Pathophysiology The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children,7th Edition by Kathryn L. - Test Bank

Pathophysiology The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children,7th Edition by Kathryn L. – Test Bank

 

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Chapter 5: Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1. The data reporting that sickle cell disease affects approximately 1 in 600 American blacks is an example of which concept?

a.	Incidence	c.	Ratio
b.	Prevalence	d.	Risk

 

 

ANS:  B

Prevalence rate is the proportion of the population affected by a disease at a specific point in time. Thus both the incidence rate and the length of the survival period in affected individuals determine prevalence. The incidence rate is the number of new cases of a disease reported during a specific period (typically 1 year), divided by the number of individuals in the population. A numerical expression representing a part of a larger whole or proportion is considered a ratio. Any factor that increases the chance of disease or injury is considered a risk.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   Page 165

 

2. The ratio of the disease among the exposed population to the disease rate in an unexposed population is referred to as what type of risk?

a.	Attributable	c.	Causal
b.	Contingency	d.	Relative

 

 

ANS:  D

A common measure of the effect of a specific risk factor is the relative risk. Assuming a factor is the cause of a disease, attributable risk is the amount of risk that is due to that factor. A future event or circumstance that is possible but cannot be predicted with certainty is a contingency risk. The probability of the outcome is termed a causal risk factor.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   Page 165

 

3. Empirical risks for most multifactorial diseases are based on:

a.	Chromosomal testing	c.	Liability thresholds
b.	Direct observation	d.	Relative risks

 

 

ANS:  B

For most multifactorial diseases, empirical risks (i.e., risks based on direct observation of data) have been derived. The other options are not the basis for determining the empirical risk of most multifactorial diseases.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   Page 167

 

4. What is the cause of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH)?

a.	Diet high in saturated fats
b.	Increased production of cholesterol by the liver
c.	Reduction in the number of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors on cell surfaces
d.	Abnormal function of lipoprotein receptors circulating in the blood

 

 

ANS:  C

A reduction in the number of functional LDL receptors on cell surfaces causes FH. Lacking the normal number of LDL receptors, cellular cholesterol uptake is reduced and circulating cholesterol levels increase (see Box 5-3). The other options are not the basis for developing familial FH.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   Page 173 | Box 5-3

 

5. Which risk factor for hypertension is influenced by genetic factors and lifestyle?

a.	Sodium intake	c.	Psychosocial stress
b.	Physical inactivity	d.	Obesity

 

 

ANS:  D

The most important environmental risk factors for hypertension are increased sodium intake, decreased physical activity, psychosocial stress, and obesity. However, obesity is, itself, influenced by genes and the environment.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   Page 172

 

6. What percentage of all cases of breast cancer are identified as an autosomal dominant form?

a.	5	c.	15
b.	10	d.	20

 

 

ANS:  A

An autosomal dominant form of breast cancer accounts for approximately 5% of breast cancer cases in the United States.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   Page 172 | Page 174

 

7. When a woman has one first-degree relative with breast cancer, her risk of developing breast cancer is how many times greater?

a.	2	c.	6
b.	3	d.	10

 

 

ANS:  A

If a woman has one affected first-degree relative, her risk of developing breast cancer doubles.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   Page 172

 

8. Adoption studies have shown that the offspring of an alcoholic parent when raised by nonalcoholic parents have what amount of an increased risk of developing alcoholism?

a.	Twofold	c.	Fourfold
b.	Threefold	d.	Tenfold

 

 

ANS:  C

Adoption studies have shown that the offspring of an alcoholic parent, even when raised by nonalcoholic parents, have a fourfold increased risk of developing the disorder.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   Page 179

 

9. Studies have identified several genes that play a role in the prevention of obesity by affecting what?

a.	Regulation of appetite	c.	Absorption of fat
b.	Metabolizing of fat	d.	Altering the sense of satiety

 

 

ANS:  A

Clinical trials using recombinant leptin have demonstrated moderate weight loss in a subset of obese individuals. In addition, leptin participates in important interactions with other components of appetite control, such as neuropeptide Y and a–melanocyte-stimulating hormone and its receptor, the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R). Currently, no research supports the other options as being genetically regulated.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   Page 178

 

10. The BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations increase the risk of which cancer in women?

a.	Ovarian	c.	Uterine
b.	Lung	d.	Pancreatic

 

 

ANS:  A

BRCA1 mutations increase the risk of ovarian cancer among women (20% to 50% lifetime risk), and BRCA2 mutations also confer an increased risk of ovarian cancer (10% to 20% lifetime prevalence). BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations are not currently believed to be linked with risks of lung, uterine, or pancreatic cancers.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   Page 174

 

11. Blood pressure variations are associated with:

a.	ß1-adrenergic receptors to increase heart rate
b.	The release of an antidiuretic hormone (ADH) that increases water reabsorption
c.	The renin-angiotensin system’s effect on vasoconstriction
d.	Serum bradykinin, causing vasodilation

 

 

ANS:  C

Significant research is now focused on specific components that may influence blood pressure variation, such as the renin-angiotensin system (involved in sodium reabsorption and vasoconstriction). The other options are not related to hypertension.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   Page 172

 

12. The two most important risk factors for type 2 diabetes are:

a.	Autoantibodies and human leukocyte antigen associations
b.	Autoantibodies and obesity
c.	Obesity and positive family history
d.	HLA associations and positive family history

 

 

ANS:  C

The two most important risk factors for type 2 diabetes are positive family history and obesity. The other options are not believed to be important risk factors for this form of diabetes.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   Pages 177-178

 

13. A major characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus is that there is:

a.	Partial insulin secretion	c.	Insulin resistance
b.	An autoimmune cause factor	d.	Obesity as a common risk factor

 

 

ANS:  B

A strong association between type 1 diabetes and the presence of several human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II alleles indicate that type 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disease. The remaining options are associated with type 2 diabetes.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   Page 174

 

14. Obesity acts as an important risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus by:

a.	Reducing the amount of insulin the pancreas produces
b.	Increasing the resistance to insulin by cells
c.	Obstructing the outflow of insulin from the pancreas
d.	Stimulating the liver to increase glucose production

 

 

ANS:  B

People with type 2 diabetes mellitus suffer from insulin resistance (i.e., their cells have difficulty using insulin). The other options are not associated with the effect of obesity regarding insulin production.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   Pages 177-178

 

15. Traits caused by the combined effects of multiple genes are referred to by which term?

a.	Polygenic	c.	Modifiable
b.	Multifocal	d.	Involuntary

 

 

ANS:  A

Traits in which variation is thought to be caused by the combined effects of multiple genes are polygenic, meaning many genes. Multifocal means relating to or arising from many points. Modifiable refers to the changeability of something. Involuntary suggests being out of the control of someone or something.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   Page 165

 

16. Regarding type 2 diabetes, obesity is considered to be what type of risk?

a.	Genetic	c.	Relative
b.	Empirical	d.	Modifiable

 

 

ANS:  D

Obesity is a modifiable risk factor for many diseases including heart disease, stroke, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. The other terms do not apply.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   Pages 177-178

 

17. Which disease form is identified on the basis of empirical risk observation?

a.	Polygenic	c.	Monozygotic
b.	Multifactorial	d.	Genetic

 

 

ANS:  B

For most multifactorial diseases, empirical risks (i.e., risks based on direct observation of data) have been derived. Traits in which variation is thought to be caused by the combined effects of multiple genes are polygenic. Monozygotic is a term that refers to identical twins. Genetic refers to issues related to genes and their influence on the body.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   Page 167

 

18. The number of persons living with a specific disease at a specific point in time is referred to by which term?

a.	Relativity	c.	Prevalence
b.	Survivability	d.	Incidence

 

 

ANS:  C

The prevalence rate is the proportion of the population affected by a disease at a specific point in time. Thus both the incidence rate and the length of the survival period in affected individuals determine prevalence. The description in the question does not relate to any of the other options.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   Page 164

 

19. Which type of cancer is said to aggregate among families?

a.	Breast	c.	Skin
b.	Lung	d.	Brain

 

 

ANS:  A

Breast cancer appears to aggregate strongly in families. The other cancers are not believed to be familial in nature.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   Page 172

 

20. Which dietary lifestyle choice has been associated with a decreased risk for developing colon cancer?

a.	Increased consumption of dairy produces
b.	Increased consumption of foods containing vitamin C
c.	Decreased consumption of foods high in fat
d.	Decreased consumption of artificial food coloring

 

 

ANS:  C

A low-fat, high-fiber diet is thought to decrease the risk of colon cancer.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   Page 165

 

21. It is currently believed that the risk for developing Alzheimer disease:

a.	Is not directly related to genetic predisposition.
b.	Is higher among men than it is among women.
c.	Occurs less among Hispanics than in Asians.
d.	Doubles among those with an affected first-degree relative.

 

 

ANS:  D

The risk of developing Alzheimer disease doubles in individuals who have an affected first-degree relative. The other statements are not true.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   Page 178

 

22. The number of new cases of a disease reported during a specific period divided by the number of individuals in the population is defined as which characteristic of a disease?

a.	Prevalence rate	c.	Relative risk
b.	Incidence rate	d.	Frequency

 

 

ANS:  B

The incidence rate is the number of new cases of a disease reported during a specific period (typically 1 year) divided by the number of individuals in the population. The description provided in the question does not describe any of the other options.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   Page 164

 

MULTIPLE RESPONSE

 

23. Cancers that cluster strongly in families include: (Select all that apply.)

a.	Breast
b.	Colon
c.	Ovarian
d.	Lung
e.	Brain

 

 

ANS:  A, B, C

Although breast, ovarian, and colon cancers have shown a strong familial tendency, lung and brain cancers have not.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   Page 172

 

24. Which genes are responsible for an autosomal dominant form of breast cancer? (Select all that apply.)

a.	LCAT
b.	CHK1
c.	CHK2
d.	BRCA1
e.	BRCA2

 

 

ANS:  D, E

Women who inherit a mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 experience a 50% to 80% lifetime risk of developing breast cancer. The other options do not carry this risk.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   Page 174

 

25. Lifestyle modifications that affect health-related risk factors include: (Select all that apply.)

a.	Diet
b.	Exercise
c.	Education
d.	Finances
e.	Stress reduction

 

 

ANS:  A, B, E

Lifestyle modification (e.g., diet, exercise, stress reduction) can often reduce health risks significantly. Education and finances have not been shown to have an effect on health in a way that involves lifestyle modifications.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   Page 180

 

26. What factors are typically considered when assessing an individual’s risk for developing such common diseases as hypertension? (Select all that apply.)

a.	Age
b.	Diet
c.	Exercise habits
d.	Family history
e.	Spiritual beliefs

 

 

ANS:  A, B, C, D

Many factors influence the risk of acquiring a common disease, such as cancer, diabetes, or hypertension. These factors can include age, gender, diet, exercise, and family history of the disease. Current research does not support a connection between spiritual beliefs and the development of hypertension.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   Page 165

 

27. Examples of multifactorial diseases associated with adults include: (Select all that apply.)

a.	Breast cancer
b.	Coronary heart disease
c.	Emphysema
d.	Diabetes mellitus
e.	Schizophrenia

 

 

ANS:  A, B, D, E

Multifactorial diseases in adults include coronary heart disease, hypertension, breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes mellitus, obesity, Alzheimer disease, alcoholism, schizophrenia, and bipolar affective disorder. Emphysema is not considered multifactorial.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   Pages 171-180

 

MATCHING

 

Match the terms with the corresponding descriptions.

______ A. Incidence rate effect of multiple genes

______ B. Gene-environment interaction

______ C. Prevalence rate at which some diseases occur

______ D. Obesity

______ E. Polygenic

______ F. Empirical risk

______ G. Relative risk

 

28. Traits caused by the combined effects of multiple genes

 

29. Number of persons living with the disease

 

30. Yields an increased risk for some diseases

 

31. Modifiable risk factor for many diseases

 

32. Number of new cases (persons) detected with the disease

 

33. Measure of the effect of a specific risk factor

 

34. Risks based on direct observation of data

 

28. ANS:  E                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Page 165

MSC:  Traits in which variation is thought to be caused by the combined effects of multiple genes are polygenic (i.e., many genes).

 

29. ANS:  C                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Page 164

MSC:  The prevalence rate is the proportion of the population affected by a disease at a specific point in time. Thus both the incidence rate and the length of the survival period in affected individuals determine prevalence.

 

30. ANS:  B                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Page 171

MSC:  In some cases, a genetic predisposition may interact with an environmental factor to increase the risk of disease to a significantly higher level than would either factor acting alone. A good example of a gene-environment interaction is given by  1-antitrypsin deficiency, a genetic condition that causes pulmonary emphysema and is greatly exacerbated by cigarette smoking (see Box 5-2).

 

31. ANS:  D                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Pages 177-178

MSC:  Obesity is a modifiable risk factor for many diseases including heart disease, stroke, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes.

 

32. ANS:  A                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Page 164

MSC:  The incidence rate is the number of new cases of a disease reported during a specific period (typically 1 year), divided by the number of individuals in the population.

 

33. ANS:  G                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Page 165

MSC:  A common measure of the effect of a specific risk factor is the relative risk.

 

34. ANS:  F                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Page 167

MSC:  For most multifactorial diseases, empirical risks (i.e., risks based on direct observation of data) have been derived.