Psychology Themes and Variations, Briefer Version 9th Edition by Wayne Weiten - Test Bank

Psychology Themes and Variations, Briefer Version 9th Edition by Wayne Weiten – Test Bank

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Chapter 6 Multiple-Choice Items

MULTIPLE CHOICE

A relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience is defined as

a.	mediation.
b.	maturation.
c.	learning.
d.	conditioning.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.1 KEY: Factual

When a neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus, the process is

a.	operant conditioning.
b.	primary reinforcement.
c.	Skinnerian conditioning.
d.	classical conditioning.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 66%

REF: Classical Conditioning OBJ: 6.1 KEY: Factual

A type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus is known as

a.	state-dependent learning.
b.	classical conditioning.
c.	operant conditioning.
d.	observational conditioning.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.1 KEY: Factual

Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which

a.	responses come to be controlled by their consequences.
b.	an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others’ behavior.
c.	an organism engages in a response that brings aversive stimulation to an end.
d.	a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response that was originally elicited by another stimulus.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.1 TOP: WWW KEY: Factual

Pavlov became interested in conditioning when he observed laboratory dogs

a.	salivating right before food was placed in their mouths.
b.	failing to salivate when food was placed in their mouths.
c.	salivating only when food was placed in their mouths.
d.	salivating right after they had swallowed food.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 95%

REF: Classical Conditioning OBJ: 6.1 KEY: Factual

Pavlov found that meat powder placed on a dog’s tongue will make the dog salivate. In Pavlov’s terms, the meat powder is

a.	an unconditioned stimulus.
b.	an unconditioned response.
c.	a conditioned stimulus.
d.	a conditioned response.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 77%

REF: Classical Conditioning OBJ: 6.1 KEY: Factual

In Pavlov’s principle experiment, if a dog salivates after hearing a tone, the salivation would be the

a.	conditioned response.
b.	conditioned stimulus.
c.	unconditioned stimulus.
d.	unconditioned response.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.1 KEY: Factual

In Pavlov’s original experiment on classical conditioning, the unconditioned response was

a.	the sound of a tone.
b.	salivation elicited by a tone.
c.	the presentation of meat powder following a tone.
d.	salivation elicited by meat powder.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 79%

REF: Classical Conditioning OBJ: 6.1 KEY: Factual

In Pavlov’s principle experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the

a.	salivation.
b.	light.
c.	tone.
d.	meat powder.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.1 TOP: WWW KEY: Factual

In classical conditioning, the stimulus that naturally evokes an unlearned response is the

a.	conditioned stimulus.
b.	unconditioned stimulus.
c.	unconditioned reinforcer.
d.	conditioned reinforcer.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 85%

REF: Classical Conditioning OBJ: 6.1 KEY: Factual

A conditioned stimulus is

a.	a stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response without previous conditioning.
b.	an unlearned reaction that occurs without previous conditioning.
c.	a previously neutral stimulus that, through conditioning, acquires the capacity to elicit a conditioned response.
d.	a learned reaction that occurs because of previous conditioning.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.1 KEY: Factual

Carson used to enjoy lime sherbet, so when he was in Mexico, he tried frozen lime margaritas. After his fourth margarita, Carson became extremely ill. Now he finds that even the sight of lime sherbet in a bowl can make him feel queasy. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is

a.	the lime margaritas that Carson consumed.
b.	the illness that followed the fourth margarita.
c.	the sight of lime sherbet.
d.	the queasiness that Carson feels when he sees lime sherbet.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.1 KEY: Concept/Applied

Darrel was dancing with his new girlfriend at an Elvis tribute. When the band started playing, “Can’t Help Falling in Love with You,” his girlfriend gave him a long, passionate kiss, which Darrel found very enjoyable. Now Darrel finds that every time he hears “Can’t Help Falling in Love with You” on the radio, he becomes mildly excited. In this example, the long, passionate kiss is

a.	a conditioned stimulus.
b.	an unconditioned response.
c.	a conditioned response.
d.	an unconditioned stimulus.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.1 KEY: Concept/Applied

A relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience defines

a.	development.
b.	classical conditioning.
c.	learning.
d.	operant conditioning.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.1 TOP: WWW KEY: Factual

Holly was dancing with her new boyfriend at an Elvis tribute. When the band started playing, “Can’t Help Falling in Love with You,” her boyfriend gave her a long, passionate kiss, which Holly found very enjoyable. Now Holly finds that every time she hears “Can’t Help Falling in Love with You” on the radio, she becomes a little flushed. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is

a.	the long, passionate kiss.
b.	the song, “Can’t Help Falling in Love with You.”
c.	the enjoyment she experienced after the kiss from her boyfriend.
d.	the flushing she experiences when she hears the song on the radio.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.1 KEY: Concept/Applied

One Saturday, Clayton was sitting at home when the telephone rang. A local company was making promotional calls and told Clayton he had just won a $500 gift certificate. He felt a rush of excitement at the thought of what he could do with $500. Now Clayton finds that whenever he hears a telephone ring, he feels a little surge of excitement. In this example, the conditioned response is

a.	the surge of excitement that Clayton feels whenever he hears a telephone ring.
b.	the ringing of a telephone.
c.	the news that he had just won a $500 gift certificate.
d.	the rush of excitement he felt when he won the certificate.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.1 KEY: Concept/Applied

Charity used to really enjoy potato salad, so at a family reunion, she ate a large helping. Unfortunately, the potato salad had not been kept cold, and Charity became quite ill after eating it. Now she finds that even the sight of potatoes in the grocery store can make her feel sick to her stomach. In this example, the sick feeling Charity experiences when she sees potatoes in the grocery store is

a.	an unconditioned response.
b.	a conditioned response.
c.	an unconditioned stimulus.
d.	a conditioned stimulus.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.1 KEY: Concept/Applied

In classical conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus is

a.	an unlearned reaction to a stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning.
b.	a learned reaction to a stimulus that occurs as a result of previous conditioning.
c.	a stimulus that evokes a response without previous conditioning.
d.	a previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to evoke a learned response.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.1 KEY: Factual

A previously neutral stimulus, that through conditioning acquires the capacity to evoke a response, is

a.	a conditioned stimulus.
b.	an unconditioned stimulus.
c.	an unconditioned response.
d.	a conditioned response.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.1 KEY: Factual

In Pavlov’s principle experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the

a.	salivation.
b.	meat powder.
c.	light.
d.	tone.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.1 KEY: Factual

If a child covers her ears when seeing fireworks, before hearing the sound of them, seeing the fireworks would be a(n)

a.	unconditioned response.
b.	unconditioned stimulus.
c.	conditioned response.
d.	conditioned stimulus.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.1 KEY: Concept/Applied

Imagine eating a large bowl of ice cream. If just thinking about the ice cream causes your mouth to water, your salivation would be

a.	a conditioned stimulus.
b.	a conditioned response.
c.	an unconditioned stimulus.
d.	an unconditioned response.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.1 KEY: Concept/Applied

Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to

a.	sing a song.
b.	tie shoe laces.
c.	print letters.
d.	fear the dark.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 89%

REF: Classical Conditioning OBJ: 6.2 KEY: Concept/Applied

Lyn is afraid of all spiders because her brother once dropped a spider down her shirt when she was younger. Today, even the sight of a rubber spider is enough to send shivers down her spine. The learning process that could best account for Lyn’s fear of spiders is

a.	operant conditioning.
b.	observational learning.
c.	delayed reinforcement.
d.	classical conditioning.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.2 KEY: Concept/Applied

When an individual has a phobia, the irrational fear and anxiety that the person experiences is

a.	a conditioned response.
b.	an unconditioned response.
c.	a conditioned stimulus.
d.	an unconditioned stimulus.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 72%

REF: Classical Conditioning OBJ: 6.2 KEY: Concept/Applied

Frederick cringes every time he hears a dentist’s drill, even when he is sitting in the waiting room of his dentist’s office. In this example, the pain of dental drilling is

a.	a conditioned response.
b.	an unconditioned stimulus.
c.	an unconditioned response.
d.	a conditioned stimulus.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 23%

REF: Classical Conditioning OBJ: 6.2 KEY: Concept/Applied

Sally developed a fear of balconies after almost falling from a balcony on a couple of occasions. What was the conditioned response?

a.	the balcony
b.	fear of the balcony
c.	almost falling
d.	fear resulting from almost falling

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.2 KEY: Concept/Applied

Classical conditioning could easily account for how a young child might learn to

a.	become potty-trained.
b.	feed himself.
c.	pick up his toys.
d.	fear the dentist.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.2 KEY: Concept/Applied

Simon cringes every time he hears a dentist’s drill, even when he is sitting in the waiting room of his dentist’s office. In this example, cringing in the waiting room is

a.	an unconditioned response.
b.	a conditioned stimulus.
c.	a conditioned response.
d.	an unconditioned stimulus.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.2 KEY: Concept/Applied

Belinda was very close to her father because he always made her feel safe. Belinda’s father always wore Stetson cologne. Today, every time she smells the scent of Stetson cologne, she develops a pleasant feeling of warmth and comfort. The learning process that could best account for Belinda’s pleasant feelings is

a.	operant conditioning.
b.	observational learning.
c.	delayed reinforcement.
d.	classical conditioning.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.2 KEY: Concept/Applied

When advertisers pair their products with attractive people or enjoyable surroundings in the hope that the pairings will cause their products to evoke good feelings, they are using principles derived from

a.	classical conditioning.
b.	state-dependent learning.
c.	observational learning.
d.	operant conditioning.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 61%

REF: Classical Conditioning OBJ: 6.2 KEY: Concept/Applied

A woman reported feeling “weak in the knees” whenever she smelled Beemans gum because of the association of this smell with her first love. In this example, her “weak knees” would be

a.	an unconditioned response.
b.	a conditioned stimulus.
c.	an unconditioned stimulus.
d.	a conditioned response.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.2 KEY: Concept/Applied

A woman reported feeling “weak in the knees” whenever she smelled Beemans gum because of the association of this smell with her first love. In this example, the smell of Beemans gum would be

a.	a conditioned response.
b.	an unconditioned response.
c.	a conditioned stimulus.
d.	an unconditioned stimulus.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 79%

REF: Classical Conditioning OBJ: 6.2 KEY: Concept/Applied

Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to

a.	talk.
b.	play baseball.
c.	walk.
d.	love the smell of her father’s aftershave.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 85%

REF: Classical Conditioning OBJ: 6.2 KEY: Concept/Applied

Researchers have found that animals show evidence of classical conditioning if they are injected with a drug that chemically causes immunosuppression while they are simultaneously drinking an unusual-tasting liquid. In these studies, the conditioned response would be

a.	the immunosuppression.
b.	the taste of the liquid that is used.
c.	the injection of the drug.
d.	fear of the injection process.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.2 KEY: Concept/Applied

Based on research, classical conditioning may help explain

a.	how erectile dysfunction may develop in humans.
b.	why some species fail to reproduce and become extinct.
c.	how sexual fetishes develop in humans.
d.	the evolutionary causes of infertility in humans.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.2 KEY: Factual

Responses learned through classical conditioning would include all the following EXCEPT

a.	both pleasant and unpleasant emotional responses.
b.	simple reflexive behaviors such as blinking.
c.	the physiological functioning of the immune system.
d.	voluntary behaviors such as setting the table for dinner.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.2 KEY: Critical Thinking

When personal likes and dislikes are acquired through processes of classical conditioning, the learning is referred to as

a.	evaluative conditioning.
b.	higher-order conditioning.
c.	positive reinforcement.
d.	vicarious learning.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.2 KEY: Factual

If you find that you have more positive feelings toward a product after an attractive spokesperson gives you a free sample, your change in attitudes would be said to have resulted from

a.	evaluative conditioning.
b.	escape learning.
c.	reflexive conditioning.
d.	observational learning.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.2 KEY: Concept/Applied

The initial stage of learning a response is called

a.	extinction.
b.	contiguity.
c.	acquisition.
d.	conditioning.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 86%

REF: Classical Conditioning OBJ: 6.3 KEY: Factual

Stimulus contiguity refers to whether the stimuli

a.	occur together in time.
b.	occur together in space.
c.	occur together in time and space.
d.	have been conditioned prior to the current trial.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.3 KEY: Factual

On Tuesday morning, Chloe prepared her typical breakfast of corn flakes with milk and a cup of coffee. However, instead of having grapefruit with her breakfast, she tried eating guava for the first time. Later, she became extremely ill. If her illness causes her to develop a conditioned response to one of her breakfast items, the conditioned response will MOST likely be to

a.	guava, because it was a novel stimulus.
b.	milk, because the milk may have been sour.
c.	grapefruit, because that was the one thing missing from her typical breakfast.
d.	coffee, because coffee is a stimulant.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.3 KEY: Critical Thinking

The continued presentation of the CS without the US will result in the gradual disappearance of the CR. This phenomenon is known as

a.	extinction.
b.	inhibition.
c.	suppression.
d.	conditioned forgetting.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 80%

REF: Classical Conditioning OBJ: 6.3 KEY: Factual

Ken used to drool at the smell of peanut butter cookies as they baked, and he couldn’t wait to sink his teeth into that first cookie. However, Ken’s new roommate makes terrible peanut butter cookies, and the smell of them baking is no longer associated with a wonderful taste experience. Consequently, Ken finds that the smell of the cookies no longer makes him drool in anticipation. This illustrates the classical conditioning process known as

a.	spontaneous recovery.
b.	second-order conditioning.
c.	extinction.
d.	avoidance.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.3 KEY: Concept/Applied

In order to weaken or eliminate a conditioned response, you would present

a.	the US before the CS several times.
b.	the CS alone several times.
c.	the US alone several times.
d.	extra pairings of the CS and US.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.3 KEY: Concept/Applied

The reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction and a period of rest is called

a.	disinhibition.
b.	reconditioning.
c.	stimulus generalization.
d.	spontaneous recovery.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 83%

REF: Classical Conditioning OBJ: 6.3 TOP: WWW

KEY: Factual

Mariah developed a fear of the water when she fell off a river raft last summer. This year, she took swimming lessons and thought she had finally overcome her fear of water. She was eagerly looking forward to an upcoming rafting trip, but as soon as she stepped onto the raft, she was instantly terrified again. This illustrates the classical conditioning process known as

a.	extinction.
b.	second-order conditioning.
c.	stimulus generalization.
d.	spontaneous recovery.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.3 KEY: Concept/Applied

When a conditioned response shows spontaneous recovery, the rejuvenated response typically

a.	is weaker than the previously conditioned response.
b.	is stronger than the previously conditioned response.
c.	occurs before the conditioned stimulus.
d.	changes to an unconditioned stimulus.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 70%

REF: Classical Conditioning OBJ: 6.3 KEY: Factual

Anthony classically conditioned his cat to purr whenever the phone rang. One day, the phone rang for nearly two hours straight when Anthony wasn’t home, and the cat’s conditioned purring response underwent extinction. Today, the response has spontaneously recovered, but if the conditioned purring response were to undergo extinction again, Anthony should expect that it will

a.	take less time to extinguish than it took for the original extinction.
b.	take more time to extinguish than it took for the original extinction.
c.	take the same amount of time to extinguish as it took for the original extinction.
d.	be impossible to extinguish the response now that spontaneous recovery has occurred.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.3 KEY: Critical Thinking

The phenomenon of spontaneous recovery suggests that

a.	classical conditioning can only be used to condition biologically meaningful responses.
b.	once a conditioned response has been extinguished, a person will also stop responding to other stimuli that are similar.
c.	extinction does not erase a learned association, it only suppresses or interferes with a conditioned response.
d.	when a conditioned response is extinguished, higher-order responses replace the original response.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.3 KEY: Concept/Applied

If a classically conditioned response undergoes extinction in an environment that is different from the one in which the response was acquired, the extinguished response will often reappear if the individual is returned to the original environment where acquisition took place. This phenomenon is called

a.	second-order conditioning.
b.	the renewal effect.
c.	stimulus generalization.
d.	vicarious conditioning.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.3 KEY: Factual

Bart developed a severe fear of flying when he was piloting a small plane through some severe turbulence. He has been seeing a therapist, and it appears that his fear response has been successfully extinguished. The therapist used a flight simulator to help Bart practice his piloting skills in a safe setting. However, the first time Bart stepped back into a real plane, his fear returned. This example illustrates the phenomenon known as

a.	second-order conditioning.
b.	the renewal effect.
c.	unblocking.
d.	stimulus generalization.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.3 KEY: Factual

Last year, Becky went to a psychologist and was cured of her dog phobia. Today, however, while jogging in the park, she was overcome with anxiety when she saw a young man jogging toward her with his golden retriever on a leash. Apparently, Becky’s dog phobia

a.	showed spontaneous recovery.
b.	had not been extinguished after all.
c.	showed higher-order conditioning.
d.	showed stimulus generalization.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.3 KEY: Concept/Applied

Stimulus generalization occurs when

a.	there is a temporal association between two stimuli.
b.	an organism fails to respond to stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus used in conditioning.
c.	an unconditioned stimulus fails to elicit the unconditioned response.
d.	an organism responds to new stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.4 KEY: Factual

When Diana was three years old, she became terrified when the neighbor’s budgie bird kept flying near her head. Today, she is afraid of all birds, including robins, pigeons, and blue jays. Diana’s fear illustrates the classical conditioning process of

a.	preparedness.
b.	stimulus generalization.
c.	stimulus discrimination.
d.	negative avoidance.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.4 KEY: Concept/Applied

When Luis was a child, he really liked the smell of the rose-scented perfume his mother used to wear. He came to associate that scent with snuggles and hugs from his mom. As an adult, Luis likes any floral scent, including the smell of lilacs and wildflowers. This example illustrates the classical conditioning process of

a.	stimulus generalization.
b.	stimulus discrimination.
c.	preparedness.
d.	spontaneous recovery.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.4 KEY: Concept/Applied

In the Little Albert experiment on conditioned emotional responses, the unconditioned stimulus was

a.	the rabbit.
b.	the rat.
c.	the loud noise.
d.	the fear reaction.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 35%

REF: Classical Conditioning OBJ: 6.4 KEY: Concept/Applied

In the Little Albert experiment on conditioned emotional responses, the conditioned stimulus was

a.	the rabbit.
b.	the rat.
c.	the loud noise.
d.	the fear reaction.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 35%

REF: Classical Conditioning OBJ: 6.4 KEY: Concept/Applied

When shown a Santa Claus beard, Little Albert showed a fear response, which was evidence of

a.	stimulus discrimination.
b.	superstitious behavior.
c.	stimulus generalization.
d.	extinction.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.4 TOP: WWW KEY: Factual

In the Little Albert experiment on conditioned emotional responses, stimulus generalization was shown when Albert showed the fear response to

a.	the rabbit.
b.	the rat.
c.	the loud noise.
d.	his mother.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 35%

REF: Classical Conditioning OBJ: 6.4 KEY: Concept/Applied

Continuing to pair a specific CS and US, but periodically presenting stimuli similar to the CS and not pairing them with the US, should result in

a.	stimulus discrimination.
b.	stimulus generalization.
c.	extinction.
d.	response attenuation.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.4 KEY: Concept/Applied

If a dog salivates to a blue light and not to a yellow light, the dog is showing evidence of

a.	spontaneous recovery.
b.	conditioned emotional reactions.
c.	stimulus generalization.
d.	stimulus discrimination.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 92%

REF: Classical Conditioning OBJ: 6.4 KEY: Concept/Applied

When Lindsay was nine years old, the neighbor’s Chihuahua bit her on the ankle. Today, Lindsay is still terrified of Chihuahuas, but she likes almost all other types of dogs. Lindsay’s fear illustrates the classical conditioning process of

a.	preparedness.
b.	stimulus discrimination.
c.	stimulus generalization.
d.	negative avoidance.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.4 KEY: Concept/Applied

When an organism responds to a specific conditioned stimulus and doesn’t respond to another stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus, it is referred to as

a.	stimulus generalization.
b.	stimulus discrimination.
c.	extinction.
d.	spontaneous recovery.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.4 KEY: Factual

A dog is first conditioned to salivate to a tone. Then, a light is paired with the tone for a number of trials. Finally, the light is presented alone, and the dog salivates. This procedure is known as

a.	chaining
b.	higher-order conditioning.
c.	compound conditioning.
d.	sensory preconditioning.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 77%

REF: Classical Conditioning OBJ: 6.4 KEY: Concept/Applied

In higher-order conditioning ____ now functions as if it were ____.

a.	a conditioned stimulus; an unconditioned stimulus
b.	an unconditioned stimulus; a conditioned stimulus
c.	a conditioned response; an unconditioned response
d.	an unconditioned response; a conditioned response

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 56%

REF: Classical Conditioning OBJ: 6.4 KEY: Concept/Applied

Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate to the sound of a tone. He then paired a light with the tone until the dog salivated to the light alone. This is an example of

a.	stimulus generalization.
b.	stimulus discrimination.
c.	spontaneous recovery.
d.	higher-order conditioning.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.4 KEY: Concept/Applied

Six-year-old Kristen is afraid of balloons because a balloon once popped in her face while she was holding it. Last week, she went to the circus and there was a clown holding a huge assortment of helium balloons. Now she is also afraid of clowns, even though none of the balloons the clown was holding popped. Kristen’s fear of clowns illustrates the classical conditioning process of

a.	higher-order conditioning.
b.	preparedness.
c.	spontaneous recovery.
d.	the renewal effect.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.4 KEY: Concept/Applied

Ken has been conditioned to be afraid of snow. For a number of weeks during November and December, snow is repeatedly presented with Santa Claus; now Ken is also fearful of Santa Claus. This example illustrates the classical conditioning process of

a.	stimulus generalization.
b.	stimulus discrimination.
c.	higher-order conditioning.
d.	spontaneous recovery.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Classical Conditioning

OBJ: 6.4 KEY: Concept/Applied

Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which

a.	responses come to be controlled by their consequences.
b.	an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others’ behavior.
c.	involuntary responses are slowly replaced by voluntary responses.
d.	a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response that was originally elicited by another stimulus.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.5 KEY: Factual

In the 1930s, learning that is influenced by stimuli that follow the response was christened “operant conditioning” by

a.	Ivan Pavlov.
b.	John Watson.
c.	B. F. Skinner.
d.	Edward Thorndike.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.5 KEY: Factual

Classical conditioning is to ____ responses as operant conditioning is to ____.

a.	voluntary; involuntary
b.	reflexive; involuntary
c.	involuntary; reflexive
d.	reflexive; voluntary

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.5 KEY: Concept/Applied

Learning to tie one’s shoes is most likely acquired via the process of

a.	operant conditioning.
b.	reflexive conditioning.
c.	spontaneous recovery.
d.	classical conditioning.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 68%

REF: Operant Conditioning OBJ: 6.5 KEY: Concept/Applied

Dillon is four years old, and his parents want to teach him to say “Please” and “Thank you.” They will be most successful in altering Dillon’s behavior if they use

a.	classical conditioning.
b.	higher-order conditioning.
c.	non-contingent reinforcement.
d.	operant conditioning.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.5 KEY: Concept/Applied

April wants to teach her cat not to claw at the arms of her couch. She will be MOST successful in reducing the cat’s scratching behavior if she uses

a.	classical conditioning.
b.	higher-order conditioning.
c.	observational learning.
d.	operant conditioning.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.5 KEY: Concept/Applied

The type of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences is

a.	observational learning.
b.	classical conditioning.
c.	operant conditioning.
d.	reinforcement.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.5 TOP: WWW KEY: Factual

The key dependent variable measured in operant conditioning studies is

a.	the strength of the CR.
b.	the strength of the UR.
c.	the organism’s reinforcement rate.
d.	the organism’s response rate.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.5 KEY: Factual

According to Skinner, the fundamental principle of operant conditioning is that organisms tend to repeat those responses that.

a.	reduce a biological need.
b.	are followed by favorable consequences.
c.	decrease the probability of the consequence that produced it.
d.	increase a biological need.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.5 KEY: Factual

According to Skinner, a stimulus is a reinforcer if it

a.	reduces a biological need.
b.	induces a biological need.
c.	increases the probability of the response that preceded it.
d.	decreases the probability of the response that preceded it.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 92%

REF: Operant Conditioning OBJ: 6.5 KEY: Factual

Cassie asked her father for a candy bar at the grocery store, and her father bought her the candy bar. If Cassie asks for more candy bars in the future, the candy bar has acted as a

a.	discriminative stimulus.
b.	reinforcer.
c.	conditioned response.
d.	conditioned stimulus.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 53%

REF: Operant Conditioning OBJ: 6.5 KEY: Concept/Applied

A small enclosure used by psychologists to study learning in which an animal can make a specific response that is recorded while the consequences are systematically controlled is known as a

a.	Watson maze.
b.	Skinner box.
c.	classical conditioning chamber.
d.	cumulative recorder.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.5 KEY: Factual

The rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of a reinforcer are called

a.	reinforcement contingencies.
b.	stimulus contiguities.
c.	schedules of reinforcement.
d.	antecedents.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 77%

REF: Operant Conditioning OBJ: 6.5 KEY: Factual

In a Skinner box, the cumulative recorder

a.	permits the experimenter to control the reinforcement contingencies.
b.	provides a complete record of everything the animal does.
c.	delivers the reinforcers.
d.	creates a graphic record of operant responding as a function of time.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 75%

REF: Operant Conditioning OBJ: 6.5 KEY: Factual

In a cumulative record of responses from a Skinner box, a steep slope in the line indicates

a.	poorly planned reinforcement contingencies.
b.	slow responding taking place.
c.	fast responding taking place.
d.	extinction has occurred.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 88%

REF: Operant Conditioning OBJ: 6.5 KEY: Concept/Applied

You are watching a pigeon pecking a disk in a small chamber. There is a cumulative recorder connected to the disk. While you are watching, the pigeon is pecking at a slow, steady rate. Based on this information, you can predict that the line on the cumulative recorder will

a.	have a steep, upward slope.
b.	have a shallow, upward slope.
c.	have a shallow, downward slope.
d.	have a steep, downward slope.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.5 KEY: Critical Thinking

Nate is watching the cumulative recorder that is connected to a box where a rat is pressing a lever to receive food reinforcement. The slope of the line is becoming flatter and flatter over time. Based on this output, Nate can conclude that the rat’s response rate

a.	is increasing over time.
b.	will soon show spontaneous recovery.
c.	is decreasing over time.
d.	is caused by inadequate stimulus generalization.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.5 KEY: Concept/Applied

The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer and closer approximations of some desired response is called

a.	stimulus discrimination.
b.	selection.
c.	shaping.
d.	step-wise conditioning.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 71%

REF: Operant Conditioning OBJ: 6.6 KEY: Factual

Operant responses are typically established through a gradual process in which closer and closer approximations of the desired response are reinforced. This process is called

a.	modeling.
b.	shaping.
c.	discrimination.
d.	learning.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.6 KEY: Factual

Learning to ride a bicycle is most likely acquired via the process of

a.	classical conditioning.
b.	shaping.
c.	spontaneous recovery.
d.	innate stimulus release.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 77%

REF: Operant Conditioning OBJ: 6.6 KEY: Concept/Applied

A circus trainer wants to train a cat to pull a rope as part of an animal act. The probability that the cat will just pull a rope is very low. What technique would be the best choice to use to help the cat learn to emit the desired response?

a.	Shaping
b.	Stimulus generalization
c.	Extinction
d.	Stimulus discrimination

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.6 KEY: Concept/Applied

Nicolas has autistic disorder and is mute. A therapist working with Nicolas initially gave him a piece of chocolate any time he made a sound with his lips. This slowly changed until Nicolas only received a piece of chocolate for saying complete words, and eventually only for saying complete sentences. In this example, Nicolas developed speech skills through the use of

a.	classical conditioning.
b.	modeling.
c.	shaping.
d.	negative reinforcement.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.6 KEY: Concept/Applied

The technique used to teach animals complex tricks, such as teaching pigeons to play ping-pong, is

a.	respondent conditioning.
b.	continuous reinforcement.
c.	programming.
d.	shaping.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 43%

REF: Operant Conditioning OBJ: 6.6 KEY: Factual

The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called

a.	extinction.
b.	unconditioning.
c.	conditioned forgetting.
d.	spontaneous remission.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.6 TOP: WWW KEY: Factual

When reinforcement for a behavior is removed, the consequence will be

a.	an immediate weakening and eventual disappearance of the behavior.
b.	a brief increase in the frequency with which the behavior is performed, followed by the weakening and eventual disappearance of the behavior.
c.	the emergence of superstitious behavior designed to reinstitute the reinforcement.
d.	unpredictable unless more information about the nature of the behavior is provided.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.6 KEY: Concept/Applied

Kylee used to bring drawings home from her kindergarten class every day. Her parents would put the pictures on the refrigerator and tell Kylee how nice the pictures were. Lately, her parents haven’t been putting her artwork on the refrigerator, and now Kylee has stopped bringing drawings home with her. This example illustrates the operant conditioning process of

a.	punishment.
b.	avoidance.
c.	resistance.
d.	extinction.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.6 KEY: Concept/Applied

Bart used to go to his health club every day after work because he almost always saw Abigail there. For two full weeks, Abigail wasn’t at the club when Bart went there for his workout, and now Bart has stopped going to his health club. This example illustrates the operant conditioning process of

a.	extinction.
b.	punishment.
c.	avoidance.
d.	resistance.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.6 KEY: Concept/Applied

Jeremy stops gambling five minutes after his slot machine last paid off; Jessica is still gambling, even though her slot machine hasn’t paid off in over an hour. In this example, Jeremy’s behavior ____ while Jessica’s behavior ____.

a.	shows low resistance to extinction; shows high resistance to extinction
b.	has been classically conditioned; has been operantly conditioned
c.	shows high resistance to extinction; shows low resistance to extinction
d.	is controlled by conditioned stimuli; is controlled by unconditioned stimuli

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 66%

REF: Operant Conditioning OBJ: 6.6 KEY: Concept/Applied

When resistance to extinction is high, it means that

a.	responding will continue for a long time after reinforcement is discontinued.
b.	responding will taper off quickly when reinforcement is discontinued.
c.	responding will fail to show spontaneous recovery following a period of extinction.
d.	shaping was done incorrectly when the initial response was acquired.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.6 KEY: Concept/Applied

Extinction of an operantly conditioned response occurs when the response

a.	is followed by continuous reinforcement.
b.	is followed by intermittent reinforcement.
c.	is no longer associated with the CS.
d.	is no longer followed by reinforcement.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.6 KEY: Factual

An operantly conditioned response that is very durable and relatively hard to extinguish is said to show

a.	high resistance to extinction.
b.	low resistance to extinction.
c.	high association with reinforcement.
d.	low association with reinforcement.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.6 KEY: Factual

A pigeon learns to peck at a disk lighted green to receive reinforcement, but not at a disk lighted red. This means that, for the pigeon, the color of the disk is a

a.	reinforcer or nonreinforcer.
b.	punisher or nonpunisher.
c.	generalization stimulus.
d.	discriminative stimulus.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 80%

REF: Operant Conditioning OBJ: 6.6 KEY: Concept/Applied

Julie has a desk right next to her manager’s office. Whenever her manager is in his office, Julie makes sure that she works hard at her computer. However, if the manager is away from his office, she often works much more slowly and takes more breaks. In this case, the manager being in his office is acting as

a.	a positive reinforcer for working hard.
b.	a negative reinforcer for working hard.
c.	a discriminative stimulus for working hard.
d.	an unconditioned stimulus for working hard.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.6 KEY: Concept/Applied

When you approach a traffic light and see a red light, you stop. On the other hand, when you approach that same light and see a green light, you continue driving. This example illustrates

a.	stimulus generalization.
b.	extinction.
c.	stimulus discrimination.
d.	spontaneous recovery.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.6 KEY: Concept/Applied

After owning a car with a manual transmission, Don buys a car with an automatic transmission. When first driving his new car, he keeps reaching for the nonexistent clutch and gearshift. This is an example of

a.	acquisition.
b.	stimulus generalization.
c.	stimulus discrimination.
d.	shaping.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.6 KEY: Concept/Applied

When Kristen asks her grandmother for a cookie, her grandmother usually gives her one. Last week at the park, Kristen’s mother was embarrassed when Kristen walked up to five different elderly ladies and asked them for cookies. Kristen’s behavior illustrates the concept of

a.	unconditioned reinforcement.
b.	stimulus generalization.
c.	stimulus discrimination.
d.	observational learning.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.6 KEY: Concept/Applied

The basic principles of gradual acquisition, extinction, stimulus generalization, and discrimination apply

a.	to both classical and operant conditioning.
b.	only to classical conditioning.
c.	only to operant conditioning.
d.	to learning by animals, but not to learning by people.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.3 | 6.6 KEY: Concept/Applied

Cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences (reinforcement or nonreinforcement) of a response are referred to as

a.	reinforcement-extinction stimuli.
b.	generalization stimuli.
c.	discriminative stimuli.
d.	operant stimuli.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.6 KEY: Factual

At preschool, Jessi has learned that she must wash her hands before snack-time in order to get a snack. At home, however, her parents do not check to make sure she washes her hands. When she is home, Jessi does not wash her hands before eating. Jessi’s behavior illustrates the process of

a.	response generalization.
b.	response discrimination.
c.	stimulus generalization.
d.	stimulus discrimination.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.6 KEY: Concept/Applied

Food is an example of ____; praise is an example of ____.

a.	a primary reinforcer; a primary reinforcer
b.	a primary reinforcer; a secondary reinforcer
c.	a secondary reinforcer; a secondary reinforcer
d.	a secondary reinforcer; a primary reinforcer

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 86%

REF: Operant Conditioning OBJ: 6.7 KEY: Concept/Applied

Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?

a.	approval
b.	food
c.	a toy for a child
d.	money

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.7 TOP: WWW KEY: Concept/Applied

Which of the following is NOT an example of a secondary reinforcer?

a.	approval
b.	a toy for a child
c.	food
d.	money

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.7 KEY: Concept/Applied

Primary reinforcers are effective because

a.	they satisfy basic biological survival needs.
b.	we inherently want approval for our actions.
c.	they have been associated with secondary reinforcers and have become reinforcing.
d.	the organism has learned to want them.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.7 KEY: Concept/Applied

Chimps are trained to perform a variety of tasks to get coins. The coins could then be traded in for banana chips that could be eaten. The coins served as a

a.	primary reinforcer.
b.	negative reinforcer.
c.	secondary reinforcer.
d.	partial reinforcer.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.7 KEY: Concept/Applied

Skinner demonstrated that organisms tend to repeat responses that are followed by favorable consequences. Skinner termed these favorable consequences

a.	unconditioned stimuli.
b.	rewards.
c.	reinforcers.
d.	bribes.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.7 KEY: Factual

While out trick-or-treating for Halloween, at first, Billy’s neighbors had to remind him to say “trick or treat” before they dropped their treats into his bag. As he continued to visit houses in the neighborhood, soon Billy would say “Trick or treat” as soon as the neighbors answered the door. The treats he received were the ____ for his saying “Trick or treat.”

a.	conditioned stimulus
b.	reinforcement
c.	reward
d.	discriminative stimulus

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.7 KEY: Concept/Applied

As a young child, when you first realized that you could use money to buy candy and soda, money began to become an effective

a.	secondary reinforcer.
b.	primary reinforcer.
c.	operant reinforcer.
d.	classical reinforcer.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.7 KEY: Concept/Applied

Continuous reinforcement occurs when

a.	reinforcement is delivered continually, regardless of whether or not a response is made.
b.	it is not known in advance what responses will be reinforced.
c.	every behavior engaged in by the subject is reinforced.
d.	every occurrence of the designated response is reinforced.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 68%

REF: Operant Conditioning OBJ: 6.7 KEY: Factual

When a researcher reinforces a response only some of the time, it is referred to as

a.	continuous reinforcement.
b.	extinction.
c.	intermittent reinforcement.
d.	punishment.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.7 KEY: Concept/Applied

Assuming the reinforcer is the sound of the rattle, a baby’s response of shaking a rattle is reinforced according to which type of schedule?

a.	continuous reinforcement
b.	fixed interval
c.	variable interval
d.	variable ratio

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 51%

REF: Operant Conditioning OBJ: 6.7 KEY: Concept/Applied

Katrina is trying to put a dollar bill into a vending machine in her office. Sometimes the machine will take a dollar bill on the first try, other times it can take up to five or six tries before the dollar bill is finally accepted. In this example, inserting a dollar bill into the vending machine is reinforced on

a.	a continuous reinforcement schedule.
b.	a noncontingent reinforcement schedule.
c.	an intermittent reinforcement schedule.
d.	a short-delay reinforcement schedule.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.7 KEY: Concept/Applied

Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of

a.	a continuous reinforcement schedule.
b.	a noncontingent reinforcement schedule.
c.	an intermittent reinforcement schedule.
d.	a short-delay reinforcement schedule.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.7 KEY: Concept/Applied

Raul’s parents make certain they thank Raul every time he clears the dishes from the table without being asked. Sadie’s parents try to remember to thank Sadie every time she clears the table without being asked, but about half the time, they forget. Based on principles of operant conditioning, you should predict that

a.	both children’s table clearing will be equally resistant to extinction.
b.	Sadie’s table clearing will be more resistant to extinction than Raul’s.
c.	Raul’s table clearing will be more resistant to extinction than Sadie’s.
d.	Raul will develop stimulus generalization, and Sadie will develop stimulus discrimination.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.7 KEY: Concept/Applied

A salesperson earns a bonus for every three items of clothing she sells. The bonus is given on which type of reinforcement schedule?

a.	fixed ratio
b.	variable interval
c.	fixed interval
d.	variable ratio

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.7 TOP: WWW KEY: Concept/Applied

In terms of reinforcement schedules, interval schedules always relate to the

a.	elapsed time between reinforcements.
b.	number of responses given.
c.	number of reinforcements given.
d.	length of the training period.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.7 KEY: Factual

Ratio schedules of reinforcement always relate to the

a.	elapsed time between reinforcements.
b.	number of responses given.
c.	number of reinforcements given.
d.	length of the training period.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.7 KEY: Factual

A worker gets paid every Friday for completing his 40 hour work week. He is being paid on a ____ schedule.

a.	fixed-ratio
b.	variable-ratio
c.	fixed-interval
d.	variable-interval

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.7 KEY: Concept/Applied

In a variable-ratio schedule, the reinforcer is given

a.	after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses.
b.	after a variable number of nonreinforced responses.
c.	for the first response that occurs after a fixed amount of time has elapsed.
d.	for the first response that occurs after a variable amount of time has elapsed.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 74%

REF: Operant Conditioning OBJ: 6.7 KEY: Factual

Shaquille is a professional basketball player. He never knows for sure which of his shots will result in a basket, but the more shots he takes, the more baskets he makes. In this example, Shaquille’s shooting is being reinforced on

a.	a fixed-ratio schedule.
b.	a fixed-interval schedule.
c.	a variable-ratio schedule.
d.	a variable-interval schedule.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.7 KEY: Concept/Applied

You are watching a rat pressing a lever in a Skinner box to obtain food pellets. The rat is pressing the lever at a very high rate and does not stop, even when a food pellet is delivered. In this example, the reinforcement schedule that is in place is MOST likely

a.	a fixed-interval schedule.
b.	a variable-ratio schedule.
c.	a fixed-ratio schedule.
d.	a variable-interval schedule.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.7 KEY: Critical Thinking

The newest winning numbers in the state lottery are announced on the local television station every Saturday night, at the end of the news hour. People who are watching for the lottery numbers will have their “watching” reinforced on

a.	a fixed-ratio schedule.
b.	a variable-ratio schedule.
c.	a variable-interval schedule.
d.	a fixed-interval schedule.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.7 KEY: Concept/Applied

Josiah checks his email several times throughout the day. Some days there is mail each time he checks; sometimes several days go by with no new messages arriving. In this example, Josiah’s behavior of checking his email is being reinforced on

a.	a variable-interval schedule.
b.	a fixed-ratio schedule.
c.	a fixed-interval schedule.
d.	a variable-ratio schedule.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.7 KEY: Concept/Applied

You are watching a rat pressing a lever in a Skinner box to obtain food pellets. The rat is pressing the lever at a slow, steady rate, but it does not stop, even when a food pellet is delivered. In this example, the reinforcement schedule that is in place is MOST likely

a.	a variable-ratio schedule.
b.	a fixed-interval schedule.
c.	a variable-interval schedule.
d.	a fixed-ratio schedule.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.7 KEY: Critical Thinking

Mary takes a course in which she is tested every two weeks. Her studying falls off right after a test, followed by a gradual increase to a rapid rate of studying as the next test approaches. Her studying conforms to the typical pattern of responding maintained on

a.	fixed-ratio schedules.
b.	variable-ratio schedules.
c.	fixed-interval schedules.
d.	variable-interval schedules.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 78%

REF: Operant Conditioning OBJ: 6.7 KEY: Concept/Applied

Given the same frequency of reinforcement, ____ schedules generate higher rates of responding than do ____ schedules.

a.	interval; ratio
b.	fixed; variable
c.	ratio; interval
d.	variable; fixed

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 25%

REF: Operant Conditioning OBJ: 6.7 KEY: Concept/Applied

Given the same overall frequency of reinforcement on a fixed and a variable schedule of reinforcement, you should predict that the variable reinforcement schedule will tend to produce

a.	more breaks in responding and lower resistance to extinction.
b.	steadier response rates but lower resistance to extinction.
c.	more breaks in responding but greater resistance to extinction.
d.	steadier response rates and greater resistance to extinction.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.7 KEY: Concept/Applied

When animals or humans are shifted to higher fixed-ratio schedules, which require more responses to obtain each reinforcer, the typical result is

a.	a decrease in the overall rate of responding.
b.	more pauses between responses.
c.	faster extinction of the operant response.
d.	an increase in the overall rate of responding.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.7 KEY: Concept/Applied

A schedule of reinforcement is

a.	the reinforcement of closer and closer approximation of a desired response.
b.	a specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over time.
c.	a pattern of resistance to extinction.
d.	a description of whether positive or negative reinforcement is in use.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.7 KEY: Factual

While new responses are more easily established with ____ reinforcement, responses maintained with ____ reinforcement are more resistant to extinction.

a.	continuous; intermittent
b.	intermittent; continuous
c.	primary; secondary
d.	secondary; primary

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.7 KEY: Concept/Applied

If you wanted a rat in a Skinner box to respond with both a high and steady rate of responding, you should use which type of schedule of reinforcement?

a.	fixed ratio
b.	variable ratio
c.	fixed interval
d.	variable interval

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.7 KEY: Concept/Applied

Many people find it hard to “walk away” from or stop playing a slot machine. This is because slot machines reward playing on a ____ schedule.

a.	fixed-ratio
b.	variable-ratio
c.	fixed-interval
d.	variable-interval

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.7 KEY: Factual

Immediately after being reinforced, a rat on which schedule of reinforcement would show the LONGEST pause before its next response?

a.	fixed ratio
b.	variable ratio
c.	fixed interval
d.	variable interval

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.7 KEY: Factual

Tessa really likes to mow the lawn during the summer months, but her parents will only let her mow the lawn if all the dishes are washed. Consequently, every Saturday, Tessa has the table cleared and all of the dishes washed as soon as everyone has finished breakfast. In this case,

a.	mowing the lawn is a negative reinforcer for doing the dishes.
b.	doing the dishes is a positive reinforcer for mowing the lawn.
c.	mowing the lawn is a positive reinforcer for doing the dishes.
d.	doing the dishes is a negative reinforcer for mowing the lawn.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.8 KEY: Concept/Applied

When Skyler was first training his dog, Smooches, to heel he would give Smooches a treat when she stayed close during walks. Now Smooches stays right by Skyler’s side, even when she is not on her leash. In this case,

a.	the dog treats were negative reinforcers for staying close.
b.	the staying close was a positive reinforcer for receiving dog treats.
c.	the staying close was a negative reinforcer for receiving dog treats.
d.	the dog treats were positive reinforcers for staying close.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.8 KEY: Concept/Applied

Every time Brianna does the dishes, her parents give her a dollar. What type of reinforcement are Brianna’s parents using?

a.	classical conditioning
b.	positive reinforcement
c.	punishment
d.	negative reinforcement

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 68%

REF: Operant Conditioning OBJ: 6.8 KEY: Concept/Applied

Negative reinforcement involves

a.	the presentation of a pleasant stimulus.
b.	the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus.
c.	the removal of a pleasant stimulus.
d.	the removal of an unpleasant stimulus.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 61%

REF: Operant Conditioning OBJ: 6.8 KEY: Factual

Your teenage daughter has not cleaned her room in a month. You go in and begin yelling at her to clean her room. She begins to clean up, and you stop yelling. Your daughter’s cleaning behavior can be viewed as responding to

a.	classical conditioning.
b.	positive reinforcement.
c.	punishers.
d.	negative reinforcement.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 68%

REF: Operant Conditioning OBJ: 6.8 KEY: Concept/Applied

Nancy has a headache; she takes some aspirin, and the headache goes away. Nancy is more likely to take aspirin again. This is an example of

a.	negative reinforcement.
b.	classical conditioning.
c.	positive reinforcement.
d.	punishers.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.8 KEY: Concept/Applied

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

a.	giving a child a sweet dessert as a reward for finishing his dinner
b.	paying a child a dollar for each “A” received on her report card
c.	stopping nagging a child when he finally cleans his room
d.	cutting a child’s TV time by 30 minutes each time she “talks back”

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 63%

REF: Operant Conditioning OBJ: 6.8 KEY: Concept/Applied

A student who studies in order to earn high grades is working for ____; a student who studies in order to avoid low grades is working for ____.

a.	negative reinforcement; positive reinforcement
b.	positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement
c.	negative reinforcement; negative reinforcement
d.	positive reinforcement; positive reinforcement

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.8 KEY: Concept/Applied

Henry got a bad sunburn on his face when he was skiing last winter. Now, before he starts a day of skiing, he uses sunscreen on his face to prevent another sunburn. This is an example of

a.	escape learning.
b.	avoidance learning.
c.	an unconditioned stimulus.
d.	shaping.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.8 KEY: Concept/Applied

When a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus, it is called

a.	punishment.
b.	negative reinforcement.
c.	positive reinforcement.
d.	primary reinforcement.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.8 KEY: Factual

When a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus it is called

a.	punishment.
b.	positive reinforcement.
c.	negative reinforcement.
d.	secondary reinforcement.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.8 KEY: Factual

Pat takes a prescription medication in order to reduce pain; Kelly takes the same medication in order to experience a “drug high.” Pat’s behavior is reinforced by ____ reinforcement and Kelly’s behavior by ____ reinforcement.

a.	negative; positive
b.	positive; negative
c.	positive; positive
d.	negative; negative

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.8 KEY: Critical Thinking

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

a.	grounding a teenager for missing curfew
b.	making a child sit in the corner until he says “I’m sorry”
c.	giving a student extra credit for class participation
d.	allowing a student to take a make-up exam

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.8 KEY: Concept/Applied

If you perform a behavior designed to prevent an unpleasant event from happening, your behavior is classified as

a.	a primary response.
b.	a classically conditioned response.
c.	an avoidance response.
d.	an escape response.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.8 TOP: WWW KEY: Concept/Applied

Escape learning is a type of learning in which

a.	an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others’ behavior.
b.	an organism engages in a response that brings aversive stimulation to an end.
c.	a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response that was originally elicited by another stimulus.
d.	an organism engages in a response that prevents aversive stimulation from occurring.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.8 KEY: Factual

Nolan has learned to drink a cup of coffee whenever he gets a tension headache because drinking coffee makes the pain of the headache go away. This is an example of

a.	avoidance learning.
b.	escape learning.
c.	positive reinforcement.
d.	classical conditioning.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.8 KEY: Concept/Applied

Tammy finds writing papers to be a very aversive task. As a result, she always checks out the requirements for all her classes before she registers and never takes classes that require term papers. Tammy’s behavior is an example of

a.	escape learning.
b.	avoidance learning.
c.	an unconditioned response.
d.	positive reinforcement.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.8 KEY: Concept/Applied

A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of

a.	escape learning.
b.	avoidance learning.
c.	an unconditioned response.
d.	positive reinforcement.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.8 KEY: Concept/Applied

Escape conditioning is maintained by

a.	modeling.
b.	punishment.
c.	negative reinforcement.
d.	positive reinforcement.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 74%

REF: Operant Conditioning OBJ: 6.8 KEY: Factual

Avoidance conditioning develops through

a.	negative reinforcement.
b.	positive reinforcement.
c.	punishment.
d.	modeling.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 65%

REF: Operant Conditioning OBJ: 6.8 TOP: WWW

KEY: Factual

Brenda has learned to take an over-the-counter medication 30 minutes before she eats a spicy meal. When she does this, she is able to prevent the heartburn and indigestion that she would experience otherwise. This is an example of

a.	escape learning.
b.	positive reinforcement.
c.	classical conditioning.
d.	avoidance learning.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.8 KEY: Concept/Applied

A cue light comes on in a dog’s shuttle box. The dog jumps the hurdle to the other side. What procedure is being used?

a.	punishment
b.	escape
c.	discrimination training
d.	avoidance learning

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.8 KEY: Concept/Applied

When the rat presses a lever, the mild electric shock on the cage floor is turned off. What procedure is being used?

a.	punishment
b.	escape learning
c.	discrimination training
d.	avoidance

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.8 KEY: Concept/Applied

Car manufacturers try to encourage drivers to buckle their seat belts through the use of reinforcement. As you know, if you start your car without buckling up, you will hear an annoying sound. If you learn to buckle up after hearing the sound, you show ____. If you acquire the response of buckling up before you turn on the ignition, you show ____.

a.	avoidance learning; escape learning
b.	escape learning; avoidance learning
c.	punishment; escape learning
d.	punishment; avoidance learning

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.8 KEY: Critical Thinking

As a teenager, it seemed that your mom was always nagging you to clean your room. Eventually, you learned that if you cleaned your room every Saturday morning, you would not have to listen to her nagging. Your mother was successful in getting you to clean your room through the use of ____ to establish ____.

a.	negative reinforcement; avoidance learning
b.	negative reinforcement; escape learning
c.	punishment; avoidance learning
d.	punishment; escape learning

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.8 KEY: Concept/Applied

Jane was ridiculed at school for wearing a particular style of shirt. Now, she no longer wears that style of shirt to school. Being ridiculed is an example of

a.	negative reinforcement.
b.	positive reinforcement.
c.	punishment.
d.	modeling.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 38%

REF: Operant Conditioning OBJ: 6.9 KEY: Concept/Applied

Your spouse withdraws attention from you each time you begin criticizing her cooking. Eventually, you stop criticizing your spouse’s cooking. The withdrawal of attention can be categorized as

a.	punishment.
b.	observational learning.
c.	negative reinforcement.
d.	modeling.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.9 KEY: Concept/Applied

Negative reinforcement ____ the rate of a response; punishment ____ the rate of a response.

a.	increases; decreases
b.	decreases; increases
c.	increases; increases
d.	decreases; decreases

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 75%

REF: Operant Conditioning OBJ: 6.9 KEY: Factual

Typically, most people would

a.	enjoy being negatively reinforced or punished.
b.	dislike being negatively reinforced or punished.
c.	enjoy being negatively reinforced and dislike being punished.
d.	enjoy being punished and dislike being negatively reinforced.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.9 KEY: Critical Thinking

The difference between punishment and negative reinforcement is that

a.	punishment strengthens undesirable behaviors, and negative reinforcement weakens undesirable behaviors.
b.	punishment weakens undesirable behaviors, while negative reinforcement weakens desirable behaviors.
c.	punishment weakens behavior, while negative reinforcement strengthens behavior.
d.	there is no difference between punishment and negative reinforcement in their effects on behavior.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 68%

REF: Operant Conditioning OBJ: 6.9 KEY: Concept/Applied

Which of the following is NOT an example of punishment?

a.	laughing at a classmate when he asks a “dumb question” in class
b.	nagging a child until she pick up her toys
c.	taking away a child’s TV privileges for one week for a bad report card
d.	making a child sit in the corner for 10 minutes for back-talk

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.9 KEY: Concept/Applied

Angela came home after her curfew last night; as a result, her parents have taken away her driving privileges for a week. What discipline technique are Angela’s parents using?

a.	punishment
b.	negative reinforcement
c.	extinction
d.	positive reinforcement

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.9 KEY: Concept/Applied

Research shows that children who are spanked tend to

a.	be more extraverted.
b.	be better behaved.
c.	be less aggressive.
d.	have lower IQs.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Operant Conditioning

OBJ: 6.9 KEY: Factual

The experience Seligman had with sauce béarnaise was unique in that

a.	it suggested that generalization is more pervasive than originally thought.
b.	a conditioned response was established even though there was a long delay between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus.
c.	it appears that discriminative cues can lose their predictive influence in a fairly short period of time.
d.	operant conditioning dynamics take precedence over classical conditioning principles.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 79%

REF: Changing Directions in the Study of Conditioning OBJ: 6.10

KEY: Factual

The studies of Garcia and his colleagues demonstrate that rats very easily learn to associate a taste CS with

a.	a shock US.
b.	a visual US.
c.	an auditory US.
d.	a nausea-inducing US.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 76%

REF: Changing Directions in the Study of Conditioning OBJ: 6.10

KEY: Factual

You eat a new food and that night become ill with nausea and vomiting. Later, you experience nausea whenever you taste or smell the new food. Why did you not associate your nausea with the cues of the room, the people present, the bathroom, and so on?

a.	You were biologically predisposed to associate taste and nausea.
b.	The nontaste cues were too weak.
c.	The taste cues were more immediate.
d.	There was less contiguity for the other cues.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 35%

REF: Changing Directions in the Study of Conditioning OBJ: 6.10

KEY: Concept/Applied

The evolutionary history of rats has rendered them ____ to associate a taste CS with an illness US, and ____ to associate that same CS with an electric shock US.

a.	prepared; prepared
b.	prepared; unprepared
c.	unprepared; unprepared
d.	unprepared; prepared

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 54%

REF: Changing Directions in the Study of Conditioning OBJ: 6.10

KEY: Concept/Applied

Which of the following most clearly shows that an animal’s biological makeup can affect the ease of learning an association?

a.	Pavlov’s dogs, bells, and salivation
b.	Thorndike’s cats in a puzzle box
c.	Skinner’s rats in an operant chamber
d.	Garcia’s conditioned taste aversion experiments

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 29%

REF: Changing Directions in the Study of Conditioning OBJ: 6.10

KEY: Concept/Applied

Zane has been shocked on six separate occasions while making toast. However, he doesn’t seem to have developed a phobia toward toasters. Zane’s only phobia is toward spiders, because he once had a big spider fall in his shirt when he was child. Zane’s pattern of phobias illustrates the concept of

a.	signal relations.
b.	negative avoidance.
c.	superstitious responding.
d.	preparedness.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Changing Directions in the Study of Conditioning

OBJ: 6.10 KEY: Concept/Applied

Species-specific predispositions to be conditioned in certain ways and not in other ways is known as

a.	stimulus discrimination.
b.	aversion conditioning.
c.	compensatory conditioning.
d.	preparedness.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Changing Directions in the Study of Conditioning

OBJ: 6.10 KEY: Factual

Preparedness suggests that people would MOST easily develop phobias toward

a.	knives.
b.	electrical outlets.
c.	snakes.
d.	all three of these things

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Changing Directions in the Study of Conditioning

OBJ: 6.10 KEY: Critical Thinking

Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of

a.	observational learning.
b.	punishment.
c.	operant conditioning.
d.	classical conditioning.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Changing Directions in the Study of Conditioning

OBJ: 6.10 KEY: Factual

In terms of the traditional view of conditioning, research on conditioned taste aversion was surprising because

a.	there was a long delay between CS and US.
b.	the dislike of a particular taste was operantly conditioned.
c.	conditioning occurred to all stimuli present when the food was consumed.
d.	the sense of taste seems to be relatively weak.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Changing Directions in the Study of Conditioning

OBJ: 6.10 KEY: Concept/Applied

Conditioned taste aversions illustrate that an organism’s biological heritage may place constraints on general learning processes. These phenomena add support to

a.	the social-cognitive view of learning.
b.	Thorndike’s law of effect.
c.	an evolutionary perspective on learning.
d.	Mowrer’s two-process theory.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Changing Directions in the Study of Conditioning

OBJ: 6.10 TOP: WWW KEY: Concept/Applied

The predominant view among learning theorists today is

a.	associations can be conditioned between any stimulus an organism can sense and any response the organism can make.
b.	all species are capable of learning all the same responses.
c.	there is no such thing as “the” learning process.
d.	the basic mechanisms of learning are similar across species.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Changing Directions in the Study of Conditioning

OBJ: 6.10 KEY: Factual

According to Rescorla, the single best way to ensure a strong CR is to arrange that the CS

a.	remains constantly present throughout training.
b.	be one that is well above the absolute threshold of the animal being trained.
c.	sometimes occurs when the US is not present.
d.	is the most predictive signal for the US.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 22%

REF: Changing Directions in the Study of Conditioning OBJ: 6.11

KEY: Concept/Applied

Rafael’s brother always says, “I’m going to get you,” just before he hits Rafael. Alan’s brother sometimes says, “I’m going to get you,” just before he hits Alan; other times, he just hits Alan with no warning. Based on the work by Rescorla, you should predict that when these boys hear the words, “I’m going to get you,” Rafael will show

a.	an unconditioned response, while Alan will show a conditioned response.
b.	a stronger conditioned response than Alan will show.
c.	a weaker conditioned response than Alan will show.
d.	a conditioned response, while Alan will show an unconditioned response.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Changing Directions in the Study of Conditioning

OBJ: 6.11 KEY: Concept/Applied

Studies of response-outcome relations and reinforcement have found that

a.	operant behavior is automatically strengthened when it is followed by desirable consequences.
b.	people actively reason out the relations between responses and the outcomes that follow.
c.	there are species-specific predispositions to form certain types of associations.
d.	on concurrent schedules of reinforcement, organisms emit responses that maximize the total number of reinforcers they will receive.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Changing Directions in the Study of Conditioning

OBJ: 6.11 KEY: Factual

According to the cognitive explanation of classical conditioning, a CS that is a “good” signal associated with a US is a CS that

a.	is novel or intense.
b.	has been paired with the US many times.
c.	accurately predicts the presentation of the US.
d.	is presented immediately after the US.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Changing Directions in the Study of Conditioning

OBJ: 6.11 KEY: Factual

Earlier learning viewpoints considered classical and operant conditioning to be automatic processes involving only environmental events that did not depend at all on biological or cognitive factors. Research on which of the following concepts cast doubt on this point of view?

a.	signal relations and preparedness
b.	extinction and generalization
c.	ratio and interval schedules
d.	discrimination and spontaneous recovery

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Changing Directions in the Study of Conditioning

OBJ: 6.10 | 6.11 KEY: Concept/Applied

While Pavlov and Skinner viewed conditioning as a purely ____ process, learning psychologists today view conditioning as also containing a(n) ____ component.

a.	mechanical; cognitive
b.	cognitive; mechanical
c.	passive; active
d.	active; passive

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Changing Directions in the Study of Conditioning

OBJ: 6.11 KEY: Concept/Applied

If a baseball player who has been in a batting slump for several weeks alters his batting stance and wears a new batting glove one day and gets three hits, the cognitive explanation of conditioning suggests that for the next game, the baseball player will continue to

a.	experiment with another batting stance and batting glove.
b.	use the new batting stance.
c.	use the new batting glove.
d.	use both the new batting stance and new batting glove.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Changing Directions in the Study of Conditioning

OBJ: 6.11 KEY: Critical Thinking

Your younger daughter watches your older daughter wash the breakfast dishes. Later, your younger daughter attempts to wash some dishes. The older daughter has acted as

a.	a noncontingent learner.
b.	a negative reinforcer.
c.	a positive reinforcer.
d.	a model.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 89%

REF: Observational Learning OBJ: 6.12 KEY: Concept/Applied

Which of the following statements is MOST accurate?

a.	Observational learning is entirely separate from both classical and operant conditioning.
b.	Observational learning is a form of classical conditioning.
c.	Observational learning is a form of operant conditioning.
d.	Both classical and operant conditioning can take place vicariously through observational learning.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 55%

REF: Observational Learning OBJ: 6.12 KEY: Factual

A three-year-old boy observes his father yelling at his mother every time she says something the father doesn’t like. Based on principles of observational learning, whenever the mother says something to the boy that he does not like in the future, the boy is MOST likely to do which of the following?

a.	yell at his mother
b.	yell at his sister
c.	go and tell his father what the mother said
d.	yell at his father

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Observational Learning

OBJ: 6.12 KEY: Concept/Applied

After watching his father wash the car, five-year-old Bob washes his bike. This is an example of

a.	superstitious behavior.
b.	classical conditioning.
c.	observational learning.
d.	positive reinforcement.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 97%

REF: Observational Learning OBJ: 6.12 TOP: WWW

KEY: Concept/Applied

The type of learning that occurs when an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others who are called models is

a.	operant conditioning.
b.	modeling.
c.	observational learning.
d.	classical conditioning.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Observational Learning

OBJ: 6.12 KEY: Factual

It is very likely that you learned how to turn on the TV and change channels as a young child without your parents ever specifically teaching you to do so. In this case, your learning would MOST likely be an example of

a.	observational learning.
b.	modeling.
c.	operant conditioning.
d.	classical conditioning.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Observational Learning

OBJ: 6.12 KEY: Concept/Applied

Imagine a husband and wife asking Bandura for advice on how they should teach their young child to say “please” and “thank you.” Which of the following would Bandura be MOST likely to suggest?

a.	Punish the child when she fails to say “please” and “thank you”
b.	Give the child positive reinforcement for saying “please” and “thank you”
c.	Use negative reinforcement and withhold the requested item until the child says “please”
d.	Consistently say “please” and “thank you” in your interactions with others

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Observational Learning

OBJ: 6.12 KEY: Critical Thinking

According to Bandura, your motivation to perform an observed response depends on

a.	the amount of attention you paid to the model’s behavior originally.
b.	your expectation of being reinforced for the response.
c.	the degree to which you can remember the model’s behavior.
d.	your ability to perform the observed response.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Observational Learning

OBJ: 6.12 TOP: WWW KEY: Factual

According to Albert Bandura, expectations concerning reinforcement primarily influence the probability of an individual

a.	initially acquiring or learning a new behavior.
b.	actually performing a behavior that has been learned.
c.	initially attending to the behavior of another person.
d.	accurately retaining information about a behavior.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Observational Learning

OBJ: 6.12 KEY: Factual

Bandura distinguishes between

a.	positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement.
b.	the acquisition of a learned response and the performance of the response.
c.	reinforcement of a response and punishment of a response.
d.	classical conditioning and operant conditioning.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Observational Learning

OBJ: 6.12 KEY: Factual

Research into the debate on the role of media violence on children suggests that

a.	media violence contributes to increased aggression among children but not adults.
b.	media violence contributes to increased aggression among adults but not children.
c.	media violence contributes to increased aggression among children and adults.
d.	no conclusion as to the cause-and-effect relationship between media violence and aggression because the majority of the studies have been correlational.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Observational Learning

OBJ: 6.13 KEY: Concept/Applied

A group of friends has just finished playing a violent video game for an hour. Which of the following would they be MOST likely to exhibit?

a.	reduced aggressiveness
b.	reduced helping for someone in need
c.	increased helping for someone in need
d.	increased physiological arousal when witnessing aggression

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Observational Learning

OBJ: 6.13 KEY: Concept/Applied

The learning theory that is best able to explain why physical punishment tends to increase aggressive behavior in children is

a.	Skinner’s theory of operant conditioning.
b.	Pavlov’s theory of classical conditioning.
c.	Bandura’s theory of observational learning.
d.	Rescorla’s theory of signal relations.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Observational Learning

OBJ: 6.13 KEY: Concept/Applied

In Bandura’s famous study on the power of modeling, the children who were most likely to play aggressively with the Bobo doll were the children who saw a film of a model behaving

a.	in a nonaggressive manner and receiving positive consequences.
b.	in a nonaggressive manner and receiving negative consequences.
c.	in an aggressive manner and receiving positive consequences.
d.	in an aggressive manner and receiving negative consequences.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Observational Learning

OBJ: 6.13 KEY: Factual

Research examining the long-term effects of media violence has demonstrated that

a.	the more violence children watch on TV, the more aggressive they tend to be at home and school.
b.	the more violence children watch on TV, the less aggressive they tend to act at home and school.
c.	no consistent relationship exists between how much violence children watch on TV and aggressive behavior.
d.	watching violence on TV causes relatively nonaggressive children to become more aggressive but does not increase the level of aggression of relatively aggressive children.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Observational Learning

OBJ: 6.13 KEY: Factual

Based on research, we should expect that a person who has just played a violent video game for 20 minutes will show

a.	increased physiological arousal when witnessing real-life aggression.
b.	decreased physiological arousal when witnessing real-life aggression.
c.	an increased tendency to help others.
d.	a greater likelihood of being arrested.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Observational Learning

OBJ: 6.13 KEY: Concept/Applied

Research on conditioning generally has demonstrated the importance of ____, but findings regarding the biological constraints on conditioning have shown that ____ is also very important.

a.	nature; nurture
b.	nurture; nature
c.	heredity; biology
d.	instincts; training

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 62%

REF: Reflecting on the Chapter’s Themes OBJ: 6.14

KEY: Concept/Applied

The principles of learning and conditioning have

a.	turned out to have little relevance to real-world concerns.
b.	been widely applied in education, business, and industry.
c.	attracted little interest outside of psychology.
d.	proven worthless when applied to humans as opposed to animals.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Reflecting on the Chapter’s Themes

OBJ: 6.14 KEY: Concept/Applied

The existence of biological constraints on learning such as preparedness and conditioned taste aversions reflects the unifying theme in psychology that

a.	psychology is theoretically diverse.
b.	our behavior is shaped by our cultural heritage.
c.	heredity and environment jointly influence behavior.
d.	psychology is empirical.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Reflecting on the Chapter’s Themes

OBJ: 6.14 KEY: Factual

Application of conditioning principles to change behavior problems is generally known as

a.	behavior modification.
b.	cognitive engineering.
c.	modeling.
d.	insight training.

ANS: A PTS: 1

REF: Personal Application: Achieving Self-Control Through Behavior Modification

OBJ: 6.15 KEY: Factual

Which of the following goals is specified in an appropriate format for designing a self-modification program?

a.	increasing your motivation
b.	decreasing your irritability
c.	increasing your happiness
d.	decreasing the amount of time spent watching television

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 45%

REF: Personal Application: Achieving Self-Control Through Behavior Modification

OBJ: 6.15 KEY: Concept/Applied

The first step in a behavior modification program is to

a.	gather baseline data.
b.	specify the antecedents.
c.	specify the target behavior.
d.	design a program.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 75%

REF: Personal Application: Achieving Self-Control Through Behavior Modification

OBJ: 6.15 KEY: Factual

An antecedent in a behavior modification program is

a.	a source of a reinforcement.
b.	an event that precedes a behavior.
c.	a consequence of performing a behavior.
d.	an emotional component associated with the receipt of reinforcement or punishment.

ANS: B PTS: 1

REF: Personal Application: Achieving Self-Control Through Behavior Modification

OBJ: 6.15 KEY: Factual

Harold begins to chew his fingernails every time his teacher enters the classroom. In this case, the antecedent is

a.	the teacher entering the classroom.
b.	the fear associated with the teacher.
c.	anticipated punishment.
d.	chewing the fingernails.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 44%

REF: Personal Application: Achieving Self-Control Through Behavior Modification

OBJ: 6.15 KEY: Concept/Applied

The behavior modification strategy of controlling or decreasing your exposure to antecedents of your target behavior is especially useful if you are trying to ____ the frequency of a response such as ____.

a.	decrease; arguing
b.	decrease; smoking
c.	increase; studying
d.	increase; exercising

ANS: B PTS: 1

REF: Personal Application: Achieving Self-Control Through Behavior Modification

OBJ: 6.15 KEY: Factual

Behavior modification works best when used to modify

a.	a broadly defined behavior, for example, “I will be friendlier.”
b.	a personality trait, for example, “I will stop being irritable.”
c.	or attain a specific goal, for example, “I will get a 4.00 GPA this semester.”
d.	a specific overt behavior, for example, “I will stop smoking.”

ANS: D PTS: 1

REF: Personal Application: Achieving Self-Control Through Behavior Modification

OBJ: 6.15 KEY: Factual

When gathering baseline data for a behavior modification program, all of the following are necessary EXCEPT

a.	monitoring the antecedents of the target behavior.
b.	monitoring the consequences of the target behavior.
c.	determining the initial frequency of the target behavior.
d.	determining how you can reduce the frequency of the target behavior.

ANS: D PTS: 1

REF: Personal Application: Achieving Self-Control Through Behavior Modification

OBJ: 6.15 KEY: Factual

Which of the following is NOT a strategy for decreasing the frequency of an undesirable behavior?

a.	positive reinforcement for withholding the response
b.	punishment for making the response
c.	increasing exposure to antecedents of the response
d.	decreasing exposure to antecedents of the response

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 42%

REF: Personal Application: Achieving Self-Control Through Behavior Modification

OBJ: 6.16 KEY: Factual

When using punishment in a self-modification program, you should

a.	make the punishment fairly severe.
b.	increase the intensity of the punishment over time.
c.	get a friend or family member to administer the punishment.
d.	make sure you have the opportunity to earn some reinforcers, too.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 76%

REF: Personal Application: Achieving Self-Control Through Behavior Modification

OBJ: 6.16 KEY: Factual

With most behavior modification programs, once a terminal goal has been reached, it is a good idea to

a.	stop the program abruptly.
b.	phase the program out gradually by reducing the frequency or potency of the reinforcers.
c.	switch from positive to negative reinforcement.
d.	switch from a ratio to an interval schedule of reinforcement.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 83%

REF: Personal Application: Achieving Self-Control Through Behavior Modification

OBJ: 6.16 KEY: Concept/Applied

Businesses often provide good meals and pleasant surroundings when initially meeting with new clients. In these situations, clients may develop positive feelings toward their business host and the company he or she represents. If this occurs, then the pleasant surroundings have functioned as

a.	a conditioned stimulus.
b.	a discriminative stimulus.
c.	secondary reinforcers.
d.	an unconditioned stimulus.

ANS: D PTS: 1

REF: Critical Thinking Application: Recognizing Contrast Effects: It’s All Relative

OBJ: 6.17 TOP: WWW KEY: Concept/Applied

A political candidate uses a negative campaign commercial in which the candidate’s opponent is shown alongside a negative image of an angry mob. The intent of the commercial is to cause voters to

a.	have an accurate contrast between the candidate and the opponent.
b.	realize the opponent was the individual who angered the mob in the first place.
c.	associate the opponent with a negative emotional response.
d.	associate positive emotional responses with the candidate who sponsored the commercial.

ANS: C PTS: 1

REF: Critical Thinking Application: Recognizing Contrast Effects: It’s All Relative

OBJ: 6.17 KEY: Concept/Applied

If you devise a self-modification program in which you systematically reward yourself for studying, you are applying the principles of

a.	classical conditioning.
b.	operant conditioning.
c.	observational learning.
d.	Pavlovian conditioning.

ANS: B PTS: 1 KEY: Integrative

Research into signal relations, response-outcome relations, and observational learning all emphasize

a.	the importance of evolutionary adaptations in learning.
b.	the limitations of using basic conditioning procedures in everyday situations.
c.	the distinction between acquisition of behavior and the performance of behavior.
d.	the role of cognitive processes in learning.

ANS: D PTS: 1 KEY: Integrative

An animal will give a conditioned response to a stimulus that has never been associated with the presentation of the original US in both

a.	stimulus generalization and higher-order conditioning.
b.	stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination.
c.	stimulus discrimination and higher-order conditioning.
d.	higher-order conditioning and spontaneous recovery.

ANS: A PTS: 1 KEY: Integrative

In classical conditioning the response is ____, while in operant conditioning, the response is ____.

a.	learned; innate
b.	innate; learned
c.	elicited; emitted
d.	emitted; elicited

ANS: C PTS: 1 KEY: Integrative

Two processes involved in the acquisition of phobias and the tendency of phobias to show a high resistance to extinction are

a.	reinforcement and punishment.
b.	positive and negative reinforcement.
c.	classical and operant conditioning.
d.	operant conditioning and observation learning.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Integrative KEY: Factual

Psychology Themes and Variations, Briefer Version 9th Edition by Wayne Weiten - Test Bank

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Psychology Themes and Variations, Briefer Version 9th Edition by Wayne Weiten - Test Bank

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