Psychology And Your Life With P.O.W.E.R Learning 4th Edition By Robert Feldman - Test Bank

Psychology And Your Life With P.O.W.E.R Learning 4th Edition By Robert Feldman – Test Bank

 

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Psychology and Your Life with P.O.W.E.R Learning, 4e (Feldman)

Chapter 5   Learning

 

1) A relatively permanent change in behavior that is brought about by experience is known as

1. A) conformity.
2. B) congruence.
3. C) polarizing.
4. D) learning.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 170

Topic:  Learning

Learning Objective:  15.1: Describe the basics of classical conditioning and how they relate to learning.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

2) ________ is the decrease in response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus.

1. A) Sensation
2. B) Disinhibition
3. C) Habituation
4. D) Conservation

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 170

Topic:  Learning

Learning Objective:  15.1: Describe the basics of classical conditioning and how they relate to learning.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

3) Jim tosses a newly purchased felt mouse across the floor. His cat chases it excitedly, clutches it in its paws, and rolls around with it. Several tosses later, his cat yawns pointedly and settles for a nap. The change in his cat’s behavior most likely illustrates

1. A) adaptation
2. B) habituation.
3. C) conditioning.
4. D) maturation.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 3 Hard     Page Ref: 170

Topic:  Learning

Learning Objective:  15.1: Describe the basics of classical conditioning and how they relate to learning.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA Outcome:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology; 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

4) ________ is the decrease in response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus, whereas ________ is a basic phenomenon of learning that occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears.

1. A) Extinction; habituation
2. B) Habituation; extinction
3. C) Habituation; adaptation
4. D) Adaptation; habituation

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 170-174

Topic:  Learning; Extinction

Learning Objective:  15.1: Describe the basics of classical conditioning and how they relate to learning.; 15.3: Explain extinction.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

5) In psychology, ________ is credited with developing the framework for learning called classical conditioning.

1. A) Edward Thorndike
2. B) B. F. Skinner
3. C) Ivan Pavlov
4. D) John B. Watson

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 170

Topic:  Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective:  15.1: Describe the basics of classical conditioning and how they relate to learning.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

6) ________ is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response.

1. A) Classical conditioning
2. B) Operant conditioning
3. C) Observational learning
4. D) Instrumental conditioning

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 171

Topic:  Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective:  15.1: Describe the basics of classical conditioning and how they relate to learning.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

7) A(n) ________ stimulus is a stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest.

1. A) reflexive
2. B) unconditioned
3. C) neutral
4. D) normative

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 171

Topic:  Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective:  15.1: Describe the basics of classical conditioning and how they relate to learning.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

8) A(n) ________ stimulus is a stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned.

1. A) conditioned
2. B) unconditioned
3. C) neutral
4. D) normative

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 171

Topic:  Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective:  15.1: Describe the basics of classical conditioning and how they relate to learning.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

9) Tim loves pickles. The sight of a jar on a supermarket shelf makes his mouth water. In the terminology of classical conditioning, the sight of the jar is a(n)

1. A) conditioned stimulus.
2. B) unconditioned stimulus.
3. C) neutral stimulus.
4. D) conditioned response.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 3 Hard     Page Ref: 172

Topic:  Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective:  15.1: Describe the basics of classical conditioning and how they relate to learning.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA Outcome:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology; 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

10) Alexis uses cocaine, which activates her sympathetic nervous system. Expecting her dealer, she finds her hands shaking and her heart pounding when she hears a knock on the door. In this scenario, which of the following options correctly identifies the neutral stimulus, the conditioned stimulus (CS), and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

1. A) neutral stimulus—knock on the door; CS—cocaine; UCS—cocaine
2. B) neutral stimulus—knock on the door; CS—knock on the door; UCS—pounding heart
3. C) neutral stimulus—knock on the door; CS—knock on the door; UCS—cocaine
4. D) neutral stimulus—cocaine; CS—knock on the door; UCS—cocaine

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 3 Hard     Page Ref: 171-172

Topic:  Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective:  15.1: Describe the basics of classical conditioning and how they relate to learning.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA Outcome:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology; 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

11) In classical conditioning, how are a neutral stimulus and a conditioned stimulus related?

1. A) They are not related; they are completely distinct stimuli.
2. B) They are the same, and the terms are interchangeable.
3. C) The neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus.
4. D) The conditioned stimulus becomes the neutral stimulus.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium     Page Ref: 171-172

Topic:  Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective:  15.1: Describe the basics of classical conditioning and how they relate to learning.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA Outcome:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

12) Classical conditioning is most successful when a neutral stimulus is presented

1. A) just before an unconditioned stimulus occurs.
2. B) at exactly the same time that an unconditioned stimulus occurs.
3. C) long before an unconditioned stimulus occurs.
4. D) immediately after an unconditioned stimulus occurs.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 172

Topic:  Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective:  15.1: Describe the basics of classical conditioning and how they relate to learning.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

13) Which of the following options correctly identifies a stimulus or response in the “Little Albert” study conducted by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner?

1. A) unconditioned stimulus—noise
2. B) conditioned stimulus—fear
3. C) unconditioned response—rat
4. D) neutral stimulus—fear

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 173

Topic:  Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective:  15.2: Give examples of applying conditioning principles to human behavior.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

14) Jonas, a war veteran, has posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Currently, he lives in a quiet neighborhood. When he hears a firecracker or a car backfire, he startles out of fear. In the terminology of classical conditioning, these sounds are most likely to be referred to as ________ stimuli.

1. A) neutral
2. B) unconditioned
3. C) conditioned
4. D) normative

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 3 Hard     Page Ref: 173

Topic:  Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective:  15.2: Give examples of applying conditioning principles to human behavior.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA Outcome:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology; 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

15) ________ is a basic phenomenon of learning that occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears.

1. A) Extinction
2. B) Habituation
3. C) Adaptation
4. D) Extraversion

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 174

Topic:  Extinction

Learning Objective:  15.3: Explain extinction.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

16) Which of the following sequences correctly arranges the phases of the classical conditioning process from first to last?

1. A) acquisition → spontaneous recovery → extinction
2. B) acquisition → extinction → spontaneous recovery
3. C) spontaneous recovery → acquisition → extinction
4. D) extinction → acquisition → spontaneous recovery

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium     Page Ref: 174-175

Topic:  Classical Conditioning; Extinction

Learning Objective:  15.3: Explain extinction.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA Outcome:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

17) In the context of classical conditioning, the reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning is known as

1. A) extinction.
2. B) habituation.
3. C) spontaneous recovery.
4. D) positive reinforcement.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 175

Topic:  Extinction

Learning Objective:  15.3: Explain extinction.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

18) In the context of classical conditioning, ________ is a process in which, after a stimulus has been conditioned to produce a particular response, stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus produce the same response.

1. A) extinction
2. B) stimulus generalization
3. C) habituation
4. D) stimulus discrimination

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 175-176

Topic:  Generalization

Learning Objective:  15.4: Discuss stimulus generalization and discrimination.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

19) In the context of classical conditioning, which of the following is true about stimulus generalization?

1. A) It occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears.
2. B) Its likelihood is directly proportional to the similarity between two stimuli.
3. C) It occurs when one of two stimuli evokes a conditioned response but the other does not.
4. D) It is the decrease in response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium     Page Ref: 176

Topic:  Generalization

Learning Objective:  15.4: Discuss stimulus generalization and discrimination.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA Outcome:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

20) In the context of classical conditioning, ________ occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from each other that one evokes a conditioned response but the other does not.

1. A) habituation
2. B) stimulus generalization
3. C) extinction
4. D) stimulus discrimination

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 176

Topic:  Discrimination

Learning Objective:  15.4: Discuss stimulus generalization and discrimination.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

21) In the context of classical conditioning, which of the following is true about stimulus generalization?

1. A) It occurs if two stimuli are similar to each other such that both evoke conditioned responses.
2. B) It provides the ability to differentiate between stimuli.
3. C) It refers to the reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of time.
4. D) It occurs when a previously conditioned response disappears.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium     Page Ref: 176

Topic:  Discrimination

Learning Objective:  15.4: Discuss stimulus generalization and discrimination.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA Outcome:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

22) ________ is learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences.

1. A) Classical conditioning
2. B) Operant conditioning
3. C) Social learning
4. D) Latent learning

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 178

Topic:  Operant Conditioning

Learning Objective:  16.1: Define the basics of operant conditioning.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

23) In the process of operant conditioning, an organism primarily

1. A) operates on its environment to produce a desirable result.
2. B) reacts to a stimulus in an unthinking, automatic manner.
3. C) gives involuntary, natural responses to stimuli.
4. D) gives unconditioned responses to stimuli.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 2 Medium     Page Ref: 178

Topic:  Operant Conditioning

Learning Objective:  16.1: Define the basics of operant conditioning.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA Outcome:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

24) Classical conditioning applies mostly to an organism’s

1. A) biological responses.
2. B) voluntary behavior.
3. C) forced behavior.
4. D) voluntary responses.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 178

Topic:  Classical Conditioning; Operant Conditioning

Learning Objective:  15.1: Describe the basics of classical conditioning and how they relate to learning.; 16.1: Define the basics of operant conditioning.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

25) Operant conditioning applies mainly to an organism’s

1. A) natural responses.
2. B) voluntary responses.
3. C) biological responses.
4. D) involuntary responses.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 178

Topic:  Operant Conditioning

Learning Objective:  16.1: Define the basics of operant conditioning.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

26) The inspiration for a whole generation of psychologists studying operant conditioning was ________, one of the 20th century’s most influential psychologists.

1. A) Sigmund Freud
2. B) John B. Watson
3. C) Ivan Pavlov
4. D) B. F. Skinner

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 179

Topic:  Operant Conditioning

Learning Objective:  16.1: Define the basics of operant conditioning.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

27) In the context of operant conditioning, the process by which a stimulus increases the likelihood that a preceding behavior will be repeated is called

1. A) habituation.
2. B) reinforcement.
3. C) extinction.
4. D) punishment.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 179

Topic:  Operant Conditioning; Reinforcement

Learning Objective:  16.1: Define the basics of operant conditioning.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

28) In the context of operant conditioning, a ________ is any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again.

1. A) polarizer
2. B) rejoinder
3. C) reinforcer
4. D) transducer

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 179

Topic:  Reinforcement

Learning Objective:  16.1: Define the basics of operant conditioning.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

29) In the context of operant conditioning, reinforcers that satisfy one’s biological needs are called ________ reinforcers.

1. A) primary
2. B) positive
3. C) unconditioned
4. D) reflexive

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 180

Topic:  Operant Conditioning; Reinforcement

Learning Objective:  16.1: Define the basics of operant conditioning.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

30) Caroline is playing in the snow in her yard. Her father calls out to her to come inside the house as it is getting late. Caroline ignores her father because she does not want to go inside. After a while, she starts feeling cold and goes inside the house to keep herself warm. In this scenario, in the context of operant conditioning, the feeling of warmth is most likely a

1. A) conditioned stimulus.
2. B) primary reinforcer.
3. C) secondary reinforcer.
4. D) neutral stimulus.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 3 Hard     Page Ref: 180

Topic:  Operant Conditioning; Reinforcement

Learning Objective:  16.1: Define the basics of operant conditioning.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA Outcome:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

31) In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following is paired accurately?

1. A) food for a hungry person—a secondary reinforcer
2. B) money for a person—a secondary reinforcer
3. C) warmth for a cold person—a secondary reinforcer
4. D) relief for a person in pain—a secondary reinforcer

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium     Page Ref: 180

Topic:  Operant Conditioning; Reinforcement

Learning Objective:  16.1: Define the basics of operant conditioning.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA Outcome:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

32) Noah’s mother gives him a dollar every Friday evening if he finishes his chores for the week without being reminded. He diligently finishes his chores every week, and he uses the money to buy candies over the weekend. In the given scenario, in the context of operant conditioning, the weekly allowance most likely is a(n)

1. A) secondary reinforcer.
2. B) primary reinforcer.
3. C) unconditioned response.
4. D) unconditioned stimulus.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 3 Hard     Page Ref: 180

Topic:  Operant Conditioning; Reinforcement

Learning Objective:  16.1: Define the basics of operant conditioning.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA Outcome:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

33) As part of a behavior modification program, Mark and his partner decide to praise their daughter if she completes her homework by 9 p.m. every night. In the context of operant conditioning, such praise is an example of

1. A) positive punishment.
2. B) negative punishment.
3. C) positive reinforcement.
4. D) negative reinforcement.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium     Page Ref: 180

Topic:  Operant Conditioning; Reinforcement

Learning Objective:  16.2: Explain reinforcers and punishment.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA Outcome:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

34) In the context of operant conditioning, the term “reward” is associated only with

1. A) positive reinforcement.
2. B) positive punishment.
3. C) negative reinforcement.
4. D) negative punishment.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 180

Topic:  Reinforcement

Learning Objective:  16.2: Explain reinforcers and punishment.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

35) In the context of operant conditioning, a(n) ________ reinforcer is a stimulus added to the environment that specifically brings about an increase in a preceding response.

1. A) primary
2. B) positive
3. C) unconditioned
4. D) neutral

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 180

Topic:  Reinforcement

Learning Objective:  16.2: Explain reinforcers and punishment.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

36) A(n) ________ reinforcer refers to an unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future.

1. A) negative
2. B) secondary
3. C) unconditioned
4. D) neutral

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 180

Topic:  Reinforcement

Learning Objective:  16.2: Explain reinforcers and punishment.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

37) One of the reasons Carlos continues to work at his job is the paycheck that he receives every two weeks. In the context of operant conditioning, Carlos’s paycheck is most likely a(n)

1. A) unconditioned response.
2. B) primary reinforcer.
3. C) secondary reinforcer.
4. D) unconditioned stimulus.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium     Page Ref: 180

Topic:  Reinforcement

Learning Objective:  16.1: Define the basics of operant conditioning.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA Outcome:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

38) When giving a lecture, Prof. Carlos notices several students nodding in agreement. Subsequently, his rhetoric becomes more confident and more passionate. In the context of operant conditioning, the students’ nodding provides Prof. Carlos with

1. A) positive reinforcement.
2. B) a neutral stimulus.
3. C) a conditioned stimulus.
4. D) negative reinforcement.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 3 Hard     Page Ref: 180

Topic:  Reinforcement

Learning Objective:  16.2: Explain reinforcers and punishment.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA Outcome:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

39) In the context of operant conditioning, negative reinforcement

1. A) is synonymous with negative punishment.
2. B) increases the likelihood that preceding behaviors will be repeated.
3. C) refers to a stimulus that reduces the probability that a prior behavior will occur again.
4. D) refers to adding a stimulus to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium     Page Ref: 180

Topic:  Reinforcement

Learning Objective:  16.2: Explain reinforcers and punishment.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA Outcome:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

40) In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following scenarios best exemplifies negative reinforcement?

1. A) Vanna fastens her seatbelt as soon as she gets in her car to stop the annoying alert sound.
2. B) Drake no longer cuts class now that his parents have confiscated his iPhone.
3. C) Maria buys a particular brand of cereal to get two boxes for the price of one.
4. D) Nate no longer arrives late at work following a reprimand from his boss.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 3 Hard     Page Ref: 180

Topic:  Reinforcement

Learning Objective:  16.2: Explain reinforcers and punishment.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA Outcome:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

41) In the context of operant conditioning, ________ weakens a response through the application of an unpleasant stimulus.

1. A) habituation
2. B) extinction
3. C) positive punishment
4. D) negative reinforcement

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 180

Topic:  Punishment

Learning Objective:  16.2: Explain reinforcers and punishment.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

42) In the context of operant conditioning, ________ consists of the removal of something pleasant that results in a decrease in the likelihood that a prior behavior will be repeated.

1. A) negative reinforcement
2. B) negative punishment
3. C) positive punishment
4. D) positive reinforcement

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 180-181

Topic:  Punishment

Learning Objective:  16.2: Explain reinforcers and punishment.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

43) In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following scenarios best exemplifies negative punishment?

1. A) Astrid tells her daughter that she is grounded for misbehaving and cannot meet her friends for a week.
2. B) Carly yells at her husband when he comes home drunk.
3. C) Jim, a football coach, makes his students run extra laps when they are unruly during training sessions.
4. D) Joanie takes several medicines when she has a headache.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 3 Hard     Page Ref: 180-181

Topic:  Operant Conditioning; Punishment

Learning Objective:  16.2: Explain reinforcers and punishment.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA Outcome:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

44) In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following scenarios best exemplifies positive punishment?

1. A) Christopher’s pay is cut because of a poor job evaluation.
2. B) Stephen gets a speeding ticket.
3. C) Amy grounds her son for misbehaving and does not let him watch television.
4. D) Rita takes medicines for her stomachache.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 3 Hard     Page Ref: 180

Topic:  Operant Conditioning; Punishment

Learning Objective:  16.2: Explain reinforcers and punishment.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA Outcome:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

45) Sheryl’s parents tell her that she is grounded and not allowed to watch television for a week because she does not complete her homework on time. In the context of operant conditioning, this scenario most likely exemplifies

1. A) negative punishment.
2. B) negative reinforcement.
3. C) positive punishment.
4. D) positive reinforcement.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 3 Hard     Page Ref: 180-181

Topic:  Operant Conditioning; Punishment

Learning Objective:  16.2: Explain reinforcers and punishment.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA Outcome:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

46) In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following scenarios best exemplifies negative punishment?

1. A) Gina’s brother asks her to consult a psychiatrist for her sleeping problems.
2. B) Andrew spanks his son for misbehaving.
3. C) Todd yells at his son for being irresponsible.
4. D) Miya’s manager demotes her because of her poor performance at work.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 3 Hard     Page Ref: 180-181

Topic:  Operant Conditioning; Punishment

Learning Objective:  16.2: Explain reinforcers and punishment.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA Outcome:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

47) Which of the following concepts of operant conditioning is correctly matched with an example?

1. A) Positive reinforcement—Vickie applies some ointment to lessen the discomfort caused by a minor burn.
2. B) Negative reinforcement—Ella’s parents confiscate her car keys for breaking her curfew.
3. C) Positive punishment—Laurel’s mother yells at her when Laurel tries to steal $20 from her mother’s purse.
4. D) Negative punishment—Maddie receives a bonus for outstanding work performance.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 3 Hard     Page Ref: 180

Topic:  Operant Conditioning; Punishment

Learning Objective:  16.2: Explain reinforcers and punishment.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA Outcome:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

48) Which of the following concepts of operant conditioning is accurately matched with an example?

1. A) Positive reinforcement—Harvey, a student, is suspended when he vandalizes school property.
2. B) Negative reinforcement—Jeff holds his umbrella over his head when it starts to rain so that he will not get drenched.
3. C) Positive punishment—Jacqueline’s teacher gives her a candy for completing an arithmetic exercise without any errors.
4. D) Negative punishment—Tommy receives a written reprimand from his boss following a series of customer complaints.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 3 Hard     Page Ref: 180

Topic:  Operant Conditioning; Reinforcement

Learning Objective:  16.2: Explain reinforcers and punishment.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA Outcome:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

49) In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following is true about punishment for an undesirable behavior?

1. A) It is ineffective if it is delivered immediately after the undesirable behavior.
2. B) It conveys information about what an alternative, appropriate behavior might be.
3. C) It is a more appropriate technique for modifying behavior than is reinforcing desired behavior.
4. D) It is ineffective if an individual is able to leave the setting in which the punishment is being given.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium     Page Ref: 182

Topic:  Operant Conditioning; Punishment

Learning Objective:  16.3: Present the pros and cons of punishment.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA Outcome:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

50) Behavior that is reinforced every time it occurs is said to be on a(n) ________ reinforcement schedule.

1. A) secondary
2. B) positive
3. C) intermittent
4. D) continuous

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 183

Topic:  Schedules of Reinforcement

Learning Objective:  16.4: Discuss schedules of reinforcement.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

51) People do not receive a smile or a “thank you” each time they hold a door for a person behind them. The action is acknowledged occasionally. The act of holding the door is reinforced on a ________ reinforcement schedule.

1. A) continuous
2. B) partial
3. C) regular
4. D) fixed

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 3 Hard     Page Ref: 183

Topic:  Schedules of Reinforcement

Learning Objective:  16.4: Discuss schedules of reinforcement.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA Outcome:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology; 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

52) In the context of the schedules of reinforcement, a vending machine offers ________ reinforcement, whereas a slot machine offers ________ reinforcement.

1. A) secondary; primary
2. B) continuous; intermittent
3. C) partial; intermittent
4. D) variable; fixed

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 183

Topic:  Schedules of Reinforcement

Learning Objective:  16.4: Discuss schedules of reinforcement.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

53) In the context of operant conditioning, a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is a schedule

1. A) in which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made.
2. B) in which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a specific number.
3. C) that focuses on the amount of time that has elapsed since a person or animal was rewarded.
4. D) that provides reinforcement for a response only if a specific time period has elapsed.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 183

Topic:  Schedules of Reinforcement

Learning Objective:  16.4: Discuss schedules of reinforcement.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

54) In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following promotions exemplifies the use of a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement?

1. A) A café prints “You are a winner” on one-twelfth of its coffee and tea lids. Customers who receive such lids can redeem them for free beverages or food items from the café.
2. B) A café provides its customers with cards. Each time a customer purchases a beverage, a hole is punched in his or her card, and when ten such holes are punched, he or she receives a free beverage.
3. C) A café offers its customers a free beverage with breakfast from 7 a.m. to 9 a.m.
4. D) A café offers its customers buy-one-get-one offers every Monday.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 3 Hard     Page Ref: 183

Topic:  Schedules of Reinforcement

Learning Objective:  16.4: Discuss schedules of reinforcement.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA Outcome:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

55) A supermarket offers its customers a deal wherein they can earn 20 percent cash back every 10th time they make a purchase. In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following types of schedules of reinforcement is best illustrated in this scenario?

1. A) a fixed-ratio schedule
2. B) a variable-ratio schedule
3. C) a fixed-interval schedule
4. D) a variable-interval schedule

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 3 Hard     Page Ref: 183

Topic:  Schedules of Reinforcement

Learning Objective:  16.4: Discuss schedules of reinforcement.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA Outcome:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

56) A variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement is a schedule

1. A) in which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made.
2. B) in which reinforcement occurs after a fluctuating number of responses rather than after a fixed number.
3. C) that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed.
4. D) in which the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 183-184

Topic:  Schedules of Reinforcement

Learning Objective:  16.4: Discuss schedules of reinforcement.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

57) In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following is true about a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement?

1. A) In a variable-ratio schedule, reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses.
2. B) In a variable-ratio schedule, the focus is on the amount of time that has elapsed since one was rewarded.
3. C) In a variable-ratio schedule, the number of responses usually hovers around a specific average.
4. D) In a variable-ratio schedule, the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium     Page Ref: 183-184

Topic:  Schedules of Reinforcement

Learning Objective:  16.4: Discuss schedules of reinforcement.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA Outcome:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

58) In general, ________ schedules of reinforcement yield responses at a high, steady rate.

1. A) variable-interval
2. B) fixed-interval
3. C) variable-ratio
4. D) fixed-ratio

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 184

Topic:  Schedules of Reinforcement

Learning Objective:  16.4: Discuss schedules of reinforcement.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

59) Typically, long pauses in responses are associated with ________ schedules of reinforcement.

1. A) fixed-interval
2. B) fixed-ratio
3. C) variable-interval
4. D) variable-ratio

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 184

Topic:  Schedules of Reinforcement

Learning Objective:  16.4: Discuss schedules of reinforcement.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

60) A fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is a schedule

1. A) in which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made.
2. B) in which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number.
3. C) that provides reinforcement for a response only if an unvarying time period has elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low.
4. D) in which the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being constant.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 185

Topic:  Schedules of Reinforcement

Learning Objective:  16.4: Discuss schedules of reinforcement.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

61) A variable-interval schedule is a schedule

1. A) in which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made.
2. B) in which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number.
3. C) that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed.
4. D) in which the time between reinforcements fluctuates around some average rather than being fixed.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 185

Topic:  Schedules of Reinforcement

Learning Objective:  16.4: Discuss schedules of reinforcement.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

62) The process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior is called

1. A) decentralizing.
2. B) diverging.
3. C) shaping.
4. D) confabulating.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 185

Topic:  Shaping

Learning Objective:  16.5: Explain the concept of shaping.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

63) Mrs. Martin teaches cursive writing to third-grade students. Initially, she reinforces even students’ failed attempts to reproduce letters with words of encouragement. However, over time, she reinforces only well-formed letters. In this scenario, the process of progressively reinforcing better attempts at writing letters best exemplifies the concept of

1. A) classical conditioning.
2. B) shaping.
3. C) extinction.
4. D) spontaneous recovery.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 3 Hard     Page Ref: 185

Topic:  Applied Behavior Analysis

Learning Objective:  16.5: Explain the concept of shaping.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA Outcome:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

64) ________ is defined as a formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.

1. A) Identity diffusion
2. B) Inductive reasoning
3. C) Spontaneous recovery
4. D) Behavior modification

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 187

Topic:  Shaping

Learning Objective:  16.5: Explain the concept of shaping.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

65) The ________ learning theory is an approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning.

1. A) transformative
2. B) behavioral
3. C) cognitive
4. D) constructivist

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 191

Topic:  Cognitive Learning Theory

Learning Objective:  17.1: Explain latent learning and how it works in humans.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

66) Psychologists working from the cognitive learning perspective

1. A) deny the importance of classical and operant conditioning in learning.
2. B) have developed approaches that focus on the unseen mental processes that occur during learning.
3. C) have developed methods concentrating solely on reinforcements.
4. D) suggest that people make responses merely because there is a link between a stimulus and a response.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium     Page Ref: 191

Topic:  Cognitive Learning Theory

Learning Objective:  17.1: Explain latent learning and how it works in humans.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA Outcome:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

67) According to the cognitive learning theory,

1. A) people develop an expectation that they will receive a reinforcer after making a response.
2. B) learning is unlikely to take place in the absence of external stimuli, responses, and reinforcements.
3. C) the process of reinforcement reduces the probability that a behavior will be repeated.
4. D) people make responses merely because there is a link between a stimulus and a response.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 2 Medium     Page Ref: 191-192

Topic:  Cognitive Learning Theory

Learning Objective:  17.1: Explain latent learning and how it works in humans.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA Outcome:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

68) According to Tolman and Honzik (1930), learning in which a new behavior is acquired but is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it is known as ________ learning.

1. A) tangential
2. B) latent
3. C) perceptual
4. D) spatial

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 192

Topic:  Latent Learning

Learning Objective:  17.1: Explain latent learning and how it works in humans.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

69) Identify a true statement about latent learning.

1. A) It occurs without prior reinforcement.
2. B) It is learning by watching a person’s behavior.
3. C) It is learning in which a new behavior is acquired and demonstrated even if any incentive is not provided for displaying it.
4. D) It is primarily based on the social cognitive approach to learning developed by Albert Bandura and his colleagues.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 2 Medium     Page Ref: 192

Topic:  Latent Learning

Learning Objective:  17.1: Explain latent learning and how it works in humans.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA Outcome:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

70) When people start taking lessons on driving a car, they may already know the basics of driving from previous experience as passengers. It is likely that they have already noticed aspects such as how the key is inserted into the ignition and the gas pedal is pressed to make the car move forward. This scenario best illustrates the concept of

1. A) latent learning.
2. B) classical conditioning.
3. C) habituation.
4. D) spontaneous recovery.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 3 Hard     Page Ref: 192-193

Topic:  Latent Learning

Learning Objective:  17.1: Explain latent learning and how it works in humans.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA Outcome:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

71) Every Sunday, Adam takes a bus to the farmers’ market to buy vegetables. One Sunday, the bus service is disrupted, and he decides to drive. He is not sure if he knows the route to the market. However, when he starts driving, he realizes that he knows the route from his weekly bus rides. In the context of cognitive learning, Adam’s knowledge of the route to the farmer’s market most likely demonstrates

1. A) spontaneous recovery.
2. B) observational learning.
3. C) reinforcement.
4. D) latent learning.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 3 Hard     Page Ref: 192-193

Topic:  Latent Learning

Learning Objective:  17.1: Explain latent learning and how it works in humans.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA Outcome:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

72) In the context of latent learning, a(n) ________ is a mental representation of spatial locations and directions.

1. A) algorithm
2. B) function prototype
3. C) cognitive map
4. D) transmitter

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 193

Topic:  Latent Learning

Learning Objective:  17.1: Explain latent learning and how it works in humans.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

73) Learning by watching the behavior of another person, or model, is known as ________ learning.

1. A) perceptual
2. B) observational
3. C) latent
4. D) tangential

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 193

Topic:  Observational Learning

Learning Objective:  17.2: Discuss the influence of observational learning in acquiring skills.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

74) Albert Bandura’s perspective on learning is referred to as a(n) ________ approach to learning because of its reliance on observation of others.

1. A) constructivist
2. B) social cognitive
3. C) objectivist
4. D) process-oriented

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 193

Topic:  Observational Learning

Learning Objective:  17.2: Discuss the influence of observational learning in acquiring skills.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

75) Albert Bandura’s “Bobo doll” experiment was intended to demonstrate the concept of

1. A) shaping.
2. B) observational learning.
3. C) latent learning.
4. D) stimulus control training.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 193

Topic:  Observational Learning

Learning Objective:  17.2: Discuss the influence of observational learning in acquiring skills.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

76) In the context of observational learning, the discovery of ________ that fire when a person observes another person carrying out a behavior suggests that the capacity to imitate others may be inborn.

1. A) mirror neurons
2. B) leukocytes
3. C) endothelial cells
4. D) triglycerides

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 194

Topic:  Observational Learning

Learning Objective:  17.2: Discuss the influence of observational learning in acquiring skills.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

77) ________ is associated with the “Fearless Peer” experiment that demonstrated ________.

1. A) Ivan Pavlov; classical conditioning
2. B) Albert Bandura; observational learning
3. C) B. F. Skinner; operant conditioning
4. D) Edward Thorndike; latent learning

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 194

Topic:  Observational Learning

Learning Objective:  17.2: Discuss the influence of observational learning in acquiring skills.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

78) Which of the following statements is true about observational learning?

1. A) It primarily refers to learning a new behavior but not demonstrating until some incentive is provided for displaying it.
2. B) It mainly occurs as a result of prior reinforcement, as proposed by strict operant conditioning theorists.
3. C) Observing the punishment of a model necessarily stops observers from learning the model’s behavior.
4. D) Models who are rewarded for a behavior are more apt to be mimicked than are models who receive punishment.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium     Page Ref: 194

Topic:  Observational Learning

Learning Objective:  17.3: Describe research findings about observational learning and media violence.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA Outcome:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

79) Which of the following options correctly matches a learning style with one of its characteristics?

1. A) relational style—showing intuitive thinking
2. B) relational style—being able to focus on details
3. C) analytical style—displaying improvisational, unstructured thinking
4. D) analytical style—having a good memory for verbally presented ideas

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 197

Topic:  Learning; Observational Learning

Learning Objective:  17.3: Describe research findings about observational learning and media violence.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

80) Who among the following most likely has an analytical learning style?

1. A) Ram, who has a good memory for abstract ideas
2. B) Claire, who shows intuitive thinking
3. C) Amar, whose style conflicts with traditional school environments
4. D) Sophia, who perceives information as part of the total picture

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 2 Medium     Page Ref: 197

Topic:  Learning; Observational Learning

Learning Objective:  17.3: Describe research findings about observational learning and media violence.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA Outcome:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology; 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

81) ________ is a decline in the behavioral response following repeated exposure to the same stimulus.

 

Answer:  Habituation

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 170

Topic:  Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective:  15.1: Describe the basics of classical conditioning and how they relate to learning.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

82) In Ivan Pavlov’s study related to classical conditioning, the bell is both a(n) ________ stimulus and a conditioned stimulus.

 

Answer:  neutral

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 171

Topic:  Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective:  15.1: Describe the basics of classical conditioning and how they relate to learning.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

83) A bright flash automatically causes a person to blink. In the context of classical conditioning, this reaction is a(n) ________ response.

 

Answer:  unconditioned

Difficulty: 2 Medium     Page Ref: 171-173

Topic:  Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective:  15.2: Give examples of applying conditioning principles to human behavior.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA Outcome:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

84) In the context of classical conditioning, ________ are intense, irrational fears.

 

Answer:  phobias

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 173

Topic:  Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective:  15.2: Give examples of applying conditioning principles to human behavior.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

85) ________ is the reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of time and with no further conditioning.

 

Answer:  Spontaneous recovery

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 175

Topic:  Classical Conditioning; Extinction

Learning Objective:  15.3: Explain extinction.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

86) Adam was stung by a bee when he was a child. As a result, he is frightened not only of bees but of all flying insects. In the context of classical conditioning, this scenario exemplifies the concept of ________.

 

Answer:  stimulus generalization

Difficulty: 3 Hard     Page Ref: 175-176

Topic:  Generalization

Learning Objective:  15.4: Discuss stimulus generalization and discrimination.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA Outcome:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

87) In the context of operant conditioning, any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated is known as a(n) ________.

 

Answer:  reinforcer

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 179

Topic:  Operant Conditioning; Reinforcement

Learning Objective:  16.1: Define the basics of operant conditioning.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

88) People value money because they have learned that it allows them to obtain other desirable objects, such as food and shelter. In the context of operant conditioning, money thus becomes a(n) ________ reinforcer.

 

Answer:  secondary

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 180

Topic:  Operant Conditioning; Reinforcement

Learning Objective:  16.1: Define the basics of operant conditioning.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

89) Sam’s employer pays him once every two weeks. In the context of operant conditioning, this scenario is an example of a(n) ________ schedule of reinforcement.

 

Answer:  fixed-interval

Difficulty: 2 Medium     Page Ref: 184

Topic:  Operant Conditioning; Reinforcement

Learning Objective:  16.4: Discuss schedules of reinforcement.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA Outcome:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

90) The process of teaching complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior is known as ________.

 

Answer:  shaping

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 185

Topic:  Shaping

Learning Objective:  16.5: Explain the concept of shaping.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

91) An approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning is known as the ________.

 

Answer:  cognitive learning theory

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 191

Topic:  Latent Learning

Learning Objective:  17.1: Explain latent learning and how it works in humans.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

92) Dr. Ahmed, a psychology researcher, believes that people develop an expectation that they will receive a reinforcer after making a response to a stimulus. Based on this information, it can be concluded that Dr. Ahmed is a proponent of the ________ theory.

 

Answer:  cognitive learning

Difficulty: 2 Medium     Page Ref: 191-192

Topic:  Cognitive Learning Theory

Learning Objective:  17.1: Explain latent learning and how it works in humans.

Bloom’s:  Apply

APA Outcome:  1.3: Describe applications of psychology; 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

93) Learning by watching the behavior of another person, or model, is known as ________.

 

Answer:  observational learning

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 193

Topic:  Observational Learning

Learning Objective:  17.2: Discuss the influence of observational learning in acquiring skills.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

 

 

94) In the context of observational learning, ________ are neurons that fire when a person observes another person’s behavior.

 

Answer:  mirror neurons

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 194

Topic:  Observational Learning

Learning Objective:  17.2: Discuss the influence of observational learning in acquiring skills.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

 

95) People with a(n) ________ learning style do best when they analyze the various components underlying a phenomenon or situation.

 

Answer:  analytical

Difficulty: 1 Easy     Page Ref: 197

Topic:  Learning

Learning Objective:  17.3: Describe research findings about observational learning and media violence.

Bloom’s:  Remember

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

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96) Explain the concept of classical conditioning with a suitable example.

 

Answer:  Students’ answers may vary.

 

The answer should contain the following information:

 

Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus elicits a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response. To demonstrate classical conditioning, Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, attached a tube to the salivary gland of a dog, allowing him to measure precisely the dog’s salivation. He then rang a bell and, just a few seconds later, presented the dog with meat. This pairing occurred repeatedly and was carefully planned so that, each time, exactly the same amount of time elapsed between the presentation of the bell and the meat. At first the dog would salivate only when the meat was presented, but soon it began to salivate at the sound of the bell. In fact, even when Pavlov stopped presenting the meat, the dog still salivated after hearing the sound. The dog had been classically conditioned to salivate to the sound of the bell.

Difficulty: 2 Medium     Page Ref: 171

Topic:  Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective:  15.1: Describe the basics of classical conditioning and how they relate to learning.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA Outcome:  1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

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97) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of punishment based on the concept of operant conditioning.

 

Answer:  Students’ answers may vary.

 

The answer should contain the following information:

 

Punishment often presents the quickest route to changing behavior that, if allowed to continue, might be dangerous to an individual. There are some rare instances in which punishment can be the most humane approach to treating certain severe disorders. For example, some children suffer from autism, a psychological disorder that can lead them to abuse themselves by tearing at their skin or banging their heads against the wall, injuring themselves severely in the process. In such cases—and when all other treatments have failed—punishment in the form of a quick but intense electric shock has been used to prevent self-injurious behavior. Such punishment, however, is used only to keep the child safe and to buy time until positive reinforcement procedures can be initiated. Punishment has several disadvantages that make its routine questionable. For one thing, punishment is frequently ineffective, particularly if it is not delivered shortly after the undesired behavior or if the individual is able to leave the setting in which the punishment is being given. Even worse, physical punishment can convey to the recipient the idea that physical aggression is permissible and perhaps even desirable. In addition, physical punishment is often administered by people who are themselves angry or enraged. It is unlikely that individuals in such an emotional state will be able to think through what they are doing or control carefully the degree of punishment they are inflicting. Finally, punishment does not convey any information about what an alternative, more appropriate behavior might be. To be useful in bringing about more desirable behavior in the future, punishment must be accompanied by specific information about the behavior that is being punished, along with specific suggestions concerning a more desirable behavior.

Difficulty: 2 Medium     Page Ref: 181-182

Topic:  Operant Conditioning; Punishment

Learning Objective:  16.3: Present the pros and cons of punishment.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA Outcome:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

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98) Identify and define the four schedules of partial, or intermittent, reinforcement, and provide examples for each schedule.

 

Answer:  Students’ answers may vary.

 

The answer should contain the following information:

 

The four schedules of partial, or intermittent, reinforcement are fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval, and variable-interval schedules. In a fixed-ratio schedule, reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses. For instance, a rat might receive a food pellet every 10th time it pressed a lever; here, the ratio would be 1:10. In a variable-ratio schedule, reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number. A good example of a variable-ratio schedule is a telephone salesperson’s job. She might make a sale during the third, eighth, ninth, and twentieth calls without being successful during any call in between. Although the number of responses that must be made before making a sale varies, it averages out to a 20 percent success rate. Fixed-interval and variable-interval schedules focus on the amount of time that has elapsed since a person or animal was rewarded. Because a fixed-interval schedule provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed, overall rates of response are relatively low. One example of a fixed-interval schedule is a weekly paycheck. In a variable-interval schedule, the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed. For example, a professor who gives surprise quizzes that vary from one every three days to one every three weeks, averaging one every two weeks, is using a variable-interval schedule.

Difficulty: 2 Medium     Page Ref: 184-185

Topic:  Schedules of Reinforcement

Learning Objective:  16.4: Discuss schedules of reinforcement.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA Outcome:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

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99) Briefly describe the aspects of observational learning and psychologist Albert Bandura’s study through which he demonstrated the ability of models to stimulate learning.

 

Answer:  Students’ answers may vary.

 

The answer should contain the following information:

 

According to psychologist Albert Bandura and colleagues, a major part of human learning consists of observational learning, which is learning by watching the behavior of another person, or model. Because of its reliance on observation of others—a social phenomenon—the perspective taken by Bandura is often referred to as a social cognitive approach to learning. Bandura dramatically demonstrated the ability of models to stimulate learning in a classic experiment. In the study, young children saw a film of an adult wildly hitting a five-foot-tall inflatable punching toy called a Bobo doll. Later the children were given the opportunity to play with the Bobo doll themselves, and, sure enough, most displayed the same kind of behavior, in some cases mimicking the aggressive behavior almost identically. Observational learning is central to a number of important issues relating to the extent to which people learn simply by watching the behavior of others.

Difficulty: 2 Medium     Page Ref: 193-194

Topic:  Observational Learning

Learning Objective:  17.2: Discuss the influence of observational learning in acquiring skills.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA Outcome:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

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100) Distinguish between analytical and relational learning styles, and discuss educator Maurianne Adams’s views on the learning styles displayed by various minority and majority groups in Western societies.

 

Answer:  Students’ answers may vary.

 

The answer should contain the following information:

 

People with a relational learning style master material best through understanding the “big picture” about something. They need to understand the complete picture of what they are studying before they understand its component parts. In contrast, those with an analytical learning style do best when they analyze the various components underlying a phenomenon or situation. By developing an understanding of the individual parts, they are best able to understand the full picture. According to educator Maurianne Adams, certain minority groups in Western societies display characteristic learning styles. For instance, she argues that Caucasian females and African American, Native American, and Hispanic American males and females are more apt to use a relational style of learning than Caucasian and Asian American males, who are more likely to employ an analytical style. The conclusion that members of particular ethnic and gender groups have similar learning styles is controversial. Because there is so much diversity within each particular racial and ethnic group, critics argue that generalizations about learning styles cannot be used to predict the style of any single individual, regardless of group membership.

Difficulty: 2 Medium     Page Ref: 197-200

Topic:  Learning

Learning Objective:  17.3: Describe research findings about observational learning and media violence.

Bloom’s:  Understand

APA Outcome:  1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.5: Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation