Personality Psychology 1st Canadian Edition by Randy J. Larsen - Test Bank

Personality Psychology 1st Canadian Edition by Randy J. Larsen – Test Bank

 

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Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

Chapter 05

Personality Dispositions over Time: Stability, Coherence, and Change

 

 

Multiple Choice Questions

1. _____ is defined as both the consistencies in people and the ways people change over time.
   A.Personality development
   B. Rank order stability
   C. Mean level stability
   D. Personality coherence

 

Topic: 05-01 Conceptual Issues: Personality Development, Stability, Coherence, and Change
Topic: 05-02 What Is Personality Development?

2. When people maintain their position in a group over time, they display
   A.mean level stability.
   B. rank order stability.
   C. personality coherence.
   D. possible selves.

 

Topic: 05-01 Conceptual Issues: Personality Development, Stability, Coherence, and Change
Topic: 05-03 Rank Order Stability

3. If we measure height from the age of 12 to 18, we would likely see high degrees of
   A.mean level stability.
   B. rank order stability.
   C. rank order instability.
   D. both “mean level stability” and “rank order stability.”

 

Topic: 05-01 Conceptual Issues: Personality Development, Stability, Coherence, and Change
Topic: 05-03 Rank Order Stability

 

4. When the average level of a trait remains constant over time, we observe
   A.mean level change.
   B. mean level stability.
   C. rank order stability.
   D. rank order instability.

 

Topic: 05-01 Conceptual Issues: Personality Development, Stability, Coherence, and Change
Topic: 05-04 Mean Level Stability

5. The finding that sensation seeking tends to decrease with age is an example of
   A.mean level change.
   B. mean level stability.
   C. rank order stability.
   D. rank order instability.

 

Topic: 05-01 Conceptual Issues: Personality Development, Stability, Coherence, and Change
Topic: 05-04 Mean Level Stability

6. If we studied political attitudes and found that everyone became more conservative with age, we would observe
   A.mean level change.
   B. mean level stability.
   C. rank order stability.
   D. rank order change.

 

Topic: 05-01 Conceptual Issues: Personality Development, Stability, Coherence, and Change
Topic: 05-04 Mean Level Stability

7. If an individual maintains his or her rank order for a trait relative to a group, but changes the behaviours manifested by that trait over time that individual is exhibiting
   A.mean level stability.
   B. rank order stability.
   C. personality coherence.
   D. validity coefficients.

 

Topic: 05-01 Conceptual Issues: Personality Development, Stability, Coherence, and Change
Topic: 05-05 Personality Coherence

 

8. An example of _____ would be that ambivalently attached babies cry when their mothers leave them, and that later in life as adults these individuals have many short-lived relationships.
   A.mean level stability
   B. mean level change
   C. rank order stability
   D. personality coherence

 

Topic: 05-01 Conceptual Issues: Personality Development, Stability, Coherence, and Change
Topic: 05-05 Personality Coherence

9. When Maria was a child she always did her homework on time and was an excellent student. As an adult Maria is a highly organized business woman with a reputation for meeting deadlines. Maria’s behaviour throughout her life demonstrates
   A.personality coherence.
   B. mean level reliability.
   C. rank order stability.
   D. mean level stability.

 

Topic: 05-01 Conceptual Issues: Personality Development, Stability, Coherence, and Change
Topic: 05-05 Personality Coherence

10. Which of the following concepts does Gandhi’s life best illustrate?
    A.How a personality changes over time.
    B. How a personality can remain stable over time.
    C. The concept of rank order stability.
    D. Traits that are correlated with leadership skills.

 

Topic: 05-01 Conceptual Issues: Personality Development, Stability, Coherence, and Change
Topic: 05-04 Mean Level Stability
Topic: 05-05 Personality Coherence

 

11. Personality changes take place when those changes are _____ and _____.
    A.internal; progressive
    B. external; phenotypical
    C. internal; enduring
    D. external; durable

 

Topic: 05-01 Conceptual Issues: Personality Development, Stability, Coherence, and Change
Topic: 05-06 Personality Change

12. Freud’s theory of psychosexual stages is an example of personality change at the _____ level of analysis.
    A.population
    B. group differences
    C. individual differences
    D. individual uniqueness

 

Topic: 05-07 Three Levels of Analysis
Topic: 05-08 Population Level

13. Which of the following is NOT an example of a topic at the group level of analysis?
    A.Male versus female differences in empathy toward others.
    B. Cultural differences in coming of age rituals.
    C. Arousal differences that correlate with extraversion.
    D. Ethnic differences in body satisfaction.

 

Topic: 05-07 Three Levels of Analysis
Topic: 05-09 Group Differences Level

14. _____ usually is/are defined as the individual differences that show up early in life and are likely to be heritable and involved in behaviours linked with emotionality.
    A.Traits
    B. Temperament
    C. Individual differences
    D. Dispositions

 

Topic: 05-11 Personality Stability over Time
Topic: 05-12 Stability of Temperament During Infancy

 

15. Which level of analysis would consider the question, “Can we predict healthy aging from personality traits?”
    A.Population
    B. Group differences
    C. Individual differences
    D. Cultural differences

 

Topic: 05-07 Three Levels of Analysis
Topic: 05-10 Individual Differences Level

16. Compared to Asian Canadian children, European Canadian children tend to be higher in which 2 traits?
    A.Extraversion and Hostility
    B. Extraversion and Antagonism
    C. Antagonism and Aggression
    D. Extraversion and Self-Esteem

 

Topic: 05-07 Three Levels of Analysis
Topic: 05-09 Group Differences Level

17. Personality profiles characteristic of European Canadian children appear to predispose them to
    A.internalizing disorders, such as depression.
    B. externalizing disorders, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
    C. relationship problems, such as marital dissatisfaction.
    D. good adjustment and mental health.

 

Topic: 05-07 Three Levels of Analysis
Topic: 05-09 Group Differences Level

 

18. Personality is least stable in
    A.early infancy.
    B. late infancy.
    C. adolescence.
    D. adulthood.

 

Topic: 05-11 Personality Stability over Time
Topic: 05-12 Stability of Temperament During Infancy

19. Personality differences usually can be first observed in
    A.early infancy.
    B. late infancy.
    C. adolescence.
    D. adulthood.

 

Topic: 05-11 Personality Stability over Time
Topic: 05-12 Stability of Temperament During Infancy

20. Which of the following aspects of temperament is probably most stable?
    A.Activity level
    B. Fear
    C. Duration of orienting
    D. Soothability

 

Topic: 05-11 Personality Stability over Time
Topic: 05-12 Stability of Temperament During Infancy

21. Temperament has been found to be
    A.unstable.
    B. more stable in early infancy.
    C. more stable over short interval.
    D. more stable over long intervals.

 

Topic: 05-11 Personality Stability over Time
Topic: 05-12 Stability of Temperament During Infancy

 

22. Correlations between the same measure taken at different points in time are called
    A.validity coefficients.
    B. stability coefficients.
    C. mean level stability.
    D. rank order stability.

 

Topic: 05-11 Personality Stability over Time
Topic: 05-13 Stability During Childhood

23. Correlations between different measures of the same trait taken at the same time are called
    A.validity coefficients.
    B. stability coefficients.
    C. mean level stability.
    D. rank order stability.

 

Topic: 05-11 Personality Stability over Time
Topic: 05-13 Stability During Childhood

24. Buss, Block, and Block’s longitudinal study of activity level found
    A.stability in activity level over time.
    B. less stability over short intervals.
    C. more stability over long intervals.
    D. a lack of personality coherence.

 

Topic: 05-11 Personality Stability over Time
Topic: 05-13 Stability During Childhood

25. Research suggests that children classified as bullies in the 6^th grade
    A.will be more popular in the 10^th grade.
    B. will become “whipping boys” by the 7^th grade.
    C. are more likely to have felony convictions by the time they are 24.
    D. are more likely to have been bullied by parents.

 

Topic: 05-11 Personality Stability over Time
Topic: 05-13 Stability During Childhood

 

26. Victims of childhood bullying are more likely to experience _________ in adulthood.
    A.anxiety
    B. depression
    C. relationship problems
    D. All of the choices are correct.

 

Topic: 05-11 Personality Stability over Time
Topic: 05-13 Stability During Childhood

27. Traits from the five-factor model have been found to
    A.be only slightly stable in adulthood.
    B. be moderately stable in adulthood.
    C. lack stability in early adulthood.
    D. have population stability in adulthood.

 

Topic: 05-11 Personality Stability over Time
Topic: 05-14 Rank Order Stability in Adulthood

28. Researchers have found that personality stability
    A.does not change reliably over time.
    B. tends to decrease with age.
    C. tends to increase with age.
    D. is best estimated by validity coefficients.

 

Topic: 05-11 Personality Stability over Time
Topic: 05-15 Mean Level Stability in Adulthood

29. Trait consistency tends to reach each peak after age
    A.20.
    B. 30.
    C. 40.
    D. 50.

 

Topic: 05-11 Personality Stability over Time
Topic: 05-14 Rank Order Stability in Adulthood

 

30. Research suggests that traits from the five-factor model _____ mean level changes with age.
    A.do not show
    B. show small
    C. show moderate
    D. show large

 

Topic: 05-11 Personality Stability over Time
Topic: 05-15 Mean Level Stability in Adulthood

31. The traits of extraversion, neuroticism, and openness tend to
    A.increase substantially in a person’s thirties.
    B. decline gradually with age until a person is about fifty years old.
    C. fluctuate greatly in mean level stability during adolescence.
    D. decrease markedly after a person reaches his or her sixties.

 

Topic: 05-11 Personality Stability over Time
Topic: 05-15 Mean Level Stability in Adulthood

32. Trait neuroticism and negative affect scores tend to _____ from the freshman to senior years in college and university.
    A.increase strongly
    B. decrease strongly
    C. remain stable
    D. fluctuate wildly

 

Topic: 05-11 Personality Stability over Time
Topic: 05-15 Mean Level Stability in Adulthood

33. Trait levels of _____ and _____ tend to increase with age.
    A.agreeableness; openness to experience
    B. extraversion; openness to experience
    C. neuroticism; extraversion
    D. conscientiousness; agreeableness

 

Topic: 05-11 Personality Stability over Time
Topic: 05-15 Mean Level Stability in Adulthood

 

34. Some have suggested that more research focuses on personality stability, rather than change, because
    A.longitudinal studies are difficult to conduct.
    B. terms that refer to stability are generally more positive.
    C. assessing change is easier than assessing stability.
    D. there might be a bias among researchers against even looking for personality change.

 

Topic: 05-11 Personality Stability over Time
Topic: 05-15 Mean Level Stability in Adulthood

35. The Victoria Longitudinal Study has drawn into question what conclusion made by personality researchers?
    A.Personality becomes more difficult to measure as people age.
    B. There is very little change in personality after the age of 50.
    C. Personality measures increase in reliability with age.
    D. Mean level change appears to occur at a significant level between the ages of 55 and 85.

 

Topic: 05-11 Personality Stability over Time
Topic: 05-15 Mean Level Stability in Adulthood

36. In the Victoria Longitudinal Study, older adults showed increases in ______ over time.
    A.neuroticism
    B. openness
    C. introversion
    D. agreeableness

 

Topic: 05-11 Personality Stability over Time
Topic: 05-15 Mean Level Stability in Adulthood

 

37. Women in the Victoria Longitudinal Study were more likely than men to show decreases in _______ and increases in ________.
    A.agreeableness; neuroticism
    B. neuroticism; agreeableness
    C. neuroticism; antagonism
    D. antagonism; neuroticism

 

Topic: 05-11 Personality Stability over Time
Topic: 05-15 Mean Level Stability in Adulthood

38. According to the researchers involved in the Victoria Longitudinal Study, what is a likely factor in personality change observed in old age?
    A.Increasingly poor physical health.
    B. Reduced cognitive functioning.
    C. The increased incidence of dementia, which predisposes people to personality change.
    D. Unique life events, such as retirement or death of a loved one.

 

Topic: 05-11 Personality Stability over Time
Topic: 05-15 Mean Level Stability in Adulthood

39. People whose actual selves are close to their ideal selves score high on measures of
    A.possible selves.
    B. feared selves.
    C. desired selves.
    D. self-esteem.

 

Topic: 05-16 Personality Change
Topic: 05-17 Changes in Self-Esteem from Adolescence to Adulthood

 

40. During adolescence, the self-esteem of _____ increases and the self-esteem of _____ decreases.
    A.males; females
    B. females; males
    C. irritable persons; calm persons
    D. calm persons; irritable persons

 

Topic: 05-16 Personality Change
Topic: 05-17 Changes in Self-Esteem from Adolescence to Adulthood

41. A longitudinal study of architects that spanned 25 years found that
    A.successful architects scored high on independence and spontaneity scales.
    B. successful architects scored high on conventionality and conservatism scales.
    C. impulsivity and flexibility scale scores increased with age for successful architects.
    D. successful architects had fewer health problems than less creative architects.

 

Topic: 05-16 Personality Change
Topic: 05-18 Autonomy, Dominance, Leadership, and Ambition

42. The architects classified as being “average” in a longitudinal, 25-year study, were found to
    A.have become somewhat more creative over the years, but not as much as the successful architects.
    B. score very low on conformity scales at both times data was collected in the study.
    C. have become less impulse and flexible and to have become more rigid as they aged.
    D. have considerably fewer health problems then the successful architects over the years.

 

Topic: 05-16 Personality Change
Topic: 05-18 Autonomy, Dominance, Leadership, and Ambition

 

43. A longitudinal study followed male management employees at AT&T over 20 years starting in the late 1950s while the men were in their twenties. The study found that the managers’ levels of _____ decreased over their careers.
    A.autonomy
    B. ambition
    C. motivation
    D. dominance

 

Topic: 05-16 Personality Change
Topic: 05-18 Autonomy, Dominance, Leadership, and Ambition

44. If you measure self-esteem every day for two weeks, you are probably most interested in
    A.self-esteem level.
    B. self-esteem variability.
    C. possible selves.
    D. feared selves.

 

Topic: 05-16 Personality Change
Topic: 05-20 Femininity

45. Self-esteem variability is most correlated with
    A.self-esteem level.
    B. childhood temper tantrums.
    C. depression.
    D. activity level.

 

Topic: 05-16 Personality Change
Topic: 05-20 Femininity

 

46. A person who feels very good after receiving a compliment, but very bad after being insulted, would sore high on measures of
    A.self-esteem.
    B. self-esteem variability.
    C. activity level.
    D. both “self-esteem” and “self-esteem variability.”

 

Topic: 05-16 Personality Change
Topic: 05-20 Femininity

47. People who have high levels of self-esteem variability
    A.depend on others for their sense of self-worth.
    B. score high on measures of self-esteem level.
    C. score low on measures of self-esteem level.
    D. react positively to objectively defined negative events.

 

Topic: 05-16 Personality Change
Topic: 05-20 Femininity

48. Self-esteem variability appears to be strongly related to the extent to which one’s self-view can be influenced by
    A.levels of monoanalyse oxide.
    B. the outcome of social events.
    C. the mean level of self-esteem.
    D. the self-esteem of others in the environment.

 

Topic: 05-16 Personality Change
Topic: 05-20 Femininity

49. Kara is extremely sensitive to the feedback of other people. She most likely has a(n)
    A.high level of self-esteem variability.
    B. overall low level of self-esteem.
    C. low mean level of self-esteem.
    D. extremely rigid sense of self-esteem.

 

Topic: 05-16 Personality Change
Topic: 05-20 Femininity

 

50. Which of the following is NOT a component of sensation seeking?
    A.Thrill and adventure seeking
    B. Disinhibition
    C. Sociability
    D. Boredom susceptibility

 

Topic: 05-16 Personality Change
Topic: 05-19 Sensation Seeking

51. When does the trait of sensation seeking tend to peak?
    A.In early childhood.
    B. In late adolescence.
    C. In midlife.
    D. In late life.

 

Topic: 05-16 Personality Change
Topic: 05-19 Sensation Seeking

52. Women who score high on the femininity scale of the California Psychological Inventory (compared to low scorers) are more likely to
    A.remember an acquaintance’s birthday.
    B. take charge of a committee meeting.
    C. take the initiative in sexual encounters.
    D. demand equal social and political rights.

 

Topic: 05-16 Personality Change
Topic: 05-20 Femininity

 

53. A longitudinal study conducted of women who attended Mills College suggests that femininity (defined as being dependent, emotional, gentle, high-strung, etc.) decreases to become more masculine (defined as being assertive, confident, determined, independent, etc.) from ages
    A.13 to 20.
    B. 20 to 30.
    C. 30 to 40.
    D. 40 to 50.

 

Topic: 05-16 Personality Change
Topic: 05-20 Femininity

54. The trait of competence tends to _____ women.
    A.decrease with age among
    B. increase with age among
    C. remain unchanged with age among
    D. increase among married, but decrease among unmarried

 

Topic: 05-16 Personality Change
Topic: 05-20 Femininity

55. Over time, trait scores of independence tended to increase for all women except
    A.divorced mothers.
    B. the nulliparous.
    C. working mothers.
    D. homemakers.

 

Topic: 05-16 Personality Change
Topic: 05-21 Independence and Traditional Roles

 

56. The Mills College longitudinal study of women found that homemakers’ level of independence at age 21 versus that at age 43 suggests that
    A.being a homemaker requires much more independence than originally believed.
    B. homemakers’ independence scores are likely to change little with age.
    C. the roles women adopt are irrelevant to changes in independence.
    D. the role a university-educated woman has in life is irrelevant to changes in personality.

 

Topic: 05-16 Personality Change
Topic: 05-21 Independence and Traditional Roles

57. _____ are defined as the social times in which people live.
    A.“Cohort effects”
    B. “Generational effects”
    C. “Historical byproducts”
    D. “Longitudinal effects”

 

Topic: 05-16 Personality Change
Topic: 05-22 Personality Changes Across Cohorts: Assertiveness and Narcissism

58. The effects on individuals of living through the first gulf war is an example of
    A.cohort effects.
    B. generational effects.
    C. historical byproducts.
    D. longitudinal effects.

 

Topic: 05-16 Personality Change
Topic: 05-22 Personality Changes Across Cohorts: Assertiveness and Narcissism

59. North American women in the 1930s were more _____ than women of the 1950s.
    A.sexually active
    B. self-sufficient
    C. passive
    D. resilient

 

Topic: 05-16 Personality Change
Topic: 05-22 Personality Changes Across Cohorts: Assertiveness and Narcissism

 

60. North American women’s scores for _____ rose from 1931 to 1945 and also from 1968 to 1993.
    A.domesticity
    B. level of education
    C. assertiveness
    D. sensation seeking

 

Topic: 05-16 Personality Change
Topic: 05-22 Personality Changes Across Cohorts: Assertiveness and Narcissism

61. Which of the following has NOT been associated with marital satisfaction?
    A.The husband’s neuroticism
    B. The wife’s neuroticism
    C. The husband’s impulsivity
    D. The wife’s impulsivity

 

Topic: 05-23 Personality Coherence over Time: Prediction of Socially Relevant Outcomes
Topic: 05-24 Marital Stability, Marital Satisfaction, and Divorce

62. Twenge concluded from her studies of cohort effects from 1968 to 1993 that
    A.females internalized the social change and cultural messages of the era, and their personalities were molded by these messages.
    B. cohort effects are interesting to study historically, but of little relevance to personality psychology.
    C. social and cultural changes had only marginal effects on personality.
    D. the culture in which an individual is immersed is the major determinant of personality.

 

Topic: 05-16 Personality Change
Topic: 05-22 Personality Changes Across Cohorts: Assertiveness and Narcissism

 

63. “Personality coherence” refers to the predictable changes in
    A.the outcomes of personality factors over time.
    B. the mean level stability of personality traits.
    C. how much “common sense” a personality score makes.
    D. the effects of rank-order stability over time.

 

Topic: 05-23 Personality Coherence over Time: Prediction of Socially Relevant Outcomes
Topic: 05-24 Marital Stability, Marital Satisfaction, and Divorce

64. Which of the following personality traits is one of the strongest predictors of divorce in the Kelly and Conley longitudinal study of married couples?
    A.High extraversion
    B. Low agreeableness
    C. High neuroticism
    D. Low conscientiousness

 

Topic: 05-23 Personality Coherence over Time: Prediction of Socially Relevant Outcomes
Topic: 05-24 Marital Stability, Marital Satisfaction, and Divorce

65. Husbands who score low on _____ have been found to be more likely to have extramarital affairs.
    A.neuroticism
    B. impulse control
    C. dominance
    D. extraversion

 

Topic: 05-23 Personality Coherence over Time: Prediction of Socially Relevant Outcomes
Topic: 05-24 Marital Stability, Marital Satisfaction, and Divorce

66. Individuals with a high level of _____ tend to cope better with the loss of a spouse.
    A.dominance
    B. impulse control
    C. neuroticism
    D. independence

 

Topic: 05-23 Personality Coherence over Time: Prediction of Socially Relevant Outcomes
Topic: 05-24 Marital Stability, Marital Satisfaction, and Divorce

 

67. Which of the following has been suggested as the key factor with the later development of alcoholism in men?
    A.High levels of neuroticism
    B. Low levels of neuroticism
    C. Low levels of impulse control
    D. High levels of impulse control

 

Topic: 05-23 Personality Coherence over Time: Prediction of Socially Relevant Outcomes
Topic: 05-25 Alcoholism, Drug Use, and Emotional Disturbance

68. Which of the following has been associated with the later development of emotional disturbances in men?
    A.High levels of neuroticism
    B. Low levels of neuroticism
    C. Low levels of impulse control
    D. High levels of impulse control

 

Topic: 05-23 Personality Coherence over Time: Prediction of Socially Relevant Outcomes
Topic: 05-25 Alcoholism, Drug Use, and Emotional Disturbance

69. Impulsivity in men has been associated with
    A.lower levels of marital satisfaction.
    B. alcoholism.
    C. lower levels of academic achievement.
    D. All of the choices are correct.

 

Topic: 05-23 Personality Coherence over Time: Prediction of Socially Relevant Outcomes
Topic: 05-25 Alcoholism, Drug Use, and Emotional Disturbance
Topic: 05-27 Education, Academic Achievement, and Dropping Out

70. Which of the following does NOT predict later levels of marital satisfaction?
    A.Impulse control
    B. Childhood temper tantrums
    C. Neuroticism
    D. Sensation seeking

 

Topic: 05-23 Personality Coherence over Time: Prediction of Socially Relevant Outcomes
Topic: 05-24 Marital Stability, Marital Satisfaction, and Divorce

 

71. A study found that men who had many childhood temper tantrums later
    A.achieved higher levels of academic success.
    B. were more likely to be divorced.
    C. had more successful military careers.
    D. achieved great financial success.

 

Topic: 05-23 Personality Coherence over Time: Prediction of Socially Relevant Outcomes
Topic: 05-28 Health and Longevity

72. Men classified as being “explosive” children in a 40-year longitudinal study presented by Caspi and his colleagues in 1987 differed from the “nonexplosive” group by
    A.earning more promotions for valor.
    B. achieving lower military ranks.
    C. earning more medals for bravery.
    D. benefiting from military discipline.

 

Topic: 05-23 Personality Coherence over Time: Prediction of Socially Relevant Outcomes
Topic: 05-28 Health and Longevity

73. When people in marriages have similar personalities
    A.they are more likely to divorce.
    B. their personalities remain more stable over time.
    C. their personalities change more over time.
    D. their personalities are neither more nor less likely to change over time.

 

Topic: 05-23 Personality Coherence over Time: Prediction of Socially Relevant Outcomes
Topic: 05-29 Predicting Personality Change

74. _____ been associated with greater stability of personality over time.
    A.Marrying someone with a similar personality has
    B. Marrying someone with a very different personality has
    C. High levels of neuroticism have
    D. Low levels of neuroticism have

 

Topic: 05-23 Personality Coherence over Time: Prediction of Socially Relevant Outcomes
Topic: 05-29 Predicting Personality Change

 

75. Research has indicated a negative correlation between postsecondary GPA and
    A.parent ratings of aggression before entering university.
    B. peer ratings of neuroticism before entering university.
    C. peer ratings of impulsivity before entering university.
    D. parent ratings of impulsivity before entering university.

 

Topic: 05-23 Personality Coherence over Time: Prediction of Socially Relevant Outcomes
Topic: 05-27 Education, Academic Achievement, and Dropping Out