Society The Basics Sixth Canadian Edition by John J. Macionis - Test Bank

Society The Basics Sixth Canadian Edition by John J. Macionis – Test Bank

 

Instant Download – Complete Test Bank With Answers

 

 

Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

Chapter 05: Groups and Organizations

 

 

Chapter 05 Multiple Choice Questions

 

1. What do sociologists call two or more people who identify and interact with one another?
2. A) a dyad
3. B) an interactive group
4. C) a social group
5. D) a crowd
6. E) a category

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-01

Page-Reference: 136

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: factual

 

Answer: C) a social group

 

2. What is the appropriate sociological term for people with a common status, such as “college students”?
3. A) a crowd
4. B) a category
5. C) a group
6. D) a population
7. E) a peer group

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-02

Page-Reference: 137

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: factual

 

Answer: B) a category

 

3. A temporary, loosely formed collection of people who may or may not interact is referred to as a:
4. A)
5. B)
6. C)
7. D)
8. E)

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-03

Page-Reference: 137

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: factual

 

Answer: A) crowd.

 

4. All passengers on an international flight are an example of a:
5. A)
6. B)
7. C)
8. D)
9. E) peer group.

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-04

Page-Reference: 137

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: factual

 

Answer: A) crowd.

 

5. Cooley referred to a small social group whose members share personal and enduring relationships as a/an:
6. A) close group.
7. B) emotive group.
8. C) mandatory group.
9. D) secondary group.
10. E) primary group.

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-05

Page-Reference: 137

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: applied

 

Answer: E) primary group.

 

6. Which of the following is the most important primary group in every society?
7. A) its government
8. B) the peer group
9. C) its economic advisors
10. D) playgroups
11. E) the family

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-06

Page-Reference: 137

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: E) the family

 

7. Why did Cooley refer to some groups as “primary groups”?
8. A) They are among the first groups we experience in life.
9. B) They are formed during primary school.
10. C) They provide for material needs.
11. D) They provide opportunity for commodity exchanges.
12. E) They primarily produce goods.

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-07

Page-Reference: 137

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: A) They are among the first groups we experience in life.

 

8. Which of the following statements about primary groups is correct?
9. A) They are of primary importance to the socialization process.
10. B) They provide discomfort and insecurity.
11. C) Members of primary groups display a social orientation.
12. D) They provide access to other people.
13. E) They are usually long-term.

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-08

Page-Reference: 137

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: A) They are of primary importance to the socialization process.

 

9. What term did Cooley use to refer to a large impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity?
10. A) close group
11. B) emotive group
12. C) primary group
13. D) peer group
14. E) secondary group

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-09

Page-Reference: 137

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: factual

 

Answer: E) secondary group

 

10. When you speak at your university’s commencement ceremonies, Cooley suggests you are speaking to a ________ group.
11. A) close
12. B) bored
13. C) primary
14. D) secondary
15. E) peer

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-10

Page-Reference: 137

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: applied

 

Answer: D) secondary

 

11. Applying Cooley’s criteria, which is the best illustration of a primary group?
12. A) a PTA meeting
13. B) a family gathering for Christmas
14. C) a corporate board meeting
15. D) a reunion of the graduating class of 1977
16. E) a package tour to Europe

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-11

Page-Reference: 137

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: applied

 

Answer: B) a family gathering for Christmas

 

12. Applying Cooley’s criteria, which of the following is the best illustration of a secondary group?
13. A) a gathering of brothers and sisters
14. B) a meeting of good friends
15. C) a meeting of the Rotary Club
16. D) a luncheon of mothers and daughters
17. E) a Mother’s Day celebration

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-12

Page-Reference: 137

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: applied

 

Answer: C) a meeting of the Rotary Club

 

13. Which of the following is a characteristic of a primary group?
14. A) a means to an end
15. B) social orientation
16. C) short-term
17. D) medium-term
18. E) goal orientation

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-13

Page-Reference: 137

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: B) social orientation

 

14. Which of the following is a characteristic of secondary groups?
15. A) social orientation
16. B) personal orientation
17. C) an end in itself
18. D) long-term
19. E) short-term

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-14

Page-Reference: 137

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: E) short-term

 

15. Select the attribute that is characteristic of secondary groups.
16. A) small size
17. B) warm, informal interaction
18. C) strong emotional ties
19. D) long-term duration
20. E) goal orientation

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-15

Page-Reference: 138

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: E) goal orientation

 

16. Select the statement about secondary groups that is correct.
17. A) They are necessarily informal and emotional.
18. B) They have the same characteristics as primary groups.
19. C) They have a personal orientation.
20. D) They are important for what they can do for us.
21. E) Members give of themselves freely and also take freely.

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-16

Page-Reference: 138

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: D) They are important for what they can do for us.

 

17. What is the term for group leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks?
18. A) task group leadership
19. B) expressive leadership
20. C) secondary group leadership
21. D) instrumental leadership
22. E) authoritarian leadership

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-17

Page-Reference: 138

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: factual

 

Answer: D) instrumental leadership

 

18. A group where the leader focuses on the accomplishment of goals uses:
19. A) task group leadership.
20. B) expressive leadership.
21. C) secondary group leadership.
22. D) instrumental leadership.
23. E) authoritarian leadership.

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-18

Page-Reference: 138

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: applied

 

Answer: D) instrumental leadership.

 

19. What is the term for group leadership that emphasizes collective well-being?
20. A) task group leadership
21. B) expressive leadership
22. C) secondary group leadership
23. D) instrumental leadership
24. E) authoritarian leadership

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-19

Page-Reference: 138

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: factual

 

Answer: B) expressive leadership

 

20. You are asked to assume leadership of a troubled group that is rife with debilitating conflict. To restore stability, what leadership style should you adopt?
21. A) task group leadership
22. B) expressive leadership
23. C) secondary group leadership
24. D) instrumental leadership
25. E) authoritarian leadership

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-20

Page-Reference: 138

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: applied

 

Answer: B) expressive leadership

 

21. In which type of leadership situation will the leader form a secondary, but not primary, relationship with other group members?
22. A) task group leadership
23. B) expressive leadership
24. C) authoritarian leadership
25. D) secondary group leadership
26. E) instrumental leadership

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-21

Page-Reference: 138

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: E) instrumental leadership

 

22. A successful leader receives a distant respect in what type of leadership?
23. A) task group
24. B) expressive
25. C) authoritarian
26. D) secondary group
27. E) instrumental

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-22

Page-Reference: 138

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: E) instrumental

 

23. A successful leader uses humour to lighten serious moments in what type of leadership?
24. A) task group
25. B) expressive
26. C) authoritarian
27. D) secondary group
28. E) instrumental

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-23

Page-Reference: 138

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: B) expressive

 

24. A female has been assigned a leadership role in your group. Given tradition, what type of leadership style would she be expected to show?
25. A) task group leadership
26. B) expressive leadership
27. C) authoritarian leadership
28. D) secondary group leadership
29. E) instrumental leadership

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-24

Page-Reference: 138

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: applied

 

Answer: B) expressive leadership

 

25. ________ leaders focus on instrumental concerns, make decisions unilaterally, and demand strict compliance from subordinates.
26. A) Authoritarian
27. B) Laissez-faire
28. C) Democratic
29. D) Bureaucratic
30. E) Creative

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-25

Page-Reference: 139

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: A) Authoritarian

 

26. You have been asked to lead a group that needs to learn how to make collective decisions on an egalitarian basis. What leadership style would you use?
27. A) authoritarian
28. B) laissez-faire
29. C) democratic
30. D) bureaucratic
31. E) creative

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-26

Page-Reference: 139

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: applied

 

Answer: C) democratic

 

27. ________ leaders tend to downplay position and power, allowing the group to function on its own.
28. A) Authoritarian
29. B) Laissez-faire
30. C) Democratic
31. D) Bureaucratic
32. E) Creative

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-27

Page-Reference: 139

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: B) Laissez-faire

 

28. Which of the following statements is consistent with Solomon Asch’s findings?
29. A) Many people compromise their own judgment to avoid being seen as different.
30. B) Many people pick friends who disagree with them.
31. C) Ordinary people rarely lie to people in power.
32. D) Few people are confused in group situations.
33. E) People rarely look to others for information.

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-28

Page-Reference: 139

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: A) Many people compromise their own judgment to avoid being seen as different.

 

29. Asch’s study in which participants were asked to match a “standard” line to one of three comparison lines demonstrates how individuals
30. A) will conform when they are in a group of people who are important to them.
31. B) will conform when they are in a group of people who have power over them.
32. C) will conform in order to avoid the discomfort of being different.
33. D) will not conform unless they are paid to do so.
34. E) work hard to maintain their independence in groups.

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-29

Page-Reference: 139

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: C) will conform in order to avoid the discomfort of being different.

 

30. Select the appropriate conclusion from Milgram’s experiments on authority.
31. A) During times of war, values toward authorities and violence change markedly.
32. B) Thresholds of physical pain differ substantially.
33. C) People are surprisingly likely to follow not only the directions of “legitimate authority figures,” but also those of groups of “ordinary individuals.”
34. D) The conclusions from Solomon Asch’s study of conformity were incorrect.
35. E) Authority figures are usually mistrusted and are not effective in eliciting obedience in experimental situations.

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-30

Page-Reference: 140

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: C) People are surprisingly likely to follow not only the directions of “legitimate authority figures,” but also those of groups of “ordinary individuals.”

 

31. What is the sociological term for group members to conform, resulting in a narrow view of some issue?
32. A) conformist cognizance
33. B) doublethink
34. C) blind spot
35. D) tunnel vision
36. E) groupthink

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-31

Page-Reference: 141

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: factual

 

Answer: E) groupthink

 

32. Which of the following represents “groupthink”?
33. A) A group shares information widely and makes an excellent community policy recommendation.
34. B) A group leader makes a decision without consulting anyone, and the decision is a bad one.
35. C) A group follows the policy directives of their constituency “to the letter.”
36. D) A group seeks consensus, not opinion differences, and as a result makes a poor policy recommendation.
37. E) A group seeks opinion differences, and as a result makes a poor policy recommendation.

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-32

Page-Reference: 141

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: applied

 

Answer: D) A group seeks consensus, not opinion differences, and as a result makes a poor policy recommendation.

 

33. A social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations or decisions is called a/an:
34. A) outsider group.
35. B) authority group.
36. C) reference group.
37. D) emulation group.
38. E) think tank.

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-33

Page-Reference: 141

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: factual

 

Answer: C) reference group.

 

34. A young graduate student is trying to figure out how her professor will respond to her research paper. What type of group does her professor represent?
35. A) outsider group
36. B) authority group
37. C) reference group
38. D) emulation group
39. E) master group

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-34

Page-Reference: 141

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: applied

 

Answer: C) reference group

 

35. What is an accurate generalization from Stouffer’s studies of World War II soldiers?
36. A) When we serve in a unit with a high promotion rate, we are optimistic.
37. B) We make judgments about ourselves in isolation, perceiving well-being objectively.
38. C) Whatever our situation, we form a subjective sense of our well-being by looking at ourselves in relation to specific reference groups.
39. D) When we serve in units with low promotion rates, our esteem is greater than in high promotion units.
40. E) When we serve in small units, our chances of promotion are greater.

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-35

Page-Reference: 141

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: C) Whatever our situation, we form a subjective sense of our well-being by looking at ourselves in relation to specific reference groups.

 

36. A social group that a member feels respect and commitment toward is a/an:
37. A) partisan group.
38. B) reference group.
39. C) out-group.
40. D)
41. E) in-group.

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-36

Page-Reference: 142

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: factual

 

Answer: E) in-group.

 

37. A social group toward which a member feels competition or opposition is a/an:
38. A) in-group.
39. B) reference group.
40. C) out-group.
41. D)
42. E) partisan group.

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-37

Page-Reference: 142

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: factual

 

Answer: C) out-group.

 

38. What has research shown about in-groups and out-groups?
39. A) In-group–out-group distinctions actually promote racial harmony.
40. B) In-group–out-group distinctions inhibit ethnocentrism.
41. C) In-group–out-group distinctions give people an unclear sense of their place in a world of diversity.
42. D) In-group–out-group boundaries lead to unfairly negative views of out-groups.
43. E) In-group–out-group boundaries are inevitable.

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-38

Page-Reference: 142

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: D) In-group–out-group boundaries lead to unfairly negative views of out-groups.

 

39. A sociological term for a social group with two members is a/an:
40. A)
41. B)
42. C)
43. D)
44. E)

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-39

Page-Reference: 142

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: factual

 

Answer: E) dyad.

 

40. Which statement reflects Simmel’s understanding of the dyad?
41. A) Dyads are less stable than groups with many members.
42. B) There usually is less intense interaction in a dyad.
43. C) Dyads have the least potential for meaningful social bonds.
44. D) Dyads are more stable than groups with many members.
45. E) Dyads are only formed between blood relatives.

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-40

Page-Reference: 142

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: A) Dyads are less stable than groups with many members.

 

41. A triad is a/an:
42. A) pyramidal organization.
43. B) social group with three members.
44. C) term for a trial marriage.
45. D) unstable social group.
46. E) three-generational family.

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-41

Page-Reference: 142

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: factual

 

Answer: B) social group with three members.

 

42. Which of the following statements regarding the influence of social diversity on intergroup contact is true?
43. A) Heterogeneous groups turn inward.
44. B) Social disparity promotes contact.
45. C) Social boundaries foster physical boundaries.
46. D) Segregated groups turn outward.
47. E) Large groups turn inward.

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-42

Page-Reference: 143

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: E) Large groups turn inward.

 

43. You are linked by weak social ties to persons with whom you have little in common in terms of identity and interaction. The sociological term for these linkages is:
44. A) a network.
45. B) a structural web.
46. C) a lineage.
47. D) social structure.
48. E)

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-43

Page-Reference: 143

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: A) a network.

 

44. Which of the following is a way in which social diversity influences intergroup contact?
45. A) Social boundaries create physical boundaries.
46. B) Large groups turn inward.
47. C) The smaller the group, the greater the conflict.
48. D) Diverse groups turn inward.
49. E) Diverse groups are less likely to interact with outsiders.

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-44

Page-Reference: 143

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: B) Large groups turn inward.

 

45. Which of the following typically characterizes networks?
46. A) primary relationships
47. B) strong sense of membership
48. C) sharp boundaries of membership
49. D) indirect connections among the members
50. E) secondary relationships

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-45

Page-Reference: 143-144

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: D) indirect connections among the members

 

46. The fact that networks of more privileged categories of people are more likely to lead people in these categories to higher-paying jobs illustrates the importance of:
47. A) social capital.
48. B)
49. C) reference groups.
50. D) anticipatory networking.
51. E)

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-46

Page-Reference: 145

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: A) social capital.

 

47. In which of the following ways is the internet reflecting what sociologists have learned about group interaction?
48. A) It is breaking up into a large number of smaller social groups.
49. B) It is showing signs of “groupthink.”
50. C) Users are beginning to display group conformity.
51. D) Expressive leaders are beginning to emerge.
52. E) Formal rules are interfering with communications.

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-47

Page-Reference: 145

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: A) It is breaking up into a large number of smaller social groups.

 

48. Large secondary groups that are organized to achieve goals are referred to as:
49. A) social organizations.
50. B) formal organizations.
51. C)
52. D)
53. E) competitive organizations.

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-48

Page-Reference: 145

Topic: Formal Organizations

Skill: factual

 

Answer: B) formal organizations.

 

49. What types of formal organizations are called voluntary associations?
50. A) normative organizations
51. B) utilitarian organizations
52. C) coercive organizations
53. D) social organizations
54. E) creative organizations

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-49

Page-Reference: 146

Topic: Formal Organizations

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: A) normative organizations

 

50. Your criminology class is touring a maximum-security prison. This is a ________ organization.
51. A) normative
52. B) utilitarian
53. C) coercive
54. D) social
55. E) competitive

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-50

Page-Reference: 146

Topic: Formal Organizations

Skill: applied

 

Answer: C) coercive

 

51. What types of formal organizations bestow material benefit on members?
52. A) normative organizations
53. B) coercive organizations
54. C) social organizations
55. D) creative organizations
56. E) utilitarian organizations

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-51

Page-Reference: 146

Topic: Formal Organizations

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: E) utilitarian organizations

 

52. For parents, what type of formal organization is the Lions Club?
53. A) a normative organization
54. B) a utilitarian organization
55. C) a coercive organization
56. D) a social organization
57. E) a creative organization

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-52

Page-Reference: 146

Topic: Formal Organizations

Skill: applied

 

Answer: A) a normative organization

 

53. For patients who are involuntarily committed, what type of formal organization are mental hospitals?
54. A) a normative organization
55. B) a utilitarian organization
56. C) a coercive organization
57. D) a social organization
58. E) a competitive organization

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-53

Page-Reference: 146

Topic: Formal Organizations

Skill: applied

 

Answer: C) a coercive organization

 

54. What is the largest formal organization in Canada?
55. A) the federal government
56. B) the capitalist system
57. C) the Internet
58. D) the Red Cross
59. E) the Canadian International Development Agency

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-54

Page-Reference: 146

Topic: Formal Organizations

Skill: applied

 

Answer: A) the federal government

 

55. According to Max Weber, tradition:
56. A) encourages organizational change.
57. B) encourages organizational efficiency.
58. C) makes a society liberal.
59. D) limits organizational efficiency.
60. E) limits sentiments about the past.

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-55

Page-Reference: 146

Topic: Formal Organizations

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: D) limits organizational efficiency.

 

56. An imprisoned individual is a member of a/an____________ organization.
57. A) voluntary
58. B) normative
59. C) rational
60. D) utilitarian
61. E) coercive

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-56

Page-Reference: 146

Topic: Formal Organizations

Skill: applied

 

Answer: E) coercive

 

57. Which of the following characterizes bureaucratic organizations?
58. A) role uniformity
59. B) social competence
60. C) rules and regulations
61. D) personality
62. E) similarity of offices

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-57

Page-Reference: 147

Topic: Formal Organizations

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: C) rules and regulations

 

58. According to Weber, the rise of the “organizational society” is based on:
59. A)
60. B)
61. C) rationalization of society.
62. D)
63. E)

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-58

Page-Reference: 147

Topic: Formal Organizations

Skill: factual

 

Answer: C) rationalization of society.

 

59. What term refers to an organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently?
60. A) formal organization
61. B) complex organization
62. C) social organization
63. D) bureaucracy
64. E) aristocracy

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-59

Page-Reference: 147

Topic: Formal Organizations

Skill: factual

 

Answer: D) bureaucracy

 

60. The task of assigning people to the highly specialized duties within a bureaucracy represents the function of:
61. A)
62. B) rules and regulations.
63. C) the hierarchy of offices.
64. D) technical competence.
65. E) traditional leadership.

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-60

Page-Reference: 147

Topic: Formal Organizations

Skill: applied

 

Answer: A) specialization.

 

61. Analyzing patterns of power and responsibility in an organization is examining:
62. A)
63. B) rules and regulations.
64. C) the hierarchy of positions.
65. D) technical competence.
66. E)

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-61

Page-Reference: 147

Topic: Formal Organizations

Skill: applied

 

Answer: C) the hierarchy of positions.

 

62. The term bureaucracy refers to:
63. A) an organizational model that operates informally.
64. B) a source of inefficiency in organizational operation.
65. C) a large, normative organization.
66. D) an organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently.
67. E) an organizational model that avoids scientific management.

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-62

Page-Reference: 147

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: D) an organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently.

 

63. ________ is the term for the method in which a bureaucracy controls an organization’s functioning to ensure predictability.
64. A) Specialization
65. B) Rules and regulations
66. C) The hierarchy of offices
67. D) Technical competence
68. E) Impersonality

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-63

Page-Reference: 147

Topic: Formal Organizations

Skill: factual

 

Answer: B) Rules and regulations

 

64. What term refers to impersonal evaluation based on performance in bureaucracies?
65. A) specialization
66. B) rules and regulations
67. C) the hierarchy of offices
68. D) technical competence
69. E) formal, written communications

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-64

Page-Reference: 147

Topic: Formal Organizations

Skill: factual

 

Answer: D) technical competence

 

65. You have been asked as a consultant to evaluate the fairness with which all the members of an organization are treated. You are thus evaluating the organization’s:
66. A) rules and regulations.
67. B)
68. C) hierarchy of offices.
69. D) formal, written communications.
70. E)

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-65

Page-Reference: 147

Topic: Formal Organizations

Skill: applied

 

Answer: B) impersonality.

 

66. What element of bureaucracy leads to the accumulation of files that guide the organization?
67. A) rules and regulations
68. B) impersonality
69. C) hierarchy of offices
70. D) formal, written communications
71. E) traditional leadership

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-66

Page-Reference: 147

Topic: Formal Organizations

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: D) formal, written communications

 

67. The term used to describe the range of factors outside the organization that affects its operation is:
68. A)
69. B) bureaucratic environment.
70. C) organizational environment.
71. D)
72. E) formal influence.

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-67

Page-Reference: 148

Topic: Formal Organizations

Skill: factual

 

Answer: C) organizational environment.

 

68. Which of the following is one of the factors in the organizational environment that can influence the operation of an organization?
69. A) economic trends
70. B) social patterns
71. C) internal officials
72. D) primary groups
73. E) secondary trends

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-68

Page-Reference: 148

Topic: Formal Organizations

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: A) economic trends

 

69. Informality in organizations:
70. A) decreases the amount of communication in the organization.
71. B) decreases the amount of “gossip” that circulates in an organization.
72. C) can provide necessary flexibility on the job.
73. D) prevents the personalization of surroundings.
74. E) can provide opportunities to revolt against the organization.

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-69

Page-Reference: 148

Topic: Formal Organizations

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: C) can provide necessary flexibility on the job.

 

70. A worker who feels like a small cog in an endlessly moving machine is experiencing
71. A)
72. B) bureaucratic inertia.
73. C) bureaucratic retreatism.
74. D) bureaucratic ritualism.
75. E) bureaucratic alienation.

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-70

Page-Reference: 149

Topic: Formal Organizations

Skill: applied

 

Answer: E) bureaucratic alienation.

 

71. What term did Merton coin to describe focusing on rules and regulations to the point of undermining an organization’s goals?
72. A) bureaucratic retreatism
73. B) bureaucratic innovation
74. C) bureaucratic ritualism
75. D) bureaucratic inertia
76. E) bureaucratic leadership

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-71

Page-Reference: 150

Topic: Formal Organizations

Skill: factual

 

Answer: C) bureaucratic ritualism

 

72. The emergency room clerk who keeps a profusely bleeding patient waiting while she fills out extensive paperwork is a classic example of bureaucratic:
73. A)
74. B)
75. C)
76. D)
77. E)

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-72

Page-Reference: 150

Topic: Formal Organizations

Skill: applied

 

Answer: C) ritualism.

 

73. Tendency of bureaucratic organizations to perpetuate themselves is referred to as bureaucratic:
74. A)
75. B)
76. C)
77. D)
78. E)

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-73

Page-Reference: 150

Topic: Formal Organizations

Skill: factual

 

Answer: E) inertia.

 

74. What is the rule of the many by the few called?
75. A) bureaucracy
76. B) oligarchy
77. C) formal organization
78. D) dictatorial organization
79. E) anarchy

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-74

Page-Reference: 150

Topic: Formal Organizations

Skill: factual

 

Answer: B) oligarchy

 

75. Which of the following terms refers to the rule of the many by the few?
76. A) bureaucracy
77. B) formal organization
78. C) oligarchy
79. D) democracy
80. E) patriarchy

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-75

Page-Reference: 150

Topic: Formal Organizations

Skill: factual

 

Answer: C) oligarchy

 

76. Which of the following is true regarding oligarchy?
77. A) It cannot survive in the hierarchical structure of bureaucracy.
78. B) It increases people’s confidence in their elected leaders.
79. C) It can reduce the accountability of leaders to the people who elected them.
80. D) It thrives on political competition and term limits.
81. E) There are no current organizations that resemble the outdated oligarchy.

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-76

Page-Reference: 151

Topic: Formal Organizations

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: C) It can reduce the accountability of leaders to the people who elected them.

 

77. Which of the following represent the three steps involved in scientific management?
78. A) observe the operations for a task, provide incentives, punish poor performance
79. B) provide incentives, punish poor performance, provide feedback
80. C) set goals, analyze data, hire workers
81. D) observe the operations for a task, analyze the data, provide incentives
82. E) set goals, increase competition, provide incentives

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-77

Page-Reference: 151

Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: D) observe the operations for a task, analyze the data, provide incentives

 

78. Males and females age 20 to 64 represent approximately the same percentage of the total population aged 20 to 64. Therefore, which of the following statements regarding gender and management is true?
79. A) Males hold only 50% of management positions.
80. B) Females hold only approximately 35% of management positions.
81. C) Males hold 90% of management positions.
82. D) Females hold only 15% of management positions.
83. E) Males hold more than 90% of management positions.

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-78

Page-Reference: 152

Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: B) Females hold only approximately 35% of management positions.

 

79. What trait has been described as a “female advantage”?
80. A) less need to ask questions
81. B) less emphasis on communication
82. C) more flexible leadership
83. D) more concrete thinking
84. E) greater intuition

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-79

Page-Reference: 152

Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: C) more flexible leadership

 

80. What does Rosabeth Kanter’s research show?
81. A) Organizations must “open up” their structure to bring out the best in their employees.
82. B) Employees who “get ahead” do so because they hustle.
83. C) Organizational environment is largely immaterial to employee performance.
84. D) Opportunity to advance is irrelevant to the vibrancy of an organization.
85. E) Open organizations turn workers into unproductive “zombies.”

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-80

Page-Reference: 152

Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: A) Organizations must “open up” their structure to bring out the best in their employees.

 

81. According to Kanter, an organization with many dead-end jobs turns workers into
82. A) the paid “other workers” at the end of the company’s chain of command.
83. B) socially isolated out-groups.
84. C) less productive “zombies” who are never asked for their opinion on anything.
85. D) underrepresented employees.
86. E) incompetent staff members.

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-81

Page-Reference: 152

Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations

Skill: factual

 

Answer: C) less productive “zombies” who are never asked for their opinion on anything.

 

82. Which of the following is a gender-linked pattern that contributes to the “female advantage” for companies attempting to be more flexible and democratic?
83. A) Men place greater value on communication skills and share information more than women do.
84. B) Men are more flexible leaders who typically give their employees greater autonomy.
85. C) Women have a greater “information focus” and are more likely to ask questions.
86. D) Men tend to emphasize the interconnectedness of an organization’s operations.
87. E) Women have an “image focus” that directs their attention to their reputation.

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-82

Page-Reference: 152

Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations

Skill: factual

 

Answer: C) Women have a greater “information focus” and are more likely to ask questions.

 

83. Which of the following statements most accurately describes Japanese formal organizations?
84. A) Japanese formal organizations undermine primary relationships.
85. B) In Japan, formal organizations are developed in the context of a highly heterogeneous society.
86. C) Japan’s organizations reflect the Japanese strong collective spirit.
87. D) Japanese organizations are unfriendly.
88. E) Japanese organizations value rugged individualism.

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-83

Page-Reference: 153

Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: C) Japan’s organizations reflect the Japanese strong collective spirit.

 

84. In what respect are Canadian and Japanese formal organizations distinctly different?
85. A) hiring and advancement, lifetime security, and profit motive
86. B) lifetime security, holistic involvement, and entrepreneurial spirit
87. C) holistic involvement, broad-based training, and profit motive
88. D) non-specialized training, profit motive, and entrepreneurial spirit
89. E) lifetime security, broad-based training, and quality circle discussions

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-84

Page-Reference: 153

Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: E) lifetime security, broad-based training, and quality circle discussions

 

85. The open, flexible organization:
86. A) has a pyramid shape.
87. B) has a clear chain of command.
88. C) has many workers do their jobs in teams.
89. D) reports performance flow from the bottom up.
90. E) has extensive rules and regulations.

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-85

Page-Reference: 154

Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: C) has many workers do their jobs in teams.

 

86. Which of the following is a way in which today’s organizations differ from those of a century ago?
87. A) creative restriction
88. B) a hierarchical organization
89. C) cooperative work teams
90. D) more flexibility
91. E) less day-to-day supervision

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-86

Page-Reference: 154

Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: D) more flexibility

 

87. According to Brooks, the current standard that healthy organizations should emulate is the
88. A)
89. B)
90. C)
91. D)
92. E) solar system.

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-87

Page-Reference: 154

Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: A) ecosystem.

 

88. The McDonaldization of society refers to:
89. A) the proliferation of McDonald’s restaurants around the world.
90. B) how McDonald’s organizational principles are coming to dominate our society.
91. C) how bureaucracy worldwide is filled with red tape and inefficiency.
92. D) the complexity and lack of predictability in modern society.
93. E) the competitiveness of modern society.

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-88

Page-Reference: 155

Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: B) how McDonald’s organizational principles are coming to dominate our society.

 

89. Which of the following is one of the principles of McDonaldization?
90. A) inefficiency
91. B) standardization
92. C) creativity
93. D) freedom
94. E) unpredictability

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-89

Page-Reference: 155

Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: B) standardization

 

90. What does the history of the McDonald’s organization reflect?
91. A) the shortcomings of mass production
92. B) that the McDonald brothers could have been very rich
93. C) the death of small business in North America
94. D) that McDonald’s guiding principles have come to dominate our social life
95. E) the importance of the service industries

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-90

Page-Reference: 155

Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: D) that McDonald’s guiding principles have come to dominate our social life

 

91. The principles of McDonaldization _______________________ that formal organizations would crush the human spirit.
92. A) contradict Weber’s view
93. B) show that Weber was being overly pessimistic when he argued
94. C) show that people have more control over “the system” than Weber believed when he argued
95. D) support Weber’s view that rational systems were efficient but dehumanizing when he argued
96. E) support Weber’s view that a move to more rational systems would spark creativity when he argued

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-91

Page-Reference: 155

Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: D) support Weber’s view that rational systems were efficient but dehumanizing when he argued

 

92. As bureaucracy and computer-based technology have spread throughout Canadian society, privacy:
93. A) is greater than ever.
94. B) has not changed at all.
95. C) is threatened as never before.
96. D) has no legal protections at all.
97. E) is nonexistent.

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-92

Page-Reference: 156

Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: C) is threatened as never before.

 

93. The emergence of a post-industrial economy brought a flatter, more flexible model of formal organizations that prize communication and creativity that resulted in:
94. A) an increased danger of worker alienation.
95. B) decreases in productivity.
96. C) decreases in employee autonomy.
97. D) an increased threat of losing employment due to downsizing.
98. E) “unintelligent organizations.”

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-93

Page-Reference: 157

Topic: The Future of Organizations—Opposing Trends

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: D) an increased threat of losing employment due to downsizing.

 

94. Advances in technology have led to which of the following?
95. A) a gain of privacy for all citizens
96. B) known people having access to information about you
97. C) enactment of laws giving citizens the right to examine government records kept on them
98. D) success of laws to address the extent of the privacy problem
99. E) a reduction in efficiency

 

 

QuestionID: 05-1-94

Page-Reference: 157

Topic: The Future of Organizations—Opposing Trends

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: C) enactment of laws giving citizens the right to examine government records kept on them

 

 

Chapter 05 True/False Questions

 

1. People riding on the same subway form a social group.
2. A) True
3. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-95

Page-Reference: 137

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: applied

 

Answer: B) False

 

2. To be members of a “category,” people must think of themselves as a special “we.”
3. A) True
4. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-96

Page-Reference: 137

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: B) False

 

3. Secondary groups have the opposite characteristics of primary groups.
4. A) True
5. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-97

Page-Reference: 137

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: A) True

 

4. The boundary that distinguishes members from non-members is clearer in secondary groups than in primary groups.
5. A) True
6. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-98

Page-Reference: 137

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: B) False

 

5. Expressive leaders are more likely than instrumental leaders to enjoy more personal affection.
6. A) True
7. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-99

Page-Reference: 138

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: A) True

 

6. Expressive leaders give orders and discipline those who hold back the group’s efforts.
7. A) True
8. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-100

Page-Reference: 138

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: B) False

 

7. Laissez-faire leadership is the least effective in promoting group goals.
8. A) True
9. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-101

Page-Reference: 139

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: A) True

 

8. Asch’s experiment on group conformity shows that many people would compromise their judgment than risk being seen as different.
9. A) True
10. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-102

Page-Reference: 139

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: A) True

 

9. Milgram’s experiment showed people are easily influenced by “ordinary people” and legitimate authority figures.
10. A) True
11. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-103

Page-Reference: 140

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: A) True

 

10. Avoiding groupthink will result in better decision making.
11. A) True
12. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-104

Page-Reference: 141

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: A) True

 

11. Reference groups can be primary groups but not secondary groups.
12. A) True
13. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-105

Page-Reference: 141

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: B) False

 

12. In the process of anticipatory socialization, people are likely to use social groups they wish to join as reference groups.
13. A) True
14. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-106

Page-Reference: 141

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: A) True

 

13. One person’s “in-group” is likely another person’s “out-group.”
14. A) True
15. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-107

Page-Reference: 142

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: A) True

 

14. The number of people in a group determines how the members interact.
15. A) True
16. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-108

Page-Reference: 142

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: factual

 

Answer: A) True

 

15. As groups become larger, they are more stable.
16. A) True
17. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-109

Page-Reference: 143

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: factual

 

Answer: A) True

 

16. As groups increase in size, intense personal interaction also increases.
17. A) True
18. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-110

Page-Reference: 143

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: factual

 

Answer: B) False

 

17. Heterogeneous groups turn inward.
18. A) True
19. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-111

Page-Reference: 143

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: B) False

 

18. Social networks are a web of weak ties.
19. A) True
20. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-112

Page-Reference: 143

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: factual

 

Answer: A) True

 

19. Although networks have weak ties, they can provide a powerful resource.
20. A) True
21. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-113

Page-Reference: 144

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: A) True

 

20. In terms of finding a job, it is true that whom you know is often as important as what you know.
21. A) True
22. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-114

Page-Reference: 145

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: A) True

 

21. Networks of the lower class are higher in social capital than the networks of the higher class.
22. A) True
23. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-115

Page-Reference: 145

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: B) False

 

22. The most extensive social networks include people who are young, well educated, and living in large cities.
23. A) True
24. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-116

Page-Reference: 145

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: factual

 

Answer: A) True

 

23. Internet use around the world is linked to income levels.
24. A) True
25. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-117

Page-Reference: 145

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: factual

 

Answer: A) True

 

24. Formal organizations meet personal needs.
25. A) True
26. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-118

Page-Reference: 145

Topic: Formal Organizations

Skill: factual

 

Answer: B) False

 

25. A psychiatric hospital can be a coercive, a utilitarian, and a normative organization at the same time.
26. A) True
27. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-119

Page-Reference: 146

Topic: Formal Organizations

Skill: applied

 

Answer: A) True

 

26. Formal organizations began with the Industrial Revolution.
27. A) True
28. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-120

Page-Reference: 146

Topic: Formal Organizations

Skill: factual

 

Answer: B) False

 

27. Bureaucracies are characterized by rules and regulations and impersonality.
28. A) True
29. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-121

Page-Reference: 147

Topic: Formal Organizations

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: A) True

 

28. Bureaucracies strive to place less value on formal, written communications than on the normal communications among workers.
29. A) True
30. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-122

Page-Reference: 147

Topic: Formal Organizations

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: B) False

 

29. Although Weber believed bureaucracy is the model of productivity, he feared bureaucracy would dehumanize the people it is designed to serve.
30. A) True
31. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-123

Page-Reference: 149

Topic: Formal Organizations

Skill: factual

 

Answer: A) True

 

30. Bureaucratic ritualism is the same process as bureaucratic inertia.
31. A) True
32. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-124

Page-Reference: 150

Topic: Formal Organizations

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: B) False

 

31. Most formal organizations cease to exist before they can reformulate goals in order to survive.
32. A) True
33. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-125

Page-Reference: 150

Topic: Formal Organizations

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: B) False

 

32. Michels’s “iron law of oligarchy” notes that organizations are ruled by a few powerful leaders.
33. A) True
34. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-126

Page-Reference: 150

Topic: Formal Organizations

Skill: factual

 

Answer: A) True

 

33. Scientific management involves carefully observing the tasks performed by each worker.
34. A) True
35. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-127

Page-Reference: 151

Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: A) True

 

34. Even though men and women between the ages of 20–64 represent almost equal shares of the total population, women now hold a higher percentage of management positions than men.
35. A) True
36. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-128

Page-Reference: 152

Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations

Skill: factual

 

Answer: B) False

 

35. Rosabeth Kanter’s research shows that rigidity in organizations promotes profitability.
36. A) True
37. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-129

Page-Reference: 152

Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: B) False

 

36. Helgesen found three gender-linked patterns—dubbed the female advantage—that help make companies more flexible and democratic.
37. A) True
38. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-130

Page-Reference: 152

Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: A) True

 

37. In many respects, formal organizations in Japan are viewed as large primary groups.
38. A) True
39. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-131

Page-Reference: 153

Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: A) True

 

38. Japanese workers are loyal to their workplace.
39. A) True
40. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-132

Page-Reference: 153

Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: A) True

 

39. Rather than provide specialized training, Japanese organizations train their employees in all phases of their operation.
40. A) True
41. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-133

Page-Reference: 153

Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations

Skill: factual

 

Answer: A) True

 

40. Japanese workers expect to move from one company to another to advance their careers, as workers do in Canada.
41. A) True
42. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-134

Page-Reference: 153

Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: B) False

 

41. The Japanese model is available to all workers in Japan.
42. A) True
43. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-135

Page-Reference: 153

Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations

Skill: factual

 

Answer: B) False

 

42. Today’s organizations offer greater flexibility but less creative autonomy than those of a century ago.
43. A) True
44. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-136

Page-Reference: 154

Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: B) False

 

43. McDonald’s has become a symbol of our way of life.
44. A) True
45. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-137

Page-Reference: 155

Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations

Skill: factual

 

Answer: A) True

 

44. McDonaldization verifies Weber’s argument that rational systems are efficient but dehumanizing.
45. A) True
46. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-138

Page-Reference: 155

Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: A) True

 

45. The ever-present threat of “downsizing” decreases with organizational flexibility.
46. A) True
47. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-139

Page-Reference: 157

Topic: The Future of Organizations—Opposing Trends

Skill: factual

 

Answer: B) False

 

46. Today’s loss of privacy reflects the increasing size and number of formal organizations.
47. A) True
48. B) False

 

 

QuestionID: 05-2-140

Page-Reference: 156

Topic: The Future of Organizations—Opposing Trends

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: A) True

 

 

Chapter 05 Essay Questions

 

1. Why are “categories” not considered groups?

 

 

 

QuestionID: 05-3-141

Page-Reference: 137

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: It is because the individuals are likely aware that others with the same status exist, but the vast majority are strangers. There is no interaction.

 

2. Why did Cooley call personal and tightly integrated groups “primary groups”?

 

 

 

QuestionID: 05-3-142

Page-Reference: 137

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: factual

 

Answer: He called them primary groups because they are among the first groups we experience in life, and because the family and early playgroups hold primary importance in the socialization process, shaping attitudes, behaviour, and social identity.

 

3. Name and briefly describe the two leadership roles.

 

 

 

QuestionID: 05-3-143

Page-Reference: 138

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: factual

 

Answer: Instrumental leaders provide the group direction that emphasizes the completion of tasks. They are goal-oriented and tend to be more formalized, forming secondary relationships with group members.

Expressive leaders focus on the provision of collective well-being for the group. They are harmonizers and tend to cultivate more personal, primary relationships with group members.

 

4. Name and briefly describe the three leadership styles.

 

 

 

QuestionID: 05-3-144

Page-Reference: 139

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: factual

 

Answer: Authoritarian leadership stresses instrumental concerns, taking personal charge of decision making and demanding strict compliance.

Democratic leadership is more expressive, making sure to include everyone in the decision-making process.

Laissez-faire leadership allows the group to function more or less on its own.

 

5. Briefly explain why the size of a group plays a crucial role in how the group members interact.

 

 

 

QuestionID: 05-3-145

Page-Reference: 142-143

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: As the group increases in number, the number of possible relationships increases almost geometrically. While there is only one relationship in a dyad, there are six among four people, and fifteen in a group of six. The larger the group, the greater the number of people who are unable to speak, which is why the group will divide into smaller groups to allow more interaction for more members.

 

6. Define the concepts “primary group” and “secondary group,” discuss characteristics of each type of group, and identify five social groupings that you know reasonably well. Which groupings are primary groups, and what about them makes you sure of this? Which groupings are secondary groups, and what about them makes you sure of that? Is there a clear dividing line between primary and secondary groups, or should the two types of groups be viewed as polar ends of a continuum? Explain your answer.

 

 

 

QuestionID: 05-3-146

Page-Reference: 137-138

Topic: Social Groups

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: A primary group is a small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships. Characteristics include: personal orientation; usually long-term; broad, usually involving many activities; as ends in themselves. A secondary group is a large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity. Characteristics include: goal orientation; variable, often short-term; narrow, usually involving few activities; as means to an end. Specific examples will vary.

 

7. Name and give an example of the three types of formal organizations.

 

 

 

QuestionID: 05-3-147

Page-Reference: 146

Topic: Formal Organizations

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: 1) utilitarian: a person’s business or place of employment

2) normative: civic and service clubs

3) coercive: mental hospitals and prisons

 

8. List three of the six characteristics of bureaucracy.

 

 

 

QuestionID: 05-3-148

Page-Reference: 147

Topic: Formal Organizations

Skill: factual

 

Answer: 1) specialization

2) hierarchy of offices

3) rules and regulations

4) technical competence

5) impersonality

6) formal, written communication

 

9. Why are “grapevines” persistent in large bureaucracies?

 

 

 

QuestionID: 05-3-149

Page-Reference: 149

Topic: Formal Organizations

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: They spread information much faster than do the formal communication channels, but, more importantly, they are quite important for subordinates, because the high-ranking officers often try to keep important information secret from them.

 

10. List the key characteristics of bureaucracy and discuss the positive and negative aspects of bureaucracy. Write about both a positive and a negative experience you have had that resulted from your dealings with a bureaucracy.

 

 

 

QuestionID: 05-3-150

Page-Reference: 147

Topic: Formal Organizations

Skill: applied

 

Answer: Key characteristics of bureaucracy include: specialization; hierarchy of offices; rules and regulations; technical competence; impersonality; formal, written communications. Although bureaucratic organization promotes efficiency, problems include bureaucratic alienation, bureaucratic inefficiency, and bureaucratic ritualism. Personal examples will vary.

 

11. Define scientific management and identify the three steps in this approach.

 

 

 

QuestionID: 05-3-151

Page-Reference: 151

Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: Scientific management is the application of scientific principles to the operation of a business or other large organization. Scientific management involves three steps:

1) Carefully observe the task performed by each worker, identifying all operations involved and measuring the time required for each.

2) Analyze the data, looking for ways for workers to perform each task more efficiently.

3) Provide guidance and incentives for workers to do the job more efficiently.

 

12. What are specialized management skills that women might bring to strengthen an organization?

 

 

 

QuestionID: 05-3-152

Page-Reference: 152

Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: Tannen (1994) claims women have a greater “information focus” and more readily ask questions in order to understand an issue. Helgesen (1990) found women place greater value on communication skills and share information more freely; they are more flexible leaders who give employees greater autonomy, and they tend to emphasize the interconnectedness of all organizational operations.

 

13. What are the four ways in which today’s organizations differ from a century ago?

 

 

 

QuestionID: 05-3-153

Page-Reference: 154

Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations

Skill: factual

 

Answer: 1) creative freedom

2) competitive work teams

3) a flatter organization

4) greater flexibility

 

14. To what does the phrase “The McDonaldization of Society” refer?

 

 

 

QuestionID: 05-3-154

Page-Reference: 154-155

Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: The organizational principles that underlie McDonald’s are steadily coming to dominate our entire society. The fast-food and fast service national chains are beginning to dominate, and smaller businesses are mimicking their style, nationwide.

 

15. List the four principles of McDonaldization:

 

 

 

QuestionID: 05-3-155

Page-Reference: 155

Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations

Skill: factual

 

Answer: 1) efficiency

2) standardization

3) uniformity and predictability

4) control through automation

 

16. Discuss the differences between Japanese and Western formal organizations focusing on the following themes: Is one model or organization better than the other? What would prevent Canada from fully adopting the Japanese formal organization system?

 

 

 

QuestionID: 05-3-156

Page-Reference: 153

Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations

Skill: conceptual

 

Answer: Japanese organizations reflect that nation’s strong collective spirit. The emphasis is on cooperation, whereas the North American focus is on individualism. Differences between formal organizations in Japan and North America include: Japanese companies hire new workers in groups, giving everyone the same salary and responsibilities; Japanese organizations hire workers for life, train workers in all phases of operations, and involve workers in “quality circles” to discuss decisions that affect them; Japanese organizations play a large role in the lives of workers. Individual positions on which organizational model is best will vary. One factor that might prevent Canada from fully adopting the Japanese formal organizational system is an individualistic orientation focusing on competition.

 

17. Discuss Ritzer’s thesis of the McDonaldization of our society. How will the principles of McDonaldization affect our society’s members in the future? Consider all aspects of social life, as well as work. Will standardization stifle creativity and/or impede personal freedom? Consider Weber’s concerns regarding the power of formal organizations. What do you see for the future: more or less McDonaldization? Is it a positive or a negative? Why do you think that is so?

 

 

 

QuestionID: 05-3-157

Page-Reference: 155, 157

Topic: The Evolution of Formal Organizations

Skill: applied

 

Answer: A good answer will include reference to Ritzer’s basic organizational principles (efficiency, standardization, uniformity and predictability, control through automation). Weber’s concerns that formal organizations would cage our imaginations and crush the human spirit should also be mentioned.

 

18. Discuss the growing trend in the collection of personal information by both the public and private sectors, and how individuals’ lives can and/or will be positively and negatively affected. What would you recommend as a reasonable approach to solving the problem of the government’s and business’s right to information versus the public’s right to privacy?

 

 

 

QuestionID: 05-3-158

Page-Reference: 156

Topic: The Future of Organizations—Opposing Trends

Skill: applied

 

Answer: A good answer will include reference to the current decline in privacy resulting from the increasing number and size of formal organizations as well as the role of technological advances in the loss of privacy.