Psychology Themes And Variations 10th Edition by Wayne Weiten - Test bank

Psychology Themes And Variations 10th Edition by Wayne Weiten – Test bank

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Sample Questions Are Posted Below

Chapter 5 Multiple-Choice Items

MULTIPLE CHOICE

The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations, and external stimuli is defined as

a.	consciousness.
b.	hypnosis.
c.	sensation.
d.	perception.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 5.1 On the Nature of Consciousness

TOP: WWW DIF: Understand

The awareness of internal and external stimuli defines

a.	wakefulness.
b.	the unconscious.
c.	consciousness.
d.	alertness.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.1 On the Nature of Consciousness

DIF: Understand

The idea that one’s consciousness continually changes, fluctuates, and wanders characterizes William James’s concept that consciousness is

a.	an incomplete picture puzzle.
b.	a partially submerged iceberg.
c.	a stream.
d.	a flower garden.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.1 On the Nature of Consciousness

DIF: Apply

If you could tape-record your thoughts, you would find

a.	a system of hierarchically organized cognitions.
b.	one central thought and multiple, related subsidiary thoughts.
c.	an endless flow of ideas that constantly shifts and changes.
d.	an organized system of parallel thoughts.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.1 On the Nature of Consciousness

DIF: Apply

The example of a new parent who sleeps through a loud thunderstorm, but wakes up the minute his newborn infant begins to cry is used to illustrate that during sleep, there is

a.	no awareness of external stimuli.
b.	a selective awareness of external stimuli.
c.	no awareness of either external or internal stimuli.
d.	an awareness of all external stimuli.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.1 On the Nature of Consciousness

DIF: Apply

The personal awareness you have of both internal and external stimuli, and your thoughts concerning those stimuli, comprise your

a.	attention.
b.	unconsciousness.
c.	consciousness.
d.	alertness.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.1 On the Nature of Consciousness

DIF: Understand

William James proposed the concept ____ to describe the continually changing aspect of consciousness.

a.	circadian consciousness
b.	flow of consciousness
c.	stream of unconsciousness
d.	stream of consciousness

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 5.1 On the Nature of Consciousness

TOP: WWW DIF: Understand

According to Sigmund Freud, conscious and unconscious processes are different

a.	levels of reality.
b.	levels of awareness.
c.	streams of awareness.
d.	streams of consciousness.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.1 On the Nature of Consciousness

DIF: Understand

Doctors and nurses may try to “watch what they say” when performing surgery because

a.	the concentration of other members of the surgical team is disrupted by unnecessary comments.
b.	people under anesthesia occasionally awaken completely during surgery.
c.	people under anesthesia maintain some awareness and can occasionally hear comments.
d.	the patient’s family members occasionally overhear comments.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.1 On the Nature of Consciousness

DIF: Apply

The electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the

a.	corpus callosum.
b.	cerebral cortex.
c.	hypothalamus.
d.	medulla.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.1 On the Nature of Consciousness

DIF: Understand

A device that measures electrical activity in the brain over time by the means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the skin is

a.	a CT scan.
b.	electroencephalograph.
c.	an MRI.
d.	an fMRI.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.1 On the Nature of Consciousness

DIF: Understand

An electroencephalograph is a device that measures

a.	glucose metabolism in the brain.
b.	muscle tension in the body.
c.	respiration rates as an index of arousal.
d.	electrical activity of the brain.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 5.1 On the Nature of Consciousness

DIF: Understand

Tyler was relaxing and not really paying attention to anything when his roommate came home. The roommate asked for help working through some difficulties with a computer program. As Tyler helps his roommate solve the programming problem, his brain waves will

a.	decrease in both frequency and amplitude.
b.	increase in both frequency and amplitude.
c.	increase in frequency and decrease in amplitude.
d.	decrease in frequency and increase in amplitude.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.1 On the Nature of Consciousness

DIF: Think Critically

Which of the following does NOT belong with the other three?

a.	omega
b.	beta
c.	alpha
d.	delta

ANS: A PTS: 1

REF: 5.1 On the Nature of Consciousness DIF: Think Critically

NOTES: Correct = 88%

The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is

a.	gamma.
b.	beta.
c.	alpha.
d.	delta.

ANS: B PTS: 1

REF: 5.1 On the Nature of Consciousness DIF: Understand

NOTES: Correct = 58%

Which brain wave is probably operating while you are taking this exam?

a.	alpha
b.	beta
c.	theta
d.	delta

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.1 On the Nature of Consciousness

DIF: Apply

The delta-wave EEG pattern is associated with

a.	dreaming.
b.	deep sleep.
c.	a waking state.
d.	none of these states.

ANS: B PTS: 1

REF: 5.1 On the Nature of Consciousness DIF: Understand

NOTES: Correct = 79%

At this moment, as you are concentrating on answering this exam question correctly, your dominant brain-wave pattern MOST likely consists of

a.	alpha waves.
b.	beta waves.
c.	delta waves.
d.	theta waves.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.1 On the Nature of Consciousness

DIF: Apply

If you were to lie down under a tree and relax but not fall asleep, your dominant brain-wave pattern would MOST likely consist of

a.	alpha waves.
b.	beta waves.
c.	delta waves.
d.	theta waves.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 5.1 On the Nature of Consciousness

DIF: Apply

The 24-hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species are known as ____ rhythms.

a.	circadian
b.	slow-wave
c.	rem
d.	subcortical

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 5.2 Biological Rhythms and Sleep

DIF: Understand

The circadian rhythm operates around

a.	a 1-year cycle.
b.	a 28-day cycle.
c.	a 24-hour cycle.
d.	a 90-minute cycle.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.2 Biological Rhythms and Sleep

DIF: Understand

Which of the following glands is responsible for secreting the hormone involved in adjustments to our biological clocks?

a.	the pineal gland
b.	the pituitary gland
c.	the thyroid
d.	the gonads

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 5.2 Biological Rhythms and Sleep

TOP: WWW DIF: Understand

Kayla’s core body temperature has risen 1.5 degrees in the last half hour. This change in body temperature means that it is most likely that Kayla

a.	has just fallen asleep.
b.	will fall asleep in the next 60 minutes.
c.	has just woken up.
d.	has been meditating for the past 30 minutes.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.2 Biological Rhythms and Sleep

DIF: Apply

Signals sent from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the pineal gland have been implicated in

a.	inducing sleep.
b.	causing one to dream.
c.	alpha rhythm generation.
d.	adjusting one’s biological clock.

ANS: D PTS: 1

REF: 5.2 Biological Rhythms and Sleep DIF: Understand

NOTES: Correct = 46%

Which of the following appears to be the sequence of events associated with resetting one’s biological clock?

a.	The hypothalamus signals the thalamus, which in turn sends signals to the medial forebrain bundle.
b.	The thalamus signals the optic chiasm, which in turn causes a release of the hormone philoxin, which activates the renal gland.
c.	The suprachiasmatic nucleus signals the pineal gland, which in turn secretes the hormone melatonin.
d.	The superior colliculus signals the thalamus, which stimulates Broca’s area.

ANS: C PTS: 1

REF: 5.2 Biological Rhythms and Sleep DIF: Apply

NOTES: Correct = 71%

The hormone that appears to play a key role in adjusting our biological clocks is

a.	melatonin.
b.	cholecystokinin.
c.	serotonin.
d.	phenylalanine.

ANS: A PTS: 1

REF: 5.2 Biological Rhythms and Sleep DIF: Understand

NOTES: Correct = 73%

What appears to be responsible for regulating the circadian rhythm?

a.	Amount of time spent sleeping
b.	Amount of time spent awake
c.	Cultural practices
d.	Exposure to light

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 5.2 Biological Rhythms and Sleep

DIF: Understand

Mary is a “night person” and Gary is a “morning person.” This difference is probably due to differences in their

a.	REM sleep patterns.
b.	cytoplasm.
c.	circadian rhythms.
d.	use of alcohol.

ANS: C PTS: 1

REF: 5.2 Biological Rhythms and Sleep DIF: Apply

NOTES: Correct = 73%

The day-night cycle resets the human biological clock when light causes receptors in the retina to direct input to the ____ of the ____.

a.	pineal gland; medulla
b.	pineal gland; hypothalamus
c.	suprachiasmatic nucleus; medulla
d.	suprachiasmatic nucleus; hypothalamus

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 5.2 Biological Rhythms and Sleep

DIF: Understand

Based on what is known about circadian rhythms and jet lag, you might expect that a flight attendant would experience the most jet lag on a flight from

a.	Philadelphia to San Francisco (east to west).
b.	Minneapolis to Houston (north to south).
c.	San Francisco to Philadelphia (west to east).
d.	Houston to Minneapolis (south to north).

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.2 Biological Rhythms and Sleep

DIF: Apply

Research has shown that people who work on a rotating shift schedule are ____ likely to develop physical diseases and are ____ productive than people who do not work on a rotating shift schedule.

a.	more; just as
b.	less; less
c.	less; more
d.	more; less

ANS: D PTS: 1

REF: 5.2 Biological Rhythms and Sleep DIF: Understand

NOTES: Correct = 89%

The evidence from numerous studies on the effectiveness of melatonin indicates that

a.	melatonin consistently reduces the effects of jet lag.
b.	melatonin consistently enhances the effects of jet lag by resynchronizing the biological clock in the wrong direction.
c.	melatonin can be used to reduce jet lag if the dose is given at the right time.
d.	melatonin can be used to reduce jet lag if the right dose is taken.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.2 Biological Rhythms and Sleep

DIF: Understand

Felicia is a participant in a study on stress reactions. Which of the following instruments would MOST likely be used to measure her muscle tension?

a.	electromyograph
b.	circadiometer
c.	electroencephalograph
d.	polygraph

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Apply

Philippe is being monitored in a sleep lab. Which of the following instruments would MOST likely be used to measure his eye movements?

a.	electromyograph
b.	electrooculograph
c.	electroencephalograph
d.	polygraph

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Apply

Stage 1 sleep is represented by EEG brain-wave patterns referred to as

a.	alpha waves.
b.	REM waves.
c.	theta waves.
d.	zeta waves.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Understand

Victoria is listening to a lecture in a hot lecture hall, late on a Friday afternoon. She starts to feel drowsy and then falls into a light sleep. If her brain-wave patterns were being monitored, they would show a shift from

a.	alpha waves to beta waves and finally to delta waves.
b.	theta waves to beta waves and finally to alpha waves.
c.	beta waves to alpha waves and finally to theta waves.
d.	beta waves to theta waves and finally to alpha waves.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Apply

Alexander is hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG) in a sleep lab. As the researcher watches the printout from the EEG, theta waves appear. Based on this information, the researcher can conclude that Alexander

a.	has just entered Stage 3 sleep.
b.	is still awake, but is relaxed and drowsy.
c.	has just entered Stage 1 sleep.
d.	is currently in REM sleep.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Apply

Sleep spindles, which appear against a background of mixed EEG activity, are characteristic of

a.	Stage 1 sleep.
b.	Stage 2 sleep.
c.	Stage 4 sleep.
d.	REM sleep.

ANS: B PTS: 1

REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle DIF: Understand

NOTES: Correct = 29%

Ryan is hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG) in a sleep lab. As the researcher watches the printout from the EEG, sleep spindles begin to appear. Based on this information, the researcher can conclude that Ryan

a.	is currently in REM sleep.
b.	has just entered Stage 2 sleep.
c.	has just entered Stage 1 sleep.
d.	is still awake, but is relaxed and drowsy.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Apply

Rebecca is hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG) in a sleep lab. As the researcher watches the printout from the EEG, delta waves appear. Based on this information, the researcher can conclude that Rebecca

a.	has just entered Stage 1 sleep.
b.	is still awake, but is relaxed and drowsy.
c.	is currently in REM sleep.
d.	has just entered Stage 3 sleep.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Apply

As a person falls into deeper sleep, his or her pattern of brain-wave activity becomes both ____ in frequency and ____ in amplitude.

a.	slower; higher
b.	faster; higher
c.	slower; lower
d.	faster; lower

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Understand

Peter is in a deep sleep, and his brain-wave pattern consists of low-frequency delta waves. Peter is experiencing which stage of sleep?

a.	REM
b.	Stages 3 or 4
c.	Stage 1
d.	Stage 2

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Apply

Sleep Stages 3 and 4 are referred to as

a.	low-amplitude sleep.
b.	high-amplitude sleep.
c.	slow-wave sleep.
d.	fast-wave sleep.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

TOP: WWW DIF: Understand

REM sleep is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

a.	minimal bodily movement.
b.	regular breathing and pulse rate.
c.	beta waves.
d.	dreaming.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Apply

The brain-wave pattern of a person in ____ sleep resembles the brain-wave pattern observed when the individual is awake and alert.

a.	Stage 1
b.	Stage 4
c.	REM
d.	NREM

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Understand

The paradox concerning REM sleep is that while

a.	it is a deep sleep, the person is easy to awaken.
b.	it is a deep sleep, the brain-wave pattern resembles the pattern of an alert and awake individual.
c.	the person is dreaming, the brain-wave pattern resembles that of an awake and relaxed individual.
d.	the person is dreaming, his muscles are practically paralyzed.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Think Critically

If you were awakened while you are experiencing rapid eye movements, you probably would report that you had

a.	a headache.
b.	been dreaming.
c.	not been dreaming.
d.	not really been asleep.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Apply

Bailey is hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG) in a sleep lab. She has been asleep for just over an hour now, and her EEG is showing low-amplitude brain-wave patterns. Her breathing and pulse rate are irregular, and her eyes are darting back and forth beneath her closed eyelids. The researcher who is monitoring Bailey’s sleep can conclude that Bailey

a.	has just entered REM sleep.
b.	has just entered Stage 4 sleep.
c.	is experiencing sleep anoxia and needs immediate medical attention.
d.	suffers from a sleep disorder.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Apply

A rapid EEG (beta waves), dreaming, rapid eye movements, and profound muscle relaxation go with

a.	Stage 1 sleep.
b.	Stage 2 sleep.
c.	REM sleep.
d.	relaxed wakefulness.

ANS: C PTS: 1

REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle DIF: Understand

NOTES: Correct = 90%

Dr. Everett is observing Robert in a sleep lab. Dr. Everett intends to wake Robert up each time he begins REM sleep. Based on the electroencephalograph (EEG) recordings, Robert should be awakened each time the EEG shows

a.	alpha-wave activity.
b.	low-voltage, high-frequency beta waves.
c.	the presence of sleep spindles.
d.	theta-wave activity.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Apply

You are observing your friend Melissa while she is sleeping. She is tossing and turning. It is MOST likely that Melissa is currently in

a.	NREM sleep and is acting out a dream that she is experiencing.
b.	REM sleep and is acting out a dream that she is experiencing.
c.	NREM sleep, and her movements are random.
d.	REM sleep, and her movements are random.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Think Critically

“Manny got out of bed and began doing calisthenics during REM sleep, probably because he was dreaming about boot camp.” What is WRONG with this statement?

a.	Sleep is a relaxed condition of the body and, as such, precludes physical activity.
b.	Research shows that no dreaming takes place in REM sleep.
c.	Research shows that we are virtually paralyzed in REM sleep.
d.	Manny was never in boot camp, so he is not likely to be dreaming about it.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Think Critically

Olivia has trouble staying asleep for more than four hours at a time. Olivia is likely to experience

a.	more vivid dreams than people who sleep for a full eight hours.
b.	less REM sleep than people who sleep for a full eight hours.
c.	less deep sleep than people who sleep for a full eight hours.
d.	more sleep spindles than people who sleep for a full eight hours.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Think Critically

In general, as the cycle of sleep recurs through the night, it tends to contain

a.	more Stage 4 and less REM.
b.	more Stage 4 and more REM.
c.	less Stage 4 and less REM.
d.	less Stage 4 and more REM.

ANS: D PTS: 1

REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle DIF: Understand

NOTES: Correct = 68%

Given the cyclical nature of sleep, we can expect to do the MOST dreaming

a.	toward the beginning of the night’s sleep.
b.	in the middle of the night’s sleep.
c.	in NREM sleep.
d.	toward the end of the night’s sleep.

ANS: D PTS: 1

REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle DIF: Apply

NOTES: Correct = 62%

REM periods of sleep tend to ____ as the night goes on.

a.	deepen
b.	lighten
c.	shorten
d.	lengthen

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Understand

A person typically has ____ sleep cycles during the course of a night’s sleep.

a.	one
b.	two
c.	four
d.	six

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Understand

The majority of slow-wave sleep occurs ____ the course of a night’s sleep.

a.	early in
b.	late in
c.	in the middle of
d.	evenly distributed throughout

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Understand

The stage of sleep in which the SLOWEST brain waves occur is

a.	Stage 1.
b.	Stage 2.
c.	REM.
d.	Stage 4.

ANS: D PTS: 1

REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle DIF: Understand

NOTES: Correct = 67%

If you normally sleep eight hours each night, and last night you only slept for six hours, which stage of sleep would be MOST affected by the loss of total sleep time?

a.	Slow-wave
b.	NREM
c.	Stage 2
d.	REM

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Think Critically

Charlene is 12, and her elderly aunt has come for a visit. The aunt is using the spare bed in Charlene’s room. Several times during the night, the aunt awakens briefly and then falls back to sleep. Charlene doesn’t awaken at all during the night. This difference in sleep patterns can best be explained by research that shows

a.	during adulthood, the proportion of REM sleep gradually increases.
b.	during adulthood, the proportion of slow-wave sleep increases significantly.
c.	the elderly are more affected by jet lag and shifts in their circadian rhythm.
d.	during adulthood, the proportion of slow-wave sleep gradually declines.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Think Critically

Compared to young adults, infants sleep for a ____ period of time each day and spend a ____ proportion of their total sleep time in REM sleep.

a.	longer; smaller
b.	longer; larger
c.	shorter; larger
d.	shorter; smaller

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Understand

Which of the following statements about napping practices is NOT accurate?

a.	Napping practices vary along cultural lines.
b.	Industrialization tends to undermine the siesta tradition.
c.	The siesta tradition is found mostly in tropical regions.
d.	The siesta tradition is consistent with an emphasis on productivity.

ANS: D PTS: 1

REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle DIF: Think Critically

Cody is visiting his pen pal in a tropical, nonindustrialized village. Cody is likely to find that the inhabitants of the village

a.	take a 1- to 2-hour midday nap each day.
b.	are less likely than Americans to encourage co-sleeping.
c.	experience less REM sleep than is typical for Americans.
d.	experience less slow-wave sleep than is typical for Americans.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Apply

The midday napping practices of “siesta cultures” are adaptive because the siesta allows individuals

a.	a necessary break from their extremely physical labor.
b.	to sleep at the same time as their young infants.
c.	time to digest their large midday meal.
d.	to avoid working during the hottest part of the day.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Understand

For the past month, Mitchell has had difficulty falling asleep at night. Even though he goes to bed at his usual time, he lays awake for several hours before he finally drifts off to sleep. As a result, Mitchell has only been getting 5 to 6 hours of sleep, instead of the 8 hours he is used to. Mitchell is likely to find that his lack of sleep leads to

a.	the inability to solve complex problems.
b.	impaired attention.
c.	hallucinations and general disorientation.
d.	night terrors when he actually does fall asleep.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Apply

Individuals with partial sleep deprivation or sleep restriction experience

a.	impaired attention.
b.	impaired motor coordination.
c.	impaired decision-making.
d.	impaired attention, motor coordination, and decision-making.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Understand

68. Research suggests that depriving oneself of adequate sleep is associated with all of the following EXCEPT
improved grades on exams.
consuming foods with more calories
reduced motor coordination
increased risk of auto accidents.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Apply

While serving as a subject at a sleep clinic, Erica is deprived of dreaming for several nights. As a result, she is likely to

a.	experience REM rebound and spend more time in REM sleep on subsequent nights.
b.	become accustomed to going without dreaming and spend less time in REM sleep on subsequent nights.
c.	immediately return to a normal sleep cycle when she is allowed to sleep through the night.
d.	have difficulty achieving REM on subsequent nights.

ANS: A PTS: 1

REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle DIF: Apply

NOTES: Correct = 54%

Kara has just fallen asleep and immediately slips into REM. Kara has probably experienced or undergone

a.	selective REM deprivation.
b.	alcohol overdose.
c.	NREM rebound.
d.	biofeedback training.

ANS: A PTS: 1

REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle DIF: Apply

NOTES: Correct = 78%

People who are selectively deprived of slow-wave sleep for several nights in a row

a.	will suffer no ill effects whatsoever.
b.	need to be awakened less and less frequently as the deprivation goes on.
c.	will make up for the lost slow-wave sleep when allowed to sleep normally again.
d.	will spend more time in REM sleep to compensate.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Apply

Ethan took part in a research study in which he was awakened each time he entered slow-wave sleep for three consecutive nights. Now that Ethan is back at home, it is likely that he will

a.	develop insomnia and show general disturbances in his sleep patterns.
b.	spend extra time in slow-wave sleep for several nights.
c.	spend less time in slow-wave sleep than he did before he took part in the study.
d.	spend extra time in both slow-wave and REM sleep for several nights.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Apply

One explanation for why humans need REM and slow-wave sleep focuses on the possibility that they contribute to

a.	keeping the individual safe from predators.
b.	the firming up of the learning that took place during that day.
c.	impairing the creative response.
d.	helping the individual keep a low body temperature.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Apply

Differences between an REM dream and a non-REM dream include

a.	non-REM dreams are more vivid, visual, and story-like.
b.	dreamers tend to remember their non-REM dreams more frequently and clearly.
c.	REM dreams are more emotional, dramatic, and rich in characters.
d.	non-REM dreams don’t exist.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Understand

Correlational research shows that people who consistently sleep less than seven hours exhibit ____ mortality risk, and people who consistently sleep more than eight hours exhibit ____ mortality risk.

a.	an increased; a decreased
b.	a decreased; an increased
c.	an increased; an increased
d.	a decreased; a decreased

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Understand

Results from a variety of selective deprivation sleep studies have shown that people have a specific need for

a.	at least four hours of sleep each night.
b.	slow-wave sleep.
c.	REM sleep.
d.	REM and slow-wave sleep.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Understand

The most common known sleep disorder is

a.	sleep apnea.
b.	night terrors.
c.	insomnia.
d.	somnambulism.

ANS: C PTS: 1

REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle TOP: WWW

DIF: Understand

NOTES: Correct = 92%

For the past week, Laura has had difficulty falling asleep at night. Even though she goes to bed at her usual time, she lays awake for several hours before she finally drifts off to sleep. It appears that Laura is experiencing

a.	narcolepsy.
b.	sleep apnea.
c.	insomnia.
d.	night terrors.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Apply

Sheri has no trouble falling asleep, but she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri is suffering from

a.	insomnia.
b.	narcolepsy.
c.	sleep apnea.
d.	pseudoinsomnia.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Apply

Anne has noticed that for the past three weeks, she is unable to sleep for more than five hours at a time, even though she used to regularly get eight hours of sleep per night. She wakes early in the morning and just can’t fall back to sleep once this happens. It appears that Anne has developed

a.	somnambulism.
b.	insomnia.
c.	pseudoinsomnia.
d.	sleep apnea.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Apply

The best estimates suggest that about what percentage of adults report serious problems with insomnia?

a.	10%
b.	20%
c.	30%
d.	50%

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Understand

Which of the following statements regarding the use of sleeping pills is LEAST accurate?

a.	They are a good long-range solution for insomnia.
b.	There is some danger of overdose.
c.	They can make people drowsy the next day.
d.	They gradually become less effective with continued use.

ANS: A PTS: 1

REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle DIF: Think Critically

NOTES: Correct = 88%

For the past two weeks, Cameron has been taking a mild sedative to help him fall asleep. He is likely to find that

a.	he now needs to take a larger dose in order to fall asleep because sedatives become less effective over time.
b.	he can take less of the drug because the effects of sedatives tend to be cumulative.
c.	he will spend more of the night dreaming than he did without the sedative.
d.	after two weeks, his insomnia should be cured, and he can stop using the sedative.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Apply

84. Narcolepsy is primarily associated with impairments in
delta wave sleep.
dopamine processes.
REM sleep.
endorphin processes.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Understand

Nathaniel’s wife cannot sleep through the night. She claims that her husband seems to stop breathing in his sleep and then suddenly jerks awake, gasping for breath. This not only disturbs his sleep, it also awakens her. It is likely that Nathaniel

a.	has narcolepsy.
b.	is experiencing night terrors.
c.	has sleep apnea.
d.	has developed pseudoinsomnia.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Apply

Stephen wanders about while remaining asleep. Stephen’s condition is called

a.	narcology.
b.	sleep tremors.
c.	somnambulism.
d.	agnosia.

ANS: C PTS: 1

REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle DIF: Apply

NOTES: Correct = 74%

Iris has been asleep for less than an hour. Her parents are surprised when she walks into the living room, and they tell her to go back to sleep. The next day, Iris does not remember getting up after she went to bed. From this description, it appears that Iris experienced

a.	a night terror.
b.	somnambulism.
c.	a nightmare.
d.	an episode of sleep apnea.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Apply

Which of the following statements regarding sleepwalking is MOST accurate?

a.	Sleepwalking is generally a manifestation of underlying psychological problems.
b.	It is unsafe to awaken a sleepwalker.
c.	Sleepwalking typically occurs while the person is dreaming.
d.	There appears to be a genetic predisposition to sleepwalking.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Understand

Sleepwalking is MOST likely to occur

a.	when a person has emotional or psychological problems.
b.	after a person has been asleep for several hours.
c.	during slow-wave sleep.
d.	during REM sleep.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Understand

90. REM sleep behavior disorder causes people to ______________ during REM sleep.

a.	dream
b.	move about in aggressive ways
c.	break the law
d.	fantasize about bad behavior.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF Understand

91. REM sleep behavior disorder is most likely caused by

a.	brainstem deterioration.
b.	caffeine consumption.
c.	a viral disease.
d.	damage to the occipital lobe.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Understand

Research has revealed that most dreams are

a.	about fairly normal activities.
b.	about fairly bizarre activities.
c.	random bursts of activity with little coherence.
d.	focused on others rather than oneself.

ANS: A PTS: 1

REF: 5.4 The World of Dreams DIF: Understand

NOTES: Correct = 62%

According to research evidence on dream content, which of the following would a student be LEAST likely to dream about?

a.	falling from the top of a tall building on campus
b.	being chased by his or her most feared instructor
c.	a political candidate who held strong views about tuition increases
d.	missing an important exam

ANS: C PTS: 1

REF: 5.4 The World of Dreams DIF: Think Critically

NOTES: Correct = 70%

Freud called the contents of our waking life that spill into our dreams

a.	the day residue.
b.	manifest content.
c.	reticular synthesis.
d.	wish fulfillment.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 5.4 The World of Dreams

TOP: WWW DIF: Understand

In which culture would people be held responsible for their dream actions? (For example, an erotic dream about someone could be seen as an adulterous act.)

a.	Marakesh of Morocco
b.	Aborigines of Australia
c.	Arapesh of New Guinea
d.	Parintinin of Brazil

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.4 The World of Dreams

DIF: Understand

The theorist who advanced the wish-fulfillment idea about dreaming was

a.	Cartwright.
b.	Hobson.
c.	McCarley.
d.	Freud.

ANS: D PTS: 1

REF: 5.4 The World of Dreams DIF: Understand

NOTES: Correct = 76%

According to Freud, a sexually frustrated person would probably have highly erotic dreams because, according to him, the principal purpose of a dream is

a.	sexual gratification.
b.	conflict resolution.
c.	wish fulfillment.
d.	the repression of unconscious desires.

ANS: C PTS: 1

REF: 5.4 The World of Dreams DIF: Apply

NOTES: Correct = 56%

Denise is unemployed. Over the past three years, she has been fired from 10 different positions. If you interpreted Denise’s dream of being the CEO of a Fortune 500 company as an attempt for Denise to fulfill ungratified needs from her waking life, you would be subscribing to the

a.	problem-solving theory of dreams.
b.	activation-synthesis theory of dreams.
c.	wish-fulfillment theory of dreams.
d.	neural overflow hypothesis of dreams.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.4 The World of Dreams

DIF: Apply

If you interpreted Peter’s dream of arguing with a larger-than-life faceless authority figure as an attempt on his part to decide which approach to take in convincing his father of the merits of his future plans, you would be subscribing to the

a.	problem-solving theory of dreams.
b.	activation-synthesis theory of dreams.
c.	wish-fulfillment theory of dreams.
d.	neural overflow hypothesis of dreams.

ANS: A PTS: 1

REF: 5.4 The World of Dreams DIF: Apply

NOTES: Correct = 70%

The use of dreams to satisfy ungratified needs is referred to as

a.	id idealization.
b.	self-centeredness.
c.	wish fulfillment.
d.	sublimation.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.4 The World of Dreams

TOP: WWW DIF: Understand

If a college student who is struggling to keep from flunking out of school dreams of winning the “student of the year award,” this dream would be MOST consistent with which theory of dreaming?

a.	fantasy
b.	activation synthesis
c.	wish fulfillment
d.	problem-solving

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.4 The World of Dreams

DIF: Apply

The idea that dreams are times when people can think creatively about what is going on in their lives and then use that information later when awake is consistent with the

a.	wish-fulfillment view of dreams.
b.	problem-solving view of dreams.
c.	synergistic view of dreams.
d.	James-Verduin view of dreams.

ANS: B PTS: 1

REF: 5.4 The World of Dreams DIF: Think Critically

NOTES: Correct = 65%

Logan has a dream in which he is taken captive by a band of talking cats who force him to solve complex algebra problems for them. According to Rosalind Cartwright’s theory of dreaming, the images in Logan’s dream represent

a.	an interpretation of random neuron activity in lower brain centers.
b.	the manifest content of the dream.
c.	an attempt to work through problems he is currently experiencing in his life.
d.	the latent content of the dream.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.4 The World of Dreams

DIF: Apply

The idea that dreams are the cortex’s attempt to make sense out of bursts of general firing from lower brain centers is the core of

a.	the wish-fulfillment theory of dreaming.
b.	the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming.
c.	the problem-solving theory of dreaming.
d.	no current theory of dreaming.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.4 The World of Dreams

DIF: Understand

Danielle had a dream in which she was playing rummy with an elephant wearing suspenders. The next instant, the elephant had changed into one of her grade-school teachers and they were watching a purple sunset over a red ocean. According to the activation-synthesis model of dreaming, the sudden bizarre changes in settings that took place in Danielle’s dream represent

a.	an interpretation of random neuron activity in lower brain centers.
b.	the manifest content of the dream.
c.	the latent content of the dream.
d.	an attempt to work through problems she is currently experiencing in her life.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 5.4 The World of Dreams

DIF: Apply

The observations that both the discovery of insulin and refinements in the design of the sewing machine were inspired, in part, by dreams, provide support for the ____ theory of dreaming.

a.	activation-synthesis
b.	conservation of energy
c.	wish-fulfillment
d.	problem-solving

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 5.4 The World of Dreams

DIF: Think Critically

Hypnosis owes its beginnings to the work of which of the following?

a.	Sigmund Freud
b.	Franz Anton Mesmer
c.	Ernest Hilgard
d.	Harry Houdini

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.5 Hypnosis Altered Consciousness or Role Playing?

TOP: WWW DIF: Understand

A systematic procedure that typically produces a heightened state of suggestibility is known as

a.	mesmerization
b.	hypnosis
c.	hallucinations
d.	hypersomnia

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.5 Hypnosis Altered Consciousness or Role Playing?

DIF: Understand

Research suggests that about ____ of people doNOT respond to hypnosis.

a.	1–2%
b.	10-20%
c.	30-40%
d.	50-60%

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.5 Hypnosis Altered Consciousness or Role Playing?

DIF: Understand

Research suggests that about ____ of people are exceptionally GOOD hypnotic subjects.

a.	5%
b.	15%
c.	25%
d.	50%

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.5 Hypnosis Altered Consciousness or Role Playing?

DIF: Understand

Which of the following is NOT a common effect of hypnosis?

a.	auditory and visual hallucinations
b.	the reduction of inhibitions
c.	some resistance to pain
d.	total loss of personal control

ANS: D PTS: 1

REF: 5.5 Hypnosis Altered Consciousness or Role Playing? DIF: Think Critically

NOTES: Correct = 89%

Katherine’s new dentist plans to use hypnosis instead of anesthesia while he works on Katherine’s teeth. Katherine asks you if she should go along with this, or if she should find another dentist. Based on research into the effects of hypnosis, you should tell her

a.	hypnosis typically has no effect on the experience of pain.
b.	hypnosis is only effective as an anesthetic when it is used in conjunction with sedatives.
c.	once she is no longer hypnotized, her sensitivity to pain will show a rebound effect.
d.	hypnosis can be an effective substitute for some anesthetic drugs.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 5.5 Hypnosis Altered Consciousness or Role Playing?

DIF: Apply

A stage hypnotist is sometimes successful in getting people to disrobe in public. What is the BEST explanation for this phenomenon?

a.	When hypnotized, a subject comes under the total control of the hypnotist and will follow any instructions to the letter.
b.	The subject is a confederate of the hypnotist and disrobes while pretending to be hypnotized.
c.	When hypnotized, subjects are able to convince themselves that they cannot be held responsible for their actions.
d.	The hypnotist is careful to select only those subjects who look as if they would enjoy disrobing in public.

ANS: C PTS: 1

REF: 5.5 Hypnosis Altered Consciousness or Role Playing? DIF: Think Critically

NOTES: Correct = 88%

A hypnotist is putting on a demonstration and your friend Benjamin is thinking about volunteering. However, he is a little nervous because he is afraid he might do things while he is hypnotized that he would normally not do. Based on research into the effects of hypnosis, you should tell Benjamin

a.	people will never do things under hypnosis that they would normally consider unacceptable.
b.	hypnotic subjects are only faking a change in awareness.
c.	sometimes people will do things under hypnosis that they would normally consider unacceptable.
d.	hypnosis doesn’t really work, so he shouldn’t bother volunteering.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.5 Hypnosis Altered Consciousness or Role Playing?

DIF: Apply

Which of the following is the MOST common posthypnotic suggestion given to people?

a.	to act infantile
b.	to show amnesia and forget something
c.	to perform a behavior unusual for the person
d.	to act like an animal

ANS: B PTS: 1

REF: 5.5 Hypnosis Altered Consciousness or Role Playing? DIF: Understand

NOTES: Correct = 82%

The procedure used by a hypnotist that relaxes an individual and narrows attention is called a

a.	hypnotic induction.
b.	hypnotic trance.
c.	hypnotic dissociation.
d.	hypnotic deduction.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 5.5 Hypnosis Altered Consciousness or Role Playing?

DIF: Understand

Which of the following is NOT a common effect produced by hypnosis?

a.	posthypnotic suggestions
b.	decrease in sensitivity to suggestions
c.	sensory distortions and hallucinations
d.	anesthesia

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.5 Hypnosis Altered Consciousness or Role Playing?

DIF: Apply

The role-playing theory of hypnosis suggests that the hypnotized subject

a.	actually fakes the hypnotic state.
b.	enters into a trance and acts out suggestions.
c.	knows that he or she is only pretending.
d.	is in a normal state but acts out the role of a hypnotized person.

ANS: D PTS: 1

REF: 5.5 Hypnosis Altered Consciousness or Role Playing? DIF: Apply

NOTES: Correct = 70%

The finding that memories of early life events reported by hypnotized subjects are often inaccurate

a.	supports the role-playing view of hypnosis.
b.	provides support for the notion of posthypnotic suggestion.
c.	supports the idea that hypnosis is a unique altered state.
d.	suggests that hypnosis can tap into the unconscious

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 5.5 Hypnosis Altered Consciousness or Role Playing?

TOP: WWW DIF: Apply

While Kimberly was hypnotized, she vividly recalled the events of her first birthday party. However, when the events she described were compared with an actual video from her birthday party, most of the things she described did not actually happen. Kimberly’s inaccuracy in recall lends support to the view that hypnosis

a.	causes people to act out a role.
b.	is the same as REM sleep.
c.	creates a dissociation in conscious awareness.
d.	is the same as slow-wave sleep.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 5.5 Hypnosis Altered Consciousness or Role Playing?

DIF: Apply

While Nicholas was hypnotized, he was able to endure painful jaw surgery without any anesthesia. This could be taken as support for the view that hypnosis

a.	causes people to act out a role.
b.	is the same as REM sleep.
c.	is the same as slow-wave sleep.
d.	creates a dissociation in conscious awareness.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 5.5 Hypnosis Altered Consciousness or Role Playing?

DIF: Think Critically

Dissociation refers to

a.	a loss of inhibition by hypnotized subjects.
b.	a hypnotized subject’s willingness to act out the hypnotist’s suggestions.
c.	a splitting of mental processes into two separate, simultaneous streams of awareness.
d.	role-playing by hypnotized subjects in response to situational cues.

ANS: C PTS: 1

REF: 5.5 Hypnosis Altered Consciousness or Role Playing? DIF: Understand

NOTES: Correct = 85%

The theory of hypnosis that suggests that hypnosis is NOT an altered state of consciousness is the

a.	wish-fulfillment theory.
b.	dissociation theory.
c.	role-playing theory.
d.	activation-synthesis theory.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.5 Hypnosis Altered Consciousness or Role Playing?

DIF: Understand

The idea that hypnosis is associated with divided consciousness and is an altered state is MOST consistent with which of the following theories of hypnosis?

a.	Barber’s role theory
b.	Schachter’s cognitive theory
c.	Freud’s psychoanalytic theory
d.	Hilgard’s dissociation theory

ANS: D PTS: 1

REF: 5.5 Hypnosis Altered Consciousness or Role Playing? DIF: Think Critically

NOTES: Correct = 50%

The dissociation theory of hypnosis states that while hypnotized, a person’s consciousness is divided between two streams of consciousness: one is in communication with the external world and the other is the

a.	role-playing partner.
b.	visible monitor.
c.	overt observer.
d.	hidden observer.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 5.5 Hypnosis Altered Consciousness or Role Playing?

DIF: Understand

Meditation has its roots in

a.	early Christianity.
b.	Eastern religions.
c.	transcendental psychology.
d.	the scientific study of the relaxation response.

ANS: B PTS: 1

REF: 5.6 Meditation: Pure Consciousness or Relaxation? DIF: Understand

NOTES: Correct = 84%

A family of practices that train attention to heighten awareness and bring mental process under greater voluntary control is known as

a.	hypnosis.
b.	transcendental psychology.
c.	meditation.
d.	Buddhism.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.6 Meditation: Pure Consciousness or Relaxation?

DIF: Understand

Research has shown that meditation can produce a physiological state similar to

a.	the REM stage of sleep.
b.	that produced by hypnosis.
c.	relaxation.
d.	a drug-induced trance.

ANS: C PTS: 1

REF: 5.6 Meditation: Pure Consciousness or Relaxation? DIF: Understand

NOTES: Correct = 63%

Which of the following is NOT associated with meditation?

a.	decreased anxiety
b.	lower levels of stress hormones
c.	reduced pain tolerance
d.	increased relaxation

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.6 Meditation: Pure Consciousness or Relaxation?

DIF: Think Critically

Mark is meditating by concentrating on a specific sound to narrow his attention. Mark is using which style of meditation?

a.	focused attention
b.	open monitoring
c.	hypnotic induction
d.	dissociation

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 5.6 Meditation: Pure Consciousness or Relaxation?

DIF: Apply

Mark is meditating by attending to his immediate experience in a non-judgmental way. Mark is using which style of meditation?

a.	focused attention
b.	open monitoring
c.	hypnotic induction
d.	dissociation

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.6 Meditation: Pure Consciousness or Relaxation?

DIF: Apply

Research has shown the long-term benefits of meditation to

a.	include benefits for physical health but not mental health.
b.	include benefits for mental health but not physical health.
c.	include benefits for both physical and mental health.
d.	be greatly exaggerated by advocates of meditation.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.6 Meditation: Pure Consciousness or Relaxation?

DIF: Apply

Recent research suggests that experienced meditators are able to endure more pain than non-mediators because of differences in

a.	opiate use.
b.	heart rate.
c.	neuron firing rate.
d.	brain structure.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 5.6 Meditation: Pure Consciousness or Relaxation?

DIF: Understand

Opiates such as morphine and heroin have a capacity to

a.	alleviate pain.
b.	improve memory.
c.	enhance sensory awareness.
d.	do all of these things

ANS: A PTS: 1

REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs DIF: Understand

NOTES: Correct = 94%

Heather is taking a prescription drug to control her back pain. She finds that when she takes the drug, she experiences some short-term drowsiness and nausea. It is likely that Heather’s physician has prescribed

a.	a stimulant.
b.	a sedative.
c.	a hallucinogen.
d.	a narcotic.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs

DIF: Apply

A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as

a.	a hallucinogen.
b.	a sedative.
c.	a narcotic.
d.	an amphetamine.

ANS: B PTS: 1

REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs DIF: Understand

NOTES: Correct = 93%

Charles is taking a prescription drug to reduce the anxiety he has been feeling since he lost his job. He finds that when he takes the drug, he experiences some short-term lethargy and impaired coordination. It is likely that Charles’ physician has prescribed

a.	a sedative.
b.	a narcotic.
c.	a stimulant.
d.	a hallucinogen.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs

DIF: Apply

Adam has just consumed a substance that provides him with increased alertness and energy, along with reduced fatigue. However, it also makes him more talkative, increases his blood pressure, reduces his appetite, and makes him restless. Adam has likely ingested

a.	THC.
b.	an amphetamine.
c.	LSD.
d.	a sedative.

ANS: B PTS: 1

REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs DIF: Apply

NOTES: Correct = 83%

Alicia is taking a prescription drug to help treat her narcolepsy. She finds that when she takes the drug, she feels extremely restless, irritable, and paranoid. It is likely that Alicia’s physician has prescribed

a.	a sedative.
b.	a stimulant.
c.	a narcotic.
d.	a hallucinogen.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs

DIF: Apply

Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?

a.	cocaine
b.	LSD
c.	mescaline
d.	psilocybin

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs

DIF: Think Critically

Renee is experiencing distortions in her sensory and perceptual processes. Additionally, she is exhibiting paranoia and “jumbled” thought processes. Renee is most likely under the influence of a

a.	hallucinogen.
b.	sedative.
c.	narcotic.
d.	stimulant.

ANS: A PTS: 1

REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs DIF: Apply

NOTES: Correct = 78%

Wyatt uses a non-prescription drug on a regular basis. Some of the short-term side effects he experiences are mood swings and poor mental functioning. It is MOST likely Wyatt is using

a.	LSD.
b.	marijuana.
c.	alcohol.
d.	cocaine.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs

TOP: WWW DIF: Apply

Christopher has just taken a drug. He finds that his perceptions are altered, and he feels like his sensory awareness has increased. It is MOST likely that Christopher has taken

a.	LSD or mescaline.
b.	morphine or heroin.
c.	barbiturates or Quaaludes.
d.	cocaine or amphetamines.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs

DIF: Apply

Madeline uses a non-prescription drug on a regular basis. Some of the short-term side effects she experiences are anxiety and impaired memory. It is MOST likely that Madeline is using

a.	marijuana.
b.	LSD.
c.	heroin.
d.	cocaine.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs

DIF: Apply

Haley has severe glaucoma; she finds that its symptoms can be relieved by using a non-prescription drug. In addition to relieving the symptoms of glaucoma, the drug relaxes her and induces a mild feeling of euphoria. It is MOST likely that Haley is treating her glaucoma using

a.	cocaine.
b.	marijuana.
c.	heroin.
d.	mescaline.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs

DIF: Apply

Chemical substances that modify mental, emotional, or behavioral functioning are referred to as

a.	hallucinogens.
b.	psychoactive drugs.
c.	narcotics or opiates.
d.	stimulants.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs

DIF: Understand

Which of the following drugs is NOT a narcotic?

a.	codeine
b.	cocaine
c.	morphine
d.	heroin

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs

DIF: Understand

If your roommate recently took a recreational drug and is very energetic, alert, and has an “I can conquer the world” euphoria, he MOST likely took

a.	a stimulant such as cocaine or amphetamine.
b.	a stimulant such as caffeine or nicotine.
c.	a sedative such as one of the barbiturates.
d.	a cannabis such as marijuana or hashish.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs

DIF: Think Critically

The idea of multifactorial causation in drug effects suggests that

a.	taking several different drugs at the same time reduces their effects.
b.	taking several different drugs at once increases their effectiveness.
c.	the effects of a drug depend on the dosage and the user’s personal makeup and experience.
d.	each person will have the same physiological response to a drug, but there can be different psychological responses.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs

DIF: Think Critically

A progressive decrease in one’s response to a drug with repeated and prolonged use is called

a.	withdrawal.
b.	habituation.
c.	dependency.
d.	tolerance.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs

DIF: Understand

NOTES: Correct = 98%

Seymour used to get quite a “buzz” from his first cup of coffee in the morning. Now he finds that he doesn’t start to feel alert until his third cup. This suggests that Seymour

a.	has developed a caffeine dependency.
b.	has developed a drug tolerance for caffeine.
c.	is experiencing the effects of caffeine withdrawal.
d.	has become caffeine intolerant.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs

DIF: Apply

Among the following, which drug tends to produce tolerance most SLOWLY?

a.	narcotics
b.	stimulants
c.	sedatives
d.	alcohol

ANS: D PTS: 1

REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs DIF: Understand

NOTES: Correct = 52%

For which of the following drugs does the tolerance level develop the most RAPIDLY?

a.	cannabis
b.	sedatives
c.	alcohol
d.	hallucinogens

ANS: B PTS: 1

REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs DIF: Understand

NOTES: Correct = 75%

John needs to continue to take doses of morphine to avoid withdrawal illness symptoms. John is demonstrating

a.	physical dependence.
b.	psychological tolerance.
c.	physical tolerance.
d.	psychological dependence.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs

DIF: Apply

When a person must continue to take a drug to satisfy intense cravings for the drug, he is demonstrating

a.	psychological tolerance.
b.	physical dependence.
c.	psychological dependence.
d.	physical tolerance.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs

DIF: Understand

Judy feels that she needs her can of Diet Coke every morning to wake her up and satisfy her cravings. She doubts that she could ever give up drinking Diet Coke. Judy is demonstrating

a.	physical dependence.
b.	psychological tolerance.
c.	physical tolerance.
d.	psychological dependence.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs

DIF: Apply

Which of the following drugs carries the GREATEST risk for physical and/or psychological dependence?

a.	LSD
b.	cocaine
c.	alcohol
d.	heroin

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs

TOP: WWW DIF: Understand

Aaron has been taking a mild amphetamine for the past four months to help him cope with being a full-time student while holding down a full-time job. Now that his classes have ended, he wants to stop taking the amphetamine, but each time he tries to skip the medication, he starts sweating and twitching. It appears that Aaron has

a.	developed a drug tolerance for amphetamines.
b.	become amphetamine intolerant.
c.	developed a physical dependence for amphetamines.
d.	habituated to the effects of amphetamines.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs

DIF: Apply

Hannah used to experience insomnia once or twice a week. A month ago, she starting taking Seconal to help her sleep, but now she finds she cannot get to sleep unless she takes a Seconal tablet. This would suggest that Hannah has

a.	developed a drug tolerance for Seconal.
b.	developed a dependency on Seconal.
c.	habituated to the effects of Seconal.
d.	developed pseudoinsomnia.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs

DIF: Apply

A morphine addict experiences a state of euphoria after a dose of morphine, and a postsurgical patient experiences a reduction in pain after the same dosage. This difference in effect most clearly reflects the influence of ____ on drug effects.

a.	personality
b.	expectations
c.	potency
d.	age

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs

DIF: Think Critically

Which of the following categories of psychoactive drugs does NOT result in a rapid development a tolerance for the drug?

a.	hallucinogens
b.	sedatives
c.	stimulants
d.	narcotics

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs

DIF: Understand

Dr. Montgomery has developed a new drug that blocks the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine. It is likely that this drug will

a.	function as a sedative.
b.	have stimulant effects in the body.
c.	produce hallucinogenic effects.
d.	act as an effective pain killer.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs

DIF: Apply

Psychoactive drugs work primarily by altering

a.	the functioning of the endocrine system.
b.	the functioning of sensory receptor cells.
c.	neurotransmitter activity in the brain.
d.	neurotransmitter activity in the peripheral nervous system.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs

DIF: Understand

Amphetamines appear to exert their main effects by altering the release and reuptake of

a.	serotonin and acetylcholine.
b.	dopamine and norepinephrine.
c.	endorphins.
d.	GABA.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs

DIF: Understand

Which of the following categories of psychoactive drugs has the LEAST risk for developing physical and psychological dependence?

a.	hallucinogens
b.	stimulants
c.	sedatives
d.	alcohol

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs

DIF: Understand

Which of the following categories of psychoactive drugs has the greatest risk for developing physical and psychological dependence?

a.	narcotics and sedatives
b.	stimulants and hallucinogens
c.	sedatives and alcohol
d.	cannabis and alcohol

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs

DIF: Understand

Symptoms such as fever, chills, tremors, convulsions, vomiting, cramps, and diarrhea are associated with

a.	consuming psychoactive drugs.
b.	tolerance.
c.	psychological dependence.
d.	physical dependence.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs

DIF: Understand

The ____ neural pathway has been characterized as a “reward pathway” that is believed to be responsible for the reinforcing effects of most abused drugs.

a.	cortical
b.	medulla-pons
c.	mesolimbic dopamine
d.	hypothalamus dopamine

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs

DIF: Understand

Which of the following drugs would MOST likely result in a fatal overdose?

a.	LSD
b.	mescaline
c.	marijuana
d.	morphine

ANS: D PTS: 1

REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs DIF: Think Critically

NOTES: Correct = 82%

Which of the following drugs is LEAST likely to result in a fatal overdose?

a.	LSD
b.	heroin
c.	cocaine
d.	morphine

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs

DIF: Think Critically

Rachel has been using a non-prescription drug on a regular basis for several years. She has now developed liver disease and ulcers, and she has been in three car accidents. It is MOST likely that Rachel is a chronic user of

a.	LSD.
b.	marijuana.
c.	sedatives.
d.	alcohol.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs

DIF: Apply

Ralph has been using a drug on a regular basis for several years. He has now developed damaged nasal membranes and a host of respiratory problems and cardiovascular disease. It is MOST likely that Ralph is a chronic user of

a.	cocaine.
b.	marijuana.
c.	sedatives.
d.	alcohol.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs

DIF: Apply

Psychoactive drugs that are associated with a low risk of a lethal overdose include all of the following EXCEPT

a.	marijuana.
b.	hallucinogens.
c.	sedatives.
d.	cannabis.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs

DIF: Understand

Which of the following is NOT an example of a direct effect health-related risk associated with recreational drugs?

a.	Marijuana can increase the risk of respiratory disease.
b.	Sedatives and alcohol can increase the risk of automobile accidents.
c.	Cocaine can increase the risk of heart attacks.
d.	Alcohol can increase the risk of liver damage.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs

DIF: Think Critically

The negative effect of recreational drugs that results from the drug’s impact on the individual’s behavior is referred to as

a.	an indirect effect.
b.	a direct effect.
c.	a lifestyle effect.
d.	a codependency effect.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs

DIF: Understand

Recent studies have reported an unexpected link between cannabis use and

a.	severe mood disorders, including bipolar disorder.
b.	the onset of some dementias, including Alzheimer’s disease.
c.	severe psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia.
d.	the onset of some motor system disorders, including Parkinson’s disease.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs

DIF: Understand

There is the GREATEST amount of debate on the risks associated with which of the following drugs?

a.	marijuana
b.	alcohol
c.	cocaine
d.	heroin

ANS: A PTS: 1

REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs DIF: Understand

NOTES: Correct = 90%

Chronic, heavy use of marijuana is associated with all of the following EXCEPT

a.	increased risk for respiratory and pulmonary disease.
b.	reduced levels of testosterone.
c.	increased risk of developing a severe psychotic disorder.
d.	impaired attention and learning.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs

DIF: Understand

The fact that research on consciousness dwindled in the early part of the 20th century after psychology was redefined as the science of behavior, only to be reborn in the early 1960s, BEST illustrates which of the textbook’s unifying themes?

a.	Psychology is empirical.
b.	Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.
c.	Our behavior is shaped by our cultural heritage.
d.	Our experience of the world is highly subjective.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.8 Reflecting on the Chapter’s Themes

DIF: Think Critically

Research on consciousness dwindled in the early part of the 20th century after psychology was redefined as the science of behavior by

a.	Sigmund Freud.
b.	Roger Sperry.
c.	John Watson.
d.	Wilhelm Wundt.

ANS: C PTS: 1

REF: 5.8 Reflecting on the Chapter’s Themes DIF: Understand

NOTES: Correct = 71%

Which of the following statements regarding the study of consciousness is accurate?

a.	Psychology began as the study of behavior rather than the study of consciousness.
b.	John Watson and others viewed psychology as the science of consciousness.
c.	The 1960s saw an increase in the study of variations of consciousness.
d.	Today, psychologists are generally not interested in studying issues related to consciousness.

ANS: C PTS: 1

REF: 5.8 Reflecting on the Chapter’s Themes DIF: Think Critically

NOTES: Correct = 62%

The fact that the importance people place on dreams varies across societies BEST illustrates which of the textbook’s unifying themes?

a.	Psychology is empirical.
b.	Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.
c.	Our behavior is shaped by our cultural heritage.
d.	Our experience of the world is highly subjective.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5.8 Reflecting on the Chapter’s Themes

TOP: WWW DIF: Think Critically

The observations that both the setting in which a psychoactive drug is taken and an individual’s expectations influence the drug’s effect and individuals vary in their susceptibility to hypnosis BEST reflect which unifying theme in psychology?

a.	Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.
b.	People’s experience of the world is highly subjective.
c.	Behavior is determined by multiple causes.
d.	Behavior is shaped by cultural heritage.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.8 Reflecting on the Chapter’s Themes

DIF: Apply

The observations that many approaches to meditation are rooted in Eastern religions and some societies use hallucinogens in religious practices BEST reflect the unifying theme in psychology that

a.	behavior is determined by multiple causes.
b.	behavior is shaped by cultural heritage.
c.	psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.
d.	people’s experience of the world is highly subjective.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5.8 Reflecting on the Chapter’s Themes

DIF: Think Critically

Mark’s mother is worried because he only sleeps about 4 to 5 hours per night. What would you tell her?

a.	She has reason to be concerned because, in the long run, Mark’s lack of sleep will take its toll physically.
b.	There is nothing to worry about because young people need less sleep than older people.
c.	There is no problem as long as Mark spends most of his sleep time in REM sleep.
d.	There is probably nothing to be worried about since different people need differing amounts of sleep.

ANS: D PTS: 1

REF: 5.9 Personal Application: Addressing Practical Questions About Sleep and Dreams

DIF: Apply

NOTES: Correct = 77%

Which of the following is NOT good advice for avoiding sleep problems?

a.	Minimize consumption of stimulants such as caffeine and nicotine.
b.	Vary the time when you go to bed at night.
c.	Establish a daytime exercise program.
d.	Avoid daytime naps if you’re having trouble sleeping at night.

ANS: B PTS: 1

REF: 5.9 Personal Application: Addressing Practical Questions About Sleep and Dreams

DIF: Think Critically

Twyla insists she never dreams; she is convinced of this because she has never recalled a single dream. If Twyla were tested in a sleep lab, it is likely that she would

a.	experience REM sleep, but she would only report a dream if she was awakened from slow-wave sleep.
b.	experience REM sleep, and she would report a dream if she was awakened from REM sleep.
c.	wake each time she entered REM sleep and show no evidence of completing a full cycle of REM sleep.
d.	experience REM sleep, but she would not report any dreams if she was awakened from REM sleep.

ANS: B PTS: 1

REF: 5.9 Personal Application: Addressing Practical Questions About Sleep and Dreams

DIF: Apply

Which of the following statements about dreams is MOST accurate?

a.	Only about 75% of all people dream.
b.	The reason we do not remember our dreams is that the content of the dream is repressed.
c.	People cannot remember their dreams because of too much time passing between when they dreamed and when they try to recall the dream.
d.	Most dreams people can remember deal with sexually oriented topics.

ANS: C PTS: 1

REF: 5.9 Personal Application: Addressing Practical Questions About Sleep and Dreams

DIF: Think Critically

NOTES: Correct = 74%

The psychoanalyst interpreted his patient’s dream of riding a horse as indicative of her repressed sexual urges. This interpretation constitutes the

a.	latent content of the dream.
b.	manifest content of the dream.
c.	overt content of the dream.
d.	subliminal content of the dream.

ANS: A PTS: 1

REF: 5.9 Personal Application: Addressing Practical Questions About Sleep and Dreams

DIF: Apply

NOTES: Correct = 44%

Brittany had a dream in which she was arrested by a blue giraffe riding a motorcycle. Brittany is convinced the dream represents an unconscious desire to cancel her upcoming wedding. According to Freud, Brittany’s unconscious desire to cancel her upcoming wedding would represent

a.	the manifest content of the dream.
b.	an interpretation of random neural activity in lower brain centers.
c.	an attempt to work through problems she is currently experiencing in her life.
d.	the latent content of the dream.

ANS: D PTS: 1

REF: 5.9 Personal Application: Addressing Practical Questions About Sleep and Dreams

DIF: Apply

People who rarely remember their dreams probably

a.	are from non-Western cultures.
b.	are among the 15% of the population who do not dream.
c.	have their last REM sleep period a relatively long time before they awaken.
d.	have their last REM sleep period immediately before they awaken.

ANS: C PTS: 1

REF: 5.9 Personal Application: Addressing Practical Questions About Sleep and Dreams

DIF: Understand

According to Freud, the hidden or disguised meaning of the events in dreams is the ____ of the dream.

a.	latent content
b.	symbolic content
c.	Understand content
d.	manifest content

ANS: A PTS: 1

REF: 5.9 Personal Application: Addressing Practical Questions About Sleep and Dreams

DIF: Understand

Historically alcoholism has been categorized under all of the following labels EXCEPT

a.	a personal weakness.
b.	normal behavior.
c.	physical illness.
d.	mental illness.

ANS: B PTS: 1

REF: 5.10 Critical Thinking Application: Is Alcoholism a Disease? The Power of Definitions

DIF: Understand

Which of the following statements regarding the use of definitions in psychology is the MOST accurate?

a.	Definitions generally emerge out of research.
b.	Definitions can be useful as explanations for phenomena.
c.	Definitions are typically crafted by experts in a specific field.
d.	The source of a definition is unimportant in evaluating its validity.

ANS: C PTS: 1

REF: 5.10 Critical Thinking Application: Is Alcoholism a Disease? The Power of Definitions

DIF: Apply

Concluding that a person drinks too much because he/she is an alcoholic is an example of

a.	logical reasoning.
b.	circular reasoning.
c.	inductive reasoning.
d.	deductive reasoning.

ANS: B PTS: 1

REF: 5.10 Critical Thinking Application: Is Alcoholism a Disease? The Power of Definitions

DIF: Apply

The logical fallacy involved in circular reasoning, where a person mistakes a label or definition for an explanation, is termed the

a.	nominal fallacy.
b.	inductive fallacy.
c.	deductive fallacy.
d.	ordinal fallacy.

ANS: A PTS: 1

REF: 5.10 Critical Thinking Application: Is Alcoholism a Disease? The Power of Definitions

DIF: Understand

Alpha waves are likely to be prominent if you are

a.	programming a computer.
b.	meditating.
c.	under hypnosis.
d.	doing any of these things

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Chapter 5

DIF: Think Critically

198. Which of the following is NOT associated with increased mortality risk?
sleeping more than nine hours per night.
sleep apnea.
alcohol dependence.
hallucinogenic drug overdose.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Chapter 5

DIF: Understand

199. Based on existing research, which of the following is probably the safest sleep aid?
melatonin
alcohol
benzodiazepines
caffeine

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Chapter 5

DIF: Think Critically

Which of the following statements about dreams is NOT accurate?

a.	Dreams only occur during REM sleep.
b.	Dreams have sometimes changed the world.
c.	Dreams are not as bizarre as widely assumed.
d.	People most frequently dream about familiar people.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Chapter 5

DIF: Think Critically

NOTES: Correct = 61%

Chapter 5 NON-Multiple Choice

COMPLETION

____________________ is the awareness of external events, internal sensations, self, and your thoughts about these experiences.

ANS: Consciousness

PTS: 1 REF: 5.1 On the Nature of Consciousness

The 24-hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species are known as ____________________.

ANS: circadian rhythms

PTS: 1 REF: 5.2 Biological Rhythms and Sleep

_______________is the hormone that plays a key role in adjusting people’s biological clocks.

ANS: Melatonin

PTS: 1 REF: 5.2 Biological Rhythms and Sleep

In sleep research, subjects are usually hooked up to a variety of physiological recording devices including a(n) ____________________, which records muscular activity, and a(n) ____________________, which records eye movements.

ANS: electromyography; electrooculograph

PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

An EEG would indicate primarily ____________________ wave activity in a person who is in a light sleep with his or her eyes closed.

ANS: theta

PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

Stages 3 and 4 of sleep are associated with ____________________ waves in EEG recordings.

ANS: delta

PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

____________________ sleep consists of Stages 3 and 4 sleep, during which low-frequency delta waves become prominent in EEG recordings.

ANS: Slow-wave

PTS: 1 REF: 5.4 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

In general, it appears that custom of daytime napping occurs in _______________ societies.

ANS: tropical, non-industrialized

PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

Research studies suggest that REM and slow-wave sleep contribute to ____________________, or a firming up of the learning that takes place during the day.

ANS: memory consolidation

PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

Dream reports from ____________________ sleep show that these dreams appear to be less vivid and story-like than ____________________ dreams.

ANS: non-REM; REM

PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

When a person has chronic problems with not getting adequate sleep, he or she is said to suffer from ____________________.

ANS: insomnia

PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

Joshua experiences reflexive gasping for air during sleep several times a night and frequently wakes up because of it. Joshua most likely has ____________________.

ANS: sleep apnea

PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

The ____________________ theory of dreaming suggests that people fulfill ungratified needs from waking hours in their dreams.

ANS: wish fulfillment

PTS: 1 REF: 5.4 The World of Dreams

The ____________________ theory of hypnosis suggests that people in a normal mental state behave as they believe a hypnotized person would.

ANS: role-playing

PTS: 1 REF: 5.5 Hypnosis: Altered Consciousness or Role Playing?

A splitting of mental processes into two separate, simultaneous streams of awareness is known as _________________.

ANS: dissociation

PTS: 1 REF: 5.5 Hypnosis: Altered Consciousness or Role Playing?

A conscious attempt to focus one’s attention and bring mental processes under voluntary control is called ____________________.

ANS: meditation

PTS: 1 REF: 5.6 Meditation: Pure Consciousness or Relaxation?

Pain-relieving drugs that are derived from opium are called ____________________.

ANS:

narcotics

opiates

PTS: 1 REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs

Snoring is a common phenomenon that is seen in about ____________________ of adults.

ANS: 40%

PTS: 1

REF: 5.9 Personal Application: Addressing Practical Questions About Sleep and Dreams

According to Freud, the ____________________ content of a dream is the actual content of the dream at the surface level.

ANS: manifest

PTS: 1

REF: 5.9 Personal Application: Addressing Practical Questions About Sleep and Dreams

The logical error that equates the naming of a phenomenon with the explanation of that same phenomenon is called the ____________________.

ANS: nominal fallacy

PTS: 1

REF: 5.10 Critical Thinking Application: Is Alcoholism a Disease? The Power of Definitions.

SHORT ANSWER

Briefly summarize what is known about our biological clocks and their relationship to sleep.

ANS:

Humans and other animals operate on a 24-hour biological cycle. These daily cycles are particularly important in the regulation of sleep, but also in the regulation of temperature, urine production, hormonal secretions, and other bodily processes.

Circadian rhythms vary from person to person, and different people may have different optimal times to fall asleep, have a good night’s sleep, etc.

The pathway for regulation of the human biological clock appears to be based on light levels, which go from the eye to an area of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (in the hypothalamus). This nucleus tells the pineal gland to secrete melatonin, a hormone that adjusts biological clocks.

PTS: 1 REF: 5.2 Biological Rhythms and Sleep

DIF: Understand

Briefly discuss the methods available to assist people in realigning their circadian rhythms.

ANS:

One method for circadian rhythm realignment has been the use of a small dose of melatonin. Research shows that melatonin can be helpful in the treatment of jet lag, but timing is very important and hard to get right.

A second method is to help rotating shift workers reduce the severity of their circadian disruption by having them move through progressively later start times. It is also helpful to have longer periods between shift changes.

PTS: 1 REF: 5.2 Biological Rhythms and Sleep

DIF: Understand

Describe the typical sleep pattern. What type of EEG pattern is seen at each stage?

ANS:

Sleep researchers have discovered five different stages of sleep, based on physiological recordings. Each cycle lasts approximately 90 minutes in length, and a typical sleeper will complete multiple cycles each night.

Stage 1 is a brief, transitional stage of light sleep that lasts for as little as a few minutes. The EEG moves from predominately alpha waves, when the person is just about to fall asleep, to more theta activity.

Stage 2 is characterized by more mixed brain-wave activity with brief bursts of higher-frequency brain waves, called sleep spindles.

Stages 3 and 4 are characterized by low-frequency delta waves.

It takes about 30 minutes to reach Stage 4, and usually people stay there for about 30 minutes. Then the cycle reverses. When Stage 1 should be next in line in the cycle, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep begins. In REM sleep, the EEG show beta waves similar to when a person is awake, and most people report vivid dreaming.

PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Understand

Describe the changes in sleep patterns that occur as one ages.

ANS:

Age has been shown to alter the sleep cycle. Infants spend much more time in REM than do adults. The REM portion of sleep declines during childhood, leveling off at approximately 20% of sleep. During adulthood, sleep changes continue, with the percentage of slow-wave and REM sleep declining and the percentage of time spent in Stage 1 increasing. In the elderly, total sleep time declines slightly.

PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Understand

Summarize what is known about how culture influences sleep patterns.

ANS:

Culture appears to have little impact on the physiological experience of sleep, but it does appear to influence the expression of it in the form of differences in napping patterns and sleeping arrangements.

A recent poll revealed ethnic disparities in people’s perceptions of the quality of their sleep, with Asians reporting fewer sleep complaints than other ethnic groups and whites reporting poorer sleep quality than other ethnic groups.

In many “siesta” societies, shops close and activities are curtailed in the afternoon to permit a 1- to 2-hour midday nap. These cultures are found mostly in tropical regions of the world, and the practice is adaptive in that it allows people to avoid working during the hottest part of the day. However, when industrialization comes to a “siesta” culture, a decline in the practice is seen.

PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Understand

What is REM rebound, and when does it occur?

ANS:

When researchers wake subjects up as they go into REM sleep, thus depriving them of this one particular stage, they find that the person will try to go back into REM faster. Pretty soon, the researchers have to wake them up almost constantly. The increasing frequency of movement into REM within the sleep cycle is termed REM rebound, and it suggests that the body, for some reason, needs REM. The same rebound effect has been found for slow-wave sleep.

PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Understand

Pick two sleep disorders and briefly discuss the symptoms for each disorder.

ANS:

Answers to this question could be varied. Sleep disorders are quite varied and include insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, and somnambulism. The most common, however, is insomnia.

Insomnia occurs in three different patterns: trouble falling asleep, trouble remaining asleep, and persistent early morning awakening. Estimates of the prevalence of insomnia vary, but it appears that about 30-40% of adults report problems with insomnia and about 10% have severe, or frequent, insomnia. The prevalence increases with age and is 50% more common in women than in men.

Sleep apnea involves frequent, reflexive gasping for air that periodically occurs, waking the person who has it. With sleep apnea, the person literally stops breathing for 15 to 60 seconds; it can cause cardiovascular damage.

Narcolepsy is marked by sudden onsets of sleep during normal waking periods. A person with narcolepsy goes directly from wakefulness into REM sleep.

Somnambulism is sleepwalking – when a person arises and wanders about while still asleep. About 15% of children and 3% of adults exhibit repetitive sleepwalking.

PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Understand

Discuss the major theories of dreaming and explain the significance that each theory attaches to dreams.

ANS:

Freud’s wish fulfillment theory states that people dream to satisfy unmet needs from their waking lives. For Freud, dreams reveal many of our unconscious needs.

According to the problem-solving view, dreams allow people to engage in creative thinking to solve everyday problems. Since dreams are not constrained by logic, they can help people come up with novel solutions.

According to the activation-synthesis model, dreams are side effects of neuronal activity that occurs during sleep. According to this view, neurons from the lower brain centers send periodic random messages to the cortex, and dreams emerge from the cortex’s efforts to synthesize these messages into a coherent story.

PTS: 1 REF: 5.4 The World of Dreams

DIF: Understand

ESSAY

Compare REM and NREM sleep with respect to EEG activity, muscular activity, and cognitive activity.

ANS:

NREM sleep refers to Stages 1 through 4, collectively, and thus is characterized by varied EEG activity. As sleep progresses through these stages, sleep becomes progressively deeper; brain waves correspondingly decrease in frequency and increase in amplitude. Muscle tension also decreases as sleep deepens. Dreams occasionally occur during NREM sleep, but these tend to be infrequent and far less vivid than REM dreams.

REM sleep is also a deep sleep in the sense that it is relatively difficult to awaken a person from this stage. Muscle tone is so relaxed as to leave the body virtually paralyzed. The eyes, however, move beneath closed lids. The EEG shows beta activity, as if the person were wide awake. This paradoxical finding can be accounted for by the fact that REM is the stage during which most dreaming occurs.

PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Understand

Describe the effects of partial, and selective sleep deprivation.

ANS:

Partial sleep deprivation occurs when people make do with substantially less sleep then normal over a period of time. This is associated with impaired attention, reaction time, motor coordination, and decision making. It may also negatively affect endocrine and immune functioning. Sleep deprivation also appears to play a role in many motor vehicle accidents.

The existence of distinct sleep stages implies that each stage may have its own function. To investigate this possibility, researchers have selectively deprived subjects of either REM sleep or slow-wave sleep. In both kinds of selective deprivation, subjects experience an increased need for that stage of sleep specifically. In addition, both REM deprivation and slow-wave deprivation produce a “rebound effect” in which subjects make up for lost time when allowed to sleep normally again. Studies suggest that REM and slow-wave sleep contribute to the firming up (consolidation) of learning that takes place during the day.

PTS: 1 REF: 5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle

DIF: Apply

What do people tend to dream about, and what theories have been proposed to explain why people dream at all?

ANS:

Above all, dreams tend to be personal. They generally involve people we know in settings that are familiar to us. We are particularly likely to dream about current worries, conflicts, and stressors. There is no universally agreed upon explanation for why we dream. Freud proposed that dreams are a form of “wishful thinking” in which we have the opportunity to gratify impulses that have gone unfulfilled in our waking lives. Other theorists take a more cognitive view, proposing that dreams provide an opportunity to engage in creative problem-solving. Both of these views mesh nicely with available data regarding the typical content of dreams. A very different view is the activation-synthesis model of dreaming, which proposes that dreams are simply byproducts of neural activation during REM sleep. In this view, the content of dreams is almost incidental. Whereas the wish-fulfillment and problem-solving theories both regard the “wide awake” brain as the effect of dreaming, the activation-synthesis model views the “wide awake” brain as the cause of dreaming.

PTS: 1 REF: 5.4 The World of Dreams DIF: Apply

Compare and contrast the “role-playing” and “altered state” views of hypnosis.

ANS:

Both views are attempts to account for known hypnotic phenomena, which include heightened suggestibility, disinhibition, and posthypnotic amnesia. Proponents of the role-playing view regard hypnosis as a normal state of consciousness in which suggestible people act as if they are hypnotized by enacting their role expectations about how hypnotized people should behave. In support of this view, there is evidence that many supposed hypnotic phenomena can be duplicated by nonhypnotized subjects. Other theorists continue to insist that hypnosis is a unique, altered state of consciousness. For example, Ernest Hilgard maintains that hypnosis creates a dissociation in consciousness¾a splitting off of mental processes into two separate, simultaneous streams of awareness. This view is made plausible by the fact that divided consciousness is a common, normal experience (as in “highway hypnosis,” for example). At present, there is no resolution to the debate between these two opposing views.

PTS: 1 REF: 5.5 Hypnosis: Altered Consciousness or Role Playing?

DIF: Think Critically

Briefly discuss which drugs carry the greatest risk of tolerance, physical dependence, and psychological dependence.

ANS:

Psychoactive drugs modify mental, emotional, or behavioral functioning.

Narcotics show the high risks of both physical and psychological dependence, and tolerance develops rapidly. Narcotics include heroin, morphine, codeine, Demerol, and methadone; high doses produce an overwhelming sense of euphoria, a “who cares?” quality.

Sedatives show the high risks of both physical and psychological dependence, and tolerance develops rapidly. Sedatives include barbiturates, downers used in higher doses than are prescribed for medical purposes.

Stimulants show the moderate risks for physical dependence and high risks for psychological dependence. Tolerance develops rapidly with stimulants, and this class includes mild drugs such as caffeine and nicotine as well as much stronger drugs such as cocaine and amphetamines. Cocaine and amphetamines have similar effects, except amphetamines last longer. The euphoria created by these drugs is very different from a “who cares?” relaxed state; it is more like an “I can conquer the world,” alert state of being.

Hallucinogens show low risks of both physical and psychological dependence, and tolerance to them develops gradually. Hallucinogens such as LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin have similar effects, including producing euphoria, increasing sensory awareness, and distorting the sense of time. These experiences may be pleasant, but they can also produce nightmarish feelings of anxiety and paranoia, a bad trip.

Cannabis is the hemp plant from which marijuana, hashish, and THC are derived. Cannabis shows low to moderate risks of psychological dependence, with no risk of physical dependence. Tolerance develops gradually to THC, and the active chemical ingredient causes a mild, relaxed euphoria and enhanced sensory awareness. Unintended effects can be anxiety, sluggish mental functioning, and memory impairment. New research shows that long-term marijuana use may impair some aspects of cognitive functioning even when users are no longer high.

Alcohol is the most widely used psychoactive drug. There is a moderate risk for both physical and psychological dependence, and tolerance develops gradually. When people drink heavily, the effect is a relaxed euphoria that temporarily boosts self-esteem and decreases inhibitions.

PTS: 1 REF: 5.7 Altering Consciousness with Drugs

KEY: Understand

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Psychology Themes And Variations 10th Edition by Wayne Weiten - Test bank

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Pediatric Study Guide - 2025

Mental Health Disorders & Pharmacology - 2025 Edition

Critical Care Survival Guide Trusted Medical Resource for All Critical Care Providers

Ultimate Nursing School Success Bundle - 2025

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