Sociology A Brief Introduction 11th Edition By Schaefer - Test Bank

Sociology A Brief Introduction 11th Edition By Schaefer – Test Bank

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Chapter 05

Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure

Multiple Choice Questions

Philip Zimbardo’s study of a simulated prison environment that used college students as prisoners and prison guards
A.indicated that it is impossible to replicate a “real life” situation in a laboratory.
B. demonstrated that a social structure can influence the type of social interactions that occur.
C. indicated that social interactions are not influenced by social structure characteristics.
D. All of these answers are correct.

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Explain the relationship between social reality and social interaction.
Topic: Social interaction
Question Category: Information

Social interaction is
A.the process of learning norms, values, beliefs, and other requirements for effective participation in social groups.
B. the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships.
C. the ways in which people respond to one another.
D. a series of relationships linking a person directly to others and therefore indirectly to still more people.

Which of the following terms refers to the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships?
A.socialization
B. social structure
C. social interaction
D. culture

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: List and summarize the five elements of social structure.
Topic: Social structure
Question Category: Definition

According to Herbert Blumer, a distinctive characteristic of human interaction is that
A.the reality of humans is shaped by our perceptions and evaluations.
B. humans respond to behavior based on the meaning we attach to the actions of others.
C. humans interpret or define each other’s actions.
D. All of these answers are correct.

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Explain the relationship between social reality and social interaction.
Topic: Social interaction
Question Category: Information

Which of the following is true regarding marriage in Japan?
A.Most husbands do not call their wife by name.
B. Husbands say “I love you” more often than other nationalities.
C. Most married Japanese couples do not actually love one another.
D. Marriage is considered more a relationship than a social status.

One crucial aspect of the relationship between dominant and subordinate groups is the ability of the dominant group to
A.define a society’s values.
B. define social reality.
C. mold the “definition of the situation.”
D. All of these answers are correct.

William I. Thomas wrote from which perspective when observing that people respond not only to the objective features of a person or situation but also to the meaning that person or situation has for them?
A.functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. feminist perspective

Which term is used by sociologists to refer to any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group or society?
A.status
B. culture
C. social structure
D. Gemeinschaft

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: List and summarize the five elements of social structure.
Topic: Status
Question Category: Definition

Jan, Randy, and Terry are science majors, and when they graduate from college, they find jobs as a nurse, a midwife, and a hospital administrator, respectively. These new positions are examples of
A.statuses.
B. social roles.
C. groups.
D. social networks.

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: List and summarize the five elements of social structure.
Topic: Status
Question Category: Application-Concept

Ray is an African American who is currently enrolled at a four-year university where he is studying social work. Which of the following is his achieved status?
A.social worker
B. male
C. African American
D. college student

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: List and summarize the five elements of social structure.
Topic: Status
Question Category: Application-Concept

An ascribed status is a social position
A.attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts.
B. “assigned” to a person by society without regard for the person’s unique talents or characteristics.
C. that is earned.
D. that is reached as a result of negotiation.

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: List and summarize the five elements of social structure.
Topic: Status
Question Category: Definition

Ascribed statuses may be based on an individual’s
A.race.
B. gender.
C. age.
D. All of these answers are correct.

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: List and summarize the five elements of social structure.
Topic: Status
Question Category: Information

Which of the following statements about an ascribed status is correct?
A.It is easy to change when an individual becomes older.
B. It has the same social meaning in every society.
C. It is based on an individual’s skills.
D. It is generally biological in origin, but significant mainly because of the social meanings attached to it within a given culture.

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Explain how ascribed status and master status can constrain achieved status.
Topic: Status
Question Category: Information

Which of the following is an achieved status?
A.race
B. gender
C. occupation
D. age

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: List and summarize the five elements of social structure.
Topic: Status
Question Category: Application-Concept

Which sociological perspective is especially interested in ascribed statuses because they often confer privileges or reflect a person’s membership in a subordinate group?
A.functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. global perspective

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: List and summarize the five elements of social structure.
Topic: Status
Question Category: Application-Perspectives

An achieved status is a social position
A.attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts.
B. “assigned” to a person by society without regard for the person’s unique talents or characteristics.
C. that is assigned to an individual at birth.
D. that is given to an individual based upon his or her age, race, or gender.

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Explain how ascribed status and master status can constrain achieved status.
Topic: Status
Question Category: Definition

An individual can acquire an achieved status by
A.attending school.
B. establishing a friendship.
C. inventing a new product.
D. All of these answers are correct.

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Explain how ascribed status and master status can constrain achieved status.
Topic: Status
Question Category: Information

A master status is a
A.category used by sociologists for any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group or society.
B. social position attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts.
C. status that dominates others and thereby determines a person’s general position within society.
D. series of social relationships linking a person directly to others and therefore indirectly to still more people.

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Explain how ascribed status and master status can constrain achieved status.
Topic: Status
Question Category: Definition

When Malcolm X’s eighth grade teacher dismissed Malcolm’s desired career goal of lawyer and instead suggested he become a carpenter, the teacher was viewing Malcolm’s race as a(n)
A.achieved status.
B. master status.
C. ascribed status.
D. assigned status.

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Explain how ascribed status and master status can constrain achieved status.
Topic: Status
Question Category: Application-Concept

You walk into your women’s studies class, and you look at the person sitting to your left. He is the only male in the class; he is about 20 years old, wears a wedding ring, and carries a bag with a tennis racquet. Which of his characteristics is most likely his master status in the context of this class?
A.his age
B. his marital status
C. his gender
D. his interest in tennis

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: List and summarize the five elements of social structure.
Topic: Status
Question Category: Application-Concept

Which term is used by sociologists to refer to a set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position or status?
A.social role
B. structural role
C. achieved role
D. ascribed role

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: List and summarize the five elements of social structure.
Topic: Status
Question Category: Definition

Which of the following statements about social roles is correct?
A.The roles that belong to a social status are always performed in the same manner.
B. Social roles are always performed in the same manner by those holding ascribed, but not achieved, statuses.
C. Actual performance of a role varies from individual to individual.
D. Role expectations and actual role performances never vary.

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Give examples of role conflict; role strain; and role exit
Topic: Role conflict
Question Category: Information

Which sociological perspective emphasizes that social roles contribute to a society’s stability by enabling members to anticipate the behavior of others and to pattern their own actions accordingly?
A.functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. feminist perspective

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Give examples of role conflict; role strain; and role exit
Topic: Role conflict
Question Category: Application-Perspectives

Which term is used to refer to incompatible expectations that arise when the same person holds two or more social positions?
A.role strain
B. role conflict
C. role ambiguity
D. role exit

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Give examples of role conflict; role strain; and role exit
Topic: Role conflict
Question Category: Definition

Elaine is a clinical sociologist who practices marriage and family therapy. She is also a college professor. One of her current students asks her if she can make an appointment for a therapy session. Elaine tells the student that she will refer her to a colleague because she feels that holding therapy sessions with a student might create
A.role strain.
B. role conflict.
C. role exit.
D. status displacement.

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Give examples of role conflict; role strain; and role exit
Topic: Role conflict
Question Category: Application-Concept

The difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations is known as
A.role conflict.
B. role strain.
C. role exit.
D. resocialization.

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Give examples of role conflict; role strain; and role exit
Topic: Role conflict
Question Category: Application-Concept

Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh studied
A.role conflict among internal affairs officers in police departments.
B. role exit.
C. social networking among Black businesswomen.
D. sociocultural evolution.

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Give examples of role conflict; role strain; and role exit
Topic: Role exit
Question Category: Sociologists

Role exit is defined as
A.the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one’s self-identity and the re-establishment of an identity in a new role.
B. a difficulty that occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held by the same person.
C. a difficulty that occurs when incompatible expectations arise within one social position occupied by an individual.
D. a set of expectations of people who occupy a given social position.

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Give examples of role conflict; role strain; and role exit
Topic: Role exit
Question Category: Definition

In Ebaugh’s four stages of the process of role exit, which of the following is a core element of the first stage?
A.searching for alternatives
B. identity creation
C. doubt
D. action

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Give examples of role conflict; role strain; and role exit
Topic: Role exit
Question Category: Social Policy

A(n) ________ is any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who regularly and consciously interact.
A.group
B. negotiation team
C. organic solidarity
D. aggregate

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Differentiate among the five different types of groups.
Topic: Groups
Question Category: Definition

A primary group is a small group that is
A.characterized by impersonality, with little intimacy or mutual understanding.
B. characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation.
C. used as a standard for evaluating oneself and one’s behavior.
D. characterized by impersonality and face-to-face associations.

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Differentiate among the five different types of groups.
Topic: Groups
Question Category: Definition

Which type of group plays a pivotal role in the socialization process and the development of roles and statuses?
A.secondary groups
B. primary groups
C. aggregates
D. formal organizations

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Differentiate among the five different types of groups.
Topic: Groups
Question Category: Information

Which of the following is likely to be a primary group?
A.all of the players in the National Hockey League
B. the American Civil Liberties Union
C. the members of a neighborhood softball team
D. All of these answers are correct.

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Differentiate among the five different types of groups.
Topic: Groups
Question Category: Application-Concept

Which type of group is most important for socialization?
A.primary groups
B. coalitions
C. out groups
D. All of these groups are critical for socialization.

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Differentiate among the five different types of groups.
Topic: Groups
Question Category: Information

Which term is used to refer to a formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding?
A.primary group
B. secondary group
C. tertiary group
D. reference group

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Differentiate among the five different types of groups.
Topic: Groups
Question Category: Definition

Which of the following is most likely to be a secondary group?
A.the members of a small weekly seminar class in cultural diversity
B. the members of a small commune in Idaho
C. the members of the United Nations General Assembly
D. the members of a family

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Differentiate among the five different types of groups.
Topic: Groups
Question Category: Application-Concept

The distinction between “in-groups” and “out-groups” was first made by
A.Erving Goffman.
B. Philip Zimbardo.
C. William Graham Sumner.
D. Charles Horton Cooley.

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Differentiate among the five different types of groups.
Topic: Groups
Question Category: Sociologists

Any group or category to which people feel they belong is called a(n)
A.dyad.
B. triad.
C. in-group.
D. out-group.

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Differentiate among the five different types of groups.
Topic: Groups
Question Category: Definition

A group to which people feel they do not belong is called a(n)
A.social network.
B. primary group.
C. reference group.
D. out-group.

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Differentiate among the five different types of groups.
Topic: Groups
Question Category: Definition

Proper behavior for the in-group is often viewed as unacceptable behavior for the out-group. Sociologist Robert Merton describes this process as the conversion of “in-group virtues” into
A.”in-group vices.”
B. “out-group virtues.”
C. “out-group vices.”
D. goal displacement.

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Differentiate among the five different types of groups.
Topic: Groups
Question Category: Information

The destructive consequences of tensions between in-groups and out-groups would probably be stressed by which sociological perspective?
A.functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. global perspective

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Analyze the functionalist; interactionist; and conflict views of social institutions.
Topic: Groups
Topic: Sociological perspectives
Question Category: Application-Perspectives

A woman who has not attended school in 13 years enrolls for classes at the local community college. She is afraid that her younger classmates might not accept her. On the first day of class, she observes the clothing styles of her classmates, and after school she goes shopping and purchases similar clothes. Her classmates could be considered
A.a reference group.
B. an in-group.
C. a focus group.
D. both a reference group and an in-group.

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Differentiate among the five different types of groups.
Topic: Groups
Question Category: Application-Concept

Which sociological perspective would emphasize the role of reference groups in setting and enforcing standards of conduct and belief?
A.functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. feminist perspective

Which term is used by sociologists when speaking of any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior?
A.primary group
B. secondary group
C. tertiary group
D. reference group

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Differentiate among the five different types of groups.
Topic: Groups
Question Category: Definition

A college law enforcement major watches the behavior of television police detectives with great admiration. These detectives could be considered
A.an out-group.
B. a focus group.
C. a triad.
D. a reference group.

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Differentiate among the five different types of groups.
Topic: Groups
Question Category: Application-Concept

A social network is
A.a social structure that derives its existence from the social interactions through which people define and redefine its character.
B. an attempt to reach agreement with others concerning some objective.
C. a series of social relationships that link a person directly to others and therefore indirectly to still more people.
D. the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships.

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Describe the pitfalls and benefits of social networks and virtual worlds.
Topic: Social networks
Question Category: Definition

Which of the following statements about social networks is true?
A.Even network connections that are weak may be useful.
B. Social networks consist exclusively of direct ties to others.
C. Networking in the workplace pays off more for women than for men.
D. About 25 percent of male executives find new jobs through social networks.

Studies have shown that which of the following is true in terms of the use of social networks for job searching and career advancement?
A.Networking pays off more for white men.
B. Men are more likely to rely on classified advertisements.
C. Networking pays off more for women.
D. More female executives use networking than male executives.

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Describe the pitfalls and benefits of social networks and virtual worlds.
Topic: Social networks
Question Category: Information

Sociological research that maps sexual relationships among high school students is an example of research on
A.ascribed statuses.
B. role exit.
C. social networks.
D. social institutions.

A group of businesswomen meet on a monthly basis to assist one another in advancing their careers. They give each other job leads and advice, and they invite business leaders to attend their sessions to provide further assistance. This group is an example of
A.role connection.
B. impression management.
C. status assistance.
D. social networking.

Which of the following is true of obesity in regards to social ties?
A.The obese are most frequently in social groups with the non-obese.
B. Weight gain in one person is often related to weight gain of that person’s friends and family.
C. Obese people have few social ties.
D. All of these answers are correct.

Which of the following terms is used to refer to organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs?
A.social networks
B. social institutions
C. functional prerequisites
D. communities

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Analyze the functionalist; interactionist; and conflict views of social institutions.
Topic: Social structure
Question Category: Definition

Which of the following is an example of a social institution?
A.the U.S. government
B. a group of passengers on an inner-city bus
C. the members of a stamp-collecting society
D. a children’s playgroup

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Analyze the functionalist; interactionist; and conflict views of social institutions.
Topic: Social structure
Question Category: Application-Concept

Which sociological perspective suggests that a society or a relatively permanent group must accomplish certain major tasks if it is to survive?
A.functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. feminist perspective

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Analyze the functionalist; interactionist; and conflict views of social institutions.
Topic: Sociological perspectives
Question Category: Application-Perspectives

Functional prerequisites are
A.tasks that a society or relatively permanent group must accomplish if it is to survive.
B. organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs.
C. social relationships that link a person directly to others and therefore indirectly to still more people.
D. attempts to reach agreement with others concerning some objective.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Analyze the functionalist; interactionist; and conflict views of social institutions.
Topic: Sociological perspectives
Question Category: Definition

Which of the following functional prerequisites was NOT fulfilled by the religious sect known as the Shakers?
A.replacing personnel
B. teaching new recruits
C. producing and distributing goods and services
D. preserving order

The patriotic behavior of U.S. citizens on January 20, 2009 in coming to witness the Inauguration of President Barack Obama represents what kind of functionalist prerequisite?
A.teaching new recruits
B. preserving order
C. replacing personnel
D. providing and maintaining a sense of purpose

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Analyze the functionalist; interactionist; and conflict views of social institutions.
Topic: Sociological perspectives
Question Category: Information

The conflict perspective holds that social institutions
A.maintain the privileges of the powerful individuals and groups within a society.
B. preserve order and equality.
C. train personnel equitably.
D. provide and maintain a sense of basic fairness.

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Analyze the functionalist; interactionist; and conflict views of social institutions.
Topic: Sociological perspectives
Question Category: Information

Mitchell Duneier studied the social network and social behavior of whom, as a method of researching the effects of social institutions on them?
A.street corner preachers
B. female word processors
C. warehouse workers
D. tollbooth operators

Mitchell Duneier’s work regarding social networks operates from which sociological perspective?
A.functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. feminist perspective

Special-purpose groups designed and structured in the interests of maximum efficiency are known as
A.informal organizations.
B. formal organizations.
C. coalitions.
D. primary groups.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Describe Durkheim’s; Tönnies’s; and Lenski’s approaches to classifying forms of social structure.
Topic: Bureaucracies
Question Category: Definition

Formal organizations may vary in
A.size.
B. degree of efficiency.
C. specificity of goals.
D. All of these answers are correct.

Which of the following is an example of a formal organization?
A.a community college basketball team
B. the people in a New York City subway car
C. the General Motors Corporation
D. All of these answers are correct.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Describe Durkheim’s; Tönnies’s; and Lenski’s approaches to classifying forms of social structure.
Topic: Bureaucracies
Question Category: Application-Concept

Which one of the following is a typical ascribed status that influences people’s self-images within formal organizations?
A.gender
B. college education
C. job title
D. All of these answers are correct.

A bureaucracy is a(n)
A.two-member group.
B. small group in which there is little intimacy or mutual understanding and in which relationships are impersonal.
C. organization established on the basis of common interest whose members volunteer or even pay to participate.
D. component of formal organization that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency.

Which sociologist emphasized the basic similarity of structure and process found in the otherwise dissimilar enterprises of religion, government, education, and business?
A.Max Weber
B. Suzanne Staggenborg
C. David Sills
D. Norman Denzin

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: List and describe the five basic characteristics of an ideal bureaucracy according to Weber.
Topic: Bureaucracies
Question Category: Sociologists

A construct or model that serves as a measuring rod against which specific cases can be evaluated is called a(n)
A.coalition.
B. ideal type.
C. metaphor.
D. questionnaire.

By working at a specific task, people are more likely to become highly skilled and carry out a job with maximum efficiency. This is the rationale for the bureaucratic characteristic of
A.employment based on technical qualifications.
B. hierarchy of authority.
C. division of labor.
D. written rules and regulations.

Which sociological perspective might observe the division of labor among the staff members in a hospital emergency room and focus on how the allocation of responsibilities affects their social behavior?
A.functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. global perspective

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Analyze the functionalist; interactionist; and conflict views of social institutions.
Topic: Sociological perspectives
Question Category: Application-Perspectives

In The Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels charged that the capitalist system reduces workers to a mere “appendage of the machine,” which leads to extreme
A.motion sickness.
B. alienation.
C. anomie.
D. goal displacement.

Which of the following does Marx and conflict theorists believe is weakened by restricting workers to very small tasks?
A.job security
B. family values
C. economic positions
D. hierarchy of control

The tendency of workers in a bureaucracy to become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems is known as
A.goal displacement.
B. oligarchy.
C. manifest destiny.
D. trained incapacity.

As explained in the text, the public attention given the failure of various government intelligence-gathering organizations to detect the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, illustrates which poorly functioning aspect of government bureaucracy?
A.division of labor
B. hierarchy of authority
C. impersonality
D. employment based on technical qualifications

A college is run by a board of trustees, which hires a president, who in turn selects vice presidents, deans, and other administrators. This is an example of the bureaucratic characteristic of
A.written rules and regulations.
B. division of labor.
C. impersonality.
D. hierarchy of authority.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: List and describe the five basic characteristics of an ideal bureaucracy according to Weber.
Topic: Bureaucracies
Question Category: Application-Concept

Goal displacement is
A.the tendency for workers in a bureaucracy to become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems.
B. a principal of organizational life according to which each individual within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence.
C. overzealous conformity to official regulations within a bureaucracy.
D. the process by which a group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly bureaucratic.

A domestic abuse counselor fails to listen to an injured woman because the woman has no valid proof of U.S. citizenship. This is an example of
A.goal displacement.
B. goal multiplication.
C. trained incapacity.
D. hierarchy of authority.

Which of these comments about a bureaucracy is correct?
A.The division of labor has the positive consequence of producing efficiency in large-scale organizations.
B. The hierarchy of authority has the negative consequence for the individual of depriving employees of a voice in decision making.
C. An organization’s written rules and regulations have the negative consequence of leading to goal displacement.
D. All of these answers are correct.

Which of the following is an example of a negative consequence of bureaucratization?
A.the Peter principle
B. employees deprived of a voice in decision making
C. the stifling of initiative and imagination
D. All of these answers are correct.

The notion that every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence is referred to as
A.goal displacement.
B. the Peter principle.
C. trained incapacity.
D. bureaucracy.

Bureaucratization is
A.an element or process of society that may disrupt a social system or lead to a decrease in stability.
B. organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs.
C. the process by which a group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly bureaucratic.
D. the process through which an organization identifies an entirely new objective because its traditional goals have been either realized or denied.

The “iron law of oligarchy” is a principle
A.of organizational life according to which even democratic organizations will become bureaucracies ruled by a few individuals.
B. under which organizations are established on the basis of common interests.
C. of organizational life according to which each individual in a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence.
D. None of these answers is correct.

Oligarchies emerge because
A.people in leadership roles have skills, knowledge, or charismatic appeal.
B. the most capable people always rise to the top of a bureaucracy, and they are respected by their followers, who permit them to rule unhindered.
C. the rank and file of a movement or organization look to leaders for direction and thereby reinforce the process of rule by a few.
D. people in leadership roles have skills, knowledge, or charismatic appeal; and the rank and file of a movement or organization look to leaders for direction and thereby reinforce the process of rule by a few.

Activists in a large city join forces to create a new organization with the goal of preserving landmark buildings that have historical importance. At first, the organization functions democratically, but over time it is taken over by three people. These leaders establish a bureaucratic structure that helps them to maintain control of the organization. These developments can be best explained by
A.Parkinson’s law.
B. the Peter principle.
C. the iron law of oligarchy.
D. the scientific management approach.

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Bloom’s: Apply
Learning Objective: List and describe the five basic characteristics of an ideal bureaucracy according to Weber.
Topic: Bureaucracies
Question Category: Application-Concept

According to the classical theory of formal organizations, workers are motivated almost entirely by
A.economic rewards.
B. fear of their superiors.
C. norms of conformity to the group.
D. the need for job satisfaction.

Planning based on the human relations approach focuses on
A.the dangers of collective bargaining.
B. the role of people, communication, and participation among the company executives.
C. the conflict perspective’s critique of capitalism.
D. workers’ feelings, frustrations, and emotional needs for job satisfaction in bureaucracies.

The phrase “bureaucracy’s other face,” which refers to the unofficial activities and interactions that are a basic part of daily organizational life, was coined by
A.Peter Blau.
B. James Tucker.
C. Alvin Gouldner.
D. Charles Page.

In a society organized around mechanical solidarity, which of the following tasks would you likely engage in?
A.preparing food
B. building homes
C. making clothing
D. All of these answers are correct.

Émile Durkheim suggested that as a society becomes more complex, the nature of solidarity becomes more
A.mechanical.
B. organic.
C. preservationist.
D. institutionalized.

Ferdinand Tönnies used the term ________ to refer to communities that are large, impersonal, and often urban, with little consensus concerning values or commitment to the group.
A.Gemeinschaft
B. Gesellschaft
C. mechanical solidarity
D. organic solidarity

Ferdinand Tönnies would view hunting-and-gathering societies as examples of a
A.Gemeinschaft.
B. Gesellschaft.
C. Gesundheit.
D. Glockenspiel.

In a small town in the Midwest, all of the children attend the same school and most of the community members attend the same church. Everyone in this community knows everyone else, and they have shared numerous experiences with one another. This community would be characterized by Ferdinand Tönnies with the term
A.Gesellschaft.
B. organic solidarity.
C. mechanical solidarity.
D. Gemeinschaft.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Describe Durkheim’s; Tönnies’s; and Lenski’s approaches to classifying forms of social structure.
Topic: Social structure
Question Category: Application-Concept

Today, Steve went into a grocery store where a stranger checked out his purchases and another stranger bagged his groceries. Then he went to Wendy’s and purchased a hamburger from another stranger, and on his way home he stopped at an intersection, where an unknown police officer raised her hand. These experiences are all characteristic of
A.Gesellschaft relationships.
B. organic solidarity.
C. mechanical solidarity.
D. Gemeinschaft relationships.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Describe Durkheim’s; Tönnies’s; and Lenski’s approaches to classifying forms of social structure.
Topic: Social structure
Question Category: Application-Concept

In Gerhard Lenski’s view, societal organization is highly dependent on its level of
A.farming.
B. education.
C. technology.
D. banking.

An analysis of sociocultural evolution that distinguishes between preindustrial and industrial societies was developed by
A.Ferdinand Tönnies.
B. Gerhard Lenski.
C. Jonathan Kozol.
D. William I. Thomas.

Which of the following can be defined as the long-term trends in societies resulting from the interplay of continuity, innovation, and selection?
A.postmodernism
B. negotiated order
C. industrialization
D. sociocultural evolution

A preindustrial society in which people rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available in order to live is called a(n)
A.agrarian society.
B. hunting-and-gathering society.
C. horticultural society.
D. slash-and-burn farming society.

The Yanomamö, a South American culture, live in a village and spend most of their time searching for food and tending small gardens. Their primary tool is a stone ax, which they use for cutting down trees to expand their gardens. The Yanomamö are an example of a(n)
A.agrarian society.
B. horticultural society.
C. hunting-and-gathering society.
D. postmodern society.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Describe Durkheim’s; Tönnies’s; and Lenski’s approaches to classifying forms of social structure.
Topic: Social structure
Question Category: Application-Concept

In the most technologically advanced form of preindustrial society, members are engaged primarily in food production. They increase their crop yields through such innovations as the plow. This type of society is called a(n)
A.hunting-and-gathering society.
B. agrarian society.
C. horticultural society.
D. postmodern society.

The industrial revolution, pushing societies from agrarian-based economies to those dependent on mechanization, first appeared when?
A.1910-1940
B. 1870-1905
C. 1835-1870
D. 1760-1850

A society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services is called a(n)
A.industrial society.
B. postindustrial society.
C. postmodern society.
D. preindustrial society.

Which of the following was characteristic of the emergence of industrial societies?
A.Families and communities could not continue to function as self-sufficient units.
B. Individuals, villages, and regions began to exchange goods and services and become interdependent.
C. Formal educational institutions developed.
D. All of these answers are correct.

A society whose economic system is engaged in the processing and control of information is called a(n)
A.industrial society.
B. postmodern society.
C. postindustrial society.
D. agrarian society.

A society that is primarily concerned with providing services rather than manufacturing goods is a(n)
A.preindustrial society.
B. postindustrial society.
C. industrial society.
D. postmodern society.

Daniel Bell views postindustrial societies as consensual, because he believes that postindustrial societies are characterized by interest groups concerned with such national issues as health, education, and the environment working for the common good. Bell’s view represents which sociological perspective?
A.functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. feminist perspective

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Describe Durkheim’s; Tönnies’s; and Lenski’s approaches to classifying forms of social structure.
Topic: Social structure
Question Category: Application-Perspectives

Which functionalist theorist views the transition from industrial to postindustrial societies as a positive development because he sees a general decline in organized working-class groups and a rise in interest groups concerned with such national issues as health, education, and the environment?
A.Everett Hughes
B. William I. Thomas
C. Daniel Bell
D. Karl Marx

A technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods and media images is called a(n)
A.preindustrial society.
B. industrial society.
C. postindustrial society.
D. postmodern society.

In the U.S., we listen to music imported from Jamaica, eat sushi and other Japanese foods, and watch movies produced in Italy. These are all features of a(n)
A.preindustrial society.
B. industrial society.
C. postindustrial society.
D. postmodern society.

True / False Questions

The 2004 Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse scandal brought new relevance to the prison experiments conducted using college students in the 1970s.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Explain the relationship between social reality and social interaction.
Topic: Social interaction

In the U.S., the ascribed statuses of race and gender can function as master statuses that have an important impact on one’s potential to achieve a desired professional and social status.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Explain how ascribed status and master status can constrain achieved status.
Topic: Status

Reality is shaped by our definitions—but not our perceptions and evaluations.
FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Explain the relationship between social reality and social interaction.
Topic: Social interaction

Positive age-seniority language distinctions are uncommon in the United States.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: List and summarize the five elements of social structure.
Topic: Status

The last stage of role exit is the departure or disengagement from a role that has been central to one’s identity.
FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Give examples of role conflict; role strain; and role exit
Topic: Role exit

Age is an achieved status.
FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: List and summarize the five elements of social structure.
Topic: Status

Gender is an ascribed status.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: List and summarize the five elements of social structure.
Topic: Status

The mass media are an example of a social institution.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Describe the pitfalls and benefits of social networks and virtual worlds.
Topic: Social networks

Émile Durkheim argued that mechanical solidarity is characteristic of the interdependence of people in a complex society.
FALSE

The sociocultural evolutionary approach emphasizes a developmental perspective and pictures different types of social structures coexisting within the same society.
FALSE

A postmodern society is a technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods and information on a mass scale.
TRUE

Friends and family are examples of social networks.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Describe the pitfalls and benefits of social networks and virtual worlds.
Topic: Social networks

Social networks influence the way in which people behave.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Describe the pitfalls and benefits of social networks and virtual worlds.
Topic: Social networks

Essay Questions

Explain the difference between ascribed and achieved statuses, and give examples to support your answer.

Answers will vary

Bloom’s: Analyze
Learning Objective: Explain how ascribed status and master status can constrain achieved status.
Topic: Status

Discuss how the three major sociological perspectives of functionalism, conflict theory, and interactionism view the role of social institutions in society.

Answers will vary

Bloom’s: Analyze
Learning Objective: Analyze the functionalist; interactionist; and conflict views of social institutions.
Topic: Sociological perspectives

Describe sociologist Gerhard Lenski’s stages of sociocultural evolution and explain how his view differs from that of Émile Durkheim’s mechanical and organic solidarity and Ferdinand Tönnies’s Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft.

Answers will vary

Bloom’s: Analyze
Learning Objective: Describe Durkheim’s; Tönnies’s; and Lenski’s approaches to classifying forms of social structure.
Topic: Social structure

Explain the ways in which a social network can either help or hinder a person.

Answers will vary

Bloom’s: Apply
Learning Objective: Describe the pitfalls and benefits of social networks and virtual worlds.
Topic: Social networks

Describe some of the potential negative consequences of the process of bureaucratization.

Answers will vary

Bloom’s: Analyze
Learning Objective: List and describe the five basic characteristics of an ideal bureaucracy according to Weber.
Topic: Bureaucracies

Sociology A Brief Introduction 11th Edition By Schaefer - Test Bank

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Sociology A Brief Introduction 11th Edition By Schaefer - Test Bank

Description

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Reviews

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