Principles of Neuropsychology 2nd Edition By Eric A. Zillmer - Test Bank

Principles of Neuropsychology 2nd Edition By Eric A. Zillmer – Test Bank

 

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Chapter 5–Functional Neuroanatomy

Student: ___________________________________________________________________________

1. The neural tube forms with the rising, folding, and fusing of ____________________ tissue.
   ________________________________________

 

2. The ____________________ of the brain arise(s) from the cavity of the neural tube.
   ________________________________________

 

3. ____________________ is the process of forming and closing of the neural tube.
   ________________________________________

 

4. ____________________ involves the elimination of dendrites and neurons.
   ________________________________________

 

5. ____________________ refers to the development of the cortex.
   ________________________________________

 

6. In the sagittal plane, the brain is viewed from ____________________.
   ________________________________________

 

7. The peripheral nervous system consists of the somatic nervous system and the ____________________ nervous system.
   ________________________________________

 

8. The three meninges of the brain are the pia mater, dura mater, and ____________________ .
   ________________________________________

 

9. ____________________ is a term for brain matter below the cortex.
   ________________________________________

 

10. The ____________________ are cauliflower-like projections that serve as pathways for the re-entry of CSF into the blood stream.
    ________________________________________

 

11. The two vertebral arteries join together at the brainstem to form the ____________________ artery.
    ________________________________________

 

12. The clinical signs of ____________________ include walking difficulties and postural imbalance, dementia and urinary incontinence.
    ________________________________________

 

13. Ten of the twelve cranial nerves originate in the ____________________.
    ________________________________________

 

14. The reticular activating system constitutes Unit ____________________ of Luria’s conceptualization of the brain.
    ________________________________________

 

15. Damage to the basal ganglia can impair cognitive functions often associated with the frontal lobes.
    True    False

 

16. The spider-web-like meninge that contains the cerebrospinal fluid is the arachnoid membrane.
    True    False

 

17. The hypothalamus is involved in the regulation of endocrine activity of the pituitary gland.
    True    False

 

18. The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body to respond to a stressful event.
    True    False

 

19. The somatic nervous system is comprised of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
    True    False

 

20. The basal ganglia is considered to be part of the pyramidal motor system.
    True    False

 

21. A central function of the inferior colliculi is the automatic orientation to sound.
    True    False

 

22. Antipsychotic medications are NOT associated with the development of tardive dyskinesia.
    True    False

 

23. The de-myelination of the brain’s white matter is termed decussation.
    True    False

 

24. The reticular activating system is the starting point for the brain’s analysis of information.
    True    False

 

25. The cerebellum is involved in the support of motor and cognitive functions.
    True    False

 

26. The hippocampus formation of the limbic system has been associated with memory acquisition.
    True    False

 

27. Blockage of the carotid arteries most often results in a stroke affecting the anterior cerebral artery.
    True    False

 

28. The average adult brain size is approximately 1000 to 1500 cubic centimeters and 1500 grams.
    True    False

 

29. Parasympathetic is to rest and digest as sympathetic is to fight or flight.
    True    False

 

30. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the:
    A. ventricles.
    B. tegmentum.
    C. dura mater.
    D. choroid plexus.

 

31. The reticular formation plays a major role in:
    A. coordination, balance, and gait.
    B. expression of emotional behavior.
    C. sleep and wakefulness.
    D. memory acquisition.

 

32. The reticular activating system is closely associated with all of the following except:
    A. selective attention.
    B. motor control.
    C. wakefulness.
    D. coma.

 

33. Which of the following is not a component of the basal ganglia?
    A. substantia nigra
    B. caudate nucleus
    C. globus pallidus
    D. amygdala

 

34. From outermost to innermost, the order of the meninges is as follows:
    A. pia, dura, arachnoid.
    B. dura, pia, arachnoid.
    C. dura, arachnoid, pia.
    D. arachnoid, dura, pia.

 

35. Rostral is to caudal as:
    A. medial is to lateral.
    B. anterior is to posterior.
    C. dorsal is to ventral.
    D. inferior is to superior.

 

36. In general, a patient may be considered to have abnormally high intracranial pressure (ICP) when his or her pressure reaches:
    A. > 5 Torr.
    B. > 10 Torr.
    C. > 15 Torr.
    D. > 20 Torr.

 

37. The basal ganglia are also referred to as:
    A. the basal nuclei.
    B. the basal forebrain.
    C. the subcortical aspect.
    D. the pallidus ganglia.

 

38. Which of the following is not an anatomical structure of the extrapyramidal motor system?
    A. red nucleus
    B. locus ceruleus
    C. substantia nigra
    D. cerebellum

 

39. Which of the following is not considered a structure of the limbic system?
    A. thalamus
    B. amygdala
    C. fornix
    D. cingulate gyrus

 

40. Which of the following structures is believed to be primarily responsible for integrating and organizing autonomic processes related to the emotional expression of behavior?
    A. thalamus
    B. hypothalamus
    C. mamillary bodies
    D. cingulate gyrus

 

41. The peripheral nervous system is comprised of:
    A. the brain and spinal cord.
    B. the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
    C. only pyramidal cells.
    D. auditory and visual systems.

 

42. Papez hypothesized that the limbic system was involved in:
    A. audition.
    B. vision.
    C. emotion.
    D. olfaction.

 

43. Which of the following is considered part of the basal ganglia?
    A. amygdala
    B. thalamus
    C. putamen
    D. hippocampus

 

44. Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?
    A. regulation of the autonomic nervous system
    B. relay of somatic sensory impressions to the cerebral cortex
    C. regulation of food intake
    D. expression of emotions

 

45. A young woman recovering from a blow to her head finds she has great difficulty maintaining her balance and coordinating her movements. Injury to what part of her brain is likely to be causing her difficulties?
    A. thalamus
    B. cerebral cortex
    C. medulla
    D. cerebellum

 

46. Which of the following allows for the transmission of information from one hemisphere to another?
    A. corpus callosum
    B. anterior commissure
    C. hippocampal commissure
    D. all of these

 

47. Mr. Sprat cannot control his appetite. All he wants to do is eat and no matter how much he eats, he still feels hungry. His weight is approaching 400 pounds and he constantly wants to eat. His physician says the problem is due to a disorder in a specific center of the brain. That brain center is most likely the:
    A. hypothalamus.
    B. thalamus.
    C. cerebral cortex.
    D. medulla.

 

48. The thalamus is best described as:
    A. the seat of executive functioning.
    B. a netlike formation.
    C. a complex relay system.
    D. the brain within the brain.

 

49. The function of cerebral spinal fluid is currently thought to be the:
    A. enhancement of higher cognitive processes.
    B. coordination of motor movements.
    C. facilitation of memory.
    D. disposal of waste products.

 

50. Valleys on the surface of the cortex are called:
    A. gyri.
    B. lesions.
    C. sulci.
    D. lobes.

 

51. To defend against an attacker, where would a blow to the head be most damaging?
    A. near the temporal bones of the skull
    B. near the sphenoid bones of the skull
    C. at the base of the skull
    D. all of these

 

52. Maria is 18 months old and has hydrocephalus. The enormous size of her skull is due to the expansion of the:
    A. foramina.
    B. fontanelles.
    C. meninges.
    D. dura mater.

 

53. The direct route of hypothalamic control of the pituitary is associated with the release of:
    A. antidiuretic hormones and oxytocin.
    B. dopamine and serotonin.
    C. corticotropin-releasing hormone.
    D. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

 

54. Which if the following is a role of meninges?
    A. enhance executive functions
    B. facilitate memory
    C. protect the brain and spinal cord
    D. improve cognition by increasing neuronal transmission

 

55. Which is one of the components of the midbrain (mesencephalon)?
    A. pons
    B. medulla oblongata
    C. tectum
    D. none of these

 

56. A person with alcoholism exhibits a severe disorder of memory. He is likely suffering from:
    A. fetal alcohol syndrome.
    B. Huntington’s disease.
    C. Wenicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
    D. none of these

 

57. The human occipital lobe achieves synaptic density comparable to that of an adult at the age of:
    A. 6-12 months.
    B. 2-4 years.
    C. 5-10 years.
    D. 18-21 years.

 

58. The neuronal sheets, or laminae, that form during corticogenesis will ultimately constitute:
    A. the neural tube.
    B. the five layers of the cerebral cortex.
    C. the seven layers of the cerebral cortex.
    D. the six layers of the cerebral cortex.

 

59. The brain region that contributes most to arousal is the:
    A. hindbrain.
    B. pons.
    C. medulla.
    D. reticular activating system.

 

60. The nervous system is divided into two parts. These are the:
    A. brain and spinal cord.
    B. peripheral and central nervous system.
    C. somatic and autonomic nervous system.
    D. jittery and anxious nervous system.

 

61. The autonomic nervous system is comprised of the:
    A. brain and spinal cord.
    B. sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
    C. cranial nerves.
    D. cerebellum.

 

62. The central nervous system is protected by:
    A. the skull.
    B. cerebrospinal fluid.
    C. meninges.
    D. all of these

 

63. How many levels of the spinal cord are there?
    A. 10
    B. 16
    C. 21
    D. 30

 

64. What is the term for the openings in the base of the skull which provide passage for nerves and blood vessels?
    A. foramina
    B. fossae
    C. meninges
    D. fontanelles

 

65. What is the term for the openings between the bony plates in newborn skulls, which allow for the increasing size of the developing brain?
    A. fossae
    B. foramina
    C. fontanelles
    D. meninges

 

66. Which of the following is true of cerebrospinal fluid?
    A. Cerebrospinal fluid is secreted by the pia mater.
    B. Cerebrospinal fluid circulates only through the ventricles.
    C. Approximately 900 ml of cerebrospinal fluid is produced by adults each day.
    D. Cerebrospinal fluid is re-circulated every 6-7 hours.

 

67. Which of the following may result from increased intracranial pressure?
    A. meningitis
    B. hydrocephalus
    C. subdural hematoma
    D. none of these

 

68. Decussation occurs in the:
    A. medulla.
    B. tegmentum.
    C. superior coliculi.
    D. midbrain.

 

69. Which of the following statements is true?
    A. The superior colliculi contain important reflex centers for auditory information.
    B. Bats have enlarged superior colliculi.
    C. The inferior colliculi contain important reflex centers for visual information.
    D. Tracts in the superior and inferior colliculi influence the movement of the neck and head in response to visual and auditory information.

 

70. The lower brainstem is implicated in:
    A. auditory processing.
    B. control of movement.
    C. arousal level.
    D. all of these.

 

71. Which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for motor movements, specifically of the shoulder and head?
    A. accessory
    B. abducens
    C. vagus
    D. oculomotor

 

72. Which of the following statements is true?
    A. The thalamus consists mostly of white matter.
    B. The thalamus has an integral role in the processing of sensory information.
    C. There are three thalamic nuclei.
    D. The thalamus is the major sensory relay for the olfactory system.

 

73. Which of the following might result following a lesion of the cerebellum?
    A. verbal memory deficits
    B. defects of visual-spatial ability
    C. impairment in balance
    D. disruption of the sleep-wake cycle

 

74. Initially the primary role of the limbic region was believed to be in:
    A. vision.
    B. tactile sensation.
    C. olfaction.
    D. emotion.

 

75. Which of the following structures is believed to be primarily responsible for the conditioning of fear?
    A. thalamus
    B. hippocampus
    C. hypothalamus
    D. amygdala

 

76. The corpus callosum is made up of:
    A. nuclei.
    B. gray matter.
    C. axons.
    D. gray junctures.

 

77. The neurons and glia of the brain are created by:
    A. Hebb cells.
    B. oligodendrocytes.
    C. astrocytes.
    D. precursor cells.

 

78. A disorder characterized by the underdevelopment of the cortical gyri in the 11^th to 13^th week of development is called:
    A. lisencephaly.
    B. spina bifida.
    C. arborencephaly.
    D. gyriencephaly.

 

79. Myelination begins in the:
    A. subcortical regions of the brain.
    B. optic nerve.
    C. spinal cord.
    D. cortical regions.

 

80. The protracted development of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is consistent with the:
    A. development of executive functions.
    B. emergence of primitive reflexes.
    C. decline of cortical functions.
    D. development of sensory processes.

 

81. The corpus callosum lies inferior to the:
    A. cerebellum.
    B. prefrontal cortex.
    C. cingulum.
    D. parietal lobe.

 

82. The pituitary gland is also termed the:
    A. interbrain
    B. hypothalamus
    C. hypophysis.
    D. hypothalamic

 

83. The first brain structure believed to specialize in coordinating motor and sensory information is the:
    A. frontal cortex.
    B. cerebellum.
    C. basal ganglia.
    D. amygdala.

 

84. The epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus comprise which brain subdivision?
    A. myelencephalon
    B. metencephalon
    C. telencephalon
    D. diencephalon

 

85. Amygdalotomies have been performed to reduce:
    A. hypersexuality.
    B. rage and aggressive reactions.
    C. thought disorders.
    D. excessive orality.

 

86. Bilateral damage to the hippocampus disrupts the patient’s ability to:
    A. learn new information.
    B. recall old information.
    C. maintain information in immediate memory.
    D. learn new information and recallold information.

 

87. The most frequent pathology affecting the hypothalamus and pituitary is:
    A. atrophy.
    B. penetrating lesion.
    C. stroke.
    D. tumor.

 

88. The two hemispheres of the brain are separated by the:
    A. longitudinal fissure.
    B. lateral fissure.
    C. anterior commissure.
    D. hippocampal commissure.

 

89. The peripheral nervous system may be divided into:
    A. somatic nervous system & sympathetic nervous system.
    B. autonomic nervous system & parasympathetic nervous system.
    C. somatic nervous system & autonomic nervous system.
    D. sympathetic nervous system & parasympathetic nervous system.

 

90. The cranial nerves are to the somatic nervous system as the sympathetic nervous system is to the:
    A. autonomic nervous system.
    B. peripheral nervous system.
    C. somatic nervous system.
    D. parasympathetic nervous system.

 

91. Name and describe the stages of anatomic neural development from conception to birth.

 

 

 

 

 

92. Name and describe the major protective structures and mechanisms of the CNS.

 

 

 

 

 

93. Describe the different divisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Highlight the unique features of the peripheral nervous system.

 

 

 

 

 

94. Describe the blood supply to the brain. List six of the major arteries of the brain, where they originate and the parts they distribute.

 

 

 

 

 

95. What are the basal ganglia? What are the regions of the basal ganglia and what functions do the basal ganglia support? What common disorders are related to basal ganglia dysfunction?

 

 

 

 

 

96. Jack is a thirty-year-old business executive who has recently begun having difficulty remaining awake in business meetings. When he is able to stay awake, he has difficulty paying attention to tasks and is easily distracted by information that is not pertinent to the task. His doctor has referred him for an MRI, suspecting a brain tumor. What areas of the brain would you hypothesize to be producing his symptoms, and why?

 

 

 

 

 

97. List the structures of the limbic system and its role in human behavior.

 

 

 

 

 

98. Describe the difference between the terms ‘cortical’ and ‘subcortical’. Include in your answer why these terms are used and what brain structures are located within each.

 

 

 

 

 

99. There is evidence that individuals who have been born without a cerebellum can function normally. Explain the functions of the cerebellum and how it is possible for these individuals to function in a normal manner.

 

 

 

 

 

100. Name the major meningeal membranes and meningeal spaces of the brain and describe their importance to the functioning of the brain.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chapter 5–Functional Neuroanatomy Key

1. The neural tube forms with the rising, folding, and fusing of ____________________ tissue.
   ectodermal

 

2. The ____________________ of the brain arise(s) from the cavity of the neural tube.
   ventricles or ventricular system

 

3. ____________________ is the process of forming and closing of the neural tube.
   Neurulation

 

4. ____________________ involves the elimination of dendrites and neurons.
   Pruning

 

5. ____________________ refers to the development of the cortex.
   Corticogenesis

 

6. In the sagittal plane, the brain is viewed from ____________________.
   the side

 

7. The peripheral nervous system consists of the somatic nervous system and the ____________________ nervous system.
   autonomic

 

8. The three meninges of the brain are the pia mater, dura mater, and ____________________ .
   arachnoid membrane

 

9. ____________________ is a term for brain matter below the cortex.
   Subcortical

 

10. The ____________________ are cauliflower-like projections that serve as pathways for the re-entry of CSF into the blood stream.
    arachnoid villi

 

11. The two vertebral arteries join together at the brainstem to form the ____________________ artery.
    basilar

 

12. The clinical signs of ____________________ include walking difficulties and postural imbalance, dementia and urinary incontinence.
    normal-pressure hydrocephalus

 

13. Ten of the twelve cranial nerves originate in the ____________________.
    brainstem

 

14. The reticular activating system constitutes Unit ____________________ of Luria’s conceptualization of the brain.
    1

 

15. Damage to the basal ganglia can impair cognitive functions often associated with the frontal lobes.
    TRUE

 

16. The spider-web-like meninge that contains the cerebrospinal fluid is the arachnoid membrane.
    TRUE

 

17. The hypothalamus is involved in the regulation of endocrine activity of the pituitary gland.
    TRUE

 

18. The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body to respond to a stressful event.
    FALSE

 

19. The somatic nervous system is comprised of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
    FALSE

 

20. The basal ganglia is considered to be part of the pyramidal motor system.
    FALSE

 

21. A central function of the inferior colliculi is the automatic orientation to sound.
    TRUE

 

22. Antipsychotic medications are NOT associated with the development of tardive dyskinesia.
    FALSE

 

23. The de-myelination of the brain’s white matter is termed decussation.
    FALSE

 

24. The reticular activating system is the starting point for the brain’s analysis of information.
    TRUE

 

25. The cerebellum is involved in the support of motor and cognitive functions.
    TRUE

 

26. The hippocampus formation of the limbic system has been associated with memory acquisition.
    TRUE

 

27. Blockage of the carotid arteries most often results in a stroke affecting the anterior cerebral artery.
    FALSE

 

28. The average adult brain size is approximately 1000 to 1500 cubic centimeters and 1500 grams.
    TRUE

 

29. Parasympathetic is to rest and digest as sympathetic is to fight or flight.
    TRUE

 

30. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the:
    A.ventricles.
    B. tegmentum.
    C. dura mater.
    D. choroid plexus.

 

31. The reticular formation plays a major role in:
    A.coordination, balance, and gait.
    B. expression of emotional behavior.
    C. sleep and wakefulness.
    D. memory acquisition.

 

32. The reticular activating system is closely associated with all of the following except:
    A.selective attention.
    B. motor control.
    C. wakefulness.
    D. coma.

 

33. Which of the following is not a component of the basal ganglia?
    A.substantia nigra
    B. caudate nucleus
    C. globus pallidus
    D. amygdala

 

34. From outermost to innermost, the order of the meninges is as follows:
    A.pia, dura, arachnoid.
    B. dura, pia, arachnoid.
    C. dura, arachnoid, pia.
    D. arachnoid, dura, pia.

 

35. Rostral is to caudal as:
    A.medial is to lateral.
    B. anterior is to posterior.
    C. dorsal is to ventral.
    D. inferior is to superior.

 

36. In general, a patient may be considered to have abnormally high intracranial pressure (ICP) when his or her pressure reaches:
    A.> 5 Torr.
    B. > 10 Torr.
    C. > 15 Torr.
    D. > 20 Torr.

 

37. The basal ganglia are also referred to as:
    A.the basal nuclei.
    B. the basal forebrain.
    C. the subcortical aspect.
    D. the pallidus ganglia.

 

38. Which of the following is not an anatomical structure of the extrapyramidal motor system?
    A.red nucleus
    B. locus ceruleus
    C. substantia nigra
    D. cerebellum

 

39. Which of the following is not considered a structure of the limbic system?
    A.thalamus
    B. amygdala
    C. fornix
    D. cingulate gyrus

 

40. Which of the following structures is believed to be primarily responsible for integrating and organizing autonomic processes related to the emotional expression of behavior?
    A.thalamus
    B. hypothalamus
    C. mamillary bodies
    D. cingulate gyrus

 

41. The peripheral nervous system is comprised of:
    A.the brain and spinal cord.
    B. the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
    C. only pyramidal cells.
    D. auditory and visual systems.

 

42. Papez hypothesized that the limbic system was involved in:
    A.audition.
    B. vision.
    C. emotion.
    D. olfaction.

 

43. Which of the following is considered part of the basal ganglia?
    A.amygdala
    B. thalamus
    C. putamen
    D. hippocampus

 

44. Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?
    A.regulation of the autonomic nervous system
    B. relay of somatic sensory impressions to the cerebral cortex
    C. regulation of food intake
    D. expression of emotions

 

45. A young woman recovering from a blow to her head finds she has great difficulty maintaining her balance and coordinating her movements. Injury to what part of her brain is likely to be causing her difficulties?
    A.thalamus
    B. cerebral cortex
    C. medulla
    D. cerebellum

 

46. Which of the following allows for the transmission of information from one hemisphere to another?
    A.corpus callosum
    B. anterior commissure
    C. hippocampal commissure
    D. all of these

 

47. Mr. Sprat cannot control his appetite. All he wants to do is eat and no matter how much he eats, he still feels hungry. His weight is approaching 400 pounds and he constantly wants to eat. His physician says the problem is due to a disorder in a specific center of the brain. That brain center is most likely the:
    A.hypothalamus.
    B. thalamus.
    C. cerebral cortex.
    D. medulla.

 

48. The thalamus is best described as:
    A.the seat of executive functioning.
    B. a netlike formation.
    C. a complex relay system.
    D. the brain within the brain.

 

49. The function of cerebral spinal fluid is currently thought to be the:
    A.enhancement of higher cognitive processes.
    B. coordination of motor movements.
    C. facilitation of memory.
    D. disposal of waste products.

 

50. Valleys on the surface of the cortex are called:
    A.gyri.
    B. lesions.
    C. sulci.
    D. lobes.

 

51. To defend against an attacker, where would a blow to the head be most damaging?
    A.near the temporal bones of the skull
    B. near the sphenoid bones of the skull
    C. at the base of the skull
    D. all of these

 

52. Maria is 18 months old and has hydrocephalus. The enormous size of her skull is due to the expansion of the:
    A.foramina.
    B. fontanelles.
    C. meninges.
    D. dura mater.

 

53. The direct route of hypothalamic control of the pituitary is associated with the release of:
    A.antidiuretic hormones and oxytocin.
    B. dopamine and serotonin.
    C. corticotropin-releasing hormone.
    D. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

 

54. Which if the following is a role of meninges?
    A.enhance executive functions
    B. facilitate memory
    C. protect the brain and spinal cord
    D. improve cognition by increasing neuronal transmission

 

55. Which is one of the components of the midbrain (mesencephalon)?
    A.pons
    B. medulla oblongata
    C. tectum
    D. none of these

 

56. A person with alcoholism exhibits a severe disorder of memory. He is likely suffering from:
    A.fetal alcohol syndrome.
    B. Huntington’s disease.
    C. Wenicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
    D. none of these

 

57. The human occipital lobe achieves synaptic density comparable to that of an adult at the age of:
    A.6-12 months.
    B. 2-4 years.
    C. 5-10 years.
    D. 18-21 years.

 

58. The neuronal sheets, or laminae, that form during corticogenesis will ultimately constitute:
    A.the neural tube.
    B. the five layers of the cerebral cortex.
    C. the seven layers of the cerebral cortex.
    D. the six layers of the cerebral cortex.

 

59. The brain region that contributes most to arousal is the:
    A.hindbrain.
    B. pons.
    C. medulla.
    D. reticular activating system.

 

60. The nervous system is divided into two parts. These are the:
    A.brain and spinal cord.
    B. peripheral and central nervous system.
    C. somatic and autonomic nervous system.
    D. jittery and anxious nervous system.

 

61. The autonomic nervous system is comprised of the:
    A.brain and spinal cord.
    B. sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
    C. cranial nerves.
    D. cerebellum.

 

62. The central nervous system is protected by:
    A.the skull.
    B. cerebrospinal fluid.
    C. meninges.
    D. all of these

 

63. How many levels of the spinal cord are there?
    A.10
    B. 16
    C. 21
    D. 30

 

64. What is the term for the openings in the base of the skull which provide passage for nerves and blood vessels?
    A.foramina
    B. fossae
    C. meninges
    D. fontanelles

 

65. What is the term for the openings between the bony plates in newborn skulls, which allow for the increasing size of the developing brain?
    A.fossae
    B. foramina
    C. fontanelles
    D. meninges

 

66. Which of the following is true of cerebrospinal fluid?
    A.Cerebrospinal fluid is secreted by the pia mater.
    B. Cerebrospinal fluid circulates only through the ventricles.
    C. Approximately 900 ml of cerebrospinal fluid is produced by adults each day.
    D. Cerebrospinal fluid is re-circulated every 6-7 hours.

 

67. Which of the following may result from increased intracranial pressure?
    A.meningitis
    B. hydrocephalus
    C. subdural hematoma
    D. none of these

 

68. Decussation occurs in the:
    A.medulla.
    B. tegmentum.
    C. superior coliculi.
    D. midbrain.

 

69. Which of the following statements is true?
    A.The superior colliculi contain important reflex centers for auditory information.
    B. Bats have enlarged superior colliculi.
    C. The inferior colliculi contain important reflex centers for visual information.
    D. Tracts in the superior and inferior colliculi influence the movement of the neck and head in response to visual and auditory information.

 

70. The lower brainstem is implicated in:
    A.auditory processing.
    B. control of movement.
    C. arousal level.
    D. all of these.

 

71. Which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for motor movements, specifically of the shoulder and head?
    A.accessory
    B. abducens
    C. vagus
    D. oculomotor

 

72. Which of the following statements is true?
    A.The thalamus consists mostly of white matter.
    B. The thalamus has an integral role in the processing of sensory information.
    C. There are three thalamic nuclei.
    D. The thalamus is the major sensory relay for the olfactory system.

 

73. Which of the following might result following a lesion of the cerebellum?
    A.verbal memory deficits
    B. defects of visual-spatial ability
    C. impairment in balance
    D. disruption of the sleep-wake cycle

 

74. Initially the primary role of the limbic region was believed to be in:
    A.vision.
    B. tactile sensation.
    C. olfaction.
    D. emotion.

 

75. Which of the following structures is believed to be primarily responsible for the conditioning of fear?
    A.thalamus
    B. hippocampus
    C. hypothalamus
    D. amygdala

 

76. The corpus callosum is made up of:
    A.nuclei.
    B. gray matter.
    C. axons.
    D. gray junctures.

 

77. The neurons and glia of the brain are created by:
    A.Hebb cells.
    B. oligodendrocytes.
    C. astrocytes.
    D. precursor cells.

 

78. A disorder characterized by the underdevelopment of the cortical gyri in the 11^th to 13^th week of development is called:
    A.lisencephaly.
    B. spina bifida.
    C. arborencephaly.
    D. gyriencephaly.

 

79. Myelination begins in the:
    A.subcortical regions of the brain.
    B. optic nerve.
    C. spinal cord.
    D. cortical regions.

 

80. The protracted development of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is consistent with the:
    A.development of executive functions.
    B. emergence of primitive reflexes.
    C. decline of cortical functions.
    D. development of sensory processes.

 

81. The corpus callosum lies inferior to the:
    A.cerebellum.
    B. prefrontal cortex.
    C. cingulum.
    D. parietal lobe.

 

82. The pituitary gland is also termed the:
    A.interbrain
    B. hypothalamus
    C. hypophysis.
    D. hypothalamic

 

83. The first brain structure believed to specialize in coordinating motor and sensory information is the:
    A.frontal cortex.
    B. cerebellum.
    C. basal ganglia.
    D. amygdala.

 

84. The epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus comprise which brain subdivision?
    A.myelencephalon
    B. metencephalon
    C. telencephalon
    D. diencephalon

 

85. Amygdalotomies have been performed to reduce:
    A.hypersexuality.
    B. rage and aggressive reactions.
    C. thought disorders.
    D. excessive orality.

 

86. Bilateral damage to the hippocampus disrupts the patient’s ability to:
    A.learn new information.
    B. recall old information.
    C. maintain information in immediate memory.
    D. learn new information and recallold information.

 

87. The most frequent pathology affecting the hypothalamus and pituitary is:
    A.atrophy.
    B. penetrating lesion.
    C. stroke.
    D. tumor.

 

88. The two hemispheres of the brain are separated by the:
    A.longitudinal fissure.
    B. lateral fissure.
    C. anterior commissure.
    D. hippocampal commissure.

 

89. The peripheral nervous system may be divided into:
    A.somatic nervous system & sympathetic nervous system.
    B. autonomic nervous system & parasympathetic nervous system.
    C. somatic nervous system & autonomic nervous system.
    D. sympathetic nervous system & parasympathetic nervous system.

 

90. The cranial nerves are to the somatic nervous system as the sympathetic nervous system is to the:
    A.autonomic nervous system.
    B. peripheral nervous system.
    C. somatic nervous system.
    D. parasympathetic nervous system.

 

91. Name and describe the stages of anatomic neural development from conception to birth.

Answer not provided.

 

92. Name and describe the major protective structures and mechanisms of the CNS.

Answer not provided.

 

93. Describe the different divisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Highlight the unique features of the peripheral nervous system.

Answer not provided.

 

94. Describe the blood supply to the brain. List six of the major arteries of the brain, where they originate and the parts they distribute.

Answer not provided.

 

95. What are the basal ganglia? What are the regions of the basal ganglia and what functions do the basal ganglia support? What common disorders are related to basal ganglia dysfunction?

Answer not provided.

 

96. Jack is a thirty-year-old business executive who has recently begun having difficulty remaining awake in business meetings. When he is able to stay awake, he has difficulty paying attention to tasks and is easily distracted by information that is not pertinent to the task. His doctor has referred him for an MRI, suspecting a brain tumor. What areas of the brain would you hypothesize to be producing his symptoms, and why?

Answer not provided.

 

97. List the structures of the limbic system and its role in human behavior.

Answer not provided.

 

98. Describe the difference between the terms ‘cortical’ and ‘subcortical’. Include in your answer why these terms are used and what brain structures are located within each.

Answer not provided.

 

99. There is evidence that individuals who have been born without a cerebellum can function normally. Explain the functions of the cerebellum and how it is possible for these individuals to function in a normal manner.

Answer not provided.

 

100. Name the major meningeal membranes and meningeal spaces of the brain and describe their importance to the functioning of the brain.

Answer not provided.