Police Administration 3rd Edition By Larry K. Gaines - Test Bank

Police Administration 3rd Edition By Larry K. Gaines – Test Bank

 

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Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

Chapter 5: Contemporary Organizational Theories and Management Systems

 

TRUE/FALSE

 

1. Human relations theory is the foundation for American police systems.

 

ANS:  F                    PTS:   1

 

2. Mechanistic organizations are open and allow employees input and responsibility in decision making.

 

ANS:  F                    PTS:   1

 

3. According to the human relations philosophy, management is engaged in a social process that combines techniques and people to mutually benefit the organization and the employee.

 

ANS:  T                    PTS:   1

 

4. Social needs are at the top of Maslow’s hierarcy of needs.

 

ANS:  F                    PTS:   1

 

5. According to Theory X, management is responsible for organizing the elements of productive enterprise.

 

ANS:  T                    PTS:   1

 

6. According to Theory Y, people are passive and resistant to change.

 

ANS:  F                    PTS:   1

 

7. According to Argyris, an immature organizational personality consists, in part, of an immediate time orientation.

 

ANS:  T                    PTS:   1

 

8. Participatory management is similar to a classical organizational management approach.

 

ANS:  F                    PTS:   1

 

9. Many writers feel that classical and human relations theory are mutually exclusive.

 

ANS:  T                    PTS:   1

 

10. Contingency theory holds that organizations are embedded in an environment, and the environment places demands and pressures on the organization.

 

ANS:  T                    PTS:   1

 

11. Systems theory emphasizes the whole, not the parts.

 

ANS:  F                    PTS:   1

 

12. Negative entropy is a process whereby the organization replenishes itself or stores energy or resources.

 

ANS:  T                    PTS:   1

 

13. Total quality management is opposed to an organizational structure.

 

ANS:  T                    PTS:   1

 

14. Studies indicate that many police administrators are resistant to reducing the rank structure, consistent with a community policing philosophy.

 

ANS:  T                    PTS:   1

 

15. When police departments focus inward, they often fail to identify public needs and adequately serve the public.

 

ANS:  T                    PTS:   1

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

16. What kind of organization is fairly inflexible and characterized by hierarchy, formalization, and centralized authority?

a.	rational
b.	bureaucratic
c.	organic
d.	mechanistic

 

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1

 

17. What philosophy stresses that management is engaged in a social process that combines techniques and people to mutually benefit the organization and the employee?

a.	bureaucratic
b.	human relations
c.	rational choice
d.	organic

 

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1

 

18. Human relations theory resulted from the introduction of what development?

a.	the Hawthorne experiments in Chicago
b.	Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs theory
c.	McGregor’s X and Y theory
d.	all of these choices

 

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1

 

19. The Hawthorne experiments considered the effect of what on worker productivity?

a.	lighting patterns
b.	employee motivation
c.	management effectiveness
d.	organizational rules

 

 

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1

 

20. Which of the following are found at the TOP of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

a.	physiological needs
b.	security needs
c.	self-actualizing needs
d.	social needs

 

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1

 

21. Which of the following describes the need for belonging, love, and affection?

a.	physiological needs
b.	security needs
c.	esteem needs
d.	none of these choices

 

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1

 

22. McGregor’s Theory X postulated that:

a.	The average man is by nature indolent.
b.	The average man lacks ambition.
c.	The average man is indifferent to organizational needs.
d.	all of these choices

 

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1

 

23. Which theory implies that management must constantly control, punish, and manipulate employees?

a.	Theory X
b.	Theory Y
c.	Theory Z
d.	none of these choices

 

 

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1

 

24. According to Argyris, a mature organizational personality consists of:

a.	passivity
b.	limited behavioral options
c.	lack of self-awareness
d.	none of these choices

 

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1

 

25. When managers allow subordinates to participate in decision making and planning, particularly with regard to their own responsibilities and the operation of their own units, this is known as:

a.	top-down management
b.	organizational development
c.	participatory management
d.	devolution

 

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1

 

26. A long-linked technology in police work is seen when:

a.	patrol performs the preliminary investigation of a crime
b.	detectives complete the follow-up investigation
c.	evidence technicians collect evidence at the scene
d.	all of these choices

 

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1

 

27. What theory advises that organizations are embedded in an environment, and the environment places demands and pressures on the organization resulting in change in operations and structure?

a.	Theory X
b.	human relations theory
c.	contingency theory
d.	participatory theory

 

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1

 

28. What theory states that organizations change not to be more effective, but to give the appearance of effectiveness?

a.	contingency theory
b.	institutional theory
c.	rational choice theory
d.	linked technology theory

 

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1

 

29. What term describes the process whereby the organization replenishes itself or stores energy or resources?

a.	entropy
b.	negative entropy
c.	feedback
d.	equifinality

 

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1

 

30. What structure exists when activities are organized around core processes?

a.	vertical structure
b.	matrix structure
c.	horizontal structure
d.	team structure

 

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1

 

COMPLETION

 

31. According to the __________ philosophy, management is engaged in a social process that combines techniques and people to mutually benefit the organization and the employee.

 

ANS:  human relations

 

PTS:   1

 

32. According to Maslow, __________ needs include the need for belonging.

 

ANS:  social

 

PTS:   1

 

33. McGregor’s Theory __________ views man as by nature indolent.

 

ANS:  X

 

PTS:   1

 

34. __________ management allows subordinates to participate in decision making.

 

ANS:  Participatory

 

PTS:   1

 

35. __________ theory advises that organizations are embedded in an environment, and the environment places demands and pressures on the organization.

 

ANS:  Contingency

 

PTS:   1

 

36. __________ theory states that organizations change not to be more effective, but to give the appearance of effectiveness.

 

ANS:  Institutional

 

PTS:   1

 

37. According to the open systems perspective, __________ are the various services a police department provides to the community.

 

ANS:  outputs

 

PTS:   1

 

38. __________ is a process whereby the organization replenishes itself or stores energy or resources.

 

ANS:  Negative entropy

 

PTS:   1

 

39. __________ is the process whereby the organization monitors the environment to gather information about environmental needs and the organization’s performance.

 

ANS:  Feedback

 

PTS:   1

 

40. __________ refers to the ability to reach a final state by a variety of paths.

 

ANS:  Equifinality

 

PTS:   1

 

41. __________ [not the acronym] is a management orientation that ensures that the organization and its members are committed to continuous improvement and to completely meeting customer needs.

 

ANS:  Total quality management (TQM is not sufficient)

 

PTS:   1

 

42. __________ refers to the fact that police organizations must focus on the important rather than the mundane.

 

ANS:  Counting

 

PTS:   1

 

43. As a management philosophy, total quality management is a vehicle for implementing __________ policing.

 

ANS:  community

 

PTS:   1

 

44. The __________ structure is the structure used by police departments that are traditionally organized.

 

ANS:  vertical

 

PTS:   1

 

45. Organizations that use __________ structures extensively use permanent and temporary teams to solve problems and deliver services.

 

ANS:  team

 

PTS:   1

 

ESSAY

 

46. What developments prompted the genesis of human relations theory?

 

ANS:

Human relations theory developed, to a large extent, as a result of the dissatisfaction with classical management concepts. Human relations theory resulted from the introduction of three theoretical perspectives: the Hawthorne experiments in Chicago, Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs theory of motivation, and Douglas McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y. This triad of theories serves as the foundation for incorporating people into administrative structures, and other human relations theories build on these three theories.

 

PTS:   1

 

47. Summarize Maslow’s contribution.

 

ANS:

Maslow attempted to describe how people were motivated. Previously, it was assumed that money was the primary, if not the only, source of motivation. Maslow accurately pointed out that there are a number of sources of motivation. He identified and described a hierarchy of five levels of employee needs; in order, from the most basic to the most complex, these needs are physiological, security, social, esteem, and self-actualization. Maslow postulated that as one level of need was satisfied, it was no longer a motivator, and managers had to find other ways of motivating employees.

 

PTS:   1

 

48. Explain participatory management.

 

ANS:

Participatory management is a management form that in a general sense entails allowing subordinates to participate in decision making and planning, particularly with regard to their own responsibilities and the operation of their own units. It focuses on the operation of each unit within the overall department. Participation is usually encouraged in matters that affect the officer’s job performance. For example, participatory management for a patrol shift would occur when patrol commanders actively seek and utilize information from subordinates about problems and priorities. The commanders meet with their sergeants and officers to obtain information and identify problems and solutions. If changes can be instituted at that level, they are made. If changes cannot be made at that level, the commander may take the problem and suggested solutions to a higher level, a major or assistant chief. Officers would not directly participate at higher levels in the department but would provide some input to these levels since their immediate commanders would advocate their concerns and ideas.

 

PTS:   1

 

49. How is systems theory related to contingency theory?

 

ANS:

The systems approach represents an elaboration or expansion of contingency theory. Basically, systems consist of a set of interrelated parts or components that work together to achieve a set of overall objectives. Systems theory emphasizes or concentrates on the parts, not the whole. The whole organization is of little consequence since it merely is a sum of the various parts. Thus the classicists and human relationists erred when they concentrated on the implementation of an overarching philosophy. A more accurate way of examining organizations is to study what is occurring within and across the various components.

 

PTS:   1

 

50. Summarize the characteristics of an open system and define one of them in detail.

 

ANS:

An open system consists of nine common characteristics:  (1) environmental awareness and importation of energy and resources, (2) conversion of energy into goods and services, (3) outputs, (4) cyclical character of processes, (5) negative entropy, (6) feedback, (7) functional steady state or dynamic homeostasis, (8) movement toward growth and expansion, and (9) equifinality.

 

Equifinality basically refers to the ability to reach a final state by a variety of paths. Equifinality means that there are different ways of doing the same job, and the organization must find the “best” path when constructing an activity. It is akin to problem solving where officers attempt to determine the best practice to deal with some problem in a beat area. Equifinality is concerned with efficiency and effectiveness.

 

PTS:   1