Sociology in Modules 4th Edition By Schaefer - Test Bank

Sociology in Modules 4th Edition By Schaefer – Test Bank

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Sample Questions Are Posted Below

Module 05

What is the Scientific Method?

Multiple Choice Questions

Adler and Adler’s work on self-injury reflects which of the three major sociological approaches?
A.functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. all three major sociological perspectives

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: Outline and describe the steps in the scientific method.
Question Category: Information
Topic: Sociological research

Which one of the following statements is true regarding the subjects of Adler and Adler’s study of self-injurers?
A.Most begin injuring in secret.
B. They are a homogeneous group.
C. Their behavior is carefully planned.
D. Most were driven to it by major stresses in their lives.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: Outline and describe the steps in the scientific method.
Question Category: Information
Topic: Sociological research

Which of the following terms is used to describe a systematic, organized series of steps that ensures maximum objectivity and consistency in researching a problem?
A.scientific method
B. social science
C. experiment
D. value neutrality

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: Outline and describe the steps in the scientific method.
Question Category: Definition
Topic: Scientific method

What is commonly the second step in the scientific method?
A.defining the problem
B. selecting the research design
C. reviewing the literature
D. collecting and analyzing data

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: Outline and describe the steps in the scientific method.
Question Category: Information
Topic: Scientific method

If you were interested in studying the relationship between date and acquaintance rape victims and the characteristics of the rapist, your first step would be to
A.review the literature on date and acquaintance rape.
B. define the problem.
C. create a hypothesis.
D. choose a research design.

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Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: Outline and describe the steps in the scientific method.
Question Category: Application-Concept
Topic: Scientific method

After a sociologist reviews the literature, what is the next step in the process?
A.define the problem
B. generate ideas for future research
C. create a hypothesis
D. choose a research design

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: Outline and describe the steps in the scientific method.
Question Category: Information
Topic: Scientific method

Sociologists conduct a “review of the literature” to
A.refine the problem under study.
B. clarify possible techniques to be used in collecting data.
C. eliminate or reduce the number of avoidable mistakes they make.
D. All of these answers are correct.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: Outline and describe the steps in the scientific method.
Question Category: Information
Topic: Scientific method

An operational definition is
A.a speculative statement about the relationship between two variables.
B. the extent to which a measure provides consistent results.
C. an explanation of an abstract concept that is specific enough to allow a researcher to measure the concept.
D. a relationship between two variables whereby a change in one coincides with a change in the other.

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: Give an example of an operational definition.
Question Category: Definition
Topic: Operational definition

A sociologist who is interested in examining racism in sports might determine what percentage of team owners, general managers, coaches, and managers are members of each racial group. This would be an example of developing a(n)
A.research design.
B. operational definition.
C. hypothesis.
D. theory.

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Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: Give an example of an operational definition.
Question Category: Application-Concept
Topic: Operational definition

A speculative statement about the relationship between two or more variables is known as a
A.correlation.
B. hypothesis.
C. sample.
D. research design.

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: Explain the relationship between hypotheses and variables.
Question Category: Definition
Topic: Hypotheses

The statement “Women who receive welfare are less likely than other women to have babies” is an example of
A.an operational definition.
B. a hypothesis.
C. a research design.
D. an independent variable.

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Learning Objective: Explain the relationship between hypotheses and variables.
Question Category: Application-Concept
Topic: Hypotheses

A variable is
A.a measurable trait or characteristic that is subject to change under different conditions.
B. the extent to which a measure provides consistent results.
C. the unintended influence that observers or experiments can have on their subjects.
D. a speculative statement about the relationship between two traits.

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: Explain the relationship between hypotheses and variables.
Question Category: Definition
Topic: Variables

Income, religion, race, gender, and marital status can all be examples of
A.indexes.
B. scales.
C. variables.
D. operational definitions.

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Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: Explain the relationship between hypotheses and variables.
Question Category: Application-Concept
Topic: Variables

The variable that is hypothesized to cause or influence another variable is referred to by social scientists as a(n)
A.independent variable.
B. dependent variable.
C. spurious variable.
D. operational variable.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: Explain the relationship between hypotheses and variables.
Question Category: Definition
Topic: Variables

Researchers find that pet owners live longer, healthier lives. Within this study, pet ownership is the
A.independent variable.
B. dependent variable.
C. spurious variable.
D. operational variable.

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Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: Explain the relationship between hypotheses and variables.
Question Category: Application-Concept
Topic: Variables

Sociological studies have indicated that people who are married are less likely to commit suicide than people who are divorced. In this example, marital status is a(n)
A.hypothesis.
B. independent variable.
C. dependent variable.
D. index.

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Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: Explain the relationship between hypotheses and variables.
Question Category: Application-Concept
Topic: Variables

Sociological studies have indicated that people who are married are less likely to commit suicide than people who are divorced. In this example, suicide is a(n)
A.hypothesis.
B. independent variable.
C. dependent variable.
D. index.

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Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: Explain the relationship between hypotheses and variables.
Question Category: Application-Concept
Topic: Variables

The race of a criminal offender is found to determine the frequency with which capital punishment is administered. In this example, the frequency with which capital punishment is administered would be considered the
A.hypothesis.
B. independent variable.
C. dependent variable.
D. index.

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Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: Explain the relationship between hypotheses and variables.
Question Category: Application-Concept
Topic: Variables

A factor held constant to test the relative impact of the independent variable is known as a
A.control variable.
B. dependent variable.
C. correlation.
D. cross-tabulation.

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: Explain the relationship between hypotheses and variables.
Question Category: Definition
Topic: Variables

A researcher finds that those who have children at a young age are significantly more likely to have lower levels of education as a result of early childbearing. This would be an example of
A.a hypothesis.
B. a correlation.
C. causal logic.
D. an effect.

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Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: Distinguish correlation from causation.
Question Category: Application-Concept
Topic: Causation

The relationship between a condition or a variable and a particular consequence, with one event leading to the other, is known as
A.observation.
B. causal logic.
C. a correlation.
D. an index.

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: Distinguish correlation from causation.
Question Category: Definition
Topic: Causation

The statement “Eating fewer fats and carbohydrates will lead to weight loss” is an example of
A.causal logic.
B. a dependent variable.
C. an independent variable.
D. a cross tabulation.

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Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: Distinguish correlation from causation.
Question Category: Application-Concept
Topic: Causation

The relationship between two variables whereby a change in one coincides with a change in the other is known as a(n)
A.index.
B. correlation.
C. operational definition.
D. scale.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: Distinguish correlation from causation.
Question Category: Definition
Topic: Correlation

“Data indicate that people who prefer to watch televised news programs are less knowledgeable than those who read newspapers and newsmagazines.” This statement is an example of a(n)
A.causality.
B. correlation.
C. independent variable.
D. law.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: Distinguish correlation from causation.
Question Category: Information
Topic: Correlation

In which type of sample does each member of the entire population being studied have the same chance of being selected?
A.random sample
B. quota sample
C. index sample
D. Roper sample

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: Outline and describe the steps in the scientific method.
Question Category: Definition
Topic: Samples

If researchers wanted to examine the opinions of people listed in a city directory, they might call every tenth or fiftieth or hundredth name listed. This would constitute a
A.scale.
B. control variable.
C. quota sample.
D. random sample.

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Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: Outline and describe the steps in the scientific method.
Question Category: Application-Concept
Topic: Samples

A research measure that provides consistent results is considered
A.valid.
B. reliable.
C. an index.
D. a scale.

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: Outline and describe the steps in the scientific method.
Question Category: Definition
Topic: Reliability

Validity refers to
A.the provision of consistent results.
B. independent, rather than dependent, variables.
C. the accurate measurement of the phenomenon under study.
D. the ethical standards that are followed by sociologists.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: Outline and describe the steps in the scientific method.
Question Category: Information
Topic: Validity

Which of the following would be considered a valid measure of an individual’s intelligence?
A.his or her age
B. the researcher’s opinion
C. the number of years of school completed by the individual
D. None of these answers is correct.

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Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: Outline and describe the steps in the scientific method.
Question Category: Application-Concept
Topic: Validity

What type of sample is specifically used for gathering information about clandestine or difficult-to-identify groups?
A.snowball sample
B. random sample
C. valid sample
D. blind survey

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: Outline and describe the steps in the scientific method.
Question Category: Information
Topic: Samples

True / False Questions

The third step in the scientific method is reviewing the literature.
FALSE

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: Outline and describe the steps in the scientific method.
Topic: Scientific method

In the statement, “The more a person exercises, the longer he or she will live,” longevity is the independent variable.
FALSE

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Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: Explain the relationship between hypotheses and variables.
Topic: Variables

A hypothesis is a speculative statement about the relationship between two or more variables.
TRUE

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: Explain the relationship between hypotheses and variables.
Topic: Hypotheses

Correlations are an indication that causality is always present.
FALSE

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: Distinguish correlation from causation.
Topic: Correlation

A magazine asks its readers to complete a survey that questions them about their sexual practices. Based on the responses that it receives, the magazine publishes an article entitled “The Sexual Practices of Men and Women in the U.S.” This magazine has conducted a valid random sample to support its article.
FALSE

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Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: Outline and describe the steps in the scientific method.
Topic: Research methods

Validity refers to the degree to which a measure or scale truly reflects the phenomenon under study.
TRUE

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: Outline and describe the steps in the scientific method.
Topic: Validity

Selection of a research design will influence both the cost of a research project and the amount of time needed to collect the results of the research.
TRUE

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: Outline and describe the steps in the scientific method.
Topic: Research methods

An interviewer is likely to obtain a higher response rate than a printed survey form would.
TRUE

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: Outline and describe the steps in the scientific method.
Topic: Research methods

Essay Questions

Define the term scientific method and the five basic steps used in the scientific method.

Answer may vary.

Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: Outline and describe the steps in the scientific method.
Topic: Scientific method

Discuss how a researcher might select a random sample of subjects for a research study. Which sample selection methods should researchers use, and which methods should be avoided?

Answer may vary.

Blooms: Analyze
Learning Objective: Outline and describe the steps in the scientific method.
Topic: Samples

Chapter 05

Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure

Multiple Choice Questions

Philip Zimbardo’s study of a simulated prison environment, using college students as prisoners and prison guards,
A.indicated that it is impossible to replicate a “real life” situation in a laboratory.
B. demonstrated that a social structure can influence the type of social interactions that occur.
C. indicated that social interactions are not influenced by social structure characteristics.
D. All of these answers are correct.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: Explain the relationship between social reality and social interaction.
Question Category: Information
Topic: Social interaction

Social interaction is
A.the process of learning norms, values, beliefs, and other requirements for effective participation in social groups.
B. the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships.
C. the ways in which people respond to one another.
D. a series of relationships linking a person directly to others and therefore indirectly to still more people.

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: Explain the relationship between social reality and social interaction.
Question Category: Definition
Topic: Social interaction

According to Herbert Blumer, a distinctive characteristic of human interaction is that
A.the reality of humans is shaped by our perceptions and evaluations.
B. humans respond to behavior based on the meaning we attach to the actions of others.
C. humans interpret or define each other’s actions.
D. All of these answers are correct.

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: Explain the relationship between social reality and social interaction.
Question Category: Information
Topic: Social interaction

Which of the following is true regarding marriage in Japan?
A.Most husbands do not call their wife by name.
B. Husbands say “I love you” more often than those of other nationalities.
C. Most married Japanese couples do not actually love one another.
D. Marriage is considered more a relationship than a social status.

One crucial aspect of the relationship between dominant and subordinate groups is the ability of the dominant group to
A.define a society’s values.
B. define social reality.
C. mold the “definition of the situation.”
D. All of these answers are correct.

When observing that people respond not only to the objective features of a person or situation but also to the meaning that person or situation has for them, William I. Thomas was writing from which perspective?
A.functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. feminist perspective

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: Explain the relationship between social reality and social interaction.
Question Category: Sociologists
Topic: Social interaction
Topic: Sociological perspectives

Which of the following terms refers to the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships?
A.socialization
B. social structure
C. social interaction
D. culture

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: List and summarize the five elements of social structure.
Question Category: Definition
Topic: Social structure

Which term is used by sociologists to refer to any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group or society?
A.status
B. culture
C. social structure
D. Gemeinschaft

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: List and summarize the five elements of social structure.
Question Category: Definition
Topic: Social structure
Topic: Status

Jan, Randy, and Terry are science majors, and when they graduate from college, they find jobs as a nurse, a midwife, and a hospital administrator, respectively. These new positions are examples of
A.statuses.
B. social roles.
C. groups.
D. social networks.

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Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: List and summarize the five elements of social structure.
Question Category: Application-Concept
Topic: Social structure
Topic: Status

Which term is used by sociologists to refer to a set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position or status?
A.social role
B. structural role
C. achieved role
D. ascribed role

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: List and summarize the five elements of social structure.
Question Category: Definition
Topic: Social roles
Topic: Social structure

Which of the following statements about social roles is correct?
A.The roles that belong to a social status are always performed in the same manner.
B. Social roles are always performed in the same manner by those holding ascribed, but not achieved, statuses.
C. Actual performance of a role varies from individual to individual.
D. Role expectations and actual role performances never vary.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: List and summarize the five elements of social structure.
Question Category: Information
Topic: Social roles
Topic: Social structure

Which sociological perspective emphasizes that social roles contribute to a society’s stability by enabling members to anticipate the behavior of others and to pattern their own actions accordingly?
A.functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. feminist perspective

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: List and summarize the five elements of social structure.
Question Category: Information
Topic: Social structure
Topic: Sociological perspectives

A social network is
A.a social structure that derives its existence from the social interactions through which people define and redefine its character.
B. an attempt to reach agreement with others concerning some objective.
C. a series of social relationships that link a person directly to others and therefore indirectly to still more people.
D. the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: List and summarize the five elements of social structure.
Question Category: Definition
Topic: Social networks
Topic: Social structure

Which of the following terms is used to refer to organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs?
A.social networks
B. social institutions
C. functional prerequisites
D. communities

Which of the following is an example of a social institution?
A.the U.S. government
B. a group of passengers on an inner-city bus
C. the members of a stamp-collecting society
D. a children’s playgroup

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: List and summarize the five elements of social structure.
Question Category: Application-Concept
Topic: Social institutions
Topic: Social structure

Ray is an African American who is currently enrolled at a four-year university where he is studying social work. Which of the following is his achieved status?
A.social worker
B. male
C. African American
D. college student

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Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: Explain how ascribed status and master status can constrain achieved status.
Question Category: Application-Concept
Topic: Status

An ascribed status is a social position
A.attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts.
B. “assigned” to a person by society without regard for the person’s unique talents or characteristics.
C. that is earned.
D. that is reached as a result of negotiation.

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: Explain how ascribed status and master status can constrain achieved status.
Question Category: Definition
Topic: Status

Ascribed statuses may be based on an individual’s
A.race.
B. gender.
C. age.
D. All of these answers are correct.

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: Explain how ascribed status and master status can constrain achieved status.
Question Category: Information
Topic: Status

Which of the following is an achieved status?
A.race
B. gender
C. occupation
D. age

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: Explain how ascribed status and master status can constrain achieved status.
Question Category: Information
Topic: Status

Which sociological perspective is especially interested in ascribed statuses because they often confer privileges or reflect a person’s membership in a subordinate group?
A.functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. global perspective

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: Explain how ascribed status and master status can constrain achieved status.
Question Category: Information
Topic: Status

You walk into your women’s studies class, and you look at the person sitting to your left. He is the only male in the class; he is about 20 years old, wears a wedding ring, and carries a bag with a tennis racquet. Which of his characteristics is most likely his master status in the context of this class?
A.his age
B. his marital status
C. his gender
D. his interest in tennis

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Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: Explain how ascribed status and master status can constrain achieved status.
Question Category: Application-Concept
Topic: Status

Which of the following statements about an ascribed status is correct?
A.It is easy to change when an individual becomes older.
B. It has the same social meaning in every society.
C. It is based on an individual’s skills.
D. It is generally biological in origin, but it is significant mainly because of the social meanings attached to it within a given culture.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: Explain how ascribed status and master status can constrain achieved status.
Question Category: Information
Topic: Status

An achieved status is a social position
A.attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts.
B. “assigned” to a person by society without regard for the person’s unique talents or characteristics.
C. that is assigned to an individual at birth.
D. that is given to an individual based upon his or her age, race, or gender.

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: Explain how ascribed status and master status can constrain achieved status.
Question Category: Definition
Topic: Status

An individual can acquire an achieved status by
A.attending school.
B. establishing a friendship.
C. inventing a new product.
D. All of these answers are correct.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: Explain how ascribed status and master status can constrain achieved status.
Question Category: Information
Topic: Status

A master status is a
A.category used by sociologists for any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group or society.
B. social position attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts.
C. status that dominates others and thereby determines a person’s general position within society.
D. series of social relationships linking a person directly to others and therefore indirectly to still more people.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: Explain how ascribed status and master status can constrain achieved status.
Question Category: Definition
Topic: Status

When Malcolm X’s eighth grade teacher ignored Malcolm’s academic and social successes, dismissed his desired career goal of lawyer, and instead suggested he become a carpenter, the teacher was viewing Malcolm’s race as a(n)
A.achieved status.
B. master status.
C. ascribed status.
D. assigned status.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: Explain how ascribed status and master status can constrain achieved status.
Question Category: Information
Topic: Status

Which term is used to refer to incompatible expectations that arise when the same person holds two or more social positions?
A.role strain
B. role conflict
C. role ambiguity
D. role exit

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: Give examples of role conflict, role strain, and role exit.
Question Category: Definition
Topic: Role conflict

Elaine is a clinical sociologist who practices marriage and family therapy. She is also a college professor. One of her current students asks her if she can make an appointment for a therapy session. Elaine tells the student that she will refer her to a colleague because she feels that holding therapy sessions with a student might create
A.role strain.
B. role conflict.
C. role exit.
D. status displacement.

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Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: Give examples of role conflict, role strain, and role exit.
Question Category: Application-Concept
Topic: Role conflict

The difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations is known as
A.role conflict.
B. role strain.
C. role exit.
D. resocialization.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: Give examples of role conflict, role strain, and role exit.
Question Category: Application-Concept
Topic: Role strain

Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh studied
A.role conflict among internal affairs officers in police departments.
B. role exit.
C. social networking among Black businesswomen.
D. sociocultural evolution.

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: Give examples of role conflict, role strain, and role exit.
Question Category: Sociologists
Topic: Role exit

Role exit is defined as
A.the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one’s self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity.
B. a difficulty that occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held by the same person.
C. a difficulty that occurs when incompatible expectations arise within one social position occupied by an individual.
D. a set of expectations of people who occupy a given social position.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: Give examples of role conflict, role strain, and role exit.
Question Category: Definition
Topic: Role exit

In Ebaugh’s four stages of the process of role exit, which of the following is a core element of the first stage?
A.searching for alternatives
B. identity creation
C. doubt
D. action

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: Give examples of role conflict, role strain, and role exit.
Question Category: Information
Topic: Role exit

A(n) ________ is any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who regularly and consciously interact.
A.group
B. negotiation team
C. organic solidarity
D. aggregate

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: List and summarize the five elements of social structure.
Question Category: Definition
Topic: Groups

Which of the following statements about social networks is true?
A.Even network connections that are weak may be useful.
B. Social networks consist exclusively of direct ties to others.
C. Networking in the workplace pays off more for women than for men.
D. Social networks do not benefit those who are unemployed.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: List and summarize the five elements of social structure.
Question Category: Information
Topic: Social networks

Studies have shown that which of the following is true in terms of the use of social networks for job searching and career advancement?
A.Networking pays off more for white men.
B. Men are more likely to rely on classified advertisements.
C. Networking pays off more for women.
D. More female executives use networking than male executives.

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: List and summarize the five elements of social structure.
Question Category: Information
Topic: Social networks

Sociological research that maps sexual relationships among high school students is an example of research on
A.ascribed statuses.
B. role exit.
C. social networks.
D. social institutions.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: List and summarize the five elements of social structure.
Question Category: Information
Topic: Social networks

A group of businesswomen meet on a monthly basis to assist one another in advancing their careers. They give each other job leads and advice, and they invite business leaders to attend their sessions to provide further assistance. This group is an example of
A.role connection.
B. impression management.
C. status assistance.
D. social networking.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: List and summarize the five elements of social structure.
Question Category: Information
Topic: Social networks

Which of the following is true of obesity in regards to social ties?
A.The obese are most frequently in social groups with the non-obese.
B. Weight gain in one person is often related to weight gain of that person’s friends and family.
C. Obese people have few social ties.
D. All of these answers are correct.

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: List and summarize the five elements of social structure.
Question Category: Information
Topic: Social networks

Which sociological perspective suggests that a society or a relatively permanent group must accomplish certain major tasks if it is to survive?
A.functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. feminist perspective

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: Analyze the functionalist, interactionist, and conflict views of social institutions.
Question Category: Information
Topic: Social institutions
Topic: Sociological perspectives

Functional prerequisites are
A.tasks that a society or relatively permanent group must accomplish if it is to survive.
B. organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs.
C. social relationships that link a person directly to others and therefore indirectly to still more people.
D. attempts to reach agreement with others concerning some objective.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: Analyze the functionalist, interactionist, and conflict views of social institutions.
Question Category: Definition
Topic: Social institutions
Topic: Sociological perspectives

Which of the following functional prerequisites was NOT fulfilled by the religious sect known as the Shakers?
A.replacing personnel
B. teaching new recruits
C. producing and distributing goods and services
D. preserving order

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: Analyze the functionalist, interactionist, and conflict views of social institutions.
Question Category: Information
Topic: Social institutions
Topic: Sociological perspectives

The patriotic behavior of U.S. citizens on January 20, 2009, in coming to witness the Inauguration of President Barack Obama represents what kind of functionalist prerequisite?
A.teaching new recruits
B. preserving order
C. replacing personnel
D. providing and maintaining a sense of purpose

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Learning Objective: Analyze the functionalist, interactionist, and conflict views of social institutions.
Question Category: Application-Concept
Topic: Social institutions
Topic: Sociological perspectives

The conflict perspective holds that social institutions
A.maintain the privileges of the powerful individuals and groups within a society.
B. preserve order and equality.
C. train personnel equitably.
D. provide and maintain a sense of basic fairness.

Mitchell Duneier studied the social network and social behavior of whom, as a method of researching the effects of social institutions on them?
A.street corner preachers
B. female word processors
C. warehouse workers
D. tollbooth operators

Mitchell Duneier’s work regarding social networks operates from which sociological perspective?
A.functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. feminist perspective

Which sociological perspective might observe the division of labor among the staff members in a hospital emergency room and focus on how the allocation of responsibilities affects their social behavior?
A.functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. global perspective

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Learning Objective: Analyze the functionalist, interactionist, and conflict views of social institutions.
Question Category: Application-Perspectives
Topic: Social institutions
Topic: Sociological perspectives

In a society organized around mechanical solidarity, which of the following tasks would you likely engage in?
A.preparing food
B. building homes
C. making clothing
D. All of these answers are correct.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: Describe Durkheim’s, Tönnies’s, and Lenski’s approaches to classifying forms of social structure.
Question Category: Definition
Topic: Social structure

Émile Durkheim suggested that as a society becomes more complex, the nature of solidarity becomes more
A.mechanical.
B. organic.
C. preservationist.
D. institutionalized.

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: Describe Durkheim’s, Tönnies’s, and Lenski’s approaches to classifying forms of social structure.
Question Category: Definition
Topic: Social structure

Ferdinand Tönnies used the term ________ to refer to communities that are large, impersonal, and often urban, with little consensus concerning values or commitment to the group.
A.Gemeinschaft
B. Gesellschaft
C. mechanical solidarity
D. organic solidarity

In a small town in the Midwest, all of the children attend the same school and most of the community members attend the same church. Everyone in this community knows everyone else, and they have shared numerous experiences with one another. This community would be characterized by Ferdinand Tönnies with the term
A.Gesellschaft.
B. organic solidarity.
C. mechanical solidarity.
D. Gemeinschaft.

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Learning Objective: Describe Durkheim’s, Tönnies’s, and Lenski’s approaches to classifying forms of social structure.
Question Category: Application-Concept
Topic: Social structure

Ferdinand Tönnies would view hunting-and-gathering societies as examples of a
A.Gemeinschaft.
B. Gesellschaft.
C. Gesundheit.
D. Glockenspiel.

Today, Steve went into a grocery store where a stranger checked out his purchases and another stranger bagged his groceries. Then he went to a fast-food restaurant and purchased a hamburger from another stranger, and on his way home he stopped at an intersection, where an unknown police officer raised her hand. These experiences are all characteristic of
A.Gesellschaft relationships.
B. organic solidarity.
C. mechanical solidarity.
D. Gemeinschaft relationships.

In Gerhard Lenski’s view, societal organization is highly dependent on its level of
A.farming.
B. education.
C. technology.
D. banking.

An analysis of sociocultural evolution that distinguishes between preindustrial and industrial societies was developed by
A.Ferdinand Tönnies.
B. Gerhard Lenski.
C. Jonathan Kozol.
D. William I. Thomas.

Which of the following can be defined as the long-term trends in societies resulting from the interplay of continuity, innovation, and selection?
A.postmodernism
B. negotiated order
C. industrialization
D. sociocultural evolution

A preindustrial society in which people rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available in order to live is called a(n)
A.agrarian society.
B. hunting-and-gathering society.
C. horticultural society.
D. slash-and-burn farming society.

The Yanomamö, a South American culture, live in a village and spend most of their time searching for food and tending small gardens. Their primary tool is a stone ax, which they use for cutting down trees to expand their gardens. The Yanomamö are an example of a(n)
A.agrarian society.
B. horticultural society.
C. hunting-and-gathering society.
D. postmodern society.

In the most technologically advanced form of preindustrial society, members are engaged primarily in food production. They increase their crop yields through such innovations as the plow. This type of society is called a(n)
A.hunting-and-gathering society.
B. agrarian society.
C. horticultural society.
D. postmodern society.

The Industrial Revolution, which took place largely in England, pushing societies from agrarian-based economies to those dependent on mechanization, first appeared when?
A.1910-1940
B. 1870-1905
C. 1835-1870
D. 1760-1830

A society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services is called a(n)
A.industrial society.
B. postindustrial society.
C. postmodern society.
D. preindustrial society.

Which of the following was characteristic of the emergence of industrial societies?
A.Workplaces moved from the family cottage to centralized locations.
B. Individuals, villages, and regions began to exchange goods and services and become interdependent.
C. Formal educational institutions developed.
D. All of these answers are correct.

A society whose economic system is engaged in the processing and control of information is called a(n)
A.industrial society.
B. postmodern society.
C. postindustrial society.
D. agrarian society.

A society that is primarily concerned with providing services rather than manufacturing goods is a(n)
A.preindustrial society.
B. postindustrial society.
C. industrial society.
D. postmodern society.

Daniel Bell views postindustrial societies as consensual, because he believes that postindustrial societies are characterized by interest groups concerned with such national issues as health, education, and the environment working for the common good. Bell’s view represents which sociological perspective?
A.functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. feminist perspective

Which functionalist theorist views the transition from industrial to postindustrial societies as a positive development because he sees a general decline in organized working-class groups and a rise in interest groups concerned with such national issues as health, education, and the environment?
A.Everett Hughes
B. William I. Thomas
C. Daniel Bell
D. Karl Marx

A technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods and media images is called a(n)
A.preindustrial society.
B. industrial society.
C. postindustrial society.
D. postmodern society.

In the United States, we listen to music imported from Jamaica, eat sushi and other Japanese foods, and watch movies produced in Italy. These are all features of a(n)
A.preindustrial society.
B. industrial society.
C. postindustrial society.
D. postmodern society.

A primary group is a small group that is
A.characterized by impersonality, with little intimacy or mutual understanding.
B. characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation.
C. used as a standard for evaluating oneself and one’s behavior.
D. characterized by impersonality and face-to-face associations.

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: Differentiate among the five different types of groups.
Question Category: Definition
Topic: Groups

Which type of group plays a pivotal role in the socialization process and the development of roles and statuses?
A.secondary groups
B. primary groups
C. aggregates
D. formal organizations

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: Differentiate among the five different types of groups.
Question Category: Information
Topic: Groups

Which of the following is likely to be a primary group?
A.all of the players in the National Hockey League
B. the American Civil Liberties Union
C. the members of a neighborhood softball team
D. All of these answers are correct.

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Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: Differentiate among the five different types of groups.
Question Category: Application-Concept
Topic: Groups

Which type of group is most important for socialization?
A.primary groups
B. coalitions
C. out-groups
D. All of these groups are critical for socialization.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: Differentiate among the five different types of groups.
Question Category: Information
Topic: Groups

Which term is used to refer to a formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding?
A.primary group
B. secondary group
C. tertiary group
D. reference group

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: Differentiate among the five different types of groups.
Question Category: Definition
Topic: Groups

Which of the following is most likely to be a secondary group?
A.the members of a small weekly seminar class in cultural diversity
B. the members of a small commune in Idaho
C. the members of the United Nations General Assembly
D. the members of a family

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Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: Differentiate among the five different types of groups.
Question Category: Application-Concept
Topic: Groups

The distinction between “in-groups” and “out-groups” was first made by
A.Erving Goffman.
B. Philip Zimbardo.
C. William Graham Sumner.
D. Charles Horton Cooley.

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: Differentiate among the five different types of groups.
Question Category: Sociologists
Topic: Groups

Any group or category to which people feel they belong is called a(n)
A.dyad.
B. triad.
C. in-group.
D. out-group.

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: Differentiate among the five different types of groups.
Question Category: Definition
Topic: Groups

A group to which people feel they do not belong is called a(n)
A.social network.
B. primary group.
C. reference group.
D. out-group.

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: Differentiate among the five different types of groups.
Question Category: Definition
Topic: Groups

Proper behavior for the in-group is often viewed as unacceptable behavior for the out-group. Sociologist Robert Merton describes this process as the conversion of “in-group virtues” into
A.”in-group vices.”
B. “out-group virtues.”
C. “out-group vices.”
D. goal displacement.

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: Differentiate among the five different types of groups.
Question Category: Information
Topic: Groups

The destructive consequences of tensions between in-groups and out-groups would probably be stressed by which sociological perspective?
A.functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. global perspective

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Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: Differentiate among the five different types of groups.
Question Category: Application-Perspectives
Topic: Groups
Topic: Sociological perspectives

A woman who has not attended school in 13 years enrolls for classes at the local community college. She is afraid that her younger classmates might not accept her. On the first day of class, she observes the clothing styles of her classmates, and after school she goes shopping and purchases similar clothes. Her classmates could be considered
A.a reference group.
B. a secondary group.
C. a focus group.
D. a status group.

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Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: Differentiate among the five different types of groups.
Question Category: Application-Concept
Topic: Groups

Which sociological perspective would emphasize the role of reference groups in setting and enforcing standards of conduct and belief?
A.functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. feminist perspective

Which term is used by sociologists when speaking of any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior?
A.primary group
B. secondary group
C. tertiary group
D. reference group

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: Differentiate among the five different types of groups.
Question Category: Definition
Topic: Groups

A college law enforcement major watches the behavior of television police detectives with great admiration. These detectives could be considered
A.an out-group.
B. a focus group.
C. a triad.
D. a reference group.

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Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: Differentiate among the five different types of groups.
Question Category: Application-Concept
Topic: Groups

Special-purpose groups designed and structured in the interests of maximum efficiency are known as
A.informal organizations.
B. formal organizations.
C. coalitions.
D. primary groups.

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: List and describe the five basic characteristics of an ideal bureaucracy according to Weber.
Question Category: Definition
Topic: Social structure

Formal organizations may vary in
A.size.
B. degree of efficiency.
C. specificity of goals.
D. All of these answers are correct.

Which of the following is an example of a formal organization?
A.a community college basketball team
B. the people in a New York City subway car
C. the General Motors Corporation
D. All of these answers are correct.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: List and describe the five basic characteristics of an ideal bureaucracy according to Weber.
Question Category: Application-Concept
Topic: Social structure

Which one of the following is a typical ascribed status that influences people’s self-images within formal organizations?
A.gender
B. college education
C. job title
D. All of these answers are correct.

A bureaucracy is a(n)
A.two-member group.
B. small group in which there is little intimacy or mutual understanding and in which relationships are impersonal.
C. organization established on the basis of common interest whose members volunteer or even pay to participate.
D. component of formal organization that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency.

Which sociologist emphasized the basic similarity of structure and process found in the otherwise dissimilar enterprises of religion, government, education, and business?
A.Max Weber
B. Suzanne Staggenborg
C. David Sills
D. Norman Denzin

A construct or model that serves as a measuring rod against which specific cases can be evaluated is called a(n)
A.coalition.
B. ideal type.
C. metaphor.
D. questionnaire.

By working at a specific task, people are more likely to become highly skilled and carry out a job with maximum efficiency. This is the rationale for the bureaucratic characteristic of
A.employment based on technical qualifications.
B. hierarchy of authority.
C. division of labor.
D. written rules and regulations.

In The Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels charged that the capitalist system reduces workers to a mere “appendage of the machine,” which leads to extreme
A.motion sickness.
B. alienation.
C. anomie.
D. goal displacement.

Which of the following does Marx and conflict theorists believe is weakened by restricting workers to very small tasks?
A.job security
B. family values
C. economic positions
D. hierarchy of control

The tendency of workers in a bureaucracy to become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems is known as
A.goal displacement.
B. oligarchy.
C. manifest destiny.
D. trained incapacity.

The failure of various government intelligence-gathering organizations to detect the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, illustrates which poorly functioning aspect of government bureaucracy?
A.division of labor
B. hierarchy of authority
C. impersonality
D. employment based on technical qualifications

A college is run by a board of trustees, which hires a president, who in turn selects vice presidents, deans, and other administrators. This is an example of the bureaucratic characteristic of
A.written rules and regulations.
B. division of labor.
C. impersonality.
D. hierarchy of authority.

Goal displacement is
A.the tendency for workers in a bureaucracy to become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems.
B. a principle of organizational life according to which each individual within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence.
C. overzealous conformity to official regulations within a bureaucracy.
D. the process by which a group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly bureaucratic.

A domestic abuse counselor fails to listen to an injured woman because the woman has no valid proof of U.S. citizenship. This is an example of
A.goal displacement.
B. goal multiplication.
C. trained incapacity.
D. hierarchy of authority.

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Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: List and describe the five basic characteristics of an ideal bureaucracy according to Weber.
Question Category: Application-Concept
Topic: Bureaucracies

Which of these comments about a bureaucracy is correct?
A.The division of labor has the positive consequence of producing efficiency in large-scale organizations.
B. The hierarchy of authority has the negative consequence for the individual of depriving employees a voice in decision making.
C. An organization’s written rules and regulations have the negative consequence of leading to goal displacement.
D. All of these answers are correct.

Which of the following is an example of a negative consequence of bureaucratization?
A.the Peter principle
B. employees deprived of a voice in decision making
C. the stifling of initiative and imagination
D. All of these answers are correct.

The untested hypothesis that every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence is referred to as
A.goal displacement.
B. the Peter principle.
C. trained incapacity.
D. bureaucracy.

Bureaucratization is
A.an element or process of society that may disrupt a social system or lead to a decrease in stability.
B. organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs.
C. the process by which a group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly bureaucratic.
D. the process through which an organization identifies an entirely new objective because its traditional goals have been either realized or denied.

The “iron law of oligarchy” is a principle
A.of organizational life according to which even democratic organizations will become bureaucracies ruled by a few individuals.
B. under which organizations are established on the basis of common interests.
C. of organizational life according to which each individual in a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence.
D. None of these answers is correct.

Oligarchies emerge because
A.people in leadership roles have skills, knowledge, or charismatic appeal.
B. the most capable people always rise to the top of a bureaucracy, and they are respected by their followers, who permit them to rule unhindered.
C. the rank and file of a movement or organization look to leaders for direction and thereby reinforce the process of rule by a few.
D. people in leadership roles have skills, knowledge, or charismatic appeal; and the rank and file of a movement or organization look to leaders for direction and thereby reinforce the process of rule by a few.

Activists in a large city join forces to create a new organization with the goal of preserving landmark buildings that have historical importance. At first, the organization functions democratically, but over time it is taken over by three people. These leaders establish a bureaucratic structure that helps them to maintain control of the organization. These developments can be best explained by
A.Parkinson’s law.
B. the Peter principle.
C. the iron law of oligarchy.
D. the scientific management approach.

According to the classical theory of formal organizations, workers are motivated almost entirely by
A.economic rewards.
B. fear of their superiors.
C. norms of conformity to the group.
D. the need for job satisfaction.

Planning based on the human relations approach focuses on
A.the dangers of collective bargaining.
B. the role of people, communication, and participation among company executives.
C. the conflict perspective’s critique of capitalism.
D. workers’ feelings, frustrations, and emotional needs for job satisfaction in bureaucracies.

The phrase “bureaucracy’s other face,” which refers to the unofficial activities and interactions that are a basic part of daily organizational life, was coined by
A.Peter Blau.
B. James Tucker.
C. Alvin Gouldner.
D. Charles Page.

True / False Questions

The 2004 Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse scandal brought new relevance to the 1970s prison experiments conducted with college students at Stanford University.
TRUE

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: Explain the relationship between social reality and social interaction.
Topic: Social interaction

Reality is shaped by our definitions—but not our perceptions and evaluations.
FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: Explain the relationship between social reality and social interaction.
Topic: Social interaction

Positive age-seniority language distinctions are uncommon in the United States.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: Explain how ascribed status and master status can constrain achieved status.
Topic: Status

Age is an achieved status.
FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: Explain how ascribed status and master status can constrain achieved status.
Topic: Status

Gender is an ascribed status.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: Explain how ascribed status and master status can constrain achieved status.
Topic: Status

In the U.S., the ascribed statuses of race and gender can function as master statuses that have an important impact on one’s potential to achieve a desired professional and social status.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: Explain how ascribed status and master status can constrain achieved status.
Topic: Status

The last stage of role exit is the departure or disengagement from a role that has been central to one’s identity.
FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: Give examples of role conflict, role strain, and role exit.
Topic: Role exit

Friends and family are examples of social networks.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: List and summarize the five elements of social structure.
Topic: Social networks

Social networks influence the way in which people behave.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: List and summarize the five elements of social structure.
Topic: Social networks

The mass media are an example of a social institution.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: Analyze the functionalist, interactionist, and conflict views of social institutions.
Topic: Social institutions

Émile Durkheim argued that mechanical solidarity is characteristic of the interdependence of people in a complex society.
FALSE

The sociocultural evolutionary approach emphasizes a developmental perspective and pictures different types of social structures coexisting within the same society.
FALSE

A postmodern society is a technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods and information on a mass scale.
TRUE

One defining characteristic of groups, in sociological terms, is that members of a group share some sense of belonging to that group.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: Differentiate among the five different types of groups.
Topic: Groups

Formal organizations are designed for special purposes but are, unlike bureaucracies, structured for members’ personal goal satisfaction rather than for organizational efficiency.
FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: List and describe the five basic characteristics of an ideal bureaucracy according to Weber.
Topic: Bureaucracies

Essay Questions

Explain the difference between ascribed and achieved statuses, and give examples to support your answer.

Answer may vary.

Blooms: Analyze
Learning Objective: Explain how ascribed status and master status can constrain achieved status.
Topic: Status

Discuss how the three major sociological perspectives of functionalism, conflict theory, and interactionism view the role of social institutions in society.

Answer may vary.

Blooms: Analyze
Learning Objective: Analyze the functionalist, interactionist, and conflict views of social institutions.
Topic: Social institutions
Topic: Sociological perspectives

Explain the ways in which a social network can either help or hinder a person.

Answer may vary.

Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: List and summarize the five elements of social structure.
Topic: Social networks

Describe sociologist Gerhard Lenski’s stages of sociocultural evolution and explain how his view differs from that of Émile Durkheim’s mechanical and organic solidarity and Ferdinand Tönnies’s Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft.

Answer may vary.

Blooms: Analyze
Learning Objective: Describe Durkheim’s, Tönnies’s, and Lenski’s approaches to classifying forms of social structure.
Topic: Social structure

Using the sociological study of group participation following the Virginia Tech shootings of April 2007 as an example, discuss the value of social groups in the face of tragedy. Which appears more valuable at such times: continued participation in established group membership, or participation in groups formed specifically to address a precipitating event such as the shootings? Why might this be the case?

Answer may vary.

Blooms: Analyze
Learning Objective: Differentiate among the five different types of groups.
Topic: Groups

Describe some of the potential negative consequences of the process of bureaucratization.

Answer may vary.

Blooms: Analyze
Learning Objective: List and describe the five basic characteristics of an ideal bureaucracy according to Weber.
Topic: Bureaucracies

Sociology in Modules 4th Edition By Schaefer - Test Bank

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Sociology in Modules 4th Edition By Schaefer - Test Bank

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