ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR MANAGING PEOPLE AND ORGANIZATIONS 12TH EDITION By RICKY W - Test Bank Instant Download - Complete Test Bank With Answers Sample Questions Are Posted Below True / False 1. Performance depends upon ability and motivation, but not on the environment. a. True b. False ANSWER: False …
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ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR MANAGING PEOPLE AND ORGANIZATIONS 12TH EDITION By RICKY W – Test Bank
Instant Download – Complete Test Bank With Answers
Sample Questions Are Posted Below
| True / False |
1. Performance depends upon ability and motivation, but not on the environment.
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2. Supervisors can more easily manage employees’ motivation than they can their ability or the environment.
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3. Historical perspectives on motivation are important because these ideas provide a background for current understanding of motivation.
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4. Frederick Taylor (the father of scientific management) believed people were motivated by the opportunity to contribute to the workplace.
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5. Esteem needs involve realizing our full potential.
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6. The most basic needs in Maslow’s hierarchy are security needs.
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7. The top two sets of needs in Maslow’s hierarchy are referred to as growth needs.
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8. Herzberg viewed satisfaction and dissatisfaction as two different factors that exist along different dimensions.
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9. The dual-structure theory identifies motivation factors, which prevent dissatisfaction, and hygiene factors, which enhance satisfaction.
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10. Hygiene factors include the quality of supervision, working conditions, and interpersonal relationships.
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11. Motivation factors include achievement, recognition, and responsibility.
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12. The need for affiliation is the desire to control one’s environment.
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13. High-need achievers often do not get promoted into high-level managerial positions.
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14. Equity is achieved when an individual perceives that he or she is being treated fairly in relation to others.
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15. Individuals might adjust their inputs or outcomes in order to mitigate concerns about inequity.
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16. The desirability of outcomes received for performing work is referred to as valence.
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17. The performance-to-outcome expectancy is a person’s perception of the probability that effort will lead to performance.
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18. Porter and Lawler suggested that, under the right conditions, high levels of performance might lead to satisfaction, rather than the other way around.
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19. Classical conditioning is a simple form of learning that links a conditioned response with an unconditioned stimulus.
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20. According to reinforcement theory, if rewards are removed from behaviors that were previously reinforced, the behaviors are likely to decrease in frequency and eventually disappear.
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21. Variable-interval reinforcement varies the amount of time between reinforcements.
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22. Fixed-interval reinforcement provides reinforcement on a fixed time schedule.
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23. Positive reinforcement increases the frequency of behavior by providing a reward or desirable consequence that follows that behavior.
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24. Punishment and extinction both tend to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviors and conduct.
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25. Social learning suggests that individual behavior is determined by a person’s cognitions and social environment.
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26. Equity theory is concerned with differences in pay and is not applicable to intangible rewards in the workplace.
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27. People have to be rewarded identically in order to perceive the rewards to be fair.
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28. Equality and equity are the same thing.
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29. High performance requires both ability and motivation.
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30. There is a lot of empirical evidence to support Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.
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| Multiple Choice |
31. ____ is the set of forces that causes people to engage in one behavior rather than some alternative behavior.
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32. The most difficult performance factor to manage is often
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33. Motivated behavior begins with one or more
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34. The scientific management view of motivation includes all of the following EXCEPT
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35. The human relations approach to motivation includes all of the following EXCEPT
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36. The human resource approach to motivation assumes that
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37. According to Maslow, if a previously satisfied lower-level need becomes deficient,
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38. Based on Maslow’s hierarchy, ____ needs are the most basic requirements that people possess.
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39. John has satisfied his basic needs and has many friends. He is now trying to learn new skills and advance his career. According to Alderfer, John’s activities are explained by which component of ERG theory?
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40. For various reasons, Anne is unable to move ahead into a higher position at work. According to Alderfer’s ERG theory, which of the following sets of needs will become more important to Anne?
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41. Herzberg’s dual-structure theory was a response to the prevailing thinking that
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42. According to Herzberg’s dual-structure theory, motivation factors were often cited as the primary causes of
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43. According to Herzberg, once a state of no dissatisfaction has been reached,
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44. High-need achievers tend not to make good top managers because
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45. People with a strong need for affiliation most often work in jobs with
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46. People with a high need for power can be successful managers if they
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47. According to equity theory, people
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48. All of the following are steps in an individual’s formation of equity perceptions EXCEPT
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49. Doug is an employee of McDowell Instruments. Doug takes longer breaks than his coworkers, and often rationalizes his behavior because the organization does not pay him enough for the level of work that he does. Doug is reducing his perceived inequity by
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50. According to the equity theory, inputs include all of the following EXCEPT
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51. Equity theory provides several insights for managerial applications to everyday situations in the workplace. Which of the following statements is NOT true in this regard?
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52. ____ theory assumes that people are motivated to work toward a goal if they want that goal and think they can achieve it.
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53. Aria has been performing successfully at work for several months. Aria believes that she will get a pay raise if she maintains this high level of performance. This belief is an example of the ____ expectancy.
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54. The basic expectancy framework suggests that for motivated behavior to occur,
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55. Porter and Lawler’s extension of the expectancy model argues that
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56. In its simplest form, reinforcement theory suggests that behavior is a function of
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57. Which two types of reinforcement are generally accepted as means for increasing the frequency of desired behavior?
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58. Sara tries to always be on time for work because she once saw her boss give someone an award for good attendance. Sara is exhibiting learning through
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59. Which of the following statements is NOT true about continuous reinforcement?
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60. Which type of reinforcement schedule is effective at motivating desirable behaviors, especially in the early stages of learning?
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61. A $10 bonus for every fifth sale would be an example of which schedule of reinforcement?
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62. In order for social learning to take place,
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63. A person’s confidence in his or her ability to organize and execute the courses of action necessary to accomplish a specific task is called ____________.
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64. Which dimension of self-efficacy refers to beliefs about how difficult a task can be accomplished?
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65. Which dimension of self-efficacy refers to beliefs about how confident the person is that the task can be accomplished?
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66. Which dimension of self-efficacy refers to beliefs about the degree to which similar tasks can be accomplished?
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67. In the expectancy model of motivation, which term refers to the perceived value of a given reward or outcome?
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68. Instrumentality refers to a person’s perception of the probability that
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69. A relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs because of experience is called
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70. A performance bonus is an example of _____________.
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71. Removal of current or future unpleasant consequences to increase the likelihood that someone will repeat a behavior is called _____________.
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72. Cutting the work hours of low performing employees is an example of __________.
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73. No longer laughing at a coworker’s inappropriate jokes so that he will stop telling them is an example of ____________.
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74. Which of the following is most appropriate when a manager realizes he or she has been rewarding the wrong thing and wants to stop the behavior?
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75. A _________ reinforcement schedule is one in which the desired behavior is reinforced each time that it occurs.
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76. A _________ reinforcement schedule is one in which the desired behavior is reinforced after a specified number of instances.
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77. A _________ reinforcement schedule is one in which the desired behavior is reinforced after a certain amount of time has passed.
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78. A _________ reinforcement schedule is one in which the desired behavior is reinforced after an unpredictable number of instances.
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79. A _________ reinforcement schedule is one in which the desired behavior is reinforced after an unpredictable amount of time has elapsed.
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80. According to Herzberg, _____________ happiness includes things such as pay, status, and working conditions that produce an acceptable work environment and whose absence leads to dissatisfaction.
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81. According to Herzberg, _________ factors are intrinsic to the job and increase satisfaction.
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82. A shortage of ______ factors will lower satisfaction and cause employees to focus on _______ factors, which will produce feelings of dissatisfaction if they are missing.
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83. According to David McClelland, the desire to master complex tasks or to do things better or more efficiently is called a need for _______.
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84. According to David McClelland, the desire to control, influence, or be responsible for others is called a need for _______.
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85. According to David McClelland, the desire for human companionship is called a need for _______.
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86. Which of the following is NOT a way to restore feelings of equity?
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87. Whose theory is the Hierarchy of Needs?
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88. Who developed the Existence-Relatedness-Growth (ERG) Theory?
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89. Alderfer’s relatedness needs parallel Maslow’s _________ needs.
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90. Who developed the Two-Factor Theory?
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91. Performance is a function of motivation, ability, and ______.
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92. According to the human resource approach, offering employees _____________ is the best way to enhance motivation in the workplace.
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93. A key component of equity theory is that employees compare their own input/output ratios with the input/outcome ratios of other employees. What is the term for this phenomenon?
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94. Who developed scientific management?
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95. A person who feels equitably treated is motivated to ________.
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96. The most significant shortcoming of the scientific management approach was that it
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97. According to the human relations approach, offering employees _____________ is the best way to enhance motivation in the workplace.
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98. According to equity theory, which of the following ratios do people consider when deciding whether they are being treated equitably?
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99. What psychologist’s work laid the foundation for the study of behavior modification?
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| Completion |
100. __________ is the set of forces that cause people to engage in one behavior rather than some alternative behavior.
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101. The scientific management perspective assumed that all workers were motivated solely by ____________________.
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102. Abraham Maslow framed his need theory of motivation in what is termed the _________________.
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103. The highest need in Maslow’s hierarchy is the need for ___________________________________.
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104. In Maslow’s hierarchy, _________ needs are things such as adequate housing and clothing and freedom from worry and anxiety.
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105. In Maslow’s hierarchy, friendships developed in a work group would most likely satisfy ____________________ needs.
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106. Requesting a pay raise is an attempt to reduce inequity by changing one’s own ____________________.
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107. ____________________ is the belief that a person is being treated fairly in relation to others.
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108. At its most elementary level, reinforcement theory suggests that behavior is a function of its ____________________.
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109. ____________________ involves the presentation of adverse consequences after an undesired behavior has occurred.
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| Matching |
Match each of the following descriptions with the dimension of self-efficacy it most clearly illustrates.
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110. magnitude
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111. generality
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112. strength
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Match each of the following scenarios with the type of reinforcement it most clearly illustrates.
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113. punishment
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114. positive reinforcement
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115. extinction
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116. negative reinforcement
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Performance is related to three factors by the equation P = M + A + E. Match each of the following descriptions with the term in the equation it most clearly embodies.
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117. M
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118. E
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119. A
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| Ordering |
120. Arrange the needs of Maslow’s hierarchy from most to least basic.
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| Essay |
121. Define the relationship between motivation and performance using the formula presented in your text. What happens if one of the factors becomes deficient?
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122. Define, discuss, and provide examples of the major ideas of scientific management, human relations, and the human resources views of motivation.
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123. What are Maslow’s five levels of needs, and how do they relate to motivation? How do they relate to each other?
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124. Discuss four of the six common ways in which individuals respond to perceived inequity and provide an example of each. How do you think individuals might respond to overpayment inequity?
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125. Discuss the four types of reinforcement, giving examples of each.
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Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
