Sociology in Our Times The Essentials 11th Edition by Diana Kendall - Test Bank Instant Download - Complete Test Bank With Answers Sample Questions Are Posted Below True / False 1. It is possible for a secondary group or an aggregate to become a primary group. a. True b. …
$19.99
Sociology in Our Times The Essentials 11th Edition by Diana Kendall – Test Bank
Instant Download – Complete Test Bank With Answers
Sample Questions Are Posted Below
| True / False |
1. It is possible for a secondary group or an aggregate to become a primary group.
|
2. Some sociologists believe that virtual communities established on the Internet do not constitute true communities because virtual communities lack geographic and social boundaries, which contradicts the original concept of community that emphasizes local place.
|
3. People will always accept the values of the groups of which they are members.
|
4. Fiona is a 6-year-old girl who attends playschool. Her network will consist of her friends and her family, her teachers, her peers, everyone she knows of, and everyone who knows of her.
|
5. In the context of the functionalist perspective on leadership, expressive leadership is task oriented, whereas instrumental leadership provides emotional support for members.
|
6. Larger groups typically have less solidarity and more formalized leadership than smaller groups.
|
7. Only secondary groups have leaders; primary groups do not.
|
8. In times of crisis, such as a war or natural disaster, democratic leaders are likely to be commended for their decisive actions, whereas authoritarian leaders are likely to be criticized for being dictatorial and for fostering intergroup hostility.
|
9. In his series of experiments, Asch found that virtually no one was willing to stand up to group pressure and give the correct response.
|
10. Milgram’s study provides evidence that obedience to even seemingly unreasonable authority may be more common than most of us would like to believe.
|
11. In government and other high-level professional organizations, individuals are more likely to advocate for their own professional opinions rather than to succumb to the pressure of the group.
|
12. In our rapidly changing society, formal organizations continually undergo significant changes in the way they are structured.
|
13. A person’s gender is the most significant predictor of whether that person will join a mainstream normative organization.
|
14. People voluntarily become members of utilitarian organizations.
|
15. According to Weber, most modern bureaucracies will fit his ideal type and have all of the characteristics that he described.
|
16. Weber’s theory does not account for the informal side of bureaucracy.
|
17. Goal displacement occurs when the rules of an organization become more important than achievement of the actual goals.
|
18. Sean works as a software developer in an IT company and performs the highly specialized task of designing mobile applications. His coworker Georgia works as a content developer for these mobile applications. As such, both Sean and Georgia perform specialized tasks. When Georgia is unable to come up with suitable content for one of the applications designed by Sean, she asks him to provide solutions to the problem. However, Sean is unable to do so because he has become highly specialized. This is an example of trained incapacity.
|
19. Impersonality and focus on technical ability within bureaucracies make them resistant to inequality based on race, gender, and class.
|
20. Gender and racial/ethnic inequalities tend to be perpetuated in bureaucracies.
|
21. All organizations encounter the iron law of oligarchy. This is evident even in the U.S. Congress. Officials elected to Congress frequently choose to serve multiple terms in office because it provides them with the opportunity to become more involved not only in service to their country but also in bureaucratic power.
|
22. In the Japanese model of organization, managers move through various parts of the organization and acquire technical
|
| Multiple Choice |
23. A(n) __________ is a collection of two or more people who interact frequently with one another, share a sense of belonging, and have a feeling of interdependence.
|
24. A major difference between aggregates and social groups is that people in aggregates:
|
25. Students walking to class, shoppers in a department store, and people lined up to buy tickets are examples of __________.
|
26. A(n) __________ is a number of people who may never have met one another but share a similar characteristic (such as education level, age, race, or gender).
|
27. The least amount of interaction between members occurs in a(n) __________.
|
28. Women with blue eyes, people who wear contact lenses, people over 7 feet tall, and college men who belong to a fraternity are each an example of a(n) __________.
|
29. Sociologist Charles H. Cooley used the term __________ to describe a small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time.
|
30. The sociologist who first defined the differences between primary and secondary groups is __________.
|
31. George and Finn have been friends for the past 12 years. They met in college and now live in the same neighborhood. Both regularly share their problems with and seek advice from each other. Both have toddlers and often share their experiences of fatherhood as well. In this scenario, George and Finn form a(n) __________.
|
32. Cooley coined the term __________ to refer to a larger, more specialized group in which the members engage in impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.
|
33. The term for people with whom we have primary relationships and those in our primary groups is __________.
|
34. Annette, Joshua, Sandra, and Luis are college students who met for the first time in a sociology class. They study together and refer to each other’s notes. Otherwise, they see each other only occasionally when their paths cross between classes. Sociologists would term them a(n) __________.
|
35. Emma started taking French classes six weeks ago. Her class had a total of 15 students who met every Friday for an hour to learn French. Initially, the students engaged only in impersonal conversations. However, gradually, as they got to know each other better, they became friends and started having personal, emotion-based conversations with each other. They also started meeting outside the class. Which of the following statements does this scenario exemplify?
|
36. Sociologist __________ coined the terms ingroup and outgroup to describe people’s feelings toward members of their own and other groups.
|
37. Rishi is a member of a reading group. The group meets every Wednesday to read works of literature and analyze them. Rishi identifies with the group members and feels a sense of belonging with them. From Rishi’s perspective, the reading group is an example of a(n) __________.
|
38. Sean is a member of The Artists, a theater club in his college. Despite performing well, his club has lost many theater competitions to Rendezvous, a rival theater club. Sean feels hostile toward the members of Rendezvous. In this context, Rendezvous is an example of a(n) __________.
|
39. Cody is a member of Devil’s Feet, a street gang in New York. The other gangs in his neighborhood are Satan’s Beasts and The Dark Souls. Cody feels a sense of identity with other members of his gang, but he feels hostile toward the members of Satan’s Beasts and The Dark Souls. In this scenario, Satan’s Beasts and The Dark Souls are examples of __________.
|
40. Which of the following characteristics do virtual communities and face-to-face communities have in common?
|
41. Rebecca is a member of The Soulfuls, a music band in her college, and feels a sense of identity with her band members. Music Maestros is a music band of another college that frequently beats The Soulfuls in music competitions. As a result, Rebecca feels hostile toward the members of Music Maestros. In this context, The Soulfuls is an example of a(n) __________, whereas Music Maestros is an example of a(n) __________.
|
42. Many clubs have “Members Only” signs to indicate that the organization does not welcome outsiders within club walls. Members of such clubs develop __________, which is the awareness of club members that they share important commonalities with other members.
|
43. Members of a country club, a sorority or a fraternity, or even a group of friends share values and beliefs and are aware of those who they believe are like them. Sociologists term this awareness __________.
|
44. Which of the following terms does not fit with the concept of ingroup as well as the other terms?
|
45. Katy is a member of the literature club in her college, but she neither accepts nor follows the values and norms of the club. She, however, follows the norms and values portrayed by the members of her college sorority because she wants to become a member of the sorority. In this scenario, Katy’s college sorority is an example of a(n) __________.
|
46. A reference group differs from an ingroup in that:
|
47. Jocelyn is a junior at the local university and wants to join the student union of her university. The union allows only second-, third-, and fourth-year students to become members. In preparation for her membership, Jocelyn starts following the norms and values of the student union and acts more like the members of the union than her peers. In this context, the student union is an example of a(n) __________ for Jocelyn.
|
48. Many __________ believe that groups and organizations are generally characterized by superficiality and depthlessness in social relationships because employee interactions with customers are largely scripted and customer behavior and responses are often tried-and-tested ways of dealing with employees.
|
49. __________ cannot always be met by one person, so being in a group enables one to complete tasks or fulfill a specific goal.
|
50. __________ are met by opportunities of self-expression and support from family, friends, and peers
|
51. __________ suggest that groups involve unequal power relationships so that all members of a group are not equally likely to have their needs met.
|
52. Which of the following is a purpose of groups according to classical functionalist theorists?
|
53. Which of the following types of theorists is most likely to note the scripted nature of interaction in contemporary society (for example between employees and customers in a fast-food restaurant)?
|
54. Dyads are different from triads because:
|
55. Which of the following sociologists first suggested that small groups have interaction patterns that do not exist in larger groups?
|
56. Two best friends, married couples, and domestic partnerships are each an example of a(n) __________.
|
57. Rebecca and Farah have been best friends since fourth grade. They have grown up together and have shared everything with each other. However, when Farah meets Alison at college and makes it a point to include her in all the activities that Rebecca and Farah used to do together, the nature of Rebecca and Farah’s relationship and their interactions changes. In this scenario, the change in Farah and Rebecca’s relationship is most likely because of __________.
|
58. Ali and Mark have been best friends since kindergarten and now attend the same classes at the same college. They always work together for projects that require students to work in groups of two. However, when one of the professors requires students to work in groups of three and assigns members to the preexisting groups of two, Ali and Mark form an alliance to ensure that only their ideas and opinions are considered for the project. This makes Theo, the third member of their group, feel like an outsider. In this scenario, Ali and Mark have formed a(n) __________ against Theo.
|
59. A(n) __________ is an alliance created in an attempt to reach a shared objective or goal.
|
60. The turnout for a protest against a new U.S. legislation that increased taxation on the middle class was 450. Opponents of this group argued that most people in the middle class did not consider the legislation to be a problem because the turnout for the protest was low when compared with the number of people who belong to the middle class in the United States. In this scenario, 450 refers to the protesting group’s __________.
|
61. __________ refers to the number of potential members a group can have.
|
62. From a __________, if groups exist to meet the instrumental and expressive needs of their members, then leaders are responsible for helping the group meet those needs.
|
63. __________ refers to goal- or task-oriented leadership.
|
64. Who among the following is most likely to be effective in times of crisis?
|
65. Latisha is a member of a group working on a research project for a class assignment. Whenever the group meets, other members are easily sidetracked and Latisha is always trying to keep the group focused on the assignment. Latisha would be considered the __________ of the group.
|
66. __________ provides emotional support for members.
|
67. __________ is most appropriate when the group is dealing with emotional issues and when harmony, solidarity, and high morale are needed.
|
68. Joaquin is a member of a group working on a project for his biology class. Whenever the group meets, there is conflict among several group members, and this upsets the other members of the group. Joaquin is continuously trying to improve group harmony and reduce the conflict in the group. Joaquin would be considered the __________ of the group.
|
69. Who among the following is most likely an authoritarian leader?
|
70. In times of crisis, such as a war or natural disaster, __________ may be commended for their decisive actions. In other situations, however, they may be criticized for being dictatorial and for fostering intergroup hostility.
|
71. Some inexperienced backpackers are preparing to settle in for the night when they realize that someone in the group is missing. The __________ of leadership would be most effective in this situation.
|
72. A teacher gives students ideas for an assignment but encourages them to be creative and pick their own subject and format. In this case, the teacher is using a(n) __________.
|
73. Leaders using the __________ of leadership may be praised for their expressive, supportive behavior toward group members, but they may also be blamed for being indecisive in times of crisis.
|
74. Leaders using the __________ of leadership are only minimally involved in decision making and encourage group members to make their own decisions.
|
75. Sarah’s supervisor has been informed that she consistently extends her lunch break by 30 minutes. He chooses to take a passive approach to this problem, hoping that it will fix itself. Which of the following styles of leadership is the supervisor exhibiting?
|
76. Sociologists refer to the process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply with the norms established by a society, subculture, or other group as __________.
|
77. In his study of conformity, Solomon Asch found that __________.
|
78. After conducting his research, Solomon Asch concluded that __________.
|
79. Kevin, a junior lawyer at a law firm, follows the direct orders of Philip, his supervisor. He complies with the orders of Philip because Philip is in a position of authority and his feedback would determine whether Kevin gets promoted. This scenario most likely exemplifies the concept of __________.
|
80. The research conducted by Stanley Milgram and his colleagues provides evidence that obedience to authority __________.
|
81. In Stanley Milgram’s experiments on people’s obedience to authority, the “teachers” were asked to give an electric shock to the “learners” as punishment for giving incorrect answers to questions and to increase the shock level by 15 volts for every incorrect response. Despite being told that the shocks may be extremely painful, none of the teachers challenged the process before they had applied __________ volts.
|
82. Almost __________ of Stanley Milgram’s research subjects went all the way to what could have been a deadly jolt of electricity if the shock generator had been real.
|
83. Steve, a high school student, is attending a biology class. When the teacher asks each student in the class to recall the function of the sympathetic nervous system, all the students who were asked the question before him incorrectly recall the function. Despite knowing the correct answer, Steve repeats the answer given by other students because of group pressure. This scenario exemplifies the concept of __________.
|
84. Social psychologist __________ examined group decision making among political experts and found that major blunders in U.S. history can be attributed to pressure toward group conformity.
|
85. __________ is the term used to refer to the process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is unwise.
|
86. The leader of a work group has proposed a solution to a problem. Some group members believe that the solution will lead to negative results. However, instead of discussing their concerns, they decide not to challenge the leader’s authority. The result is an unwise decision. In this case, the group has experienced __________.
|
87. In 2010, concerns about cost overruns and staying on schedule kept executives of BP, Halliburton, and Transocean from sharing information and concerns with each other. The result was a shared assumption of safety that ultimately resulted in the explosion of a BP oil rig and an unprecedented environmental disaster. The failure to express concerns and confront potential risk is an example of __________.
|
88. A(n) __________ is a highly structured secondary group formed for the purpose of achieving specific goals in the most efficient manner.
|
89. Who among the following is a member of a normative organization?
|
90. We voluntarily join __________ when we want to pursue some common interest or gain personal satisfaction or prestige from being a member.
|
91. Political parties, ecological activist groups, religious organizations, parent–teacher associations, and college sororities and fraternities are examples of __________ because people voluntarily join these organizations to pursue a common goal or a shared interest.
|
92. A person’s class (socioeconomic status based on a person’s education, occupation, and income) is the most significant predictor of whether he or she will participate in a mainstream __________.
|
93. People do not voluntarily become members of __________.
|
94. Total institutions, such as boot camps, prisons, and some mental hospitals, are examples of __________.
|
95. We voluntarily join __________ when they can provide us with a material reward we seek.
|
96. Who among the following is a member of a utilitarian organization?
|
97. Which of the following is an ideal characteristic of bureaucracies as identified by Weber?
|
98. A(n) __________ is an organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in personnel matters.
|
99. Weber used the term __________ to refer to the process by which traditional, informal, and spontaneous methods of social organization are gradually replaced by efficiently administered formal rules and procedures.
|
100. Which of the following sociologists applied ideal-type analysis and borrowed from the field of economics to study bureaucracies?
|
101. A(n) __________ is an abstract model that describes the recurring characteristics of some phenomenon (such as bureaucracy).
|
102. A college president need not be effective in designing promotional brochures. A corporate executive need not be able to program the department’s computer system. These examples illustrate __________ in a bureaucratic organization.
|
103. A school district is run by a board of elected officials, which hires a superintendent, who, in turn, selects principals for its schools and other administrative staff. The principals and staff members report to and are controlled by the superintendent, who, in turn, reports to and is supervised by the school board. This is an example of the bureaucratic characteristic of __________.
|
104. Which of the following is a criticism of Weber’s ideal-type analysis of bureaucracies?
|
105. Which of the following is a weakness of bureaucracies in contemporary nations?
|
106. The text uses the expression “bureaucracy’s other face” to refer to __________.
|
107. The “grapevine” spreads information (with varying degrees of accuracy) much faster than do official channels of communication, which tend to be slow and unresponsive. Within a bureaucracy, the “grapevine” is an example of __________.
|
108. A homeless man appears at the door of a shelter 10 minutes after the deadline for intake. He is refused shelter for the night because he arrived late. In the context of the problems that arise within bureaucracies as a result of strict adherence to rules and regulations, this scenario is an example of __________.
|
109. Several employees at a fast-food restaurant call in sick at the last minute. The manager tries to fill in but doesn’t know how to run the drive-through intercom or use the machines installed in the kitchen or perform basic tasks such as customer billing. This is because the manager performs the specialized task of supervising his team members and has become so accustomed to it that he is unable to perform other basic tasks. In the context of the problems that arise within bureaucracies as a result of division of labor, this scenario exemplifies __________.
|
110. The term bureaucratic personality refers to __________.
|
111. The tendency of bureaucracies to be ruled by a few people is termed the iron law of __________.
|
112. Within a bureaucracy, leaders have access to information that others in the organization do not have. This is one of the primary reasons for the emergence of __________.
|
113. Part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes __________.
|
| Subjective Short Answer |
114. Differentiate between the sociological concepts of groups, aggregates, and categories with examples.
|
115. Differentiate between primary and secondary groups and explain how people’s relationships differ in each.
|
116. Define the terms ingroup, outgroup, and reference group and explain the significance of these concepts in everyday life with the help of personal experiences.
|
117. Explain the purpose of groups from functionalist, conflict, symbolic interactionist, and postmodernist perspectives.
|
118. Define dyads and triads and explain the effect of group size on interaction patterns with emphasis on coalitions.
|
119. Describe the three major styles of group leadership with examples and explain the contexts in which they are most appropriate.
|
120. Explain the concept of groupthink and why it can be dangerous for organizations using the explosion of the BP Deepwater Horizon oil rig as an example.
|
121. Define normative, coercive, and utilitarian organizations and give an example of each.
|
122. Describe the five ideal-type characteristics of bureaucratic organizations set forth by Weber and explain how they may lead to problems within bureaucracies with the help of real-world examples.
|
123. Explain the concept of trained incapacity and its relevance for bureaucracy.
|
124. Describe the iron law of oligarchy and explain why bureaucratic hierarchies and oligarchies go hand in hand.
|
| Essay |
125. Describe sociologist William Graham Sumner’s concepts of ingroups and outgroups. Explain the positive and negative consequences of both ingroups and outgroups for members.
|
126. Define conformity and provide an example. Describe the research of Solomon Asch and explain its contributions to our understanding of group conformity.
|
127. Describe the research of Stanley Milgram and explain its contributions to our understanding of obedience to authority. What were some possible ethical problems with Milgram’s research?
|
128. Describe the informal side of a bureaucracy and discuss its positive and negative aspects with the help of examples.
|
129. Discuss social psychologist Irving Janis’s concept of groupthink, including how it emerges, and give examples that illustrate its potentially negative consequences.
|
130. Summarize Weber’s concept of rationality within organizations and explain the extent to which Weber’s theory of rationality and his ideal-type characteristics of bureaucratic organizations apply to contemporary organizations with the help of a real-world example.
|
131. Describe the major shortcomings of bureaucracies with the help of examples. Emphasize the concepts of goal displacement, ritualism, and gender/racial inequality in your answer.
|
132. In the context of humanizing bureaucracies, explain how the Japanese model of organization differs from the U.S. model in terms of job security, management orientation, organizational culture, flow of information, and employee development.
|
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
