Microbiology Principles And Explorations 9th Edition by Jacquelyn G. Black -Test Bank

Microbiology Principles And Explorations 9th Edition by Jacquelyn G. Black -Test Bank

 

Instant Download – Complete Test Bank With Answers

 

 

Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

Chapter 5: Essential Concepts of Metabolism

 

 

Question Type: Multiple Choice

 

 

1) The synthesis of DNA, in which small nucleotides are joined together to make a single large molecule would be most correctly described as being a/n ________ reaction.

 

1. a) metabolic
2. b) anabolic
3. c) catabolic
4. d) cytobolic

 

Answer: b

 

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.1 Explain how anabolism and catabolism are interrelated and metabolic processes that occur in cells.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.1 Metabolism: An Overview

 

 

2) Oxidation is defined as the ________ while reduction is the ________ .

 

1. a) gain of electrons, loss of protons
2. b) loss of electrons, gain of protons
3. c) loss of electrons, gain of electrons
4. d) loss of protons, gain of protons

 

Answer: c

 

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.1 Explain how anabolism and catabolism are interrelated and metabolic processes that occur in cells.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.1 Metabolism: An Overview

 

 

3) Photoautotrophs obtain energy from:

 

1. a) light and use carbon dioxide as a carbon source
2. b) organic molecules and use carbon dioxide as a carbon source
3. c) inorganic substances and use carbon dioxide as a carbon source
4. d) light and use organic substances as a carbon source

 

Answer: a

 

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.1 Explain how anabolism and catabolism are interrelated and metabolic processes that occur in cells.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.1 Metabolism: An Overview

 

 

4) Organisms which get their carbon from other organisms are:

 

1. a) autotrophs
2. b) chemotrophs
3. c) phototrophs
4. d) heterotrophs

 

Answer: d

 

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.1 Explain how anabolism and catabolism are interrelated and metabolic processes that occur in cells.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.1 Metabolism: An Overview

 

 

5) Animals (humans for example) are:

 

1. a) photoautotrophs
2. b) photheterotrophs
3. c) chemoautotrophs
4. d) chemoheterotrophs

 

Answer: d

 

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.1 Explain how anabolism and catabolism are interrelated and metabolic processes that occur in cells.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.1 Metabolism: An Overview

 

 

6) Degradation reactions where large molecules are broken down into smaller molecule is referred to as:

 

1. a) metabolism
2. b) catabolism
3. c) biosynthesis
4. d) anabolism

 

Answer: b

 

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.1 Explain how anabolism and catabolism are interrelated and metabolic processes that occur in cells.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.1 Metabolism: An Overview

 

 

7) Chemoautotrophic bacteria obtain the energy they need from:

 

1. a) the reactions of photosynthesis
2. b) sunlight
3. c) carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
4. d) chemical reactions in their cytoplasm centered around the use of inorganic substances

 

Answer: d

 

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.1 Explain how anabolism and catabolism are interrelated and metabolic processes that occur in cells.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.1 Metabolism: An Overview

 

 

8) Enzymes work by:

 

1. a) lowering the energy of the reactants.
2. b) raising the energy of the products.
3. c) decreasing the activation energy of the reaction.
4. d) increasing the activation energy of the reaction.

 

Answer: c

 

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.2 Describe the structure and properties of enzymes.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.2 Enzymes

 

 

9) An enzyme-substrate complex forms when substrate binds to an enzyme at the enzyme’s ______ site.

 

1. a) catalytic
2. b) allosteric
3. c) operative
4. d) active

 

Answer: d

 

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.2 Describe the structure and properties of enzymes.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.2 Enzymes

 

 

10) A holoenzyme can consist of:

 

1. a) an apoenzyme plus a cofactor
2. b) an apoenzyme plus a coenzyme
3. c) a protein and non-protein component
4. d) all of the above

 

Answer: d

 

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.2 Describe the structure and properties of enzymes.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.2 Enzymes

 

 

11) Which statement is true about enzymes?

 

1. a) Enzyme-catalyzed reactions would not go forward without their specific enzymes.
2. b) Most enzymes catalyze several different reactions.
3. c) Coenzymes are organic molecules while cofactors are inorganic molecules.
4. d) A holoenzyme is an apoenzyme that is missing its cofactor.

 

Answer: c

 

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.2 Describe the structure and properties of enzymes.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.2 Enzymes

 

 

12) Competitive inhibition of enzymes occurs when the inhibitor:

 

1. a) binds to the active site of the enzyme.
2. b) binds to the allosteric site of the enzyme.
3. c) changes the shape of the enzyme.
4. d) is acted upon by the enzyme.

 

Answer: a

 

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.3 Describe competitive and noncompetitive enzyme inhibition and as well as other physical factors that can influence reaction rates.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.3 Enzyme Inhibition

 

 

13) Sulfa drugs bind to the active site of the enzyme which normally converts para-amino benzoic acid (PABA) to folic acid, preventing the production of folic acid and, eventually purine synthesis.  In this case, the sulfa drug is acting as a/an:

 

1. a) allosteric inhibitor
2. b) competitive inhibitor
3. c) noncompetitive inhibitor
4. d) uncompetitive inhibitor

 

Answer: b

 

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.3 Describe competitive and noncompetitive enzyme inhibition and as well as other physical factors that can influence reaction rates.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.3 Enzyme Inhibition

 

 

14) Factors that affect the rate of enzyme catalyzed reactions include:

 

1. a) temperature
2. b) pH
3. c) concentration of enzyme
4. d) all of the above

 

Answer: d

 

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.3 Describe competitive and noncompetitive enzyme inhibition and as well as other physical factors that can influence reaction rates.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.3 Enzyme Inhibition

 

 

15) Which of the following statements about enzyme inhibition is true?

 

1. a) Most noncompetitive inhibitors bind to several different sites on an enzyme.
2. b) Enzymes become less efficient as temperatures drop because they begin to denature.
3. c) Noncompetitive inhibitors bind to a site other than the active site.
4. d) Most human enzymes have an optimum temperature below normal body temperature.

 

Answer: c

 

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.3 Describe competitive and noncompetitive enzyme inhibition and as well as other physical factors that can influence reaction rates.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.3 Enzyme Inhibition

 

 

16) How does concentration affect enzyme-catalyzed reactions?

 

1. a) As the concentration of the product goes up the enzyme increases the rate it produces the product.
2. b) Concentration does not affect enzyme-catalyzed reactions because they are irreversible.
3. c) At chemical equilibrium, no net change in the concentration of the product or substrate occurs.
4. d) The quantity of enzyme available usually controls the rate of a metabolic reaction.

 

Answer: c

 

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.3 Describe competitive and noncompetitive enzyme inhibition and as well as other physical factors that can influence reaction rates.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.3 Enzyme Inhibition

 

 

17) Which one of the following pairs is mismatched?

 

1. a) Alcohol – Fermentation
2. b) Pyruvate – Glycolysis
3. c) Carbon dioxide – Glycolysis
4. d) Oxaloacetic acid – Krebs cycle

 

Answer: c

 

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.4 Examine anaerobic biochemical pathways within the cell in terms of their substrates, products, and energy yields.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.4 Anaerobic Metabolism: Glycolysis and Fermentation

 

 

18) Which of the following is not a carrier molecule that carries hydrogen atoms or electrons in oxidative reactions?

 

1. a) Cytochrome
2. b) FAD
3. c) Niacin
4. d) NAD⁺

 

Answer: c

 

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.5 Compare the energy yield from aerobic respiration with that of fermentation through a description of the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, and chemiosmosis.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.5 Aerobic Metabolism: Respiration

 

 

19) In glycolysis, each molecule of glucose eventually produces ________ molecules of pyruvic acid.

 

1. a) one
2. b) two
3. c) three
4. d) four

 

Answer: b

 

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.4 Examine anaerobic biochemical pathways within the cell in terms of their substrates, products, and energy yields.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.4 Anaerobic Metabolism: Glycolysis and Fermentation

 

 

20) Substrate-level phosphorylation during glycolysis refers to the transfer of phosphate groups from:

 

1. a) ATP to glucose
2. b) 1,3 diphosphoglyceric acid to ADP
3. c) phosphoenolpyruvic acid to ADP
4. d) ATP to ADP

 

Answer: b

 

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.4 Examine anaerobic biochemical pathways within the cell in terms of their substrates, products, and energy yields.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.4 Anaerobic Metabolism: Glycolysis and Fermentation

 

 

21) Which of the following is true about glycolysis?

 

1. a) The net yield of ATP is two ATPs for each molecule of glucose.
2. b) It provides cells with a relatively large amount of energy.
3. c) Four molecules of ATP are used in the initial phosphorylation steps.
4. d) The ATP that is used up during glycolysis is not considered in calculating the net yield of ATP.

 

Answer: a

 

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.4 Examine anaerobic biochemical pathways within the cell in terms of their substrates, products, and energy yields.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.4 Anaerobic Metabolism: Glycolysis and Fermentation

 

 

22) During glycolysis, electrons are initially transferred to:

 

1. a) NAD⁺
2. b) FAD
3. c) NADP
4. d) H₂O

 

Answer: a

 

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.4 Examine anaerobic biochemical pathways within the cell in terms of their substrates, products, and energy yields.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.4 Anaerobic Metabolism: Glycolysis and Fermentation

 

 

23) The end product of glycolysis is:

 

1. a) fructose-1,6-diphosphate
2. b) 1,3 diphosphoglyceric acid
3. c) phosphoenolpyruvic acid
4. d) pyruvic acid

 

Answer: d

 

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.4 Examine anaerobic biochemical pathways within the cell in terms of their substrates, products, and energy yields.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.4 Anaerobic Metabolism: Glycolysis and Fermentation

 

 

24) Pyruvic acid is metabolized in the absence of oxygen during the process of:

 

1. a) glycolysis
2. b) fermentation
3. c) oxidation
4. d) dark reactions

 

Answer: b

 

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.4 Examine anaerobic biochemical pathways within the cell in terms of their substrates, products, and energy yields.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.4 Anaerobic Metabolism: Glycolysis and Fermentation

 

 

25) Organisms that can use oxygen for metabolic reactions but can also function in an environment devoid of oxygen are termed _____.

 

1. a) aerobes
2. b) anaerobes
3. c) aerophiles
4. d) facultative anaerobes

 

Answer: d

 

Difficulty: Medium (this is from Ch. 6, I suggest omitting it))

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.4 Examine anaerobic biochemical pathways within the cell in terms of their substrates, products, and energy yields.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.4 Anaerobic Metabolism: Glycolysis and Fermentation

 

 

26) In fermentation reactions occurring in yeast to produce wine, two products of the reaction are __________ and _________.

 

1. a) acid; hydrogen gas
2. b) hydrogen gas; propionic acid
3. c) ethyl alcohol; methane
4. d) carbon dioxide; ethyl alcohol

 

Answer: d

 

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.4 Examine anaerobic biochemical pathways within the cell in terms of their substrates, products, and energy yields.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.4 Anaerobic Metabolism: Glycolysis and Fermentation

 

 

27) All of the following are electron acceptors for anaerobic respiration, except:

 

1. a) carbon dioxide
2. b) oxygen
3. c) nitrate ions
4. d) sulfate ions

 

Answer: b

 

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.5 Compare the energy yield from aerobic respiration with that of fermentation through a description of the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, and chemiosmosis.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.5 Aerobic Metabolism: Respiration

 

 

28) Which statement about fermentation is true?

 

1. a) All fermentation of pyruvic acid always results in the same end product.
2. b) All fermentation starts with glucose going through glycolysis.
3. c) The same fermentation reaction produces both wine and cheese.
4. d) None of the above

 

Answer: d

 

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.4 Examine anaerobic biochemical pathways within the cell in terms of their substrates, products, and energy yields.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.4 Anaerobic Metabolism: Glycolysis and Fermentation

 

 

29) The initial substrate molecule for the Krebs cycle is:

 

1. a) pyruvic acid
2. b) acetyl-CoA
3. c) acetic acid
4. d) butanediol

 

Answer: b

 

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.5 Compare the energy yield from aerobic respiration with that of fermentation through a description of the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, and chemiosmosis.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.5 Aerobic Metabolism: Respiration

 

 

30) The electrons transferred from acetyl groups in the Krebs cycle are transferred to:

 

1. a) NAD⁺ only
2. b) FAD only
3. c) neither NAD⁺ and FAD
4. d) both NAD⁺ and FAD

 

Answer: d

 

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.5 Compare the energy yield from aerobic respiration with that of fermentation through a description of the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, and chemiosmosis.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.5 Aerobic Metabolism: Respiration

 

 

31) Each acetyl-CoA molecule will eventually produce ________ in the Krebs cycle.

 

1. a) four pairs of electrons
2. b) three molecules of NADH
3. c) one molecule of GTP
4. d) all of these choices

 

Answer: d

 

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.5 Compare the energy yield from aerobic respiration with that of fermentation through a description of the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, and chemiosmosis.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.5 Aerobic Metabolism: Respiration

 

 

32) In the electron transport chain, the energy to make ATP comes directly from _____.

 

1. a) FADH₂
2. b) NADH
3. c) both FADH₂ and NADH
4. d) neither FADH₂ nor NADH

 

Answer: c

 

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.5 Compare the energy yield from aerobic respiration with that of fermentation through a description of the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, and chemiosmosis.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.5 Aerobic Metabolism: Respiration

 

 

33) In aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is:

 

1. a) water
2. b) oxygen
3. c) sulfur
4. d) coenzyme Q

 

Answer: b

 

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.5 Compare the energy yield from aerobic respiration with that of fermentation through a description of the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, and chemiosmosis.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.5 Aerobic Metabolism: Respiration

 

 

34) The prokaryotic aerobic metabolism of glucose produces a total (net) of ________ molecules of ATP.

 

1. a) 24
2. b) 30
3. c) 34
4. d) 38

 

Answer: d

 

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.5 Compare the energy yield from aerobic respiration with that of fermentation through a description of the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, and chemiosmosis.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.5 Aerobic Metabolism: Respiration

 

 

35) Which reaction takes place in the mitochondrial membrane?

 

1. a) Glycolysis
2. b) Fermentation
3. c) Krebs cycle
4. d) Electron transport chain

 

Answer: d

 

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.5 Compare the energy yield from aerobic respiration with that of fermentation through a description of the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, and chemiosmosis.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.5 Aerobic Metabolism: Respiration

 

 

36) Electron transport chain:

 

1. a) involves transfer of O₂ to electrons in the substrate
2. b) results in a net consumption of ATP
3. c) can be thought of as electrons acting as fish increasing in energy as they jump up a waterfall
4. d) none of the above

 

Answer: d

 

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.5 Compare the energy yield from aerobic respiration with that of fermentation through a description of the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, and chemiosmosis.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.5 Aerobic Metabolism: Respiration

 

 

37) Chemiosmosis:

 

1. a) forms ATP
2. b) occurs in the cell membrane of prokaryotes
3. c) uses a proton gradient to activate ATP synthase
4. d) all the above

 

Answer: d

 

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.5 Compare the energy yield from aerobic respiration with that of fermentation through a description of the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, and chemiosmosis.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.5 Aerobic Metabolism: Respiration

 

 

38) How is ATP formed by chemiosmosis?

 

1. a) Proton gradient across a membrane provides motive force
2. b) Nitrates are used as their final electron acceptor
3. c) The last step involves H₂O to be split into O₂
4. d) All of the metabolites enter the Krebs cycle

 

Answer: a

 

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.5 Compare the energy yield from aerobic respiration with that of fermentation through a description of the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, and chemiosmosis.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.5 Aerobic Metabolism: Respiration

 

 

39) During the metabolism of fats, the product of beta-oxidation enters:

 

1. a) glycolysis
2. b) Krebs cycle
3. c) oxidative phosphorylation
4. d) electron transport chain

 

Answer: b

 

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.6 Describe how the energy of lipid and protein molecules can be extracted using the carbohydrate catabolism pathways described in this chapter.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.6 The Metabolism of Fats and Proteins

 

 

40) The first step in protein metabolism is the breakdown of proteins into:

 

1. a) nucleotides
2. b) fatty acids
3. c) amino acids
4. d) coenzymes

 

Answer: c

 

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.6 Describe how the energy of lipid and protein molecules can be extracted using the carbohydrate catabolism pathways described in this chapter.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.6 The Metabolism of Fats and Proteins

 

 

41) Glucose is to photosynthesis as pyruvate is to:

 

1. a) oxidative phosphorylation
2. b) glycolysis
3. c) fermentation
4. d) Krebs cycle

 

Answer: b

 

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.6 Describe how the energy of lipid and protein molecules can be extracted using the carbohydrate catabolism pathways described in this chapter.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.6 The Metabolism of Fats and Proteins

 

 

42) The green sulfur and purple sulfur bacteria are capable of:

 

1. a) carrying out photosynthesis
2. b) only obtaining energy from organic molecules
3. c) bypassing glycolysis for the Krebs cycle
4. d) metabolizing without enzymes

 

Answer: a

 

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.7 Discuss the energy capture pathways used by photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and photoheterotrophs.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.7 Other Metabolic Processes

 

 

43) In photosynthesis, light energy is used to:

 

1. a) break down proteins
2. b) phosphorylate ADP to form ATP
3. c) synthesize carbohydrates
4. d) two of these choices

 

Answer: d

 

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.7 Discuss the energy capture pathways used by photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and photoheterotrophs.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.7 Other Metabolic Processes

 

 

44) In photosynthesis, chemical energy is used to make organic molecules in the:

 

1. a) light reaction
2. b) dark reaction
3. c) hydrolytic reaction
4. d) photophosphorylation reaction

 

Answer: b

 

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.7 Discuss the energy capture pathways used by photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and photoheterotrophs.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.7 Other Metabolic Processes

 

 

45) In algae, the dark reactions of photosynthesis occur in the:

 

1. a) cell membrane
2. b) matrix of the mitochondria
3. c) stroma of the chloroplast
4. d) nucleus

 

Answer: c

 

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.7 Discuss the energy capture pathways used by photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and photoheterotrophs.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.7 Other Metabolic Processes

 

 

46) What is returned to chlorophyll in cyclic photophosphorylation that is not returned in non-cyclic photoreduction?

 

1. a) ATP
2. b) Light
3. c) Energy
4. d) Electrons

 

Answer: d

 

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.7 Discuss the energy capture pathways used by photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and photoheterotrophs.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.7 Other Metabolic Processes

 

 

47) A metabolic pathway that is involved in both breakdown and synthetic reactions is properly termed _____.

 

1. a) catabolic
2. b) amphibolic
3. c) metabolic
4. d) anabolic

 

Answer: b

 

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.8 Identify some of the important cellular processes that require energy.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.8 The Uses of Energy

 

 

48) The initial breakdown of glucose in a eukaryotic cell takes place in the _____.

 

1. a) cytoplasm
2. b) Golgi
3. c) nucleus
4. d) cell membranes

 

Answer: a

 

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.8 Identify some of the important cellular processes that require energy.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.8 The Uses of Energy

 

 

49) A surfactant:

 

1. a) lowers the surface tension at the bacterium’s posterior end allowing Myxococcus to glide
2. b) is metabolized to produce phosphoenolpyruvate
3. c) forms channels through the outer membrane
4. d) emits light as it returns to its unexcited state

 

Answer: a

 

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.8 Identify some of the important cellular processes that require energy.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.8 The Uses of Energy

 

 

50) Bioluminescent microbes:

 

1. a) may have evolved because of aerobic metabolism
2. b) are often beneficiaries of symbiotic relationships with a larger host, producing light in exchange for nutrients
3. c) often have the enzyme luciferase which catalyzes the oxidation reaction that emits light
4. d) all of the above

 

Answer: d

 

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.8 Identify some of the important cellular processes that require energy.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.8 The Uses of Energy

 

 

51) At which temperature do enzymes begin to denature?

1. a) 20 degrees Celsius
2. b) 30 degrees Celsius
3. c) 40 degrees Celsius
4. d) 50 degrees Celsius

 

Answer: c

 

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.3 Describe competitive and noncompetitive enzyme inhibition and as well as other physical factors that can influence reaction rates.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.3 Enzyme Inhibition

 

 

52) As electrons are passed from carrier to carrier, their energy changes. At which point in the chain would you expect the energy of the electrons to be the lowest?

1. a) A
2. b) G
3. c) C
4. d) F
5. e) E

 

Answer: b

 

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.5 Compare the energy yield from aerobic respiration with that of fermentation through a description of the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, and chemiosmosis.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.5 Aerobic Metabolism: Respiration

 

 

53) As electrons are passed from carrier to carrier, their energy changes. At which point in the chain would you expect the energy of the electrons to be the highest?

1. a) A
2. b) B
3. c) C
4. d) D
5. e) E

 

Answer: a

 

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.5 Compare the energy yield from aerobic respiration with that of fermentation through a description of the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, and chemiosmosis.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.5 Aerobic Metabolism: Respiration

 

 

Question Type: Essay

 

 

54) Describe the chemical characteristics of enzymes and indicate why they are important in the metabolism of large molecules and how they determine which metabolic pathways occur in a cell.

 

Answer: Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur.  They have an active site, where the binding of the substrate attaches and which shows a high degree of specificity.  In addition, enzymes are not consumed in the reactions that they catalyze, allowing enzymes to continually catalyze reactions as long as the substrate is present and the conditions remain favorable.  Almost all processes in a cell need enzymes in order to accelerate the rate of the reactions. This is particularly true of the metabolism of large molecules.

Other molecules (such as inhibitors, coenzymes, cofactors) along with the temperature and the amount of substrate available, can affect enzyme activity. Because enzymes are extremely selective for their substrates and speed up only a few reactions from among many possibilities, the set of enzymes present in a cell helps determine which metabolic pathways are active at any time within a cell.

 

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.2 Describe the structure and properties of enzymes.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.2 Enzymes

 

 

55) Compare anaerobic and anaerobic respiration in terms of energy yields and reactants within the pathways.  Anaerobic respiration and fermentation are both pathways that may occur in the absence of oxygen.  Which confers a greater advantage to the cell?  Why is the less advantageous pathway in existence within cells at all?”

 

Answer: Aerobic and anaerobic respiration differ in their final electron acceptors.  Aerobic respiration uses oxygen while other forms of anaerobic respiration uses inorganic molecules (such as nitrate, nitrite and sulfate).  The energy yield of aerobic respiration is somewhat higher than that of aerobic respiration due to differing electron carriers within the electron transport chain.  Both these pathways yield large quantities of ATP while fermentation yields none.

Fermentation is not a form of respiration since respiration is a pathway characterized by the activities of the Krebs cycle to oxidize carbon skeletons and an electron transport chain to extract the energy from high energy electron carriers such as NADH and FADH₂Fermentation is a contingency pathway, allowing cells that lack the genes encoding for respiration enzymes and carriers to reoxidize NADH and make NAD⁺ available to drive glycolysis..  They will at least allow glycolysis to continue to supply the cell with small amounts of energy.  In addition, a wide range of carbohydrates and proteins can serve as substrates for microbial fermentation, which allows for microorganisms that ferment access to a wide variety of catabolic options.

 

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.4 Examine anaerobic biochemical pathways within the cell in terms of their substrates, products, and energy yields. LO 5.5 Compare the energy yield from aerobic respiration with that of fermentation through a description of the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, and chemiosmosis.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.4 Anaerobic Metabolism: Glycolysis and Fermentation; Section 5.5 Aerobic Metabolism: Respiration

 

 

56) What are chemoheterotrophs and how do they obtain energy?  Name and describe two other ways microorganisms obtain energy.  Why do you think so many different ways of obtaining energy evolved?

 

Answer: Chemoheterotrophs derive energy from organic molecules that they ingest, as they are dependent on others to make the molecules.  Other ways to obtain energy include photoautotrophy, photoheterotrophy, and chemoautotrophy.  Photoautotrophs obtain energy by using light energy to synthesize carbohydrates from inorganic carbon sources.  Photoheterotrophy also uses sunlight as a source of energy but in this case the microbes require organic compounds as sources of carbon.  Chemoautotrophic bacteria are unable to carry out photosynthesis but instead oxidize inorganic substances (such as nitrogen compounds, sulfur, iron and hydrogen) for energy and also utilize inorganic carbon sources for anabolism.

Many different metabolic lifestyles evolved because competition is fiercest between organisms that are dependent on the same nutrients.  This can be explained through either competitive exclusion or niche expansion.  In competitive exclusion, when any two organisms are dependent on the same nutrient and live in the same environment, eventually the more efficient consumer of that nutrient will drive the other to extinction.  Another way to explain why there are so many lifestyles is to consider the lack of competition that an organism encounters when they alone are able to metabolize a particular nutrient.  For example if many organisms encounter a location with some glucose and lots of nitrogen, then while all the other organisms are competing to secure the available glucose the organism that can use the nitrogen will be the most fit.

 

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 5.7 Discuss the energy capture pathways used by photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and photoheterotrophs.

Section Reference 1: Section 5.7 Other Metabolic Processes