Psychology An Exploration 3rd Edition By Saundra - Test Bank Instant Download - Complete Test Bank With Answers Sample Questions Are Posted Below Name _____________________________________________________________ Chapter 7 - Quick Quiz 1 What are mental categories representing activities, objects, qualities, or situations that share some common characteristics? a) classes c) …
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Psychology An Exploration 3rd Edition By Saundra – Test Bank
Instant Download – Complete Test Bank With Answers
Sample Questions Are Posted Below
Name _____________________________________________________________
Chapter 7 – Quick Quiz 1
variety of answers to a question?
Chapter 7 – Quick Quiz 1
Answer Key
APA=1.1)
APA=1.2)
Name _____________________________________________________________
Chapter 7 – Quick Quiz 2
Chapter 7 – Quick Quiz 2
Answer Key
7 Cognition: Thinking, Intelligence, and Language
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Learning Objective 7.1 – Define cognition and explain how mental images and concepts are involved in the process of thinking.
TB_07_01 Cognition_Understand_LO 7.1, APA 1.1
When people are asked to say how many windows they have in their dwelling, the amount of time people take to come up with the answer ________.
Incorrect. The more windows there are, the longer they take to answer.
Correct. The more windows there are, the longer it takes for them to answer, because people mentally walk through the house and count each one. Counting each mentally takes time just as it does in real life.
% correct 75 a= 18 b= 75 c= 4 d= 3 r = .39
% correct 68 a= 16 b= 68 c= 17 d= 0 r = .32
APA=1.1
TB_07_02 Cognition_Apply_LO 7.1, APA 1.1, 1.3
You ask a student to describe the path to his dorm room. The most likely way in which he will do this is to ________.
Incorrect. He is most likely to walk through a mental image of the path.
Correct. He is most likely to walk through a mental image of the path that he has in his head and describe it to you as he “moves” along it.
% correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 100 d= 0 r = .00
% correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 100 d= 0 r = .00
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_07_03 Cognition_Remember_LO 7.1, APA 1.2
In Kosslyn’s “imaginary island” study, researchers found that it does take longer to view a mental image that ________.
Correct. Researchers did find that it takes longer to view a mental image that is larger or covers more distance than one that is smaller and more compact.
Incorrect. Researchers were comparing size and distance, not numbers of items.
APA=1.2
TB_07_04 Cognition_Remember_LO 7.1, APA 1.2
Kosslyn asked subjects if frogs have lips and a stubby tail. What did the subjects report?
Correct. The subjects reported visualizing a frog, starting with the face (“no lips”) and then visualizing the frog for a second time with its backside to them.
Incorrect. The subjects reported visualizing a frog, starting with the face (“no lips”) and then visualizing the frog for a second time with its backside to them.
% correct 89 a= 89 b= 2 c= 9 d= 0 r = .43
% correct 76 a= 76 b= 14 c= 11 d= 0 r = .55
APA=1.2
TB_07_05 Cognition_Remember_LO 7.1, APA 1.1
PET scans have demonstrated that when you are creating a visual image, ________.
Correct. PET scans have demonstrated that when you are creating a visual image, the areas associated with stored knowledge send information to the visual cortex.
Incorrect. PET scans have demonstrated that when you are creating a visual image, the areas associated with stored knowledge send information to the visual cortex.
% correct 68 a= 12 b= 11 c= 68 d= 4 r = .36
% correct 75 a= 17 b= 7 c= 75 d= 2 r = .33
APA=1.1
TB_07_06 Cognition_Remember_LO 7.1, APA 1.1
Concepts are ideas that represent ________.
Correct. Concepts are defined as ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events, or activities.
Incorrect. Concepts are mental categories and do not involve behavior.
ANS: a, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=7.1 – Define cognition and explain how mental images and concepts are involved in the process of thinking.
% correct 96 a= 96 b= 0 c= 4 d= 0 r = .20
% correct 79 a= 79 b= 4 c= 4 d= 14 r = .46
APA=1.1
TB_07_07 Cognition_Remember_LO 7.1, APA 1.1
What are mental categories representing activities, objects, qualities, or situations that share some common characteristics?
Correct. Mental categories representing activities, objects, qualities, or situations that share some common characteristics are called concepts.
Incorrect. Mental categories representing activities, objects, qualities, or situations that share some common characteristics are called concepts.
% correct 75 a= 7 b= 75 c= 9 d= 9 r = .48
% correct 76 a= 2 b= 76 c= 4 d= 17 r = .43
APA=1.1
TB_07_08 Cognition_Apply_LO 7.1, APA 1.1, 1.3
Don tells Ray that he wants to get a new sports car. Ray immediately understands why because he is familiar with the common characteristics of sports cars and knows what makes them different from family cars. Ray is using mental categories called ________.
Correct. Ray is using mental categories called concepts, which are ideas that represent a category of objects or events.
Incorrect. Ray is using mental categories called concepts, which are ideas that represent a category of objects or events. “Classifications” is not a term used for this process.
% correct 82 a= 0 b= 82 c= 11 d= 8 r = .46
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_07_09 Cognition_Apply_LO 7.1, APA 1.1, 1.3
Before enrolling in an abnormal psychology course, Gary’s idea of psychological disorders had been influenced primarily by talk shows. He expected to hear the same kinds of stories he had heard on talk shows. What an eye-opening experience the course turned out to be! How would a cognitive psychologist describe the influence the course had on Gary’s idea of psychological disorders?
Incorrect. A cognitive psychologist would say that the course altered his concept of psychological disorders. Heuristics are rules of thumbs used in problem solving.
Correct. A cognitive psychologist would say that the course altered his concept of psychological disorders because of the new information presented to him.
% correct 95 a= 0 b= 2 c= 2 d= 95 r = .59
% correct 90 a= 2 b= 3 c= 5 d= 90 r = .37
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_07_10 Cognition_Remember_LO 7.1, APA 1.1
Compared to formal concepts learned in science and math, natural concepts tend to be ________.
Incorrect. Natural concepts tend to be fuzzy with unclear boundaries.
Correct. Natural concepts tend to be fuzzy with unclear boundaries.
% correct 68 a= 0 b= 27 c= 68 d= 6 r = .47
APA=1.1
TB_07_11 Cognition_Apply_LO 7.1, APA 1.1, 1.3
Which is the most likely prototype for the concept “vehicle”?
Correct. The most likely prototype for the concept “vehicle” is a car, because it is most familiar to folks today.
Incorrect. The most likely prototype for the concept “vehicle” is a car. Bicycles aren’t as commonly used as cars.
ANS: b, Apply What You Know, 1 – Easy, LO=7.1 – Define cognition and explain how mental images and concepts are involved in the process of thinking.
% correct 89 a= 3 b= 89 c= 4 d= 3 r = .20
% correct 96 a= 4 b= 96 c= 0 d= 0 r = .39
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_07_12 Cognition_Apply_LO 7.1, APA 1.1
Which example would most people take longest to identify as a fruit (even though it technically is a fruit)?
Incorrect. An orange closely matches the prototype of fruit.
Correct. Most people would take longest to identify an olive as a fruit because it has the fewest characteristics of the prototype of fruit.
ANS: d, Apply What You Know, 1 – Easy, LO=7.1 – Define cognition and explain how mental images and concepts are involved in the process of thinking.
% correct 97 a= 0 b= 3 c= 0 d= 97 r = .20
% correct 98 a= 1 b= 0 c= 1 d= 98 r = .21
APA=1.1
TB_07_13 Cognition_Understand_LO 7.1, APA 1.1
The first thing that comes to mind when asked to name an example from a category is called the ________.
Correct. A prototype refers to the most typical example of a concept.
Incorrect. Concept markers are not discussed in this chapter.
APA=1.1
Learning Objective 7.2 – Describe some methods people use to solve problems and make decisions.
TB_07_14 Cognition_Remember_LO 7.2, APA 1.1
The trial-and-error method of solving problems is also known as ________.
Incorrect. A heuristic device is a rule of thumb.
Correct. The trial-and-error method of solving problems is also known as the mechanical solution.
% correct 85 a= 9 b= 6 c= 85 d= 0 r = .23
% correct 86 a= 8 b= 3 c= 86 d= 2 r = .21
APA=1.1
TB_07_15 Cognition_Remember_LO 7.2, APA 1.1
What systematic problem-solving method guarantees a solution, provided that one exists?
Incorrect. The heuristic strategy is called a “rule of thumb” and does not guarantee a solution.
Correct. The systematic problem-solving method that guarantees a solution is the algorithmic method. For example, the Pythagorean theorem is algorithmic in a Euclidean space.
% correct 86 a= 14 b= 86 c= 0 d= 0 r = .42
% correct 90 a= 10 b= 90 c= 0 d= 0 r = .32
APA=1.1
TB_07_16 Cognition_Apply_LO 7.2, APA 1.1, 1.3
Talia is looking for her cat by methodically searching each room and then closing the door. She is using what type of problem solving strategy?
Correct. An algorithm is a set of steps that, if followed methodically, will guarantee that the correct solution to a problem will be achieved.
Incorrect. A heuristic is a rule-of-thumb strategy that does not guarantee the correct solution to a problem but offers a likely shortcut to that solution.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_07_17 Cognition_Apply_LO 7.2, APA 1.1, 1.3
Sally is enrolled in a high school geometry course, which she describes as “drawing figures and figuring drawings.” In a typical class, students draw geometric figures and use a formula to calculate an aspect of the figure, such as its area. Each time Sally uses a formula, she is making use of what psychologists call ________.
Incorrect. Sally is making use of algorithms because the geometric rules always work. Heuristics don’t guarantee a solution.
Correct. Sally is making use of algorithms because the rules will always produce a solution.
% correct 82 a= 14 b= 4 c= 82 d= 0 r = .49
% correct 92 a= 3 b= 5 c= 92 d= 0 r = .28
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_07_18 Cognition_Remember_LO 7.2, APA 1.1
What problem-solving strategies involve making educated guesses and making efficient use of time?
Correct. Heuristics don’t guarantee a solution but make efficient use of time.
Incorrect. “Cognitive shortcuts” is an appealing term, but it is not a definitional one used in the study of problem solving.
APA=1.1
TB_07_19 Cognition_Understand_LO 7.2, APA 1.1
An advantage of algorithms over heuristics is that ________.
Incorrect. Generally speaking, heuristics are faster than algorithms.
Correct. Algorithms guarantee that if a correct solution is available, it will be achieved. Heuristics make no such guarantee.
APA=1.1
TB_07_20 Cognition_Understand_LO 7.2, APA 1.1
An advantage of using a heuristic over an algorithm is ________.
Incorrect. A heuristic is a shortcut, but it does not guarantee that the correct answer to a problem will be achieved.
Correct. A heuristic is a mental shortcut, so it is often faster than an algorithm.
APA=1.1
TB_07_21 Cognition_Remember_LO 7.2, APA 1.1
In problem solving, the term rule of thumb refers to ________.
Correct. The term rule of thumb refers to heuristics.
Incorrect. The term rule of thumb refers to heuristics.
% correct 70 a= 70 b= 1 c= 4 d= 14 r = .55
% correct 89 a= 89 b= 6 c= 0 d= 4 r = .55
APA=1.1
TB_07_22 Cognition_Apply_LO 7.2, APA 1.1, 1.3
Seventy percent of the students in a classroom are women and 30 percent are men. One student is described as ambitious, athletic, and assertive. Why are most people likely to think this description refers to a male student?
Incorrect. Availability refers to whether an item is easy to remember.
Correct. They are using the representativeness heuristic because being male and being ambitious, athletic, and assertive are more typical and, thus, representative.
ANS: b, Apply What You Know, 3 – Difficult, LO=7.2 – Describe some methods people use to solve problems and make decisions.
% correct 51 a= 14 b= 51 c= 10 d= 25 r = .21
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_07_23 Cognition_Apply_LO 7.2, APA 1.1, 1.3
Frank mistakenly believes that there are more words that begin with the letter “k” than there are with the letter “k” in the third position due to the ________.
Correct. The availability heuristic is a strategy in which we judge objects or events as more likely, common, or frequent if they are easier to retrieve from memory.
Incorrect. Our tendency to search for evidence that supports our belief and to ignore evidence that might disprove it is called confirmation bias.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_07_24 Cognition_Apply_LO 7.2, APA 1.1, 1.3
Danica is working on a research paper for her graduate course in applied geology. The paper has to be at least 30 pages long. Instead of sitting down and trying to compose 30 pages, she constructs an outline and writes the paper one section at a time. In cognitive psychology, Danica is using the ________ heuristic.
Correct. Danica is taking a large problem and breaking it down into a series of smaller tasks.
Incorrect. Danica is not starting from the end and working back to the start.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_07_25 Cognition_Remember_LO 7.2, APA 1.1
A seemingly arbitrary flash “out of the blue,” through which the solution to a problem suddenly becomes apparent to you, but you do not consciously know how you “figured it out,” is called ________.
Correct. A flash of problem solving is called insight.
Incorrect. A flash of problem solving is called insight. Mental set refers to being stuck in a problem-solving mode.
ANS: c, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=7.2 – Describe some methods people use to solve problems and make decisions.
% correct 89 a= 0 b= 4 c= 89 d= 7 r = .20
% correct 100 a= 0 b=0 c= 100 d= 0 r = .00
APA=1.1
TB_07_26 Cognition_Remember_LO 7.2, APA 1.2
Köhler demonstrated “Aha!” or insight behavior with ________.
Incorrect. Kohler used chimps.
Correct. Köhler used chimpanzees.
% correct 83 a= 11 b= 4 c= 2 d= 83 r = .28
% correct 83 a= 14 b= 3 c= 0 d= 83 r = .21
APA=1.2
Learning Objective 7.3 – Identify three common barriers to successful problem solving.
TB_07_27 Cognition_Apply_LO 7.3, APA 1.1, 1.3
A loose screw on the visor causes it to drop down while Ben drives; however, he keeps forgetting to take a screwdriver out to the car to fix it. When he notices the visor drop again, he reaches into his pocket for a dime he uses to tighten the screw holding the visor. What problem-solving difficulty did Ben overcome?
Correct. Ben overcame the problem of functional fixedness.
Incorrect. Ben overcame the problem of functional fixedness.
% correct 90 a= 0 b= 90 c= 0 d= 10 r = .19
% correct 81 a= 11 b= 81 c= 2 d= 7 r = .23
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_07_28 Cognition_Apply_LO 7.3, APA 1.1, 1.3
Riley has figured out how to unlock his bedroom door with a paper clip. What has he most likely overcome in his new use of the paper clip?
Correct. Functional fixedness refers to getting mentally stuck in the idea that a particular object can only be used in a singular way.
Incorrect. The confirmation bias refers to the tendency to actively seek out information that supports our existing beliefs, while disregarding information that disconfirms our beliefs.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_07_29 Cognition_Remember_LO 7.3, APA 1.1
The tendency to perceive and approach problems in the same ways that have worked in the past is called ________.
Correct. The tendency to perceive and approach problems in certain ways is called mental set.
Incorrect. The tendency to perceive and approach problems in certain ways is called mental set.
% correct 72 a= 72 b= 4 c= 14 d= 11 r = .37
% correct 85 a= 85 b= 6 c= 0 d= 9 r = .46
APA=1.1
TB_07_30 Cognition_Apply_LO 7.3, APA 1.1, 1.3
Agatha Harkness-Smythe is determined to ban guns in the United States. This is a controversial topic and social scientists have debated whether the ownership of guns by citizens increases or decreases crime. Agatha could go to the library and look up studies on the linkage between guns and crime rates. Instead, Agatha just reads the local newspaper and only cuts out articles about robberies in which the “bad guy” used a firearm. Agatha is demonstrating ________.
Incorrect. Mental set is defined as the tendency to perceive and approach problems in the same ways that have worked in the past, which is not relevant to what Agatha is demonstrating in this example.
Correct. Agatha is demonstrating confirmation bias by concerning herself only with information that backs up, or confirms, what she already believes.
ANS: b, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=7.3 – Identify three common barriers to successful problem solving.
% correct 81 a= 7 b= 81 c= 12 d= 0 r = .37
% correct 81 a= 0 b= 81 c= 13 d= 4 r = .34
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_07_31 Cognition_Understand_LO 7.3, APA 1.1
The concept of the confirmation bias specifically assumes that we are most likely to believe ________.
Correct. Our tendency to search for evidence that supports our belief and to ignore evidence that might disprove it is called confirmation bias.
Incorrect. One of the greatest misfortunes of the confirmation bias is that one often takes leave of logic when applying this bias.
APA=1.1
TB_07_32 Cognition_Remember_LO 7.3, APA 1.1
What term do psychologists use to describe our tendency to search for evidence that supports our belief and to ignore evidence that might disprove it?
Correct. Our tendency to search for evidence that supports our belief and to ignore evidence that might disprove it is called confirmation bias.
Incorrect. Our tendency to search for evidence that supports our belief and to ignore evidence that might disprove it is called confirmation bias.
% correct 91 a= 91 b= 2 c= 4 d= 4 r = .41
% correct 93 a= 93 b= 2 c= 4 d= 0 r = .31
APA=1.1
Learning Objective 7.4 – Define creativity and identify some characteristics of divergent thinking.
TB_07_33 Cognition_Remember_LO 7.4, APA 1.1
The ability to solve problems by combining behaviors and ideas in new ways is called ________.
Correct. The ability to produce solutions to problems that are unusual, inventive, novel, and appropriate is called creativity.
Incorrect. The ability to produce solutions to problems that are unusual, inventive, novel, and appropriate is called creativity. Insight is a rapid solution to a problem.
% correct 89 a= 89 b= 3 c= 4 d= 4 r = .34
APA=1.1
TB_07_34 Cognition_Understand_LO 7.4, APA 1.1
________ thinking works well for routine problem solving but may be of little use when a more creative solution is needed.
Incorrect. Divergent thinking is often the best thing to use when a more creative solution is needed.
Correct. Convergent thinking works pretty well for routine problem solving but not when a more creative solution is needed.
% correct 55 a= 22 b= 17 c= 5 d= 55 r = .44
% correct 83 a= 4 b= 0 c= 3 d= 83 r = .54
APA=1.1
TB_07_35 Cognition_Remember_LO 7.4, APA 1.1, 1.3
A person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point. The person is engaging in ________.
Incorrect. Convergent thinking occurs when problems are seen as having only one correct answer.
Correct. The person is engaging in divergent thinking as the solutions spread out from a starting point.
% correct 89 a= 2 b= 4 c= 4 d= 89 r = .35
% correct 93 a= 2 b= 2 c= 3 d= 93 r = .22
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_07_36 Cognition_Remember_LO 7.4, APA 1.1
What type of thinking could be described as taking different directions in search of a variety of answers to a question?
Incorrect. Convergent thinking occurs when problems are seen as having only one correct answer. All lines of thinking converge on that one answer.
Correct. Divergent thinking involves taking different directions in search of a variety of answers to a question.
% correct 97 a= 3 b= 0 c= 0 d= 97 r = .39
% correct 82 a= 0 b= 11 c= 6 d= 82 r = .39
APA=1.1
TB_07_37 Cognition_Apply_LO 7.4, APA 1.1
A person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point. The person is engaging in ________.
Incorrect. Convergent thinking occurs when problems are seen as having only one correct answer.
Correct. The person is engaging in divergent thinking as the solutions spread out from a starting point.
APA=1.1
TB_07_38 Cognition_Apply_LO 7.4, APA 1.1, 1.3
Coming up with as many different uses of a brick as possible, such as using them for doorstops, is a type of ________ thinking.
Correct. Divergent thinking occurs when you come at a problem from a number of different angles. It often results in several answers to a single question.
Incorrect. Convergent thinking occurs when you narrow from the many options down to a single answer to a question.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_07_39 Cognition_Apply_LO 7.4, APA 1.1
Which of the following questions would be more likely to produce divergent thinking?
Correct. “How many uses can you think of for a stapler?” will produce more divergent thinking because there are many possible answers.
Incorrect. “How many uses can you think of for a stapler?” will produce more divergent thinking.
% correct 91 a= 2 b= 0 c= 91 d= 7 r = .20
APA=1.1
TB_07_40 Cognition_Understand_LO 7.4, APA 1.1
Which type of thinking is most closely related to creativity?
Correct. Divergent thinking is most closely related to creativity.
Incorrect. Convergent thinking occurs when problems are seen as having only one correct answer. All lines of thinking converge on that one answer.
% correct 82 a= 0 b= 82 c= 16 d= 3 r = .36
% correct 79 a= 11 b= 79 c= 9 d= 2 r = .32
APA=1.1
TB_07_41 Cognition_Apply_LO 7.4, APA 1.1, 1.3
A company puts together a team to solve the problem of a product’s declining sales. One member of the group suggests that the team members generate as many ideas as they can in a short period of time without being critical of any particular idea. This technique of stimulating divergent thinking is called ________.
Correct. The technique of generating as many ideas as possible in a short period of time without being critical of any of them is called brainstorming.
Incorrect. Free writing is a literary technique to get someone started in writing an essay.
% correct 96 a= 96 b= 0 c= 2 d= 2 r = .29
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_07_42 Cognition_Remember_LO 7.4, APA 1.1
The divergent thinking technique of starting with a central idea and drawing a “map” with lines from the center to other related ideas and then forming a mental image of the concepts and their connections is known as ________.
Incorrect. Brainstorming is a technique that involves generating as many ideas as possible in a short period of time without being critical of any of them.
Correct. The technique of starting with a central idea and drawing a “map” with lines from the center to other related ideas and then forming a mental image of the concepts and their connections is known as mind or subject mapping.
% correct 68 a= 32 b= 0 c= 0 d= 68 r = .30
% correct 70 a= 27 b= 0 c= 3 d= 70 r = .29
APA=1.1
TB_07_43 Cognition_Remember_LO 7.4, APA 1.1
The divergent thinking technique of writing down everything that comes to mind about a topic without revising or proofreading until all of the information is recorded, and then organizing it later, is known as ________.
Incorrect. Brainstorming is a technique that involves generating as many ideas as possible in a short period of time without being critical of any of them.
Correct. The technique of writing down everything that comes to mind about a topic without revising or proofreading until all of the information is recorded, and then organizing it later, is known as freewriting.
% correct 61 a= 12 b= 0 c= 21 d= 61 r = .37
APA=1.1
TB_07_44 Cognition_Understand_LO 7.4, APA 1.1, 1.3
Which is NOT a characteristic of creative people?
Correct. This is not mentioned in the text as a characteristic of creative people.
Incorrect. They do value their independence.
% correct 92 a= 0 b= 92 c= 5 d= 3 r = .21
APA=1.1, 1.3
Learning Objective 7.5 – Compare and contrast different theories on the nature of intelligence.
TB_07_45 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.5, APA 1.1
The ability to learn from one’s experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges or problems is the psychologist’s working definition of ________.
Incorrect. Creative thinking is a term that encompasses many types of problem solving.
Correct. The ability to think rationally or logically, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges or problems, is a psychologist’s working definition of intelligence.
APA=1.1
TB_07_46 Intelligence_Understand_LO 7.5, APA 1.1
Researchers typically stress that a key aspect of intelligence is ________.
Incorrect. If this ridiculous answer were correct, then only men would have intelligence. Certainly some of you reading this question would know that that is not a correct statement. If you believe it is a correct statement, you are probably a man.
Correct. Our ability to adapt to changes in our environments is a crucial aspect of intelligence.
ANS: c, Understand the Concepts, 2 – Moderate, LO=7.5 – Compare and contrast different theories on the nature of intelligence
APA=1.1
TB_07_47 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.5, APA 1.2
Charles Spearman believed that intelligence is composed of ________.
Incorrect. Charles Spearman believed that intelligence is composed of general intelligence and specific abilities.
Correct. Charles Spearman believed that intelligence is composed of general intelligence and specific intelligence.
% correct 47 a= 32 b= 8 c= 47 d= 13 r = .33
% correct 49 a= 11 b= 0 c= 49 d=40 r = .47
APA=1.2
TB_07_48 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.5, APA 1.2
Which of these is one of Howard Gardner’s multiple intelligences?
Incorrect. Creative intelligence is not one of Gardner’s intelligences.
Correct. Naturalistic intelligence is one of Gardner’s intelligences.
% correct 60 a= 9 b= 3 c= 29 d= 60 r = .48
APA=1.2
TB_07_49 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.5, APA 1.2
Gardner and his associates are known for proposing ________.
Incorrect. Sternberg proposed the triarchic theory of intelligence.
Correct. Gardner and his associates are known for proposing the theory of multiple intelligences.
% correct 76 a= 11 b= 5 c= 76 d= 8 r = .39
% correct 73 a= 6 b= 9 c= 73 d= 12 r = .38
APA=1.2
TB_07_50 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.5, APA 1.2
Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences divides intelligence into ________ independent abilities.
Incorrect. Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences divides intelligence into nine independent abilities.
Correct. Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences divides intelligence into nine independent abilities.
% correct 92 a= 3 b= 0 c= 4 d= 92 r = .34
% correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 0 d= 100 r = .00
APA=1.2
TB_07_51 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.5, APA 1.2
A theory of intelligence with nine components was postulated by ________.
Correct. A theory of intelligence with nine components was postulated by Gardner.
Incorrect. Sternberg postulated a three-part theory of intelligence.
APA=1.2
TB_07_52 Intelligence_Understand_LO 7.5, APA 1.2
Criticisms of Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences include ________.
Incorrect. You would be hard-pressed to find a single theory in all of psychology that presents no concerns of any kind.
Correct. Some suggest that Gardner’s theory does not refer to concepts that should truly be considered intelligences.
APA=1.2
TB_07_53 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.5, APA 1.2
What three types of intelligence constitute Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence?
Correct. Analytical, creative, and practical are Sternberg’s three types of intelligence.
Incorrect. Analytical, creative, and practical are Sternberg’s three types of intelligence.
% correct 83 a= 2 b= 1 c= 83 d= 14 r = .54
% correct 93 a= 0 b= 1 c= 93 d= 6 r = .34
APA=1.2
TB_07_54 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.5, APA 1.2
Which of the following is NOT one of the three areas of intelligence described by Sternberg?
Incorrect. Sternberg did consider analytical intelligence to be one of the three areas of intelligence.
Correct. Exponential intelligence is not a term used by Sternberg.
% correct 66 a= 2 b= 66 c= 12 d= 19 r = .33
APA=1.2
TB_07_55 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.5, APA 1.2
According to Robert Sternberg, ________ is best described as “street smarts,” or the ability to use information to get along in life. People who have it know how to be tactful, how to manipulate situations to their advantage, and how to use inside information to increase their odds of success.
Incorrect. Creative intelligence is the ability to deal with new and different concepts and come up with new ways of solving problems.
Correct. Practical intelligence is best described as “street smarts,” or the ability to use information to get along in life.
% correct 80 a= 7 b= 4 c= 80 d= 9 r = .32
APA=1.2
Learning Objective 7.6 – Compare and contrast some methods of measuring intelligence and identify ways to evaluate the quality of a test
TB_07_56 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.6, APA 1.1
Measuring intelligence by testing is a rather new concept in the history of the world. The idea of such testing came from ________.
Correct. The idea of such testing came from France.
Incorrect. The idea of such testing came from France.
% correct 91 a= 91 b= 3 c=3 d= 2 r = .41
% correct 86 a= 86 b= 7 c= 4 d= 3 r = .45
APA=1.1
TB_07_57 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.6, APA 1.1
People began measuring intelligence through tests roughly________ years ago.
Correct. Intelligence testing is roughly 100 years old.
Incorrect. Intelligence testing is roughly 100 years old.
% correct 67 a= 15 b= 67 c= 15 d= 2 r = .22
APA=1.1
TB_07_58 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.6, APA 1.2
Alfred Binet designed the first ________ test.
Incorrect. Alfred Binet designed the first intelligence test.
Correct. Alfred Binet designed the first intelligence test.
% correct 93 a= 2 b= 5 c= 1 d= 93 r = .22
% correct 95 a= 0 b=5 c= 0 d= 95 r = .19
APA=1.2
TB_07_59 Intelligence_Understand_LO 7.6, APA 1.2
Binet and Simon considered children relatively slow if their mental age ________.
Correct. This was the essential theory that defines intelligence, even today.
Incorrect. Such a child would be called “precocious” or ahead of their years.
APA=1.2
TB_07_60 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.6, APA 1.2
The correct formula for determining IQ as used in Terman’s development of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test was ________.
Correct. The correct formula for determining IQ as used in Terman’s development of the Stanford-Binet Test was MA/CA × 100.
Incorrect. The correct formula for determining IQ as used in Terman’s development of the Stanford-Binet Test was MA/CA × 100.
% correct 87 a= 3 b= 87 c= 0 d= 10 r = .26
APA=1.2
TB_07_61 Intelligence_Apply_LO 7.6, APA 1.1
An 8-year-old child who scored like an average 10-year-old on an intelligence test would have a mental age of ________ and an IQ of ________.
Incorrect. The IQ is based on a mental age of 10 divided by a chronological age of 8 and multiplied by 100. This gives an IQ of 125.
Correct. The IQ is based on a mental age of 10 divided by a chronological age of 8 and multiplied by 100. This gives an IQ of 125.
ANS: d, Apply What You Know, 3 – Difficult, LO 7.6 – Compare and contrast some methods of measuring intelligence and identify ways to evaluate the quality of a test
% correct 62 a= 22 b= 7 c= 8 d= 62 r = .30
APA=1.1
TB_07_62 Intelligence_Apply_LO 7.6, APA 1.1
Suppose Maria’s mental age is 20 and her chronological age is 10. What is her IQ?
Incorrect. The correct application of Stern’s IQ formula could not lead to an IQ of 80 for Maria.
Correct. MA/CA*100 = IQ, so Maria’s IQ would be 20/10*100, or 200.
APA=1.1
TB_07_63 Intelligence_Apply_LO 7.6, APA 1.1
Dallas is a 10-year-old boy who has a mental age of 10 years. His IQ would be ________.
Correct. The IQ is based on a mental age of 10 divided by a chronological age of 10 and multiplied by 100. This gives an IQ of 100 for Dallas.
Incorrect. The IQ is based on a mental age of 10 divided by a chronological age of 10 and multiplied by 100. This gives an IQ of 100 for Dallas.
% correct 91 a= 4 b= 91 c= 1 d= 3 r = .27
APA=1.1
TB_07_64 Intelligence_Apply_LO 7.6, APA 1.1
Jordan is a 10-year-old boy who has a mental age of 8 years. His IQ would be ________.
Correct. The IQ is based on a mental age of 8 divided by a chronological age of 10 and multiplied by 100. This gives an IQ of 80 for Jordan.
Incorrect. The IQ is based on a mental age of 8 divided by a chronological age of 10 and multiplied by 100. This gives an IQ of 80 for Jordan.
% correct 85 a= 85 b= 10 c= 4 d= 1 r = .28
APA=1.1
TB_07_65 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.6, APA 1.1, 1.3
Which of the following tests would be best suited to an 8-year-old child?
Correct. The WISC-IV is best suited to an 8-year-old child.
Incorrect. The MBTI is a personality test, not an intelligence test.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_07_66 Intelligence_Apply_LO 7.6, APA 1.1, 1.3
Jane is 22 years old. For her job, she needs to take an intelligence test. Which would be the most appropriate test for her age group?
Correct. The WAIS-IV is best suited to her age group.
Incorrect. The WAIS-IV is best suited to her age group.
% correct 76 a= 76 b= 13 c= 5 d= 5 r = .27
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_07_67 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.6, APA 1.1
Which of these might be an example of a perceptual reasoning item on the Wechsler intelligence tests?
Incorrect. Perceptual reasoning items are usually nonverbal.
Correct. Using blocks to make a design like one shown in a picture is an example of a performance item.
APA=1.1
TB_07_68 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.6, APA 1.1
Psychological tests that yield relatively consistent results are said to be ________.
Incorrect. Validity refers to the degree to which a test actually measures what it’s supposed to measure.
Correct. Psychological tests that yield relatively consistent results are said to be reliable.
ANS: c, Remember the Facts, 2 – Moderate, LO 7.6 – Compare and contrast some methods of measuring intelligence and identify ways to evaluate the quality of a test
% correct 75 a= 15 b= 0 c= 75 d= 11 r = .45
% correct 75 a= 14 b= 2 c= 75 d= 0 r = .43
APA=1.1
TB_07_69 Intelligence_Apply_LO 7.6, APA 1.1, 1.3
If you took the WAIS-IV when you were 18 and again when you were 25 and the scores were the same, what could you conclude?
Correct. Reliability refers to the consistency of scores on an assessment tool.
Incorrect. Because intelligence is a rather static concept, this consistency of scores does not indicate a flaw in the tool.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_07_70 Intelligence_Apply_LO 7.6, APA 1.1
On a newly developed IQ test, an individual scores at the 110 level on the first half of the test, and 150 on the second half of the test. What does this test appear to lack?
Correct. The test lacks reliability because the scores were so different.
Incorrect. The test lacks reliability because the scores were so different.
% correct 56 a= 56 b= 11 c= 29 d= 2 r = .25
APA=1.1
TB_07_71 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.6, APA 1.1
A test is said to be reliable if ________.
Correct. By test reliability, psychologists mean whether a person’s score on a test is dependable and consistent.
Incorrect. By test reliability, psychologists mean whether a person’s score on a test is dependable and consistent.
ANS: a, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO 7.6 – Compare and contrast some methods of measuring intelligence and identify ways to evaluate the quality of a test
APA=1.1
TB_07_72 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.6, APA 1.1
A psychological test that measures what we intend it to measure is said to be ________.
Correct. A psychological test that measures what we intend it to measure is said to be valid.
Incorrect. A psychological test that measures what we intend it to measure is said to be valid.
% correct 73 a= 73 b= 0 c= 15 d= 12 r = .46
APA=1.1
TB_07_73 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.6, APA 1.1
Most standardized tests of intelligence have a distribution of scores that ________.
Correct. Most standardized tests of intelligence have a distribution of scores that follows the normal curve; in other words, most of the scores are clustered around the mean, and the number of scores decreases the farther away from the mean they go in either direction.
Incorrect. Most standardized tests of intelligence have a distribution of scores that appears to follow the normal curve and is symmetrical.
% correct 82 a= 82 b= 5 c= 5 d= 8 r = .44
APA=1.1
TB_07_74 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.6, APA 1.1
What percent of the population has an intelligence quotient below 100?
Incorrect. Fifty percent of the population has an intelligence quotient below 100.
Correct. Fifty percent of the population has an intelligence quotient below 100.
APA=1.1
TB_07_75 Intelligence_Understand_LO 7.6, APA 1.1
Like most characteristics of a population, WAIS-IV scores are distributed in a bell or normal curve. Which of the following is an accurate characteristic of those types of curves?
Correct. The basic premise of a normal distribution is that approximately 2/3 of the population will appear within one standard deviation of the midpoint.
Incorrect. A normal distribution does not resemble an “S,” but rather a wide upside down “U.”
APA=1.1
TB_07_76 Intelligence_Understand_LO 7.6, APA 1.1
Because of the need to measure the IQ of people of varying ages, newer IQ tests base their evaluation of IQ on ________.
Incorrect. Newer IQ tests base their evaluation of IQ on deviation scores from the mean of the normal distribution.
Correct. Newer IQ tests base their evaluation of IQ on deviation scores from the mean of the normal distribution.
APA=1.1
TB_07_77 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.6, APA 1.3
Culture-fair tests attempt to measure ________.
Correct. Culture-fair tests attempt to measure the intelligence of people coming from outside the culture in which the test was devised.
Incorrect. Culture-fair tests attempt to measure the intelligence of people coming from outside the culture in which the test was devised.
% correct 50 a= 50 b= 30 c= 2 d= 19 r = .29
APA=1.3
TB_07_78 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.6, APA 1.3
Many items on a “culture-fair” test require the use of ________.
Correct. Nonverbal abilities, such as rotating objects, don’t depend on familiarity with a particular culture and language.
Incorrect. Ideas as to who are the world’s major historical figures will differ from culture to culture.
% correct 71 a= 71 b= 17 c= 1 d= 10 r = .40
% correct 79 a= 79 b= 11 c= 1 d= 8 r = .44
APA=1.3
TB_07_79 Intelligence_Understand_LO 7.6, APA 1.3
Which of the following is a desirable characteristic of culture-fair tests?
Correct. Culture-fair tests should minimize or eliminate the use of language because language has cultural biases.
Incorrect. Culture-fair tests measure intelligence, not values.
% correct 38 a= 38 b= 2 c= 24 d= 36 r = .41
APA=1.3
Learning Objective 7.7 – Define intellectual disability, giftedness, and emotional intelligence.
TB_07_80 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.7, APA 1.1, 1.3
Which of these is an element of the formal definition of intellectual disability?
Correct. Adaptive behavior severely below a level appropriate for the person’s age is an element of the formal definition of intellectual disability.
Incorrect. Reflexes have nothing to do with intellectual disability.
% correct 91 a= 91 b= 2 c= 1 d= 6 r = .21
% correct 91 a= 91 b= 4 c= 2 d= 3 r = .21
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_07_81 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.7, APA 1.1, 1.3
Which of these is an element of the formal definition of intellectual disability?
Correct. An IQ of around 70 or below is an element of the formal definition of intellectual disability.
Incorrect. Reflexes have nothing to do with intellectual disability.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_07_82 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.7, APA 1.1
A male has a defect in the X chromosome of the 23rd pair. As children, people with this syndrome experience symptoms that can range from mild to severe or even profound intellectual disability. This is known as ________.
Correct. Fragile X syndrome results from a defective X chromosome on the 23rd pair and affects males.
Incorrect. Fetal alcohol syndrome is not the result of a genetic defect.
ANS: a, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=7.7 – Define intellectual disability, giftedness, and emotional intelligence.
APA=1.1
TB_07_83 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.7, APA 1.1, 1.3
People are termed gifted in terms of intelligence if their IQ is above ________.
Correct. People are termed gifted in terms of intelligence if their IQ is above 130.
Incorrect. People are termed gifted in terms of intelligence if their IQ is above 130.
% correct 54 a= 9 b= 54 c= 19 d= 18 r = .21
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_07_84 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.7, APA 1.1, 1.3
What percentage of the population is described as gifted, according to IQ standards?
Incorrect. Two percent of the population is described as gifted.
Correct. Two percent of the population is described as gifted.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_07_85 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.7, APA 1.1, 1.3
All parents think their little kids are geniuses. However, to be classified as a genius, the IQ score must be above ________.
Incorrect. The IQ of a genius is above 140 to 145.
Correct. The IQ of a genius is above 140 to 145.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_07_86 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.7, APA 1.1, 1.3
Which of the following statements about gifted people is true?
Correct. It is true that gifted people are often skilled leaders.
Incorrect. Gifted people are generally socially well adjusted; only those with IQs above 180 were found to have had some social adjustment problems as children.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_07_87 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.7, APA 1.2
Beliefs that being gifted or a genius lead to being weird, socially awkward, or more likely to suffer from mental illnesses, were put to rest by ________.
Incorrect. Terman’s longitudinal study put the myths about gifted people to rest.
Correct. Terman’s longitudinal study put the myths about gifted people to rest.
APA=1.2
TB_07_88 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.7, APA 1.2
Which was NOT a finding of the Terman and Oden (1947) study of gifted kids?
Incorrect. It was found that they were socially well adjusted.
Correct. It was not found that they were more likely to be females.
APA=1.2
TB_07_89 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.7, APA 1.2
The term Terman’s Termites refers to ________.
Incorrect. The term Terman’s Termites refers to a sample of gifted children who were studied and followed into adulthood.
Correct. The term Terman’s Termites refers to a sample of gifted children who were studied and followed into adulthood.
APA=1.2
TB_07_90 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.7, APA 1.2
What did Terman’s groundbreaking study of gifted children accomplish?
Correct. Terman’s groundbreaking study of gifted children put to rest the myths that existed about genius in the early part of the twentieth century.
Incorrect. Terman’s groundbreaking study of gifted children put to rest the myths that existed about genius in the early part of the twentieth century.
APA=1.2
TB_07_91 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.7, APA 1.2
Having a high IQ doesn’t always guarantee success. Researchers Zuo and Cramond (2001) examined some of “Terman’s Termites, and found that the most successful were ________.
Correct. The most successful were sure of their own “sense of self.”
Incorrect. The most successful were not any less interested in social relationships than the others.
APA=1.2
TB_07_92 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.7, APA 1.2
The first true longitudinal study of the effects of giftedness on social success was conducted by ________.
Correct. The first true longitudinal study of the effects of giftedness on social success was conducted by Terman.
Incorrect. The first true longitudinal study of the effects of giftedness on social success was conducted by Terman.
APA=1.2
TB_07_93 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.7, APA 1.2
________ intelligence has been suggested by Goleman to be a more powerful influence on life than more traditional views, though the research supporting this claim has been mixed.
Incorrect. Emotional intelligence has been suggested by Goleman to be a more powerful influence on life than more traditional views.
Correct. Emotional intelligence has been suggested by Goleman to be a more powerful influence on life than more traditional views.
APA=1.2
Learning Objective 7.8 – Evaluate the influence of heredity and environment on the development of intelligence.
TB_07_94 Intelligence_Understand_LO 7.8, APA 1.1
If intelligence is determined primarily by heredity, which pair should show the highest correlation between IQ scores?
Incorrect. Fraternal twins would not show the highest correlation because they are not genetically identical.
Correct. Identical twins should show the highest correlation because they are genetically identical.
% correct 72 a= 3 b= 72 c= 1 d= 24 r = .39
% correct 89 a= 2 b= 0 c= 89 d= 7 r = .31
APA=1.1
TB_07_95 Intelligence_Apply_LO 7.8, APA 1.1
Tim and Jim are identical twins who were raised apart. Ned and Ed are fraternal twins who were raised together. Which pair of twins will have more similar IQ scores, if either?
Correct. Tim and Jim share genetic commonalities. Their IQs will probably be the most similar even though they did not share environments growing up.
Incorrect. Ned and Ed share environments, but not identical genetics.
APA=1.1
TB_07_96 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.8, APA 1.1
A group of psychologists reviews the literature on the heritability of intelligence. They conclude that most of the estimates indicate that ________ percent of intelligence is due to genetics.
Correct. Most of the psychology literature on the heritability of intelligence concludes that 50 percent of intelligence is due to genetics.
Incorrect. Most of the psychology literature on the heritability of intelligence concludes that 50 percent of intelligence is due to genetics.
ANS: c, Remember the Facts, 3 – Difficult, LO=7.8– Evaluate the influence of heredity and environment on the development of intelligence.
APA=1.1
TB_07_97 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.8, APA 1.1
Which of the following groups of children is most likely to have the most similar IQ scores?
Incorrect. Identical twins reared apart have the same genetics but a different environment; therefore, their IQs would not be as similar as those of identical twins reared together, due to their different experiences and education.
Correct. Identical twins reared together are most likely to have similar IQs because both their genetics and their environment are almost the same.
% correct 87 a= 4 b= 5 c= 4 d= 87 r = .22
% correct 93 a= 3 b= 3 c= 1 d= 93 r = .20
APA=1.1
TB_07_98 Intelligence_Understand_LO 7.8, APA 1.1
Which of the following statements about heredity and intelligence is TRUE?
Correct. Identical twin differences seem to be due to environment.
Incorrect. Identical twin differences seem to be due to environment.
ANS: b, Understand the Concepts, 2 – Moderate, LO=7.8– Evaluate the influence of heredity and environment on the development of intelligence.
APA=1.1
TB_07_99 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.8, APA 1.1
In 1994, researchers Herrnstein and Murray published a controversial book entitled ________ in which they implied that people from lower socioeconomic classes are poor because they are less intelligent.
Correct. This book set off a firestorm of responses and, 20 years later, is still being cited as an example of how statistics can be highly misleading.
Incorrect. This was Charles Darwin’s famed work.
ANS: a, Remember the Facts, 2 – Moderate, LO=7.8– Evaluate the influence of heredity and environment on the development of intelligence.
APA=1.1
TB_07_100 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.8, APA 1.1
In 1994, researchers ________ published a controversial book entitled The Bell Curve in which they implied that people from lower socioeconomic classes are poor because they are less intelligent.
Incorrect. These were not the authors of The Bell Curve
ANS: d, Remember the Facts, 2 – Moderate, LO=7.8– Evaluate the influence of heredity and environment on the development of intelligence.
APA=1.1
Learning Objective 7.9 – Define language and identify its different elements and structure.
TB_07_101 Language_Remember_LO 7.9, APA 1.1
A system for combining symbols so that an infinite number of meaningful statements can be made is called ________.
Correct. Language enables infinite statements to be communicated.
Incorrect. Language enables infinite statements to be communicated.
ANS: b, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=7.9 – Define language and identify its different elements and structure.
APA=1.1
TB_07_102 Language_Remember_LO 7.9, APA 1.2
According to famed linguist Noam Chomsky, humans have an innate ability to understand and produce language through a device he called ________.
Correct. Chomsky said that this is “hard wired” in the developing brain.
Incorrect. Chomsky called this the LAD, the Language Acquisition Device.
ANS: c, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=7.9 – Define language and identify its different elements and structure.
APA=1.2
TB_07_103 Language_Remember_LO 7.9, APA 1.1
The rules that determine how sounds and words can be combined and used to communicate meaning within a language are collectively known as ________.
Correct. Grammar is the collective set of rules that determines how sounds and words can be combined and used to communicate meaning within a language.
Incorrect. Linguistic relativity refers to the concept that thought processes within a culture are determined by the culture’s words.
% correct 30 a= 13 b= 34 c= 30 d= 22 r = .31
APA=1.1
TB_07_104 Language_Remember_LO 7.9, APA 1.1
Language is based on basic sound units called ________.
Correct. Language is based on basic sound units called phonemes.
Incorrect. Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning within a language.
APA=1.1
TB_07_105 Language_Remember_LO 7.9, APA 1.1
The sounds t, th, and sh are ________.
Incorrect. The sounds t, th, and sh have no meaning, so they are not morphemes.
Correct. The sounds t, th, and sh are basic units of sound, or phonemes.
% correct 77 a= 19 b= 77 c= 4 d= 0 r = .48
% correct 87 a= 8 b= 87 c= 5 d= 0 r = .49
APA=1.1
TB_07_106 Language_Apply_LO 7.9, APA 1.1
The words “care” and “bear” differ in one ________.
Incorrect. The words are actually morphemically identical.
Correct. The first “sound” of each word differs, and this reflects different phonemes.
APA=1.1
TB_07_107 Language_Apply_LO 7.9, APA 1.1, 1.3
You are learning Russian in preparation for a trip next summer. Although you are doing a good job recognizing the written signs you need to know, you are having trouble with the sounds of the Russian language. Which of the following aspects of language is giving you trouble?
Correct. Phonemes are the basic units of sound in a language.
Incorrect. Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning in a language; the problem in this case is with the sounds, not their meaning.
% correct 71 a= 8 b= 71 c= 13 d= 8 r = .25
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_07_108 Language_Remember_LO 7.9, APA 1.1, 1.3
Which of the following statements is true about infants?
Correct. By the time they are 9 months old, infants can recognize only the phonemes in the language they are being brought up in.
Incorrect. By the time they are 9 months old, infants can recognize only the phonemes in the language they are being brought up in.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_07_109 Language_Remember_LO 7.9, APA 1.1
The basic meaningful units of any language are called ________.
Incorrect. Phonemes are the basic units of sound.
Correct. The basic meaningful units of any language are called morphemes.
% correct 92 a= 3 b= 92 c= 5 d= 0 r = .51
APA=1.1
TB_07_110 Language_Remember_LO 7.9, APA 1.1
What are the smallest units of meaning in a language?
Incorrect. The basic units of meaning in a language are morphemes.
Correct. Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning within a language.
APA=1.1
TB_07_111 Language_Apply_LO 7.9, APA 1.1
The phrase “I tried” has ________.
Incorrect. In fact, there are three morphemes in this sentence.
Correct. The three morphemes are “I,” “try,” and “ed.”
APA=1.1
TB_07_112 Language_Apply_LO 7.9, APA 1.1
How many morphemes are there in the sentence “I wanted it”?
Correct. There are four morphemes: I, want, ed, it.
Incorrect. There are four morphemes: I, want, ed, it.
APA=1.1
TB_07_113 Language_Remember_LO 7.9, APA 1.1
The system of rules for combining words and phrases to make correct sentences is called ________.
Incorrect. Morphology is the study of shapes and not of the creation of a meaningful sentence.
Correct. The system of rules for combining words and phrases to make meaningful sentences is called syntax.
% correct 77 a= 4 b= 18 c= 77 d= 2 r = .29
APA=1.1
TB_07_114 Language_Remember_LO 7.9, APA 1.1
The system of rules that governs how we combine words to form grammatically correct sentences is called ________.
Correct. The system of rules that governs how we combine words to form grammatical sentences is called syntax.
Incorrect. The system of rules that governs how we combine words to form grammatical sentences is called syntax.
% correct 68 a= 68 b= 18 c= 13 d= 0 r = .33
APA=1.1
TB_07_115 Language_Apply_LO 7.9, APA 1.1
The sentences “The dog bit the boy” and “The boy was bit by the dog” have the same meaning, but differ in ________.
Correct. Syntax refers, in part, to the order in which words construct sentences. As you see in this example, there can be two different syntactically correct versions of the same sentence.
Incorrect. These sentences have the same meaning, which is another way of saying they share common semantics.
APA=1.1
TB_07_116 Language_Apply_LO 7.9, APA 1.1
The sentence, “Colorless ideas sleep furiously” has ________.
Correct. The order of words is acceptable in terms of structure, but the sentence is meaningless.
Incorrect. The order of words is acceptable in terms of structure, but what does this sentence mean? It has poor semantics.
APA=1.1
TB_07_117 Language_Remember_LO 7.9, APA 1.1
The system of rules that governs how we assign meaning to the morphemes we use is called ________.
Incorrect. Syntax is the system of rules for combining words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentences.
Correct. The system of rules that governs how we assign meaning to the morphemes we use is called semantics.
% correct 79 a= 13 b= 79 c= 8 d= 0 r = .33
APA=1.1
TB_07_118 Language_Apply_LO 7.9, APA 1.1
The semantics of the sentence “He ran” refer to its ________.
Correct. The semantics of a word, phrase, or sentence refer to its meaning.
Incorrect. The syntax of a sentence refers to the rules of word order that make the sentence structurally correct.
APA=1.1
TB_07_119 Language_Apply_LO 7.9, APA 1.1, 1.3
Young children sometimes literally interpret sentences like “Do you know where your mommy is?” by answering “Yes.” They failed to understand the ________ of the question.
Correct. Pragmatics refers to the way that words in a sentence convey meaning indirectly, by implying rather than asserting.
Incorrect. Syntax refers to the order of words that are put together to correctly form a sentence.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_07_120 Language_Remember_LO 7.9, APA 1.1
The practical aspects of communicating with others, or the social “niceties” of language, are referred to as ________.
Incorrect. Syntax is the system of rules that governs how we combine words to form grammatical sentences.
Correct. The practical aspects of communicating with others, or the social “niceties” of language, are referred to as pragmatics.
ANS: d, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=7.9 – Define language and identify its different elements and structure.
APA=1.1
TB_07_121 Language_Remember_LO 7.9, APA 1.1
Pragmatics are defined as the________.
Correct. The practical aspects of communicating with others, or the social “niceties” of language, are referred to as pragmatics.
Incorrect. Pragmatics are defined as the practical aspects of communicating with others, or the social “niceties” of language.
APA=1.1
TB_07_122 Language_Remember_LO 7.9, APA 1.1
The rhythm and emphasis on each word is called ________.
Correct. Intonation is the use of rhythm and emphasis in communication.
Incorrect. Intonation is the use of rhythm and emphasis in communication.
ANS: a, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=7.9 – Define language and identify its different elements and structure.
APA=1.1
TB_07_123 Language_Apply_LO 7.9, APA 1.1
When adults who are speaking to infants change the pitch and rhythm in their speech, they are altering their ________.
Incorrect. When speaking to infants, if adults change the pitch and rhythm in their speech, they are altering their intonation.
Correct. When speaking to infants, if adults change the pitch and rhythm in their speech, they are altering their intonation.
APA=1.1
Learning Objective 7.10 – Evaluate whether or not language influences how people think.
TB_07_124 Language_Remember_LO 7.10, APA 1.2
Which developmental psychologist theorized that concepts preceded and aided the development of language?
Incorrect. Vygotsky theorized that language helps to develop concepts.
Correct. Piaget said that concepts are essential in language development.
ANS: b, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy,, LO=7.10 – Evaluate whether or not language influences how people think.
APA=1.2
TB_07_125 Language_Remember_LO 7.10, APA 1.1
What do we call the hypothesis that language influences what we think?
Incorrect. The hypothesis that language influences what we think is called the linguistic relativity hypothesis. There is no such thing as the reaction hypothesis.
Correct. The hypothesis that language influences what we think is called the linguistic relativity hypothesis.
ANS: c, Remember the Facts, 2 – Moderate, LO=7.10 – Evaluate whether or not language influences how people think.
% correct 77 a= 2 b= 7 c= 77 d= 14 r = .65
APA=1.1
TB_07_126 Language_Understand_LO 7.10, APA 1.2
The linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that ________.
Correct. The linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that one’s language determines the pattern of one’s thinking and view of the world.
Incorrect. The linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that one’s language determines the pattern of one’s thinking and view of the world.
ANS: a, Understand the Concepts, 2 – Moderate, LO=7.10 – Evaluate whether or not language influences how people think.
% correct 71 a= 71 b= 8 c= 0 d= 21 r = .20
APA=1.2
TB_07_127 Language_Apply_LO 7.10, APA 1.2
A famous lecturer argues that because the Hopi Indians have only two nouns for things that fly, one for birds and another for nonbirds, the Hopi MUST interpret all flying things in terms of these two nouns. This argument is based on ________.
Incorrect. This argument is based on the linguistic relativity hypothesis. Bottom-up processing is a concept in perception and is not relevant here.
Correct. This argument is based on the linguistic relativity hypothesis, which states that language determines thought patterns.
ANS: d, Apply What You Know, 3 – Difficult, LO=7.10 – Evaluate whether or not language influences how people think.
APA=1.2
TB_07_128 Language_Understand_LO 7.10, APA 1.2
Researchers have found that, despite the number of color names in a language, the basic abilities to perceive color are unchanged. This finding would be troublesome for the theory of ________.
Incorrect. These are crew members of the starship Enterprise in a television show.
Correct. This finding would be troublesome for the theory of Sapir and Whorf, who predict that the color perceptions should change according to language usage.
ANS: b, Understand the Concepts, 3 – Difficult, LO=7.10 – Evaluate whether or not language influences how people think.
APA=1.2
TB_07_129 Language_Understand_LO 7.10, APA 1.1
Which of the following statements BEST describes the general relationship between thinking and language?
Correct. As your authors point out, we think partly by using language, but this is not always the case.
Incorrect. There are thought processes that transcend the use of language.
ANS: a, Understand the Concepts, 2 – Moderate, LO=7.10 – Evaluate whether or not language influences how people think.
APA=1.1
TB_07_130 Language_Remember_LO 7.10, APA 1.1
Researchers have found that ________ influenced by culture.
Incorrect. Researchers have found that both language and thought are influenced by culture.
Correct. Researchers have found that both language and thought are influenced by culture.
ANS: d, Remember the Facts, 2 – Moderate, LO=7.10 – Evaluate whether or not language influences how people think.
APA=1.1
Learning Objective 7.11 – Summarize the research on the ability of animals to communicate and use language.
TB_07_131 Language_Understand_LO 7.11, APA 1.1, 1.3
The communication between honeybees would not be classified as language because ________.
Correct. Communication between honeybees would not be classified as language because bee communication seems to be instinctual.
Incorrect. The lack of a spoken communication system does not disqualify a method of communication as language, if it is used deliberately and has arbitrary symbols.
ANS: b, Understand the Concepts, 2 – Moderate, LO=7.11 – Summarize the research on the ability of animals to communicate and use language.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_07_132 Language_Understand_LO 7.11, APA 1.1, 1.3
In order to conclusively show that animals do use language, one would have to demonstrate that the________.
Incorrect. A language does not have to have an auditory component.
Correct. In order to conclusively show that animals do use language, one would have to demonstrate that the behavior used arbitrary symbols.
ANS: c, Understand the Concepts, 3 – Difficult, LO=7.11 – Summarize the research on the ability of animals to communicate and use language.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_07_133 Language_Remember_LO 7.11, APA 1.1, 1.3
Which of the following is NOT an animal that has been taught to produce behavior that some think is language-like?
Incorrect. Chimps have been taught to use language.
Correct. Armadillos have not been taught to use language.
ANS: c, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=7.11 – Summarize the research on the ability of animals to communicate and use language.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_07_134 Language_Remember_LO 7.11, APA 1.1, 1.3
Dolphins, according to TV and movies, are very intelligent and have strong language abilities. They might even be able to talk! However, which statement is true from the research?
Incorrect. None of the animals that have achieved success so far can compare to the level of language development of a 3-year-old human child.
Correct. Dolphins have not been shown to master syntax or communicate with parrots, and they do not have the language abilities of a 3-year-old child. They are also unable to master human semantics.
ANS: d, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=7.11 – Summarize the research on the ability of animals to communicate and use language.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_07_135 Language_Apply_LO 7.11, APA 1.1
Let’s say we could teach a dolphin to understand the difference between the sentences “The parrot kissed the dolphin” and “The dolphin kissed the parrot.” If this were demonstrated, it might mean the dolphin had an understanding of ________.
Incorrect. Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning in a language.
Correct. Syntax is the system of rules for combining words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentences.
ANS: c, Apply What You Know, 3 – Difficult, LO=7.11 – Summarize the research on the ability of animals to communicate and use language.
APA=1.1
TB_07_136 Language_Remember_LO 7.11, APA 1.1
At the current time, which statement is true about our knowledge of whether animals can use humanlike language?
Incorrect. It is still unclear whether animals can use humanlike language.
Correct. It is still unclear whether animals can use humanlike language.
ANS: d, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=7.11 – Summarize the research on the ability of animals to communicate and use language.
APA=1.1
TB_07_137 Language_Remember_LO 7.11, APA 1.1
Which of the following is one of the animals that has been taught to use language with some success?
Incorrect. Goats have not been taught to use language, but quails and dogs have also not been taught language.
Correct. Goats, quails, and dogs have all not been taught to use language.
APA=1.1
Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Mental and Physical Exercises Combine for Better Cognitive Health
Learning Objective 7.12 – Identify some methods for improving your thinking.
TB_07_138 Applying Psychology to Everyday Life_Remember_LO 7.12, APA 1.1
Which of the following is suggested by your authors as helping to substantially improve cognitive health?
Correct. The body fuels the mind, as they say.
Incorrect. This may make you feel better, but it is not specifically tied to cardiac health.
APA=1.1
TB_07_139 Applying Psychology to Everyday Life_Remember_LO 7.12, APA 1.1
Regular aerobic exercise has been found to increase neurogenesis in the__________.
Incorrect. This is close to the hippocampus, but is not the correct answer.
APA=1.1
TRUE OR FALSE
TB_07_140 Cognition_Apply_LO 7.1, APA 1.1
When people are asked to relate how many windows they have in the place where they live, the amount of time to answer doesn’t depend on the number of windows.
APA=1.1
TB_07_141 Cognition_Apply_LO 7.1, APA 1.1
It would take the same amount of time to correctly identify an olive as a fruit as it would to correctly identify an apple as a fruit.
APA=1.1
TB_07_142 Cognition_Apply_LO 7.2, APA 1.1
In school, you may have learned the rule of how to determine the area of a circle. The formula was pR2. This formula always guarantees a solution and that you will be able to determine the area. Thus, the formula is an example of an algorithm.
ANS: T, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=7.2 – Describe some methods people use to solve problems and make decisions.
APA=1.1
TB_07_143 Cognition_Apply_LO 7.3, APA 1.1, 1.3
Randall believes that aliens crashed in the western United States in the 1950s. When looking for information about this on the Internet, he ignores any sites that are skeptical of his belief and only visits and talks with his friends about the sites that support his belief. This is an example of the confirmation bias.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_07_144 Cognition_Remember_LO 7.4, APA 1.1
When a problem is seen as having only one answer, with all lines of thinking leading to that answer, this is known as divergent thinking.
APA=1.1
TB_07_145 Intelligence_Apply_LO 7.5, APA 1.2, 1.3
If you look at the professors whom you know, you might chuckle at them. They may be very smart but don’t understand the real world. According to Robert Sternberg, they may be lacking a bit of practical intelligence.
ANS: T, Apply What You Know, 3 – Difficult, LO=7.5 – Compare and contrast different theories on the nature of intelligence.
APA=1.2, 1.3
TB_07_146 Intelligence_Apply_LO 7.5, APA 1.1
A 10-year-old child who scored like an average 8-year-old on an intelligence test would have an IQ of 80.
ANS: T, Apply What You Know, 1 – Easy, LO=7.5 – Compare and contrast different theories on the nature of intelligence.
APA=1.1
TB_07_147 Intelligence_Apply_LO 7.6, APA 1.1, 1.3
An IQ test is developed that supposedly measures people’s intelligence. It is given to a large and random sample of college students. It is found that the test correlates in a highly positive manner with the students’ GPAs. The test designer may be justified in claiming that the test is valid.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_07_148 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.6, APA 1.1
A test can fail in validity while still being reliable.
ANS: T, Remember the Facts, 3 – Difficult, LO=7.6 – Compare and contrast some methods of measuring intelligence and identify ways to evaluate the quality of a test.
APA=1.1
TB_07_149 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.7, APA 1.1
Fragile X, Down syndrome, and fetal alcohol syndrome are all forms of mental retardation or developmental delay.
APA=1.1
TB_07_150 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.7, APA 1.1
People are termed gifted in terms of intelligence if their IQ exceeds 130.
APA=1.1
TB_07_151 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.7, APA 1.2
Terman’s study of gifted children over a long period of their lives clearly demonstrated that the gifted were lacking in social skills, had poor health, and were generally unhappy.
APA=1.2
TB_07_152 Language_Understand_LO 7.9, APA 1.1
Language is based on sound units called morphemes.
ANS: F, Understand the Concepts, 1 – Easy, LO=7.9 – Define language and identify its different elements and structure.
APA=1.1
TB_07_153 Language_Remember_LO 7.11, APA 1.1
Animals such as dolphins or chimps have shown some language-like behavior but have not been seen to demonstrate the language skills equal to that of a 3-year-old human child.
ANS: T, Remember the Facts, 2 – Moderate, LO= 7.11 – Summarize the research on the ability of animals to communicate and use language.
APA=1.1
SHORT ANSWER
TB_07_154 Cognition_Remember_LO 7.1, APA 1.1
Give a brief definition of the term concept and provide an example of one with its associated prototype.
APA=1.1
TB_07_155 Cognition_Apply_LO 7.2, APA 1.1
Give an example of an algorithm.
APA=1.1
TB_07_156 Cognition_Apply_LO 7.2, APA 1.1
Give an example of a heuristic.
APA=1.1
TB_07_157 Cognition_Apply_LO 7.3, APA 1.1
Give a definition and example of mental set.
APA=1.1
TB_07_158 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.5, APA 1.2
What are the three parts of Sternberg’s theory of intelligence?
APA=1.2
TB_07_159 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.6, APA 1.2
What is the IQ formula first constructed by William Stern, and what does each term in the formula mean?
APA=1.2
TB_07_160 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.8, APA 2.4
What is a “twin study”?
Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=7.8 – Evaluate the influence of heredity and environment on the development of intelligence.
APA=2.4
TB_07_161 Language_Apply_LO 7.9, APA 1.1
What is a phoneme? Give an example of at least 3 different phonemes.
Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=7.9 – Define language and identify its different elements and structure.
APA=1.1
TB_07_162 Language_Understand_LO 7.10, APA 1.2
What is the major premise behind the linguistic relativity hypothesis?
Understand the Concepts, 3 – Difficult, LO=7.10 – Evaluate whether or not language influences how people think.
APA=1.2
ESSAY
TB_07_163 Cognition_Apply_LO 7.2, APA 1.1
Explain the techniques used when someone tries to solve a problem. How might a person be blocked in trying to find a solution?
APA=1.1
TB_07_164 Cognition_Apply_LO 7.3, APA 1.1, 1.3
Agatha Harkness-Smythe is determined to ban guns in the United States. This is a controversial topic and social scientists have debated whether the ownership of guns by citizens increases or decreases crime. Agatha could go the library and research this, using the social science literature. Instead, Agatha just reads the local newspaper and only cuts out articles about robberies where the “bad guy” used a firearm. Agatha is using a heuristic device that is impeding or obstructing her thinking. Define this heuristic device. What might be a better way for her to examine the issue and avoid this mistake?
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_07_165 Intelligence_Remember_LO 7.7, APA 1.2
It is commonly thought that people who are “gifted” have various physical, psychological, and personality problems. What is really known about this common idea, and what did a famous study find out about the gifted?
APA=1.2
TB_07_166 Intelligence_Understand_LO 7.8, APA 1.1, 1.3
Discuss how heredity is related to intelligence and IQ scores. What is the controversy about the role of race and ethnicity in IQ and intelligence? Evaluate the claims of those who think race is related to IQ and intelligence.
Understand the Concepts, 3 – Difficult, LO=7.8 – Evaluate the influence of heredity and environment on the development of intelligence.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_07_167 Language_Remember_LO 7.9, 7.10, APA 1.1, 1.3
What is the definition of language? What is the evidence, pro and con, as to whether nonhuman animals have a capacity for language?
APA=1.1, 1.3
QUESTIONS FROM THE TEXTBOOK
END OF CHAPTER TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS
PSYCHOLOGY: An Exploration, 3e Ciccarelli and White
Chapter 7 Cognition: Thinking, Intelligence, and Language
TEST Yourself
Answer: a
Answer: c
Answer: a
Answer: d
Answer: c
Answer: b
Answer: c
Answer: a
Answer: d
Answer: d
Answer: d
Answer: b
Answer: c
Answer: a
Answer: c
Answer: b
Answer: a
Answer: b
Answer: a
Answer: d
EXTRA BANK OF QUESTIONS
7: COGNITION: THINKING, INTELLIGENCE, AND LANGUAGE
______________________________________________________________________________
Cognition
Answer c % correct 77 a= 23 b= 0 c= 77 d= 0 r = .44
Answer a % correct 89 a= 89 b= 0 c= 8 d= 4 r = .34
Answer c % correct 61 a= 19 b= 15 c= 61 d= 4 r = .60
Answer a % correct 73 a= 73 b= 12 c= 12 d= 4 r = .64
Answer c % correct 69 a= 8 b= 15 c= 69 d= 8 r = .49
Answer d % correct 31 a= 65 b= 0 c= 4 d= 31 r = .37
Answer a % correct 73 a=73 b= 0 c= 4 d= 23 r = .21
Intelligence
b.naturalistic
Answer b % correct 71 a= 2 b= 71 c= 24 d= 3 r = .33
Answer d % correct 85 a= 3 b= 10 c= 2 d= 85 r = .26
Answer c % correct 52 a= 25 b= 17 c= 52 d= 6 r = .21
Answer b % correct 52 a= 2 b= 52 c= 18 d= 26 r = .21
Answer a % correct 76 a= 76 b= 13 c= 8 d= 4 r = .54
Answer c % correct 65 a= 11 b= 7 c= 65 d= 17 r = .40
Answer c % correct 52 a= 10 b= 20 c= 52 d= 18 r = .21
Answer a % correct 79 a= 79 b= 2 c= 16 d= 2 r = .43
Answer c % correct 79 a= 11 b= 4 c= 79 d= 7 r = .20
Answer a % correct 80 a= 80 b= 2 c= 8 d= 10 r = .31
Answer d % correct 72 a= 14 b= 14 c= 0 d= 72 r = .40
Answer a % correct 39 a= 39 b= 23 c= 30 d= 8 r = .08
Answer a % correct 39 a= 39 b= 5 c= 24 d= 32 r = .31
Answer a % correct 66 a= 66 b= 10 c= 7 d= 15 r = .43
Answer a % correct 80 a= 80 b= 17 c= 1 d= 0 r = .22
Answer a % correct 85 a= 85 b= 13 c= 2 d= 0 r = .34
Answer d % correct 73 a= 11 b= 6 c= 9 d= 73 r = .53
Answer a % correct 91 a= 91 b= 1 c= 5 d= 2 r = .41
Answer a % correct 95 a= 95 b= 2 c= 1 d= 2 r = .20
Answer c % correct 79 a= 20 b= 1 c= 79 d= 1 r = .49
Answer d % correct 52 a= 6 b= 19 c= 23 d= 52 r = .29
b.emotional
Answer b % correct 92 a= 0 b= 92 c= 7 d= 2 r = .23
Answer b % correct 65 a= 1 b= 65 c= 23 d= 10 r = .48
d.norms
Answer b % correct 70 a= 13 b= 70 c= 10 d= 7 r = .27
Answer b % correct 77 a= 1 b= 77 c= 1 d= 22 r = .40
Answer c % correct 65 a= 7 b= 21 c= 65 d= 7 r = .11
Answer c % correct 53 a= 25 b= 17 c= 53 d= 13 r = .17
Answer c % correct 80 a= 4 b= 14 c= 80 d= 2 r = .34
Answer a % correct 70 a= 70 b= 17 c= 11 d= 2 r = .12
Answer b % correct 78 a= 3 b= 78 c= 17 d= 2 r = .22
Answer a % correct 48 a= 48 b= 44 c= 5 d= 3 r = .04
d.intrapersonal
Answer a % correct 63 a= 63 b= 10 c= 17 d= 8 r = .32
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
