes the string to be Daniel’s first word and becomes very excited. The next week, he utters another string, “pa-pa-pa-pa.” For a month, he continues to surprise his mother with a new nonsensical string each week. In this scenario, Daniel is most likely ________.

1. A) overextending word meanings
2. B) underextending word meanings
3. C) babbling
4. D) cooing

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 122

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA LO:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

76) In the context of perceiving language sounds and structure, if a mother speaks two languages regularly during pregnancy, her newborn baby will:

1. A) most likely recognize the language that he or she was exposed to at a later stage in pregnancy.
2. B) be insensitive to the patterns and rhythms that distinguish the two languages.
3. C) show similar responses to both languages.
4. D) be more interested in listening to speakers in the languages he or she was previously exposed to.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 122

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

77) In the context of perceiving language sounds and structure, by 6 to 7 months, hearing babies ________.

1. A) start cooing when they are happy
2. B) have learned to recognize the phonemes used in their native language
3. C) begin to lose sensitivity to phonemes that are not used in their native language
4. D) demonstrate the ability to discriminate native-language sounds

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 122

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

78) In addition to learning what the phonemes in their language are, babies also learn the rules for how they fit together. Research with infants supports this belief and suggests that they may have a mechanism for discerning abstract rules of sentence structure. Who among the following is most likely to begin becoming aware of the phonological rules of his or her language?

1. A) A 10-month-old baby
2. B) A neonate
3. C) A 5-month-old baby
4. D) A 2-year-old toddler

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 123

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

79) In the context of the sequence of early language development, who among the following is most likely to use gestures at a slightly earlier age than others?

1. A) Ethan, who can hear properly
2. B) Jacob, who is deaf
3. C) Isabel, who is blind
4. D) Olivia, who can hear properly

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 123

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA LO:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

80) In the context of the sequence of early language development, which of the following statements is true about gestures?

1. A) By 9 months, most babies have learned the basic social gestures.
2. B) At 10 months, babies begin to use highly elaborate representational gestures.
3. C) Gestures usually appear before children have a vocabulary of 25 words.
4. D) Hearing and deaf babies use symbolic gestures in significantly different ways.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 123

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

81) Which of the following best describes a holophrase?

1. A) Children accurately expressing their understanding of grammatical relationships
2. B) An entire sentence expressed with one word
3. C) Two or more essential words used to express an idea
4. D) The rules that aid the formation of sentences in a particular language

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Page Ref: 123

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA LO:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

82) According to Newman (2005), 5-month-old infants ________.

1. A) listen longer to their name than to other names
2. B) quickly learn the meaning of a new word
3. C) follow social cues in learning words
4. D) assume a new word they hear refers to whatever object they find most interesting

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 123

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

83) In the context of the sequence of early language development, who among the following is most likely to store syllables that generally appear together as possible word forms in memory after starting to recognize these perceptual cues?

1. A) Emily, who is 11 months old
2. B) Ava, who is 10 months old
3. C) Noah, who is 8 months old
4. D) Charlie, who is 9 months old

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 123

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA LO:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

84) In the context of the sequence of early language development, who among the following is most likely to quickly learn the meaning of new words and comprehend that each word represents for a particular thing or event?

1. A) Clara, who is 10 months old
2. B) Ted, who is 7 months old
3. C) Bob, who is 4 months old
4. D) Tina, who is 13 months old

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 124

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA LO:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

85) In the context of the sequence of early language development, who among the following is most likely to follow social cues in learning words, irrespective of whether or not the objects are interesting because of their basic nature?

1. A) Kang, who is 10 months old
2. B) Lian, who is 5 months old
3. C) Juan, who is 20 months old
4. D) Dan, who is 15 months old

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 124

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA LO:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

86) In the context of the sequence of early language development, who among the following is most likely to start identifying names of familiar objects promptly without the presence of visual cues?

1. A) Ali, who is 36 months old
2. B) Fatima, who is 24 months old
3. C) Omar, who is 12 months old
4. D) Sara, who is 18 months old

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 124

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA LO:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

87) In a cross-cultural study, Spanish, Dutch, French, Hebrew, Italian, Korean, and U.S. parents all reported that their 20-month-old children knew more ________ than any other class of words.

1. A) nouns
2. B) verbs
3. C) adjectives
4. D) conjunctions

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Page Ref: 124

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA LO:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

88) In the context of early language development, identify a true statement about telegraphic speech.

1. A) It is primarily used when dealing with unusual events, things, people, and activities.
2. B) It refers to an early form of sentence use consisting of only a few essential words.
3. C) Its form is independent of the language being learned by children.
4. D) It refers to a form of sentence that makes extensive use of articles, prepositions, and conjunctions.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 124

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

89) Carol, a 2-year-old, accompanies her mother to a dance rehearsal and watches her mother dance. Suddenly, her mother loses balance and falls on the floor. Later that day, when Carol’s father asks her to describe what happened, she says, “Mommy dance, mommy down.” In the context of early language development, this scenario most likely illustrates ________.

1. A) an overregularization of rules
2. B) an overextension of word meanings
3. C) the knowledge of syntax
4. D) the use of telegraphic speech

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 124

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA LO:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

90) Jessica, a 3-year-old, loves the cakes that her mother bakes and refers to them as “cake” irrespective of their flavor. When her preschool teacher shows her a few random pictures and asks her select pick the picture of a cake, she is unable to do so. She most likely associates the word “cake” only with the homemade treats and fails to generalize the word to other items in the same category. In this scenario, Jessica is most likely ________.

1. A) exhibiting the use of a holophrase
2. B) underextending word meanings
3. C) making a scale error
4. D) using social learning theory

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 125

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA LO:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

91) Sam, a preschooler, goes to a park with his parents. He jumps in excitement when he sees a lady sitting on a bench nearby and calls out “Ma’am.” However, the lady is a complete stranger and Sam has never met her before. She is tall, wears glasses, and has short hair, just like his favorite teacher. Sam most likely thinks that all women who are tall, wear glasses, and have short hair are called “Ma’am.” In this scenario, Sam is most likely ________.

1. A) overextending word meanings
2. B) overregularizing rules
3. C) making a scale error
4. D) using classic learning theory

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 125

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA LO:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

92) In the context of the characteristics of early speech, identify a true statement about overregularization.

1. A) It is responsible for the restrictive usage of words and the inability to use them for a broad category.
2. B) It fails to illustrate children’s growing knowledge of syntax.
3. C) It occurs when children make mistakes with respect to what category a word describes by overextending word meanings.
4. D) It occurs when children inappropriately apply a syntactical rule.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 125

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

93) Sofia, a preschool teacher, asks her students to change the sentence “A child saw a football” to its plural form. Most of the students change it to “Childs saw footballs.” Being unaware of the exceptions to language rules, they apply the English language rule of adding an “s” to a word to make it plural. In the context of the characteristics of early speech, this scenario best illustrates ________.

1. A) the dual representation hypothesis
2. B) classic learning theory
3. C) nativism
4. D) overregularization

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 125

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA LO:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

94) In the context of language development in deaf children, deaf babies ________.

1. A) learn sign language even in the absence of a language-rich environment
2. B) learn sign language in a sequence that is different from the one that hearing infants use to learn speech
3. C) begin to use sentences in sign language between ages 3 and 5 years
4. D) begin hand-babbling between ages 7 and 10 months

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 125

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

95) In the context of the classic theories of language acquisition, B. F. Skinner ________.

1. A) focused on the processes of classical conditioning for language acquisition
2. B) maintained that language learning is based on experience and learned associations
3. C) emphasized the active role of learners
4. D) believed that children have an inborn mechanism to infer linguistic rules from the language they hear

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 126

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

96) According to classic learning theory, ________.

1. A) children learn language through the processes of operant conditioning
2. B) newborns possess the ability to differentiate phonemes easily
3. C) the human brain has an innate capacity for acquiring language
4. D) almost all children master their native language in the same age-related sequence without formal teaching

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 126

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

97) Which of the following is a limitation of classic learning theory?

1. A) It relies heavily on the processes of classical conditioning.
2. B) It mirrors the nativist approach and does not add a distinctive perspective to learning.
3. C) It does not account for children’s imaginative ways of saying things they have never heard.
4. D) It cannot be extended to account for imitation and reinforcement in language development.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 126

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Evaluate

APA LO:  2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

98) In the context of the classic theories of language acquisition, Noam Chomsky proposed that:

1. A) children learn language through the processes of operant conditioning.
2. B) the cortical regions associated with language stop developing in adulthood.
3. C) the brain stem and pons are primarily responsible for repetitive babbling.
4. D) the human brain has an innate capacity for acquiring language.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 126

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

99) In the context of the classic theories of language acquisition, the nativist approach ________.

1. A) states that speech development is independent of having someone to talk with in a person’s native language
2. B) accurately explains why children differ in their linguistic skills and fluency
3. C) suggests that almost all children master their native language in the same age-related sequence without formal teaching
4. D) provides sufficient reasoning as to why some children acquire language more rapidly and efficiently than others

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 126

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

100) Which of the following refers to the theory that human beings have an inborn capacity for language acquisition?

1. A) Internalization
2. B) Nativism
3. C) Reciprocal determinism
4. D) Lateralization

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Page Ref: 126

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA LO:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

101) In the context of neurological influences on early language development, identify a true statement about the motor cortex.

1. A) It is primarily responsible for controlling a newborn’s cries.
2. B) It controls movements of the face and larynx.
3. C) It is the most primitive part of the brain and the earliest to develop.
4. D) Its maturation is likely to hinder repetitive babbling.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 127

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

102) Based on brain scans, which of the following statements is true about brain development?

1. A) In about 98 percent of people, the right hemisphere is dominant for language.
2. B) In adulthood, the cortical regions associated with language are unlikely to develop further.
3. C) In toddlers with small vocabularies, brain activation is more centered than scattered.
4. D) In toddlers with large vocabularies, brain activation focuses on the left temporal and parietal lobes.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 127

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

103) In the context of the influences on early language development, identify a true statement about language.

1. A) It is a social act and requires interaction with a live communicative partner.
2. B) The age of caregivers is unlikely to affect the course of language acquisition.
3. C) It tends to develop normally for children who grow up without normal social contact.
4. D) Children who are exposed to language only through television achieve language milestones early.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 127

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

104) In the context of the role of parents and caregivers in social interaction, which of the following statements is true about the prelinguistic period?

1. A) This is an early stage in language development and is unlikely to help babies experience the social aspect of speech.
2. B) At the babbling stage, adults help an infant advance toward true speech by repeating the sounds the baby makes and rewarding her efforts.
3. C) At the babbling stage, parents or caregivers boost vocabulary development by correctly pronouncing words rather than imitating their babies’ sounds.
4. D) Parents’ imitation of babies’ sounds has a negative impact on babies, resulting in a slow pace of language learning.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 127

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

105) In the context of the role of parents and caregivers in social interaction, identify a true statement about vocabulary development.

3. A) Low-income parents’ sensitivity and cognitive stimulation provided during play are unlikely to affect their child’s cognitive development at ages 2 and 3.
4. B) Vocabularies of low-income children tend to become similar to each other by age 3.
5. C) A strong relationship exists between the frequency of specific words in mothers’ speech and the order in which children learn these words.
6. D) Mothers’ talkativeness and the size of toddlers’ vocabularies are mutually exclusive and independent of each other.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 127

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

106) Jhumpa, a 4-year-old Asian American, has grown up in a household where both Hindi and English are spoken regularly. She has a limited vocabulary in both these languages and usually frames sentences that use both Hindi and English words. In the context of vocabulary development, this scenario best illustrates ________.

1. A) code mixing
2. B) a scale error
3. C) the dual representation hypothesis
4. D) deferred imitations

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 128

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA LO:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

107) Benjamin is a 3-year-old boy. His father speaks Hebrew, and his mother speaks Spanish. Benjamin has grown up listening to both of these languages and is able to differentiate between them efficiently. Depending on their native language, he effortlessly shifts from Hebrew to Spanish when conversing with his extended family members. In the context of vocabular development, this scenario best illustrates ________.

1. A) circular reactions
2. B) code switching
3. C) representational ability
4. D) visible imitations

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 129

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA LO:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

108) Jasmine and Joshua are excited to welcome their baby brother. When talking to the baby, they speak slowly in a sing-song, high-pitched voice and emphasize vowel sounds. They also try to simplify their speech by using short words and sentences and often repeating what they speak. In the context of vocabular development, Jasmine and Joshua are most likely engaging in ________.

1. A) telegraphic speech
2. B) an overregularization of language rules
3. C) child-directed speech (CDS)
4. D) deferred imitations

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 129

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA LO:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

109) In the context of the different approaches to study cognitive development during the first three years, name the approach that focuses on the nuts and bolts of cognition—perception, learning, memory, and problem solving—and aims to discover how children process information.

 

Answer:  Information-processing approach

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Page Ref: 105

Topic:  Cognitive Development

Learning Objective:  Explain the approaches to studying cognitive development.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA LO:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

110) In the context of the different approaches used for studying cognitive development during the first three years, name the approach that seeks to identify what brain structures are involved in specific aspects of cognition.

 

Answer:  Cognitive neuroscience approach

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Page Ref: 105

Topic:  Cognitive Development

Learning Objective:  Explain the approaches to studying cognitive development.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA LO:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

111) In the context of the behaviorist approach to the study of cognitive development, name the learning mechanism in which a person learns to make a response to a stimulus that originally did not bring about the response.

 

Answer:  Classical conditioning

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Page Ref: 105

Topic:  Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA LO:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

112) In the context of the behaviorist approach to the study of cognitive development, name the learning mechanism that focuses on how the consequences of a behavior affect the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.

 

Answer:  Operant conditioning

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Page Ref: 105

Topic:  Operant Conditioning

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA LO:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

113) In the context of the psychometric approach to cognitive development, name the type of behavior that is goal-oriented and adaptive to circumstances and conditions of life.

 

Answer:  Intelligent behavior

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Page Ref: 107

Topic:  Intelligence; Cognitive Development

Learning Objective:  Explain the approaches to studying cognitive development.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA LO:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

114) In the context of the psychometric approach to cognitive development, name the psychometric tests that seek to measure intelligence by comparing a test-taker’s performance with standardized norms.

 

Answer:  IQ (intelligence quotient) tests

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Page Ref: 107

Topic:  Intelligence; Cognitive Development

Learning Objective:  Describe infant assessment measures.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA LO:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

115) Name Piaget’s first stage in cognitive development in which infants learn through senses and motor activity.

 

Answer:  Sensorimotor stage

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Page Ref: 108

Topic:  Piaget

Learning Objective:  Summarize Piaget’s sensorimotor stage.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA LO:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

116) In the context of the Piagetian approach to cognitive development, name the ability that is used to mentally represent objects and actions in memory, largely through symbols such as words, numbers, and mental pictures.

 

Answer:  Representational ability

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Page Ref: 110

Topic:  Piaget

Learning Objective:  Explain the cognitive processes young children use to construct their world, per Piaget.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA LO:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

117) Babies tend to spend more time looking at some visual objects than others. This tendency is presumed to indicate their preferences and has been exploited by scientists in a visual paradigm. Name the tendency.

 

Answer:  Visual preference

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Page Ref: 114

Topic:  Information Processing

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA LO:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

118) Name the capacity that develops between 10 and 12 months when babies follow an adults’ gaze by looking or pointing in the same direction and is of fundamental importance to social interaction, language acquisition, and the understanding of others’ intentions and mental states.

 

Answer:  Joint attention

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Page Ref: 115

Topic:  Information Processing

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA LO:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

119) In the context of the cognitive neuroscience approach to cognitive development, name the memory that refers to remembering that occurs without effort or even conscious awareness, for example, knowing how to throw a ball.

 

Answer:  Implicit memory

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Page Ref: 119

Topic:  Memory

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA LO:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

120) In the context of the cognitive neuroscience approach to cognitive development, name the memory that refers to the short-term storage of information the brain is actively processing, or working on.

 

Answer:  Working memory

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Page Ref: 120

Topic:  Memory

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA LO:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

121) In the context of the social-contextual approach to cognitive development, which term refers to mutual interactions with adults that help structure children’s activities and bridge the gap between a child’s understanding and an adult’s?

 

Answer:  Guided participation

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Page Ref: 120

Topic:  Social Interaction

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA LO:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

122) Clara teaches her 10-year-old son to use a dishwasher. She demonstrates the entire sequence once and then asks her son to try using the machine. She stands near him so that she is able to offer help, if needed. In the context of the social-contextual approach to cognitive development, which concept is best illustrated in this scenario?

 

Answer:  Guided participation

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 120

Topic:  Social Interaction

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA LO:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

123) In Noam Chomsky’s terminology, an inborn mechanism enables children to infer linguistic rules from the language they hear. Name the mechanism.

 

Answer:  Language acquisition device (LAD)

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Page Ref: 126

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA LO:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

124) Name the term that is defined as the ability to read and write and that also refers to the ability to use printed and written information to function in society, achieve goals, and develop knowledge and potential in an adult.

 

Answer:  Literacy

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Page Ref: 129

Topic:  Language

Learning Objective:  Describe the development of language in infancy.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA LO:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

125) Briefly describe the behaviorist approach, the psychometric approach, and the Piagetian approach to the study of cognitive development.

 

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 105

Topic:  Cognitive Development

Learning Objective:  Explain the approaches to studying cognitive development.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

126) In the context of the different approaches to cognitive development, briefly explain the information-processing approach, the cognitive neuroscience approach, and the social-contextual approach.

 

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 105

Topic:  Cognitive Development

Learning Objective:  Explain the approaches to studying cognitive development.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

127) In the context of infant memory, describe the research study conducted by Carolyn Rovee-Collier and her associates.

 

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 106

Topic:  Operant Conditioning

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

128) Young infants do have the capacity to remember events, but this memory is less robust than for older children. Explain this statement with the help of suitable research examples.

 

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 106

Topic:  Operant Conditioning

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

129) When assessing the impact of the early home environment, researchers have identified a number of variables important to cognitive development and seven aspects of the early home environment that help prepare children for school. List these variables and aspects.

 

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Page Ref: 107

Topic:  Cognitive Development

Learning Objective:  Describe infant assessment measures.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA LO:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

130) In the context of early intervention, a number of research programs, such as Project CARE and the Abcedarian (ABC) Project, have sought to determine the effectiveness of their programs. Briefly describe these projects.

 

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 108

Topic:  Cognitive Development

Learning Objective:  Describe infant assessment measures.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

131) One-year-old Steve watches as his mother dials a number on the handset and then talks over the phone to her friend. When she puts the phone down, Steve picks it up and tries to dial a random number and then starts repeating a few words from his mother’s recent conversation. Describe visible, invisible, deferred, and elicited imitation. Discuss if imitative abilities develop earlier than Piaget thought.

 

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 110-111

Topic:  Piaget

Learning Objective:  Explain the cognitive processes young children use to construct their world, per Piaget.

Bloom’s:  Analyze

APA LO:  2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

132) According to Piaget, the journey from reflex behavior to the beginnings of thought is a long, slow one. For a year and a half or so, babies learn only from their senses and movements; not until the last half of the second year do they make the breakthrough to conceptual thought. Evaluate Piaget’s sensorimotor stage to determine the observations that hold good even today and the ones that have been rejected by research conducted using simplified task and modern tools.

 

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 113

Topic:  Piaget

Learning Objective:  Summarize Piaget’s sensorimotor stage.

Bloom’s:  Evaluate

APA LO:  2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

133) Describe an experiment that provides evidence for the development of object permanence at much younger ages than Piaget thought possible.

 

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 117-118

Topic:  Information Processing

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

134) Violation-of-expectations studies and other recent information-processing research with infants raises the possibility that at least rudimentary forms of categorization, causal reasoning, object permanence, and number sense may be present in the early months of life. Discuss information-processing research on infants to evaluate this possibility.

 

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 119

Topic:  Information Processing

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

135) In the context of the cognitive neuroscience approach to cognitive development, compare and contrast implicit memory, explicit memory, and working memory.

 

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 119-120

Topic:  Memory

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

136) Current brain research bears out Piaget’s assumption that neurological maturation is a major factor in cognitive development. Brain growth spurts, periods of rapid growth and development, do indeed coincide with changes in cognitive behavior. Some researchers have used brain scans to determine which brain structures are tied to cognitive functions and to chart developmental changes. Briefly describe these developmental changes and their effect on the cognitive functions.

 

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 120

Topic:  Brain Development

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

137) In the context of the social-contextual approach, briefly describe the concept of guided participation. Provide an example to illustrate the concept.

 

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Page Ref: 120

Topic:  Social Interaction

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA LO:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

138) In a series of cross-cultural studies, researchers visited the homes of 1- to 2-year-old children in four culturally different places: a Mayan town in Guatemala, a tribal village in India, and middle-class urban neighborhoods in Salt Lake City and Turkey. The investigators interviewed caregivers about their child-rearing practices and watched them help the toddlers learn to dress themselves and to play with unfamiliar toys. Briefly discuss the findings of these studies.

 

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 120

Topic:  Social Interaction

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

139) Imitation is key to early language development. Explain the statement with respect to the changes that take place during early vocalization.

 

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 122

Topic:  Social Interaction

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

140) Children develop much of their capacity for learning in the first three years of life. Discuss the various aspects associated with reading to children. Also, explain how children’s books change people’s lives and shape them into who they become, nurturing the development of personality and social skills.

 

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Page Ref: 128

Topic:  Social Interaction

Learning Objective:  Summarize the ways that young children learn and remember.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA LO:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation