Psychology and Contemporary Life Human Adjustment, International 10Th Edition by Wayne Weiten - Test Bank

Psychology and Contemporary Life Human Adjustment, International 10Th Edition by Wayne Weiten – Test Bank

 

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Chapter 5
HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Stress, Personality, and Illness
1. Describe the Type A personality and evidence regarding its most toxic element.
2. Understand possible explanations for the link between hostility and heart disease.
3 Summarize evidence relating emotional reactions and depression to heart disease.
4. Discuss the evidence linking stress and personality to cancer.
5. Summarize evidence linking stress to a variety of diseases and immune functioning.
6. Evaluate the strength of the relationship between stress and illness.

Habits, Lifestyles, and Health
7. Identify some reasons for why people develop health-impairing habits.
8. Discuss the health effects of smoking and the dynamics of giving up smoking.
9. Summarize data on patterns of alcohol use and social costs of drinking.
10. Discuss the health risks and determinants of obesity.
11. Outline the key elements in effective weight-loss efforts.
12. Provide examples of links between nutrition and health and three general goals to foster sound nutrition.
13. Assess benefits and risks of exercise.
14. List four guidelines for embarking on an effective exercise program.
15. Describe AIDS and summarize evidence on the transmission of the HIV virus.

Reactions to Illness
16. Summarize evidence on patterns of treatment-seeking behavior.
17. Explain the appeal of the “sick role.”
18. Identify the factors that tend to undermine doctor-patient communication and how to improve it.
19. Discuss the prevalence of nonadherence to medical advice and its causes.

APPLICATION: Understanding the Effects of Drugs
20. Explain the concepts of drug tolerance, physical and psychological dependence, and overdose.
21. Summarize the main effects and risks of narcotics and sedatives.
22. Describe the main effects and risks of stimulant drugs and hallucinogens.
23. Outline the main effects and risks of marijuana and ecstasy (MDMA).

LEARNING OBJECTIVES Item Number
1. Describe the Type A personality and evidence regarding its most toxic element. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, TF1, TF2
2. Understand possible explanations for the link between hostility and heart disease. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, SG1, TF3, SA1
3 Summarize evidence relating emotional reactions and depression to heart disease. 18, 19, TF4
4. Discuss the evidence linking stress and personality to cancer. 20, 21
5. Summarize evidence linking stress to a variety of diseases and immune functioning. 22, 23, 24, 25, 26
6. Evaluate the strength of the relationship between stress and illness. 27, 28, 29, SG2, TF5
7. Identify some reasons for why people develop health-impairing habits. 30, 31
8. Discuss the health effects of smoking and the dynamics of giving up smoking. 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, SG3, TF6, TF7, SA2
9. Summarize data on patterns of alcohol use and the health risks and social costs of drinking. 38, 39, 40, 41, SA3
10. Discuss the health risks and determinants of obesity. 42, 43, 44, SG4, SA4, SA5
11. Outline the key elements in effective weight-loss efforts. 45, 46
12. Provide examples of links between nutrition and health and outline three general goals to foster nutrition. 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, SG5, SA6
13. Assess the benefits and risks of exercise. 57, 58, 59
14. List four guidelines for embarking on an effective exercise program. 60, 61, SA7
15. Describe AIDS and summarize evidence on the transmission of the HIV virus. 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, SG6, TF8, TF9, SA8
16. Summarize evidence on patterns of treatment-seeking behavior. 70, 71
17. Explain the appeal of the “sick role.” 72, 73
18. Identify the factors that tend to undermine doctor-patient communication and how to improve it. 74, 75, SG7, SA9
19. Discuss the prevalence of nonadherence to medical advice and its causes. 76, 77, SG8
20. Explain the concepts of drug tolerance, physical and psychological dependence, and overdose. 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, SG9, TF10
21. Summarize the main effects and risks of narcotics and sedatives. 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, SG10
22. Describe the main effects and risks of stimulant drugs and hallucinogens. 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, SA10
23. Outline the main effects and risks of marijuana and ecstasy (MDMA). 98, 99, 100, 101, 105
Key: Multiple-Choice question numbers appear first, followed by Study Guide question numbers (SG), True/False (TF), and Short Answer (SA).

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Before the 20th century, the principal threats to health in our society were
a. farm accidents.
b. heart diseases.
c. contagious diseases.
d. various forms of cancer.

ANS: c
OBJ: 1 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

2. ______ play a larger role in chronic diseases than contagious diseases.
a. Lifestyles
b. Viruses
c. Infections and viruses
d. Lifestyles and stress

ANS: d
OBJ: 1 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

3. The greatest threat to health in our society today is posed by
a. homicide.
b. chronic diseases.
c. contagious diseases.
d. environmental toxins.

ANS: b MSC: WWW
OBJ: 1 KEY: Factual DIF: Difficult

4. Which of the following is NOT considered a chronic disease?
a. Cancer
b. Stroke
c. Influenza
d. Heart disease

ANS: c MSC: WWW
OBJ: 1 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

5. Which of the following is known to be the principal cause of coronary heart disease?
a. Diabetes
b. Atherosclerosis
c. Alzheimer’s disease
d. Posttraumatic stress disorder

ANS: b
OBJ: 1 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy

6. ________ psychology is the area concerned with how psychosocial factors relate to the promotion and maintenance of health.
a. Health
b. Clinical
c. Community
d. Psychosociology

ANS: a
OBJ: 1 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

7. ______ is the gradual narrowing of the coronary arteries.
a. Cancer
b. Influenza
c. Atherosclerosis
d. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

ANS: c
OBJ: 1 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy

8. The name of the condition when the heart is temporarily deprived of adequate blood flow is
a. atherosclerosis.
b. coronary heart disease.
c. myocardial ischemia.
d. myocardial infarction.

ANS: c
OBJ: 1 KEY: Factual DIF: Difficult

9. A heart attack is called
a. atherosclerosis.
b. coronary heart disease.
c. a myocardial ischemia.
d. a myocardial infarction.

ANS: d
OBJ: 1 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

10. Angina is
a. a psychosomatic condition.
b. chest pain.
c. a mild heart attack.
d. a heart attack.

ANS: b
OBJ: 1 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

11. The Type A behavior pattern is most closely linked to which of the following physical ailments?
a. Cancer
b. Asthma
c. Alzheimer’s disease
d. Coronary heart disease

ANS: d
OBJ: 2 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy

12. Hank continually loses his temper when waiting in lines. He has very little patience for other people and is driven to be highly successful. Hank’s personality is called
a. Type A
b. Type AeH
c. Hostile subtype
d. Domineering subtype

ANS: a
OBJ: 2 KEY: Conceptual DIF: Moderate

13. Which of the following characteristics is most closely associated with the Type A personality?
a. Hostile
b. Patient
c. Permissive
d. Cooperative

ANS: a
OBJ: 2 KEY: Conceptual DIF: Easy

14. Which of the following characteristics is most closely associated with the Type B personality?
a. Impatient
b. Easy-going
c. Competitive
d. Time-conscious

ANS: b
OBJ: 2 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

15. Which of the following characteristics is least closely associated with the Type B personality?
a. Patient
b. Easy-going
c. Competitive
d. Relatively relaxed

ANS: c
OBJ: 2 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy

16. Which component of Type A behavior seems to be most responsible for the increased rate of heart attacks?
a. Anger and hostility
b. Highly driven work goals
c. Competitiveness
d. Impatience and time urgency

ANS: a NOT: New
OBJ: 2 KEY: Conceptual DIF: Moderate

17. Living alone following a cardiac event _____ a person’s risk for a subsequent heart attack.
a. decreases
b. increases
c. is unrelated to
d. is equal to

ANS: b NOT: New
OBJ: 2 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

18. Bobby tends to suppress his feelings. He is more likely to _____ about events.
a. ruminate
b. have heightened negative feelings
c. be depressed
d. all of these

ANS: d NOT: New
OBJ: 3 KEY: Conceptual DIF: Moderate

19. Depression _____ one’s chance of developing heart disease.
a. increases slightly
b. doubles
c. decreases
d. is unrelated to

ANS: b NOT: New
OBJ: 3 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

20. ______ refers to malignant cell growth, which may occur in many organ systems in the body.
a. Cancer
b. Atherosclerosis
c. Myocardial ischemia
d. Coronary heart disease

ANS: a
OBJ: 4 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy

21. The evidence linking psychological factors to the onset of cancer is
a. strong.
b. moderate.
c. extremely weak.
d. non-existent; little research has been done.

ANS: c NOT: New
OBJ: 4 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

22. The immune response is
a. a series of steps taken by Type A personalities.
b. the body’s defensive reaction to invasion.
c. one of the isolation effects of depression.
d. none of the these.

ANS: b
OBJ: 5 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy

23. Which of the following has been found to impair immune functioning in animals?
a. Shock
b. Restraint
c. Crowding
d. All of these

ANS: d
OBJ: 5 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy

24. Studies of the immune system in humans have found that stress
a. has very little effect on immune activity.
b. can lead to the destruction of lymphocytes.
c. is related to increased levels of immune activity.
d. is related to decreased levels of immune activity.

ANS: d MSC: WWW
OBJ: 5 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

25. Researchers have found a correlation between reduced immune activity and scores on
a. Weschler Intelligence Scale.
b. Somatic Rating Scale.
c. several occupational interest inventories.
d. the Social Readjustment Rating Scale.

ANS: d
OBJ: 5 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy

26. Who is most likely to have an impact on their immune function?
a. Ray, whose wife died
b. Janet, whose house burned down
c. George, who totaled his car
d. Beatrice, who cares for her child with cerebral palsy

ANS: d
OBJ: 5 KEY: Conceptual DIF: Moderate

27. Virtually all of the research on stress and physical health in humans is
a. anecdotal.
b. correlational.
c. experimental.
d. observational.

ANS: b MSC: WWW
OBJ: 6 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

28. The strength of the relationship between stress and health is
a. very weak.
b. weak.
c. modest.
d. strong.

ANS: c
OBJ: 6 KEY: Factual DIF: Difficult

29. Dr. VanGundy is researching the relationship between stress and subsequent health in normal individuals. He is likely to find a correlation around
a. .10.
b. .25.
c. .40.
d. .60.

ANS: b
OBJ: 6 KEY: Conceptual DIF: Moderate

30. The most likely explanation for people’s tendency to act in self-destructive ways is that
a. people have an innate desire for sensation-seeking.
b. most people tend to believe that bad things happen to bad people.
c. many health-impairing habits involve activities that are quite pleasant at the time.
d. people engage in health-impairing behavior “on the spur of the moment,” without giving much thought to the consequences.

ANS: c
OBJ: 7 KEY: Factual DIF: Difficult

31. People have a tendency to ______ the risk of their own health-impairing habits, and ______ the risks associated with others’ self-destructive behaviors.
a. overestimate; underestimate
b. underestimate; overestimate
c. accurately view; overestimate
d. underestimate; accurately view

ANS: d
OBJ: 7 KEY: Conceptual DIF: Difficult

32. In the U.S., about _________ % of females and ________ % of males smoke.
a. 18; 24
b. 26; 21
c. 15; 30
d. 30; 30

ANS: a
OBJ: 8 KEY: Factual DIF: Difficult NOT: New

33. In the U.S., college students smoke __________ compared to the general population.
a. more for males; less for females
b. less for males; more for females
c. less for males and females
d. more for males and females

ANS: d
OBJ: 8 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

34. Research shows that smoking increases the likelihood of developing
a. cancer.
b. heart disease.
c. arteriosclerosis.
d. all of these.

ANS: d
OBJ: 8 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy

35. Which of the following has been shown to increase the risk of such diseases as lung cancer, arteriosclerosis, and emphysema?
a. Obesity
b. Smoking
c. Poor nutrition
d. Lack of exercise

ANS: b MSC: WWW
OBJ: 8 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy

36. Health risks after quitting smoking decline until they reach a normal level after about
a. 1 year.
b. 5 years.
c. 10 years.
d. 15 years.

ANS: d MSC: WWW
OBJ: 8 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

37. Research shows that long-term success rates for efforts to quit smoking are about
a. 10%.
b. 25%.
c. 50%.
d. 80%.

ANS: b
OBJ: 8 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

38. On college campuses, alcohol appears to contribute to about ______ of student rapes.
a. 20%
b. 50%
c. 75%
d. 90%

ANS: d
OBJ: 9 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

39. In our society, alcohol is associated with which of the following crimes?
a. Murder
b. Child abuse
c. Spouse abuse
d. All of these

ANS: d
OBJ: 9 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy

40. Which of the following is considered one of the common warning signs of alcoholism?
a. Serving alcoholic drinks to close relatives
b. Drinking to modify uncomfortable feelings
c. Having several drinks at a social gathering
d. Drinking alcohol openly

ANS: b NOT: New
OBJ: 9 KEY: Conceptual DIF: Easy

41. Excessive drinking is correlated with which of the following?
a. Heart disease
b. Stomach cancer
c. Cirrhosis of the liver
d. All of these

ANS: d
OBJ: 9 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy

42. Typically, people are considered obese if their weight exceeds their ideal body weight by
a. 20%.
b. 40%.
c. 60%.
d. 80%.

ANS: a MSC: WWW
OBJ: 10 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy

43. Researchers have found that in terms of their weight, adult adoptees tend to resemble their______ more than their ______.
a. adoptive parents; biological parents
b. biological parents; adoptive parents
c. adoptive siblings; biological siblings
d. biological siblings; adoptive siblings

ANS: b
OBJ: 10 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

44. Weight tends to remain stable as long as there are no long-term factors that influence it. This theory is called
a. wishful thinking.
b. settling-point.
c. inertia.
d. durability.

ANS: b NOT: New
OBJ: 10 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

45. In order to lose one pound, you need to burn up ______ more calories than you consume.
a. 500
b. 1,000
c. 3,500
d. 5,000

ANS: c
OBJ: 11 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

46. Harry wants to lose 50 pounds. He should
a. sharply increase his exercise.
b. sharply reduce his food intake.
c. decrease his food intake and increase his exercise, both in moderate ways.
d. sharply increase his exercise while simultaneously reducing his food intake dramatically.

ANS: c
OBJ: 11 KEY: Conceptual DIF: Moderate

47. Ahmed maintains a diet high in serum cholesterol, eating an abundance of eggs, cheese, butter, and shellfish. Ahmed may well be increasing his risk of
a. arthritis.
b. emphysema.
c. heart disease.
d. all of these.

ANS: c
OBJ: 12 KEY: Conceptual DIF: Moderate

48. High caffeine consumption is likely to elevate one’s risk for
a. depression.
b. hypertension.
c. prostate cancer.
d. all of these.

ANS: b
OBJ: 12 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

49. ______ may increase one’s risk for cardiovascular disease.
a. Eating fish
b. Consuming omega 3 fatty acids
c. Avoiding processed meats
d. Eating a low-fiber diet

ANS: d
OBJ: 12 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

50. Which of the following nutritional habits can increase susceptibility to a variety of diseases and health problems?
a. Obesity
b. High-fat diets
c. Low-fiber diets
d. All of these

ANS: d
OBJ: 12 KEY: Factual DIF: Difficult

51. Nutritional deficiencies among Americans are most likely a result of
a. low income.
b. lack of knowledge about nutrition.
c. inability to find appropriate foods.
d. emphasis in the media on “convenience” foods.

ANS: b
OBJ: 12 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

52. Which of the following is NOT considered a nutrient essential for physical well-being?
a. Fats
b. Starchoglycens
c. Proteins
d. Carbohydrates

ANS: b
OBJ: 12 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy

53. _____ is a collection of processes through which an organism utilizes the materials required for survival and growth.
a. Biopsychology
b. Nutrition
c. Acculturation
d. Mitochondria

ANS b NOT: New
OBJ: 12 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy

54. The main function of vitamins and minerals is to
a. strengthen the immune system.
b. provide energy sources for the body.
c. help release energy from other foods.
d. provide roughage to facilitate digestion.

ANS: c MSC: WWW
OBJ: 12 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

55. ______ provide(s) roughage that facilitates digestion.
a. Fiber
b. Protein
c. Vitamins
d. Minerals

ANS: a
OBJ: 12 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy

56. It’s a good idea to increase consumption of healthy carbohydrates, natural sugars, and ample fiber. You can do this by eating more food from which of the following groups?
a. Breads and cereals
b. Fish, chicken, turkey
c. Milk and milk products
d. Fruits, vegetables, whole grains

ANS: d
OBJ: 12 KEY: Factual DIF: Difficult NOT: New

57. Recent studies suggest that physical fitness is associated with a decreased risk for which of the following?
a. Colon cancer in men
b. Breast cancer in women
c. Reproductive cancer in women
d. All of these

ANS: d
OBJ: 13 KEY: Factual DIF: Difficult

58. To affect mortality rates, people need to exercise
a. strenuously on a regular basis.
b. with a brisk half-hour walk daily.
c. strenuously three times a week.
d. carefully for the first year.

ANS: b NOT: New
OBJ: 13 KEY: Conceptual DIF: Moderate

59. Eric has been feeling depressed and has a lot of tension and anxiety while he looks for a new job. He wonders if regular exercise will be of benefit. Given the research, what would you tell him?
a. He’s right. Research supports his assumptions.
b. He’s right. He needs to get in better shape to get a job.
c. He’s wrong. People who are depressed can only be helped by medication.
d. He’s wrong. Exercise has nothing to do with improving moods.

ANS: a -161 NOT: New
OBJ: 13 KEY: Conceptual DIF: Difficult

60. An exercise activity that you find enjoyable
a. is likely to increase the physical benefits of exercise.
b. makes it easier to follow through and exercise regularly.
c. tends to detract from the psychological benefits of exercise.
d. reduces the likelihood that you’ll get caught in the “competition trap.”

ANS: b
OBJ: 14 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

61. Which of the following is NOT good advice for devising an exercise program?
a. Increase your participation gradually.
b. Exercise regularly without overdoing it.
c. Look for an activity that you will find enjoyable.
d. You should try to “exercise through” any minor injuries.

ANS: d MSC: WWW
OBJ: 14 KEY: Factual DIF: Difficult

62. ______ is a disorder in which the immune system is gradually weakened and eventually disabled by the human immunodeficiency virus.
a. HIV
b. Hemophilia
c. Myocardial ischemia
d. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

ANS: d
OBJ: 15 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

63. AIDS is the final stage of the HIV infection process, which typically manifests itself about ______ years after the original infection.
a. 1
b. 5
c. 8
d. 15

ANS: c
OBJ: 15 KEY: Factual DIF: Difficult

64. Treatment with which of the following has recently been found to hold promise for substantially longer survival for AIDS victims?
a. Prozac
b. Exhibitory retrovirus therapy
c. Intease inhibitors
d. Highly active antiretroviral therapy

ANS: d
OBJ: 15 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

65. HIV infection transmission is _____ in male to female compared with female to male.
a. equally likely
b. about eight times more likely
c. rare
d. about eight times less likely

ANS: b NOT: New
OBJ: 15 KEY: Factual DIF: Difficult

66. Highly active antiretroviral therapy treatment for AIDS
a. is highly effective in lengthening survival.
b. has undetermined long-term efficacy.
c. has adverse side effects.
d. is all of these.

ANS: d NOT: New
OBJ: 15 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

67. Worldwide, which of the following is the most common mode of transmission of the HIV virus?
a. Sharing food
b. Heterosexual relations
c. Sexual contact among homosexual men
d. The sharing of needles by intravenous drug users

ANS: b
OBJ: 15 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

68. Which of the following statements about AIDS is accurate?
a. Having AIDS and being infected with HIV are basically the same thing.
b. People who donate blood on a regular basis are in danger of contracting AIDS.
c. AIDS can be readily transmitted through casual contact with infected individuals.
d. HIV carriers often remain healthy and symptom-free for many years after they are infected.

ANS: d MSC: WWW
OBJ: 15 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

69. Which of the following is good advice for minimizing the risk of developing AIDS?
a. You should have sexual contact with fewer partners.
b. You should use condoms to control semen exchange.
c. You should curtail sexual behaviors that increase the probability of mixing semen and blood.
d. All of these statements constitute good advice.

ANS: d NOT: New
OBJ: 15 KEY: Conceptual DIF: Easy

70. People who are eager to seek medical care are most likely to be which of the following?
a. Highly psychotic
b. High in extroversion
c. High in neuroticism
d. High in sensation-seeking

ANS: c NOT: New
OBJ: 16 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy

71. George has decided to seek medical treatment for a severe rash that has remained for three days. His decision involves
a. identifying symptoms as an indication of illness.
b. deciding it warrants medical attention.
c. arranging the care appointment and time.
d. all of these.

ANS: d NOT: New
OBJ: 16 KEY: Conceptual DIF: Easy

72. For which of the following reasons is someone most likely to play the sick role?
a. To escape the demands of others
b. To deflect attention from themselves
c. To establish the basis for a malpractice lawsuit
d. To continue to receive medical insurance payments

ANS: a
OBJ: 17 KEY: Conceptual DIF: Easy

73. Which of the following is least likely to be a consequence of playing the “sick role”?
a. Decreased demands from others
b. Delayed professional care
c. Increased concern from others
d. Increased affection from others

ANS: b
OBJ: 17 KEY: Conceptual DIF: Moderate

74. Which of the following is NOT considered a common barrier to effective provider-patient communication?
a. Many providers use too much medical jargon.
b. Medical visits are usually very brief, allowing little time for discussion.
c. Some patients are evasive about their real concerns because they fear a serious diagnosis.
d. Some providers are reluctant to challenge their patients’ subjective interpretation of their own symptoms.

ANS: d MSC: WWW
OBJ: 18 KEY: Conceptual DIF: Moderate

75. Doctors and nurses often
a. believe their explanations are clear.
b. like to speak in technical terms to show their knowledge.
c. underestimate their patients’ understanding.
d. do not care if instructions are followed properly.

ANS: a NOT: New
OBJ: 18 KEY: Conceptual DIF: Moderate

76. People are most likely to follow the instructions they receive from healthcare professionals when
a. the instructions are punctuated with impressive medical jargon.
b. they like, respect, and understand the health care professional.
c. they don’t fully understand the instructions, but feel the need to do something.
d. all of these.

ANS: b
OBJ: 19 KEY: Conceptual DIF: Easy

77. Which of the following factors is likely to be the most important in increasing patients’ adherence to medical advice?
a. More detailed instructions from the practitioner
b. A larger number of practitioners from which to choose
c. The dissemination of literature about common medical problems
d. The communication process between the practitioner and the patient

ANS: d
OBJ: 19 KEY: Conceptual DIF: Difficult

78. Tolerance involves
a. physical dependence on a drug.
b. psychological dependence on a drug
c. gradual increase in responsiveness to a drug with continued use.
d. progressive decrease in responsiveness to a drug with continued use.

ANS: d MSC: WWW
OBJ: 20 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy

79. When a person must continue to take a drug in order to avoid withdrawal illness, the person has developed
a. abuse.
b. tolerance.
c. physical dependence.
d. psychological dependence.

ANS: c
OBJ: 20 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

80. When a person must continue to take a drug in order to satisfy an intense emotional and mental craving the person has developed
a. abuse.
b. tolerance.
c. physical dependence.
d. psychological dependence.

ANS: d
OBJ: 20 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

81. Physical distress caused by the termination of drug use is called
a. extinction.
b. tolerance.
c. withdrawal illness.
d. reverse tolerance.

ANS: c
OBJ: 20 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy

82. Abstinence syndrome is another term for
a. abuse.
b. withdrawal illness.
c. physical dependence.
d. psychological dependence.

ANS: b
OBJ: 20 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

83. Drugs from which of the following groups carry the greatest risk of overdose?
a. Narcotics
b. Cannabis
c. Stimulants
d. Hallucinogens

ANS: a MSC: WWW
OBJ: 20 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

84. Narcotics are
a. drugs derived from opium that are capable of relieving pain.
b. drugs that tend to increase activity in the central nervous system.
c. drugs that are notable for distorting sensory and perceptual experience.
d. sleep-inducing drugs that decrease activity in the peripheral nervous system.

ANS: a
OBJ: 21 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

85. One of heroin’s main effects is that it creates ________ in the user.
a. a sense of invulnerability
b. revelatory hallucinations
c. unbounded energy
d. euphoria

ANS: d
OBJ: 21 KEY: Factual DIF: Difficult

86. Which of the following drugs is NOT considered a narcotic?
a. Heroin
b. Cocaine
c. Codeine
d. Morphine

ANS: b
OBJ: 21 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

87. The most significant narcotics problem in modern Western society is the use of
a. heroin.
b. cocaine.
c. codeine.
d. morphine.

ANS: a MSC: WWW
OBJ: 21 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

88. Which of the following risks is NOT typically associated with narcotics use?
a. Overdose
b. Flashbacks
c. Infectious diseases
d. Physical dependence

ANS: b
OBJ: 21 KEY: Conceptual DIF: Moderate

89. Drugs that induce sleep and decrease central nervous system activation are usually classified as
a. sedatives.
b. stimulants.
c. hallucinogens.
d. amphetamines.

ANS: a
OBJ: 21 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy

90. The use of sedatives may result in personal injury because they
a. trigger hallucinations such as flying.
b. produce a strong physical dependence.
c. cause motor coordination to deteriorate.
d. suppress pain warnings of physical harm.

ANS: c
OBJ: 21 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

91. Which of the following groups of drugs tends to increase central nervous system activation and behavioral activity?
a. Narcotics
b. Sedatives
c. Stimulants
d. Barbiturates

ANS: c
OBJ: 22 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

92. Which of the following drugs is considered a stimulant?
a. Heroin
b. Cocaine
c. Morphine
d. Marijuana

ANS: b
OBJ: 22 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy

93. Which of the following is a risk associated with the use of stimulants?
a. Drug-induced psychosis
b. Deterioration of physical health
c. Strong psychological dependence
d. All of these

ANS: d
OBJ: 22 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy

94. Use of which of the following groups of drugs is most likely to result in distortions in sensory and perceptual experience?
a. Sedatives
b. Stimulants
c. Hallucinogens
d. All of these

ANS: c MSC: WWW
OBJ: 22 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy

95. Which of the following drugs is NOT considered a hallucinogen?
a. LSD
b. Hashish
c. Psilocybin
d. Mescaline

ANS: b
OBJ: 22 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

96. A spontaneous, vivid recurrence of a previous drug-induced experience is called a(n)
a. overdose.
b. flashback.
c. hallucination.
d. psychotic episode.

ANS: b
OBJ: 22 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

97. Which of the following is least likely to be a risk associated with the use of hallucinogens?
a. Flashbacks
b. Death from overdose
c. Acute panic during a “bad trip”
d. Precipitation of psychological disorders

ANS: b
OBJ: 22 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

98. Marijuana, hashish, and THC are all derived from
a. opium.
b. cannabis.
c. the peyote cactus.
d. Central American mushrooms.

ANS: b
OBJ: 23 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

99. Which of the following is NOT a cannabis derivative?
a. THC
b. MDMA
c. Hashish
d. Marijuana

ANS: b
OBJ: 23 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy

100. Which of the following is a risk associated with the use of cannabis?
a. Overdose
b. Chromosome damage
c. Physical dependence
d. Psychological dependence

ANS: d
OBJ: 23 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

101. The drug formulated in 1912 but not widely used until the 1990s is
a. LSD.
b. THC.
c. MDMA.
d. heroin.

ANS: c NOT: New
OBJ: 23 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

102. A problem with MDMA is
a. it can affect the immune system.
b. it contains toxic by-products.
c. it has long-term negative cognitive effects.
d. all of these.

ANS: d NOT: New
OBJ: 23 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS FROM STUDY GUIDE

1. Recent studies suggest that ______ may be more important for coronary risk than other elements of the Type A personality.
a. ambition
b. anger and hostility
c. strong competitive orientation
d. impatience and time urgency

ANS: b NOT: New
OBJ: 2 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

2. Research consistently indicates that the strength of the relationship between stress and health is
a. weak.
b. modest.
c. strong.
d. negligible.

ANS: 2 NOT: New
OBJ: 6 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

3. The percentage of people who smoke has ______ since the mid-1960s.
a. remained stable
b. declined noticeably
c. increased slightly
d. increased dramatically

ANS: b NOT: New
OBJ: 8 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy

4. That there may be a genetic vulnerability to obesity is supported by the finding that
a. some people burn off calories faster than others.
b. people who lose weight tend to gain back the weight they lost.
c. adoptees resemble their biological parents more than their adoptive parents.
d. obese people have more fat cells than other people.

ANS: c NOT: New
OBJ: 10 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

5. In order to foster sound nutrition, one should increase consumption of all but which of the following?
a. Saturated fats
b. Foods with fiber
c. Whole-grain carbohydrates
d. Polyunsaturated fats

ANS: a NOT: New
OBJ: 12 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy

6. HIV can be transmitted
a. through the exchange of bodily fluids, especially semen and blood.
b. by the sharing of needles by intravenous drug users.
c. through unprotected sexual contact with affected individuals.
d. through all of the above means.

ANS: d NOT: New
OBJ: 15 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy

7. Noncompliance with instructions received from physicians
a. accounts for the vast majority of serious illnesses in our society.
b. may be due to the patients’ failure to understand the instruc¬tions.
c. is generally caused by lack of confidence in the medical delivery system.
d. is not a major factor in the medical care system.

ANS: b NOT: New
OBJ: 18 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

8. Patients are more likely to follow prescribed treatments when their physicians
a. do follow-ups.
b. are the same sex as they are.
c. hold degrees in the relevant area of medicine.
d. provide them with written instructions.

ANS: a NOT: New
OBJ: 19 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

9. When people need to consume larger and larger doses of a drug to obtain the desired effect, they have developed ______ on/for the drug.
a. physical dependence
b. tolerance
c. psychological dependence
d. all of these

ANS: b NOT: New
OBJ: 20 KEY:Factual DIF: Easy

10. Which of the following statements about hallucinogenic drugs is NOT accurate?
a. Psychological dependence is a common problem.
b. They have no potential for physical dependence.
c. They temporarily impair intellectual functioning.
d. Repetitious, frightening flashbacks can be troublesome.

ANS: a NOT: New
OBJ: 22 KEY: Factual DIF: Difficult

TRUE/FALSE

1. Atherosclerosis is sometimes called a heart attack.

ANS: False
OBJ: 1 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy

2. Cardiovascular diseases cause equal deaths in men and women.

ANS: True NOT: New
OBJ: 1 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

3. Type B personalities tend to be patient and easy-going.

ANS: True
OBJ: 2 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy

4. Depression is associated with heart disease.

ANS: True
OBJ: 3 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy

5. Research has shown that stress causes illness.

ANS: False NOT: New
OBJ: 6 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy

6. In the U.S., female college students smoke less than the general population but male college students smoke more.

ANS: False
OBJ: 8 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

7. On average, smoking decreases life expectancy by a little over 13 years.

ANS: True
OBJ: 8 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

8. It is nearly impossible to transmit HIV through casual contact.

ANS: True NOT: New
OBJ: 15 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

9. In heterosexual relations, the transmission rate of HIV is about eight times higher in male-to-female than female-to-male.

ANS: True
OBJ: 15 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

10. Abstinence syndrome occurs after a person withdraws from a psychologically dependent drug.

ANS: False
OBJ: 20 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate

SHORT ANSWER

1. Compare and contrast the Type A and Type B personalities, and discuss the health risks that are associated with Type A behavior.

ANS: Answer not provided OBJ: 2

2. Briefly discuss several reasons why people who smoke are reluctant to give it up.

ANS: Answer not provided OBJ: 8

3. Identify and briefly describe some of the chief warning signs associated with problem drinking.

ANS: Answer not provided OBJ: 9

4. Briefly explain the settling-point theory of obesity.

ANS: Answer not provided NOT: New OBJ: 10

5. Briefly discuss the notion of dietary restraint as a contribution to obesity.

ANS: Answer not provided OBJ: 10

6. Briefly explain why it’s a good idea to consume a balanced variety of foods.

ANS: Answer not provided OBJ: 12

7. Describe several points of devising an exercise program.

ANS: Answer not provided OBJ: 14

8. Explain why heterosexuals are at risk for HIV infection.

ANS: Answer not provided OBJ: 15

9. Discuss the problems that arise in clear doctor-patient communication and ways to ensure better patient assertiveness and treatment compliance.

ANS: Answer not provided OBJ: 18

10. Briefly describe several controversial aspects of marijuana use.

ANS: Answer not provided OBJ: 23