The Science of Psychology An Appreciative View 5th Edition - Test Bank

The Science of Psychology An Appreciative View 5th Edition – Test Bank

 

Instant Download – Complete Test Bank With Answers

 

 

Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

Chapter 06

Test Bank

1. ________ is a systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.
2. A. Learning
3. Binding
4. Convergence
5. Sensation

APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Summarize the types of learning.

Page: 178

Topic: Learning

2. Which of the following statements is true of behaviorism as a theory of learning?
3. Behaviorism focuses solely on unobservable mental processes.
4. Behaviorism places primary importance on mental activities such as thinking, wishing, and hoping.
5. C. Behaviorism maintains that the principles of learning are the same whether one is talking about humans or nonhuman animals.
6. Behaviorism maintains that learning occurs through the observation and imitation of behavior.

APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Summarize the types of learning.

Page: 178

Topic: Learning

3. Psychologists who examine learning from a behavioral perspective define learning as
4. a process that is solely controlled by unobservable behaviors.
5. B. the relatively stable, observable changes in behavior.
6. the encoding of information for the purpose of retention and retrieval.
7. a form of problem solving in which an organism develops a sudden insight into a problem.

APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Summarize the types of learning.

Page: 178

Topic: Learning

4. Which of the following statements is true of associative learning?
5. A. It occurs when an organism makes a connection between two events.
6. It occurs when a person observes and imitates another’s behavior.
7. It occurs as a result of exposure to models performing a skill.
8. It occurs as a result of direct consequences.

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Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Summarize the types of learning.

Page: 178

Topic: Associative Learning

Topic: Learning

5. In the context of learning, which of the following statements is true of conditioning?
6. It occurs when a person observes and imitates another’s behavior.
7. B. It is the process of learning the associations between two events.
8. It requires a learner to pay attention, remember, and reproduce what a model did.
9. It is a process of learning that requires exposure to models performing a skill.

APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Summarize the types of learning.

Page: 178

Topic: Learning

6. Which of the following statements is true of classical conditioning?
7. A. In classical conditioning, organisms learn the association between two stimuli.
8. In classical conditioning, organisms learn the association between a behavior and a consequence.
9. As a result of classical conditioning, organisms learn to increase behaviors that are followed by rewards.
10. As a result of classical conditioning, organisms learn to decrease behaviors that are followed by punishment.

APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

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Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 178

Topic: Classical Conditioning

7. Millie doesn’t like waiting in line. Whenever she goes to the local supermarket, she has to wait at least 20 minutes in line. So, she decides to buy all her groceries online instead. In this scenario, Millie is demonstrating
8. positive reinforcement.
9. B. operant conditioning.
10. observational learning.
11. implicit learning.

APA Outcome: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

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Bloom’s: Apply

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 178

Topic: Operant Conditioning

8. Ryan receives a scolding from his mother every time he picks his nose. Fearing retribution, Ryan hesitates to pick his nose whenever his mother is present with him. In this scenario, Ryan is demonstrating
9. A. operant conditioning.
10. classical conditioning.
11. observational learning.
12. implicit learning.

APA Outcome: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 178

Topic: Operant Conditioning

9. In operant conditioning, organisms learn
10. A. the association between a behavior and a consequence.
11. that conditioned stimuli cause unconditioned stimuli.
12. by exclusively relying on mental processes.
13. to act by imitating others.

APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 178

Topic: Operant Conditioning

10. Emma, a chemistry teacher for eighth grade, plays a video in class to demonstrate the process of conducting a basic experiment in chemistry. Her students are required to watch the video attentively, remember all the steps and safety instructions, and reproduce the same experiment independently. Which of the following is best illustrated when the students reproduce the experiment?
11. operant conditioning
12. classical conditioning
13. C. observational learning
14. latent learning

APA Outcome: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

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Bloom’s: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Summarize the types of learning.

Page: 179

Topic: Observational Learning

11. Observational learning is different from the associative learning described by behaviorism because observational learning
12. requires a person to be as unique as possible.
13. requires a permanent change in behavior.
14. C. relies on mental processes.
15. relies on competing stimuli.

APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

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Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Summarize the types of learning.

Page: 179

Topic: Observational Learning

12. Identify a true statement about classical conditioning.
13. A. It is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.
14. In classical conditioning, organisms learn the association between a behavior and a consequence.
15. Classical conditioning focuses on the association between behaviors and the stimuli that follow them.
16. It is a form of associative learning, also known as instrumental conditioning, in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior’s recurrence.

APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 179

Topic: Classical Conditioning

13. Jack always takes his dog out for a walk in the morning. Whenever Jack puts the leash on his dog, the dog gets very excited about going for a walk. In this scenario, the dog has learned to associate the leash with going for a walk through
14. A. classical conditioning.
15. operant conditioning.
16. insight learning.
17. observational learning.

APA Outcome: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

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Bloom’s: Apply

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 179

Topic: Classical Conditioning

14. Which of the following statements best describes classical conditioning?
15. It is a form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior’s occurrence.
16. B. It is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.
17. It is a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem’s solution.
18. It is a form of learning that occurs through observing and imitating another’s behavior.

APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

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Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 179

Topic: Classical Conditioning

15. ________ was the Russian physiologist who demonstrated that neutral aspects of the environment can attain the capacity to evoke responses through pairing with other stimuli and that bodily processes can be influenced by environmental cues.
16. A. Ivan Pavlov
17. John B. Watson
18. B. F. Skinner
19. E. L. Thorndike

APA Outcome: 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy

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Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 180

Topic: Classical Conditioning

16. Which of the following best exemplifies a reflex?
17. A child drinks water after eating spicy food.
18. A woman puts her coat on before stepping out into the cold.
19. A child runs out to watch a fire engine drive by.
20. D. A man salivates while watching a chef fry a sausage.

APA Outcome: 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 181

Topic: Classical Conditioning

17. Tina’s eyes water every time she chops onions. Her response is an example of a
18. habit.
19. B.
20. conditioned response.
21. voluntary behavior.

APA Outcome: 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy

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Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 181

Topic: Classical Conditioning

18. Which of the following statements is true of unconditioned stimuli?
19. A. They produce a response without prior learning.
20. They are previously neural stimuli that eventually elicit a conditioned response.
21. They are neural stimuli that cause synesthesia.
22. They cause neurotransmitters to be absorbed by ganglia.

APA Outcome: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 181

Topic: Classical Conditioning

19. Which of the following statements is true of unconditioned responses?
20. A. They are involuntary.
21. They happen in response to a stimulus with conscious effort.
22. They are neural stimuli that cause synesthesia.
23. They are learned reactions.

APA Outcome: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

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Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 181

Topic: Classical Conditioning

20. Matt’s school ends at 3 in the afternoon. So, whenever it becomes three in the afternoon, he feels happy even if he is not in school. In this scenario, Matt has learned to associate a fixed timing with happiness through
21. A. classical conditioning.
22. observational learning.
23. preparedness.
24. imitation.

APA Outcome: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 181

Topic: Classical Conditioning

21. John, a six-year-old boy, loves dogs. However, after being bitten by one, he starts to fear dogs. Which of the following is true in the context of classical conditioning?
22. The dog is an innately meaningful stimulus before it bites John.
23. The pain that John experiences after being bitten is a neutral stimulus.
24. The pain that John experiences after being bitten is a conditioned response.
25. D. The dog becomes a conditioned stimulus after it bites John.

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Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 181

Topic: Classical Conditioning

22. Which of the following is true of Ivan Pavlov’s experiment on classical conditioning?
23. A. The bell was a neutral stimulus before it was paired with the meat powder.
24. The dog’s salivation in response to the bell was an unconditioned response.
25. The bell was a conditioned stimulus before it was paired with the meat powder.
26. The dog’s salivation in response to the meat powder was a conditioned response.

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Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 181

Topic: Classical Conditioning

23. Identify a true statement about Ivan Pavlov’s studies on classical conditioning.
24. A. The bell was a neutral stimulus prior to being paired with the meat powder.
25. The bell became an unconditioned stimulus after being paired with the meat powder.
26. The dog’s salivation in response to the ringing of the bell became an unconditioned response.
27. The meat powder was a conditioned stimulus prior to being paired with the ringing of the bell.

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Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 181

Topic: Classical Conditioning

24. In Pavlov’s experiments on classical conditioning, prior to associating the sound of the bell with the food, the dog’s salivation in response to the food was the
25. negative reinforcement.
26. positive reinforcement.
27. C. unconditioned response.
28. conditioned response.

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Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 181

Topic: Classical Conditioning

25. In Pavlov’s experiments on classical conditioning, the dog began to associate the sound of the bell with the food and salivated when it heard the bell because the bell had become a(n)
26. A. conditioned stimulus.
27. unconditioned stimulus.
28. conditioned response.
29. unconditioned response.

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Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 181

Topic: Classical Conditioning

26. In Pavlov’s experiments on classical conditioning, the dog salivated each time the food was presented. The dog’s response to the food was a(n)
27. A. unconditioned response.
28. negative reinforcer.
29. positive reinforcer.
30. conditioned response.

APA Outcome: 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy

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Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 181

Topic: Classical Conditioning

27. Jessica loves to go to the park. However, after three separate incidents of violence over the course of two years in a park, she begins to fear going to parks. In this scenario, in the context of classical conditioning, Jessica’s fear of parks is a(n)
28. unconditioned stimulus.
29. unconditioned response.
30. conditioned stimulus.
31. D. conditioned response.

APA Outcome: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

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Bloom’s: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 181

Topic: Classical Conditioning

28. Which of the following best exemplifies an innate unconditioned stimulus–unconditioned response connection?
29. A. a child sneezing after accidently inhaling pepper
30. a child throwing a temper tantrum
31. a girl raising her hand before asking a question in class
32. a boy learning to ride a bicycle by watching his older brother ride his bicycle

APA Outcome: 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy

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Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 181

Topic: Classical Conditioning

29. Boris uses classical conditioning to teach his goldfish to swim to the surface of its tank to eat whenever Boris turns on the aquarium light. He drops food into the tank and then turns on the light. After several such trials, the fish shows no more inclination to swim to the surface when the light is turned on than it did on the first trial. In the context of classical conditioning, which of the following should Boris do to improve his training technique?
30. A. He should turn on the light before he drops the food into the tank.
31. He should intermittently turn the light on and off during feeding time.
32. He should drop something other than food into the tank to alert the fish.
33. He should provide more food than usual during the trials.

APA Outcome: 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy

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Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 182

Topic: Classical Conditioning

30. Dr. Meyer is known for his difficult pop quizzes. Immediately before he announces a pop quiz to his students, he walks to the classroom door and closes it. His students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz whenever Dr. Meyer closes the classroom door. In the context of classical conditioning, closing the door has become a(n)
31. A. conditioned stimulus.
32. unconditioned stimulus.
33. unconditioned response.
34. conditioned response.

APA Outcome: 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy

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Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 182

Topic: Classical Conditioning

31. Alex and his family moved into an apartment on the 98th floor of a building. The first few times that Alex used the elevator, his ears popped and Alex found the sensation uncomfortable. As a result, whenever Alex enters a building with an elevator, he feels his ears pop before he gets to the elevator. In the context of classical conditioning, which of the following is the conditioned response?
32. Alex’s ears popping in the elevator
33. Alex entering his building elevator the first time
34. Alex entering any building with an elevator
35. D. Alex’s ears popping when he enters a building with an elevator

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Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 182

Topic: Classical Conditioning

32. Henry loves animals and has always wanted a pet animal. However, when he met his neighbor’s dog, it bit him. Now, Henry stays away from dogs. In this scenario, in the context of classical conditioning, Henry’s fear of dogs is a(n)
33. A. conditioned response.
34. positive reinforcer.
35. neutral reinforcer.
36. unconditioned response.

APA Outcome: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

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Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 181

Topic: Classical Conditioning

33. Ron had to undergo a painful medical procedure in a hospital when he was a child. Now, every time Ron walks past a hospital, he gets anxious and nauseated. In this scenario, in the context of classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is the
34. hospital.
35. B. painful procedure.
36. anxious reaction.
37. nausea.

APA Outcome: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

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Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 182

Topic: Classical Conditioning

34. Which of the following is true of classical conditioning?
35. A. It occurs without awareness or effort, based on the presentation of two stimuli together.
36. It allows the learner to learn the association between a behavior and a consequence.
37. It does not pair stimuli together.
38. It occurs when the learner observes and imitates the actions of another person.

APA Outcome: 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy

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Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 182

Topic: Classical Conditioning

35. In the context of classical conditioning, identify a true statement about acquisition.
36. It is the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.
37. B. It is the initial learning of the connection between an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired.
38. It is the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.
39. It refers to the decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations.

APA Outcome: 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy

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Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 182

Topic: Classical Conditioning

36. Which of the following is true of acquisition in classical conditioning?
37. During acquisition, the unconditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented followed by the conditioned stimulus.
38. B. During acquisition, the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are presented very close together in time.
39. During acquisition, the conditioned stimulus loses its significance once the association between the two stimuli has been formed.
40. During acquisition, the unconditioned stimulus loses the ability to elicit any kind of response from the subject.

APA Outcome: 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy

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Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 183

Topic: Classical Conditioning

37. In the context of Pavlov’s studies on classical conditioning, which of the following statements is true of contingency?
38. It means that the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are presented very close together in time.
39. It means that the unconditioned stimulus must serve as a reliable indicator that the conditioned stimulus is on its way.
40. C. It refers to the information value of a conditioned stimulus relative to an unconditioned stimulus.
41. It implies that an unconditioned stimulus should always precede a conditioned stimulus.

APA Outcome: 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy

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Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 183

Topic: Classical Conditioning

38. Which of the following statements is true of classical conditioning?
39. The conditioned stimulus should occur without the unconditioned stimulus for their pairing to work.
40. The unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus must use different mediums of communication for their pairing to work.
41. C. The unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus must be presented very close together in time for their pairing to work.
42. The conditioned stimulus must succeed the unconditioned stimulus after several minutes for their pairing to work.

APA Outcome: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

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Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 183

Topic: Classical Conditioning

39. James loved swimming and swam for two hours every day. However, he met with an accident and was advised to avoid any strenuous physical activity for two years. When he first went near a swimming pool after two years, he visualized himself swimming and experimenting with different strokes. He eventually jumped into the pool and swam for an hour. In the context of classical conditioning, this scenario best exemplifies
40. habituation.
41. B. spontaneous recovery.
42. aversive conditioning.
43. counterconditioning.

APA Outcome: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

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Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 183

Topic: Classical Conditioning

40. June had dinner at an Indian restaurant and had food poisoning as a result. This causes her to gag at the sight of any Indian food. June’s reaction to Indian food best illustrates the concept of ________ in classical conditioning.
41. preparedness
42. renewal
43. C. generalization
44. discrimination

APA Outcome: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

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Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 184

Topic: Classical Conditioning

41. Wendell always gets anxious before taking a math test because he is not good with numbers and formulae. When his science teacher announces a physics test that requires him to apply numerical formulae, Wendell begins to feel anxious, even though he enjoys physics. Which of the following is Wendell most likely demonstrating in this scenario?
42. positive reinforcement in operant conditioning
43. B. generalization in classical conditioning
44. discrimination in classical conditioning
45. negative reinforcement in operant conditioning

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Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 183

Topic: Classical Conditioning

42. ________ in classical conditioning is the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.
43. A. Generalization
44. Acquisition
45. Discrimination
46. Habituation

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Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 183

Topic: Classical Conditioning

43. In the context of classical conditioning, which of the following statements is true of discrimination?
44. It is the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.
45. B. It is the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.
46. It is the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.
47. It is the process by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning.

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Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 183

Topic: Classical Conditioning

Topic: Discrimination

44. Yolanda dislikes going to the doctor for her illness because every time she does, she is prescribed medicines that ruin her appetite and make her feel nauseated. She associates doctors with feelings of nausea. However, she is not afraid of visiting dentists. In this scenario, Yolanda’s behavior best exemplifies ________ in classical conditioning.
45. spontaneous recovery
46. generalization
47. C. discrimination
48. extinction

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Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 183

Topic: Classical Conditioning

45. Tyler’s grandmother, Rose, has been receiving emails from Tyler every day for many years. In anticipation of his emails, she has been checking her inbox more than once in a day. However, since Tyler started college, the emails have stopped. As a result, Rose checks her emails only every few days. If this pattern continues, Rose will completely stop checking her email. In classical conditioning, this is known as
46. acquisition.
47. spontaneous recovery.
48. renewal.
49. D.

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Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

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Topic: Classical Conditioning

46. Grayson’s dog salivates whenever he hears the refrigerator door open because he is accustomed to receiving food each time anyone opens it. Grayson tries an experiment with his dog. Over the next few days, Grayson does not give his dog any food when he opens the refrigerator door, even though he knows the dog expects it. As a result, the dog stops salivating when the refrigerator door is opened. Grayson’s dog’s behavior best illustrates ________ in classical conditioning.
47. spontaneous recovery
48. B. extinction
49. contingency
50. discrimination

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Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 183

Topic: Classical Conditioning

47. Marcia and John were married for 11 years before John passed away. Following his death, Marcia left her home and city because everything reminded her of John. Many years later, Marcia happened to meet a man, her new colleague, who smelled of the cologne that John always wore. Even after so many years, Marcia was drawn to this man because he reminded her of John. In this scenario, Marcia’s reawakened feelings are an example of ________ in classical conditioning.
48. extinction
49. B. spontaneous recovery
50. reinforcement
51. instinctive drift

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Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 183

Topic: Classical Conditioning

48. Ronald was the subject of an experiment for alcoholics. Every time Ronald had a drink, it was mixed with a nausea-inducing agent, which made him sick. After experiencing this pattern for several weeks, Ronald started to dislike alcohol immensely. He did not drink for seven months. However, one day as he was walking past a new bar, Ronald experienced an overwhelming desire to drink. In this scenario, Ronald’s sudden desire to drink best illustrates the concept of ________ in classical conditioning.
49. extinction
50. reinforcement
51. acquisition
52. D. renewal

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Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

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Topic: Classical Conditioning

49. Extinction in classical conditioning is
50. the process by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning.
51. B. the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.
52. the process by which an individual learns to imitate behavior by observing.
53. the strengthening of the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and a conditioned response.

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Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 183

Topic: Classical Conditioning

50. In the context of classical conditioning, which of the following statements is true of spontaneous recovery?
51. It results in the weakening of the unconditioned stimulus.
52. It occurs whenever an unconditioned response causes a conditioned response.
53. It results in the weakening of the conditioned response.
54. D. It becomes weaker when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

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Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

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Topic: Classical Conditioning

51. In the context of classical conditioning, which of the following statements is true of spontaneous recovery?
52. It refers to the weakening of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.
53. B. It is the process by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning.
54. It is the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.
55. It refers to the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.

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Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 183

Topic: Classical Conditioning

52. In the context of classical conditioning, which of the following statements is true of renewal?
53. It refers to the weakening of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.
54. B. It refers to the recovery of a conditioned response when an organism is placed in a novel context.
55. It is the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.
56. It refers to the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.

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Topic: Classical Conditioning

53. Watson, a research subject, is pricked with a needle every time he decides to have a sip of a soda. He is being conditioned to avoid drinking soda. In this scenario, the needle prick is the
54. auditory stimulus.
55. B. unconditioned stimulus.
56. perceptual stimulus.
57. vestibular stimulus.

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Topic: Classical Conditioning

54. Aversive conditioning is
55. the process by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay.
56. the process of rewarding successive approximations of desired behavior.
57. the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.
58. D. the form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus.

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Topic: Classical Conditioning

55. Counterconditioning is a classical conditioning procedure for
56. transforming the unconditioned stimulus into a conditioned stimulus.
57. causing renewal to occur immediately after spontaneous recovery.
58. reducing the probability of a spontaneous response to a conditioned stimulus.
59. D. changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response.

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Topic: Classical Conditioning

56. In aversive conditioning experiments to treat alcohol addiction, every time a person drinks an alcoholic beverage, he or she also consumes a mixture that induces nausea. In classical conditioning terminology, the nausea-inducing agent is the
57. conditioned stimulus.
58. B. unconditioned stimulus.
59. neutral stimulus.
60. reinforced stimulus.

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Topic: Classical Conditioning

57. Jim feeds his dog the Paws brand of dog food every day. When the dog sees Jim pouring the food into his bowl, he starts to salivate. When Jim switches to a new brand, the food does not suit the dog and makes him sick. The dog no longer salivates when he sees Jim pouring the food into his bowl. In this scenario, the dog’s change in behavior can be best explained by learning through
58. observational learning.
59. B.
60. avoidance learning.
61. habituation.

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Topic: Classical Conditioning

58. As the subject of an experiment for treating cigarette addiction, John is being given a chemical agent that makes him feel nauseated every time he smokes a cigarette. This experiment is most likely a(n) ________ experiment.
59. positive reinforcement
60. habituation
61. C. aversive conditioning
62. avoidance learning

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Topic: Classical Conditioning

59. Jacob, a police officer, wants to train his new dog, Rover. Jacob buys a “zap collar” that delivers a low intensity shock to the neck of the dog whenever it pulls on the leash. After wearing the collar for a few days, Rover recognizes that the shock is an undesirable result of pulling on the leash. Consequently, Rover stops pulling on the leash. In this scenario, which of the following methods has most likely been used to discipline Rover?
60. positive reinforcement
61. observational learning
62. avoidance learning
63. D. aversive conditioning

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Topic: Classical Conditioning

60. Manny has been unable to sleep for the past one week. His wife gives him a vitamin pill and tells him that it will help him sleep at night. The next morning, Manny is thrilled because he has slept better than ever before. In this scenario, Manny’s response to the vitamin can be attributed to
61. the schedules of reinforcement.
62. aversive conditioning.
63. spontaneous recovery.
64. D. the placebo effect.

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Topic: Classical Conditioning

61. Which of the following statements is true of classical conditioning?
62. It becomes operant conditioning after spontaneous recovery.
63. Immunosuppression is independent of classical conditioning.
64. C. The human body’s internal organ systems can be classically conditioned.
65. It is a special form of negative punishment in which a behavior decreases when a stimulus is removed.

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Topic: Classical Conditioning

62. Which of the following statements about taste aversion learning is true?
63. It requires many pairings of the neutral stimulus with the unconditioned response of nausea.
64. B. It is a special kind of classical conditioning involving the learned association between a particular taste and nausea.
65. It occurs only when the “taste” is the direct cause of the nausea experienced.
66. It is a special form of negative punishment in which a behavior decreases when a stimulus is removed.

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Topic: Taste-Aversion Learning

63. Kenny ate too many hotdogs at a baseball game. Several hours later, he felt nauseated and spent most of the night being sick. In the context of taste aversion learning, it is likely that Kenny will ________ as a result of this experience.
64. lose interest in baseball
65. not attend another game and will only watch baseball on TV
66. C. not be able to eat a hotdog at the next baseball game
67. never eat hot dogs again

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Topic: Taste-Aversion Learning

64. Kyle wants to buy a new watch. While making the decision to buy the watch, he purchases the brand of watch that his favorite actor wore in a movie. In this scenario, in the context of classical conditioning, the movie that Kyle watched promoted the brand of watch using
65. A. embedded marketing.
66. avoidance learning.
67. negative reinforcement.
68. brand equity.

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Topic: Classical Conditioning

65. In a television advertisement, a young man is shown to be the center of attraction for young and attractive models because he drives the luxury car Exotica. The advertisement targets young, single men. In the context of embedded marketing, which of the following statements is true?
66. The Exotica car in the advertisement is the unconditioned stimulus.
67. The male viewers are unaffected by the appearance of the attractive models in the advertisement.
68. The attractive models in the advertisement are the conditioned stimulus.
69. D. The advertisement will work best if the Exotica car precedes the appearance of the attractive person.

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Topic: Classical Conditioning

66. In the context of classical conditioning, which of the following statements is true of habituation?
67. It refers to the weakening of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.
68. B. It refers to the decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations.
69. It is the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.
70. It is the process by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning.

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Topic: Classical Conditioning

67. George drinks three glasses of wine at home every evening but rarely feels its effect. However, he feels the immediate effect of a single glass of wine on the rare occasions that he goes to a bar. Which of the following classical conditioning concepts best explains this discrepancy in George’s responses?
68. positive reinforcement
69. B. habituation
70. renewal
71. generalization

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Topic: Classical Conditioning

68. Identify a true statement about classical conditioning.
69. It is a form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior’s recurrence.
70. It is used to combat the effects of embedded marketing.
71. C. It is a form of respondent behavior, behavior that occurs in automatic response to a stimulus and later to a conditioned stimulus.
72. It effectively explains voluntary behavior.

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Topic: Classical Conditioning

69. Sarah feels sick every time she travels by air. She associates flying with physical illness and, as a result, hates air travel. She also finds it difficult to watch movies with airplanes or read books about airplanes because they make her uncomfortable. This scenario illustrates the learning process of
70. operant conditioning.
71. B. classical conditioning.
72. observational learning.
73. implicit learning.

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Topic: Classical Conditioning

70. Andrea is the mother of Leo, a six-month-old child. She wants to introduce vegetables in Leo’s diet. As Leo is used to having lentil soup as his evening snack, Andrea prepares lentil soup with vegetables in it and makes Leo taste it. He does not like the taste of the soup and refuses to have it. After that day, he refuses to have even plain lentil soup. In this scenario, which of the following acts as the conditioned stimulus?
71. Andrea
72. Leo
73. the vegetables
74. D. the soup

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Topic: Classical Conditioning

71. Classical conditioning
72. A. focuses on the association between two stimuli.
73. changes the probability of a behavior’s occurrence using negative consequences.
74. is very effective in explaining voluntary behaviors.
75. is used to negate the effects of habituation.

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Topic: Classical Conditioning

72. Operant conditioning is a form of learning that
73. A. focuses on the association between behaviors and the stimuli that follow them.
74. explains how neutral stimuli become associated with unlearned, involuntary responses.
75. is not effective in explaining voluntary behaviors.
76. occurs through the imitation of another person’s actions.

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Topic: Operant Conditioning

73. Identify the accurate statement about operant conditioning.
74. Operant conditioning states that operant behavior occurs with intent.
75. B. Operant conditioning is a form of associative learning.
76. Operant conditioning is ineffective at explaining voluntary behavior.
77. Operant conditioning is used in embedded marketing to reduce spontaneous recovery.

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Topic: Operant Conditioning

74. Some bears kept in zoos allow veterinarians to routinely conduct total body checkups. These bears open their mouths for teeth cleaning and present their paws for nail clipping. Your friend wonders how anyone could ever get these dangerous animals to be so cooperative without anesthesia. You, a psychology student, quickly summarize that the bears had most likely undergone
75. discovery learning.
76. classical conditioning.
77. secondary reinforcement.
78. D. operant conditioning.

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Topic: Operant Conditioning

75. The law of effect is profoundly important because it presents the basic idea that
76. embedded marketing makes people resistant to habituation.
77. contingency is less relevant for operant conditioning than classical conditioning.
78. C. the consequences of a behavior influence the likelihood of that behavior’s recurrence.
79. habituation of a behavior results in immunity to classical conditioning.

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Topic: Operant Conditioning

76. The ________ in psychology states that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened.
77. A. law of effect
78. principle of preparedness
79. theory of classical conditioning
80. law of contiguity

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Topic: Operant Conditioning

77. Jenny received a lot of praise in class when she was the only one who did her homework on time. As a result, Jenny has never had to be reminded to do her homework; she always submits it on time. In this scenario, Jenny’s behavior illustrates
78. Pavlov’s theory of classical conditioning.
79. the concept of instinctive drift.
80. the phenomenon of the placebo effect.
81. D. Thorndike’s law of effect.

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Topic: Operant Conditioning

78. In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following statements is true of shaping?
79. It is the initial learning of the connection between an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired.
80. B. It refers to rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior.
81. It is the learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates behavior.
82. It refers to the decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations.

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Topic: Operant Conditioning

Topic: Shaping

79. Melvin is an elementary school teacher who rewards his students with extra playtime whenever they do well on a class assignment. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is Melvin using to motivate his students to work harder?
80. counterconditioning
81. observational learning
82. C. positive reinforcement
83. insight learning

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Topic: Reinforcement

80. Caleb, the owner of a small garage, is particular about paying his employees more than they ask for. He believes that this action will prevent his employees from leaving the organization because of job dissatisfaction. In this scenario, Caleb is most likely using ________ in operant conditioning to ensure a desired outcome.
81. negative punishment
82. B. negative reinforcement
83. positive reinforcement
84. positive punishment

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Topic: Reinforcement

81. Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies negative reinforcement in operant conditioning?
82. A. Tom wakes up just before the alarm clock goes off every morning so that he can avoid having to hear the alarm go off.
83. Dennis buys himself a new game because he gets a “B” on a difficult exam.
84. Miranda treats herself to a massage on her birthday.
85. Sheila goes to sleep early on a night before a test because she knows that this will help her get better grades.

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Topic: Reinforcement

82. Gary, a high school student with no interest in academics, has started to study for four hours every week to avoid getting poor grades in school. This scenario is reflective of ________ in operant conditioning.
83. positive reinforcement
84. B. negative reinforcement
85. positive punishment
86. negative punishment

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Topic: Reinforcement

83. In the Water Kingdom Amusement Park, when two sea lions throw and catch balls on their nose, they are rewarded with fish after they successfully complete the act. The sea lions have been trained to perform this behavior through
84. generalization.
85. B.
86. contiguity.
87. extinction.

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Topic: Shaping

84. Positive reinforcement in operant conditioning is a learning process in which
85. A. the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by a desirable stimulus.
86. a behavior is followed by the removal of something undesirable.
87. the frequency of a behavior decreases because it is paired repeatedly with an undesirable stimulus.
88. a behavior is always followed by an unpleasant consequence.

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Topic: Reinforcement

85. In the context operant conditioning, which of the following statements is true of reinforcement?
86. It refers to the tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning.
87. It refers to the species-specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others.
88. C. It is the process by which a stimulus or event following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again.
89. It refers to the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.

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Topic: Reinforcement

86. Mark, a high school student, dislikes the fact that his mother yells at him in the morning to wake him up. His mother usually wakes up at 5:30 a.m., and he tries to wake up at around 5:15 a.m. to avoid listening to his mother’s yelling. In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following is exemplified in this scenario?
87. generalization
88. B. negative reinforcement
89. spontaneous recovery
90. positive punishment

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Topic: Reinforcement

87. In the context of operant conditioning, ________ is defined as an increase in the frequency of a behavior because it is followed by the removal of something undesirable.
88. positive punishment
89. negative punishment
90. positive reinforcement
91. D. negative reinforcement

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Topic: Reinforcement

88. In the context of operant conditioning, identify a true statement about positive reinforcement.
89. It is always followed by an unpleasant consequence.
90. B. In positive reinforcement, the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by a desirable stimulus.
91. It makes sure that the likelihood that a behavior will occur decreases.
92. In positive reinforcement, a behavior is followed by the removal of something undesirable.

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Topic: Reinforcement

89. In the context of operant conditioning, identify a true statement about negative reinforcement.
90. It is always followed by a desirable stimulus.
91. B. It has nothing to do with “good” and “bad” behavior.
92. In negative reinforcement, the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by a desirable stimulus.
93. In negative reinforcement, a behavior is followed by the removal of something desirable.

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Topic: Reinforcement

90. Jennifer accidentally plays a radio channel that she has never heard before. She loves the music it plays, and, as a result, she plays only that channel whenever she wants to listen to music. In this scenario, Jennifer’s behavior has most likely been learned through ________ in operant conditioning.
91. negative reinforcement
92. B. positive reinforcement
93. positive punishment
94. negative punishment

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Topic: Reinforcement

91. Liam is studying in his room for an exam but is disturbed by the loud music from his neighbor’s house. He closes the window so that he can no longer hear the loud music. In this scenario, Liam’s behavior demonstrates ________ in operant conditioning.
92. A. negative reinforcement
93. positive reinforcement
94. positive punishment
95. negative punishment

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Topic: Reinforcement

92. While on her way to work recently, Martha was pulled over for the first time for exceeding the speed limit. She was required to pay a heavy fine. Since then, she has maintained a consistent speed of 30 miles per hour while driving, regardless of the speed limits in place. In this scenario, Martha is demonstrating ________ learning.
93. latent
94. B. avoidance
95. observational
96. insight

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Topic: Reinforcement

93. Which of the following statements is true of learned helplessness?
94. It refers to an organism’s increased frequency of a behavior when the behavior is followed by the removal of something undesir­able.
95. It refers to an organism’s learning that it can altogether avoid a negative stimulus by making a particular response.
96. C. It refers to an organism’s learning through experience with negative stimuli that it has no control over negative outcomes.
97. It refers to an organism’s increased frequency of a behavior when the behavior is followed by a desirable stimulus.

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Topic: Learned Helplessness

94. Rose is in an abusive relationship with Dan, who is physically violent with her and has injured her seriously more than once. Despite this, Rose has never been able to stop him or leave him. Rose was also abused by her stepfather as a child. Rose’s inability to put up a fight with Dan is most likely the result of ________ in operant conditioning.
95. A. learned helplessness
96. preparedness
97. instinctive drift
98. aversive conditioning

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Topic: Learned Helplessness

95. Shirley repeatedly ends up receiving bad grades in algebra no matter how hard she studies. Eventually, Shirley stops studying for algebra tests and accepts that nothing she does will help her get good grades. In this scenario, Shirley’s behavior exemplifies ________ in operant conditioning.
96. habituation
97. instinctive drift
98. C. learned helplessness
99. preparedness

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Topic: Learned Helplessness

96. Shirley, a housewife, has been a victim of domestic violence for approximately nine years and has still not been able to walk out of the relationship. In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following concepts is most likely to aid her therapist understand her situation better?
97. spontaneous recovery
98. discrimination
99. C. learned helplessness
100. avoidance learning

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Topic: Learned Helplessness

97. Samuel, a student, receives one bad grade in his exams. However, he always studies hard thereafter to avoid the negative outcome of bad grades in the future. Even when the bad grade is no longer present as a stimulus, the pattern of behavior sticks. In the context of operant conditioning, this scenario exemplifies
98. positive reinforcement.
99. aversive conditioning.
100. latent learning.
101. D. avoidance learning.

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Topic: Reinforcement

98. In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following statements is true of a primary reinforcer?
99. A. It is innately satisfying.
100. It requires some learning on an organism’s part to make it pleasurable.
101. It acquires its positive value through an organism’s experience.
102. It is a learned or conditioned reinforcer.

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Topic: Reinforcement

99. Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer in operant conditioning?
100. winning in a foot race
101. B. being treated to a good meal
102. being praised for donating money
103. making money in the stock market

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Topic: Reinforcement

100. Four-month-old Simon quickly learns that he will be fed milk every time he cries. From a behaviorist perspective, the milk that Simon receives when he cries is a
101. A. primary reinforcer.
102. secondary reinforcer.
103. positive punisher.
104. negative punisher.

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Topic: Reinforcement

101. In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following statements is true of a secondary reinforcer?
102. It is innately satisfying.
103. B. It acquires its positive value through an organism’s experience.
104. It does not require any learning on an organism’s part to make it pleasurable.
105. It cannot be linked to a primary reinforcer through classical conditioning.

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Topic: Reinforcement

102. Dale works for a publishing company. Every time he writes a good article, he gets lots of fan mail expressing support to him. In the context of operant conditioning, the mails that Dale receives are called a(n)
103. neutral stimulus.
104. unconditioned stimulus.
105. C. secondary reinforcer.
106. primary reinforcer.

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Topic: Reinforcement

103. Mark’s dog, Gus, sits whenever Mark says, “Sit.” Mark now wants to teach Gus a new trick. He wants to teach him to bark each time he says, “Speak.” But whenever Mark says, “Speak,” Gus sits. The dog’s behavior is most likely an example of
104. A.
105. habituation.
106. contiguous occurrences.
107. contingent occurrences.

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Topic: Generalization

104. In operant conditioning, generalization occurs when
105. a behavior is no longer reinforced and decreases in frequency.
106. an organism responds appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced.
107. C. an organism performs a reinforced behavior in a different situation.
108. an organism reverts to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning.

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Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 193

Topic: Generalization

105. Joseph, a three-year-old boy, is afraid of the doctor who gave him a shot and made him cry. Consequently, whenever Joseph sees a person in a white laboratory coat, he starts crying. In this scenario, Joseph’s behavior best exemplifies
106. spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning.
107. extinction in classical conditioning.
108. C. generalization in classical conditioning.
109. discrimination in operant conditioning.

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Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 193

Topic: Generalization

106. In operant conditioning, ________ means responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced.
107. generalization
108. renewal
109. C. discrimination
110. preparedness

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Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 194

Topic: Discrimination

107. In operant conditioning, discrimination occurs when
108. a behavior is no longer reinforced and decreases in frequency.
109. B. an organism responds appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced.
110. an organism performs a reinforced behavior in a different situation.
111. an organism reverts to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning.

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Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 194

Topic: Discrimination

108. Henry, a five-year-old boy, knows that when he goes out with his mother and throws a tantrum, he will not get a treat. However, when he goes out with his father and throws a tantrum, he gets a treat. Henry’s learning in this scenario exemplifies
109. generalization in operant conditioning.
110. renewal in classical conditioning.
111. C. discrimination in operant conditioning.
112. extinction in classical conditioning.

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Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 194

Topic: Discrimination

109. In operant conditioning, ________ occurs when a behavior is no longer reinforced and decreases in frequency.
110. A. extinction
111. acquisition
112. discrimination
113. preparedness

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Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 194

Topic: Operant Conditioning

110. In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when
111. A. a behavior is no longer reinforced and decreases in frequency.
112. an organism responds appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced.
113. an organism performs a reinforced behavior in a different situation.
114. a desired behavior receives reinforcements in successive approximations.

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Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 194

Topic: Operant Conditioning

111. Carol is training her dog to sit on command. Each time he sits in response to her command, she gives him a treat. In the context of operant conditioning, Carol is using a ________ to train her dog.
112. secondary reinforcer
113. partial reinforcement schedule
114. negative reinforcer
115. D. continuous reinforcement schedule

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Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 194

Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement

112. Which of the following is true of continuous reinforcement in operant conditioning?
113. Continuous reinforcement is particularly resistant to extinction.
114. Continuous reinforcement does not bring about changes in behavior.
115. C. In continuous reinforcement, a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs.
116. In continuous reinforcement, a behavior is reinforced only a portion of the time.

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Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 194

Topic: Reinforcement

113. In the context of operant conditioning, identify a true statement about a continuous reinforcement schedule.
114. In a continuous reinforcement schedule, organisms learn slowly.
115. B. In a continuous reinforcement schedule, a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs.
116. In a continuous reinforcement schedule, extinction does not take place even after reinforcement stops.
117. In a continuous reinforcement schedule, a reinforcer follows a behavior only a portion of the time.

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Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 194

Topic: Reinforcement

114. Continuous reinforcement in operant conditioning
115. is particularly resistant to extinction.
116. characterizes most life experiences.
117. C. is the type of reinforcement in which organisms learn rapidly.
118. is the type of reinforcement in which a reinforcer follows a behavior only a portion of the time.

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Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 194

Topic: Reinforcement

115. Which of the following is true of partial reinforcement?
116. In partial reinforcement, a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs.
117. Partial reinforcement does not characterize most life experiences.
118. C. Partial reinforcement is particularly resistant to extinction.
119. In partial reinforcement, extinction takes place quickly when reinforcement stops.

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Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 194

Topic: Reinforcement

116. Samuel, a line worker in a factory, is required to produce 50 units to be paid $10. In the context of the schedules of reinforcement, this scenario most likely exemplifies a
117. A. fixed-interval schedule.
118. variable-ratio schedule.
119. variable-interval schedule.
120. fixed-ratio schedule.

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Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 194

Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement

117. Which of the following is true of a fixed-ratio schedule in operant conditioning?
118. A. It reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors.
119. It reinforces a behavior after a fixed amount of time has passed.
120. It produces high, steady rates of behavior that are more resistant to extinction than the other schedules.
121. It is determined by the time elapsed since the last behavior was rewarded.

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Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 194

Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement

118. Which of the following is true of a variable-interval schedule in operant conditioning?
119. It reinforces the first behavior after a fixed amount of time has passed.
120. It rewards behaviors an average number of times but on an unpredictable basis.
121. C. It reinforces a behavior after an inconsistent and unpredictable amount of time has elapsed.
122. It reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors.

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Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 195

Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement

119. A hitchhiker most likely gets rides on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.
120. continuous
121. B. variable-ratio
122. fixed-ratio
123. fixed-interval

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Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 195

Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement

120. Which of the following is true of a variable-ratio schedule in operant conditioning?
121. A. It produces high, steady rates of behavior that are more resistant to extinction than other schedules.
122. It makes behavior slow and consistent.
123. It rewards behavior each time it occurs.
124. It is determined by the time elapsed since the last behavior was rewarded.

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Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 195

Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement

121. Jose’s employer pays him every Friday. This is an example of which of the following schedules of reinforcement?
122. variable-ratio
123. B. fixed-interval
124. variable-interval
125. fixed-ratio

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Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 195

Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement

122. Which of the following is true of a fixed-interval schedule in the context of operant conditioning?
123. A. It reinforces the first appropriate behavior after a set amount of time has passed.
124. It produces a high, steady rate of behavior that is more resistant to extinction than the other three schedules.
125. It reinforces a behavior after a variable amount of time has elapsed.
126. It reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors.

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Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 195

Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement

123. Fred’s mother allows him to watch television on Sundays only if he studies for four hours a day, every day of the week. Which of the following schedules of reinforcement in operant conditioning is Fred’s mother using to discipline him?
124. A. the fixed-ratio schedule
125. the fixed-interval schedule
126. the variable-ratio schedule
127. the variable-interval schedule

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Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 194

Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement

124. Hitchhikers are unable to predict when they will get a ride and when they will not. They are most likely functioning on a ________ schedule of reinforcement in operant conditioning.
125. variable-interval
126. fixed-interval
127. fixed-ratio
128. D. variable-ratio

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Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 195

Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement

125. A worker at a handicraft store is paid $25 for every 20 wind chimes she makes. Which of the following schedules of reinforcement in operant conditioning is her payment based on?
126. the variable-ratio schedule
127. the fixed-interval schedule
128. C. the fixed-ratio schedule
129. the variable-interval schedule

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Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 194

Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement

126. Josh has romantic feelings for the girl who works at the comic bookstore down the street. He likes to go into the store and talk to her. However, he does not know which days of the week she works. So, he visits the store every Sunday, when he is sure she will be there. In this scenario, Josh is operating on a ________ schedule in operant conditioning.
127. A. fixed-ratio
128. variable-ratio
129. fixed-interval
130. variable-interval

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Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 194

Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement

127. Mrs. Graham is the principal of a high school. She enforces the practice of pop quizzes in the school because she knows that students will be more likely to study if they cannot predict when they will be tested. In this scenario, Mrs. Graham is relying on a ________ schedule in operant conditioning to enforce a desired behavior in her students.
128. fixed-ratio
129. variable-ratio
130. fixed-interval
131. D. variable-interval

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Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 195

Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement

128. In operant conditioning, a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur is known as a(n)
129. contiguity.
130. B.
131. anomaly.
132. operant.

APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

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Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 195

Topic: Operant Conditioning

129. In operant conditioning, a punishment is a consequence that
130. A. decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur.
131. increases the likelihood that a behavior will occur.
132. ensures the removal of something unpleasant.
133. ensures the occurrence of something pleasant.

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Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 195

Topic: Operant Conditioning

130. Janet scolds her daughter, Kelley, each time Kelley pinches her little brother. After two weeks, Janet notices that Kelley has stopped pinching her little brother. In this scenario, scolding Kelley is an example of ________ in operant conditioning.
131. positive reinforcement
132. negative reinforcement
133. negative punishment
134. D. positive punishment

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Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 195

Topic: Operant Conditioning

131. Which of the following best illustrates positive punishment in operant conditioning?
132. forbidding a child from watching television because he broke a glass
133. forbidding a teenager from leaving the house because he got drunk
134. C. scolding a child for being rude to his or her teachers
135. giving a child a 20-minute time-out for throwing a tantrum

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Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 195

Topic: Operant Conditioning

132. Larry is in the habit of bullying his little brother by hitting and pushing him. Larry’s parents try to stop this behavior by taking away Larry’s video games whenever he hits his little brother. Over the next few weeks, Larry stops bullying his little brother. In this scenario, Larry’s parents have used ________ in operant conditioning.
133. positive reinforcement
134. B. negative punishment
135. negative reinforcement
136. positive punishment

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Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 195

Topic: Operant Conditioning

133. Five minutes are deducted from Frankie’s recess hour by his teacher every time Frankie misbehaves in class. In the context of operant conditioning, Frankie’s teacher is using ________ to discipline him.
134. positive reinforcement
135. negative reinforcement
136. positive punishment
137. D. negative punishment

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Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 195

Topic: Operant Conditioning

134. ________ in operant conditioning refers to the removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior.
135. Positive reinforcement
136. Positive punishment
137. Negative reinforcement
138. D. Negative punishment

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Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 195

Topic: Operant Conditioning

135. Jenna receives a bonus for performing well. Instead of buying herself something nice, she invests her money with the intention of buying a house after a few years. In the context of reinforcement and punishment schedules, Jenna is demonstrating ________ in this scenario.
136. A. delayed reinforcement
137. immediate reinforcement
138. delayed punishment
139. immediate punishment

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Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 196-197

Topic: Reinforcement

136. ________ refers to the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior.
137. Vestibular correction
138. Behavioral depravation
139. C. Behavior modification
140. Sensory adaptation

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Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Explain behavior modification.

Page: 198

Topic: Applied Behavior Analysis

137. Applied behavior analysis is
138. the use of psychoanalytic principles to explain behavior.
139. the use of evolutionary ideas to explain specific human behaviors.
140. C. the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior.
141. the use of altruistic tendencies to predict human behavior.

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Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Explain behavior modification.

Page: 198

Topic: Applied Behavior Analysis

138. Which of the following is true of observational learning?
139. It takes advantage of embedded learning to reduce instinctive drift.
140. B. It often takes less time than operant conditioning.
141. It is primarily used to develop one’s vestibular senses.
142. It uses positive punishment to increase behavior following an unpleasant stimulus.

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Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Explain observational learning.

Page: 199

Topic: Observational Learning

139. In observational learning, retention is the process in which a learner must
140. A. encode the information to reproduce a model’s actions.
141. withdraw attention from a model’s actions.
142. use his or her instincts to resist reinforcers.
143. must generalize his or her conditional response.

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Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Explain observational learning.

Page: 199

Topic: Observational Learning

140. Andrea, an avid golfer, imitates a professional golfer’s swing after watching him play golf on television. Andrea’s act of imitation represents the ________ element of observational learning.
141. reinforcement
142. retention
143. C. motor reproduction
144. shaping

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Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Explain observational learning.

Page: 199

Topic: Observational Learning

141. Which of the following describes the reinforcement element in observational learning?
142. A. judging whether to repeat a behavior depending on the consequences of the behavior
143. encoding information and keeping it in memory so that it can be retrieved later
144. imitating a model’s actions
145. attending to what a model is saying or doing

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Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Explain observational learning.

Page: 199

Topic: Reinforcement

142. Jill decides to study harder in class after seeing her teacher praise her classmate, Ricky, for doing well on a test. In the context of observational learning, this scenario best exemplifies learning through
143. negative reinforcement.
144. vicarious punishment.
145. positive reinforcement.
146. D. vicarious reinforcement.

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Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Explain observational learning.

Page: 199

Topic: Reinforcement

143. A process that makes an observer less likely to repeat a behavior on seeing the model reprimanded is called ________ in observational learning.
144. negative punishment
145. vicarious reinforcement
146. C. vicarious punishment
147. negative reinforcement

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Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Explain observational learning.

Page: 199

Topic: Observational Learning

144. Which of the following scenarios best illustrates Tolman’s views on purposive behavior?
145. Peter gets good grades in Spanish because he speaks Spanish at home.
146. Jessica fails high school algebra because she does not understand the relationships between characters.
147. C. Mike works hard all through the week because he expects to get paid on Friday.
148. Jo reads a book because it has been recommended by others.

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Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Identify cognitive factors in learning.

Page: 200

Topic: Purposive Behavior

145. While observing rats in a maze, Patrick realizes that the rats are able to find their way to the end of the maze even though they are not rewarded at any point during the experiment. This type of learning can best be defined as
146. A. latent learning.
147. vestibular learning.
148. incidental learning.
149. conditional learning

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Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Identify cognitive factors in learning.

Page: 201

Topic: Latent Learning

146. Which of the following is a cognitive form of learning?
147. A. insight learning
148. vestibular learning
149. conditional learning
150. incidental learning

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Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Identify cognitive factors in learning.

Page: 201

Topic: Insight Learning

147. Liza’s teacher has given her class a math problem to solve. She says that there is a trick to it but if they really think about it, the answer is quite simple. The class is silent for a few moments before Liza suddenly raises her hand and provides the correct solution to the problem. In this scenario, Liza’s sudden understanding of the problem exemplifies
148. vestibular learning.
149. incidental learning.
150. C. insight learning.
151. conditional learning.

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Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Identify cognitive factors in learning.

Page: 202

Topic: Insight Learning

148. Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies instinctive drift in the context of biological constraints in learning?
149. A rat learns to run a maze for a cheese reward instead of a peanut butter reward.
150. A raccoon learns to tie a knot using a rope.
151. C. A pig pushes an object on the ground instead of learning to carry it in its mouth.
152. A pigeon learns to guide a ball to its goal.

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Learning Objective: Summarize the impact of biological, cultural, and psychological factors in learning.

Page: 204

Topic: Instinctive Learning

149. Which of the following scenarios exemplifies a fixed mindset in the context of psychological constraints in learning?
150. A. Alan does not think he has academic abilities, so he abandons the idea of going to college.
151. Sven does not have good coordination skills, but he continues to learn how to play tennis.
152. Jennifer has always been bad at math but still believes she can do well in math in college.
153. Madison has failed her chemistry test, so she has decided to work harder from now on.

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Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Summarize the impact of biological, cultural, and psychological factors in learning.

Page: 205

Topic: Mindset

150. On Monday, Rat A receives 25 mild electric shocks per hour and Rat B receives 5 mild shocks per hour. On Tuesday, both rats receive 10 shocks per hour. In the context of stress and improvement, which of the following is the most likely result of this experiment?
151. Rat A will be more likely to show the wear and tear of stress.
152. B. Rat A will be more likely to experience lowered stress.
153. Both rats will experience the same amount of stress because they are receiving the same number of shocks on Tuesday.
154. Rat B will be more likely to experience a sudden reduction in stress.

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Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Summarize the impact of stress on learning.

Page: 207

Topic: Stress

151. Little Phil received a shot from Nurse Wanda the last time he was at the doctor’s clinic. When he visited the same clinic, he began to cry when Nurse Wanda entered the waiting room and called his name. Provide a rationale for Phil’s behavior based on the principles of classical conditioning.

Nurse Wanda gave Phil his last shot (an unconditioned stimulus) that automatically caused him pain and distress (an unconditioned response). As a result, Phil associated that pain with the nurse (a conditioned stimulus) and began to cry when he saw her (a conditioned response).

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Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 181

Topic: Classical Conditioning

152. Discuss the role of contiguity and contingency in classical conditioning. Explain with reference to Pavlov’s experiment.

Classical conditioning is a type of learning that occurs without awareness or effort, based on the presentation of two stimuli together. For this pairing to work, however, two important factors must be present: contiguity and contingency.

 

Contiguity simply means that the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are presented very close together in time—even a mere fraction of a second. In Pavlov’s work, if the bell had rung 20 minutes before the presentation of the food, the dog probably would not have associated the bell with the food. However, pairing the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus close together in time is not all that is needed for conditioning to occur.

 

Contingency means that the conditioned stimulus must not only precede the unconditioned stimulus closely in time, it must also serve as a reliable indicator that the unconditioned stimulus is on its way.

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Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 182-183

Topic: Classical Conditioning

153. Describe in detail the classical conditioning components involved in smoking. Discuss how spontaneous recovery can cause the reoccurrence of a smoking habit.

In the case of smoking, the unconditioned stimulus refers to the physiological aspects of nicotine ingestion and the unconditioned response refers to the subsequent effects of nicotine on the smoker’s body. The conditioned stimulus represents any stimuli associated with smoking, such as being around friends who smoke. The conditioned response—in this case, a craving for cigarettes—is the response that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus.

 

Spontaneous recovery is the process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning.

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Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 183

Topic: Classical Conditioning

154. Give a brief account of Thorndike’s law of effect.

Thorndike’s law of effect states that behaviors followed by pleasant outcomes are strengthened and that behaviors followed by unpleasant outcomes are weakened. The law of effect is profoundly important because it presents the basic idea that the consequences of a behavior influence the likelihood of that behavior’s recurrence. Quite simply, a behavior can be followed by something good or something bad, and the probability of the behavior being repeated depends on these outcomes.

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Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 189

Topic: Operant Conditioning

155. In operant conditioning, how does positive reinforcement differ from negative reinforcement?

In positive reinforcement, the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by a desirable stimulus. In negative reinforcement, the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by the removal of something undesirable.

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Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 191

Topic: Reinforcement

156. Describe avoidance learning. Provide an example to illustrate.

Students’ answers will vary. Avoidance learning is a special kind of response to negative reinforcement.

 

Avoidance learning occurs when the organism learns that by making a particular response, a negative stimulus can be altogether avoided. Avoidance learning is very powerful in the sense that the behavior is maintained even in the absence of any aversive stimulus.

 

For example, a child who turns on a switch and receives an electric shock may never turn on the switch again because she wants to avoid receiving the shock again.

APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

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Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 192

Topic: Reinforcement

157. Briefly describe the four main schedules of partial reinforcement in operant conditioning.

There are four main schedules of partial reinforcement: fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, and variable interval. A fixed-ratio schedule reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors. A variable-ratio schedule is a timetable in which behaviors are rewarded an average number of times but on an unpredictable basis. Variable-ratio schedules produce high, steady rates of behavior that are more resistant to extinction than the other three schedules. A fixed-interval schedule reinforces the first behavior after a fixed amount of time has passed. A variable-interval schedule is a timetable in which a behavior is reinforced after a variable amount of time has elapsed.

APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 195

Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement

158. How does positive punishment differ from negative punishment in operant conditioning?

In positive punishment, a behavior decreases when it is followed by the presentation of a stimulus, whereas in negative punishment a behavior decreases when a stimulus is removed.

APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 195

Topic: Punishment

159. Give a brief account of the four main processes involved in observational learning.

The four main processes that are involved in observational learning are attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement.

• The first process that must occur is attention. To reproduce a model’s actions, one must attend to what the model is saying or doing.
• Retention is the second process required for observational learning to occur. To reproduce a model’s actions, one must encode the information and keep it in memory so that he or she can retrieve it.
• Motor reproduction is the third element of observational learning. It is the process of imitating the model’s actions.
• Reinforcement is the final component of observational learning. Seeing a model attain a reward for an activity increases the chances that an observer will repeat the behavior—a process called vicarious reinforcement. On the other hand, seeing the model punished makes the observer less likely to repeat the behavior—a process called vicarious punishment.

APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Explain observational learning.

Page: 199

Topic: Observational Learning

160. Provide one example of vicarious reinforcement and one example of vicarious punishment.

Students’ answers will vary. Examples of vicarious reinforcement should include situations where one learns to engage in a behavior by watching positive consequences being applied to someone else. For example, Jimmy sees his brother receiving praise from his parents for doing well on a test. As a result, he decides to study hard to receive the same reaction.

 

In contrast, examples of vicarious punishment should include situations where one learns not to engage in certain behaviors because of the negative consequences of those behaviors applied to someone else. For example, Cynthia does not ask her boss for leave because she sees her colleague asking the boss for leave and getting reprimanded.

APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Explain observational learning.

Page: 199

Topic: Reinforcement

161. Differentiate between latent learning and insight learning.

Latent learning or implicit learning is unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior. Insight learning is a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem’s solution.

APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Identify cognitive factors in learning.

Page: 201-202

Topic: Insight Learning

Topic: Latent Learning

162. Briefly describe the biological constraints involved in learning.

Instinctive drift and preparedness are the biological constraints that are involved in learning. Instinctive drift refers to the tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning, while preparedness refers to the species-specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others.

APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Summarize the impact of biological, cultural, and psychological factors in learning.

Page: 204

Topic: Instinctive Drift

Topic: Preparedness

163. In the context of psychological constraints in learning, define the term “mindset” and distinguish between a fixed mindset and a growth mindset. Which mindset would you prefer to have and why?

Students’ answers will vary. The term “mindset” refers to the way people’s beliefs about their abilities dictate what goals they set for themselves, what they think they can learn, and ultimately what they do learn. Individuals have one of two mindsets: a fixed mindset, in which they believe that their qualities are carved in stone and cannot change; or a growth mindset, in which they believe their qualities can change and improve through their effort. These two mindsets have implications for the meaning of failure. From a fixed mindset, failure means lack of ability. From a growth mindset, however, failure tells the person what he or she still needs to learn. Your mindset influences whether you will be optimistic or pessimistic, what your goals will be, how hard you will strive to reach those goals, and how successful you are in college and after.

APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Summarize the impact of biological, cultural, and psychological factors in learning.

Page: 205

Topic: Mindset

164. List some of the effective strategies for developing a growth mindset.

Following are some effective strategies for developing a growth mindset:

• Understand that your intelligence and thinking skills are not fixed but can change. Even if you are extremely bright, with effort you can increase your intelligence.
• Become passionate about learning and stretch your mind in challenging situations. It is easy to withdraw into a fixed mindset when the going gets tough. However, as you bump up against obstacles, keep growing, work harder, stay the course, and improve your strategies; you will become a more successful person.
• Think about the growth mindsets of people you admire. Possibly you have a hero, someone who has achieved something extraordinary. You may have thought his or her accomplishments came easily because the person is so talented. If you find out more about this person, though, you likely will discover that hard work and effort over a long period of time were responsible for his or her achievements.
• Begin now. If you have a fixed mindset, commit to changing now. Think about when, where, and how you will begin using your new growth mindset.

APA Outcome: 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Summarize the impact of biological, cultural, and psychological factors in learning.

Page: 206

Topic: Mindset

165. David, a clinical psychologist, conducts an experiment on two rats, Chub and Chip, by subjecting them to mild electric shocks. On the first day, David gives Chub 30 electric shocks an hour and gives Chip 10 shocks an hour. On the second day, he gives both Chub and Chip 15 shocks an hour. Which rat is likely to experience more stress on the second day and why?

Even though Chub has experienced more shocks in general, Chip is more likely to show the wear and tear of stress. In Chub’s world, even with 30 shocks an hour, things are better. The perception of improvement, even in a situation that is objectively worse than another, is related to lowered stress.

APA Outcome: 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 207

Topic: Stress

166. In classical conditioning, a conditioned stimulus must serve as a reliable indicator that the unconditioned stimulus is on its way.

TRUE

APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 183

Topic: Classical Conditioning

167. The conditioned response to a drug can be the body’s way of preparing for the effects of a drug.

TRUE

APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.

Page: 188

Topic: Classical Conditioning

168. An operant behavior occurs spontaneously.

TRUE

APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 189

Topic: Operant Conditioning

169. Reinforcement in operant conditioning is the process by which a stimulus or event following a particular behavior decreases the probability that the behavior will occur again.

FALSE

APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 191

Topic: Reinforcement

170. Positive reinforcement means following a behavior with the addition of something pleasant, and negative reinforcement means following a behavior with the removal of something unpleasant.

TRUE

APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 191

Topic: Reinforcement

171. In learned helplessness, an organism learns through experience that it is the one responsible for all the negative outcomes it faces.

FALSE

APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 192

Topic: Learned Helplessness

172. Preparedness is the tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning.

FALSE

APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Summarize the impact of biological, cultural, and psychological factors in learning.

Page: 204

Topic: Preparedness

173. When Jenna completes a project, her parents give her a gift certificate, which she can use at her favorite store. In the context of operant conditioning, the gift certificate is an example of a primary reinforcer.

FALSE

APA Outcome: 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 193

Topic: Reinforcement

174. Karen receives a box of chocolates from her grandmother for getting good grades in math. In the context of operant conditioning, the chocolates are an example of a secondary reinforcer.

FALSE

APA Outcome: 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 193

Topic: Reinforcement

175. In operant conditioning, discrimination means performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.

FALSE

APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 194

Topic: Operant Conditioning

176. In the context of operant conditioning, organisms learn slowly when continuous reinforcement takes place.

FALSE

APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 194

Topic: Reinforcement

177. In positive punishment, a behavior increases when it is followed by the presentation of a stimulus, whereas in negative punishment a behavior increases when a stimulus is removed.

FALSE

APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 195

Topic: Operant Conditioning

178. Negative punishment and negative reinforcement have the same impact on behavior.

FALSE

APA Outcome: 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.

Page: 191, 197

Topic: Reinforcement

179. Observational learning has little significance in the functioning of role models in inspiring people and changing their perceptions.

FALSE

APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Explain observational learning.

Page: 200

Topic: Observational Learning

180. Latent learning is unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior.

TRUE

APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Identify cognitive factors in learning.

Page: 201

Topic: Latent Learning

181. Research suggests that insight learning is only observed in humans.

FALSE

APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Identify cognitive factors in learning.

Page: 202

Topic: Insight Learning

182. Preparedness refers to the way people’s beliefs about their abilities dictate what goals they set for themselves, what they think they can learn, and ultimately what they do learn.

FALSE

APA Outcome: 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Summarize the impact of biological, cultural, and psychological factors in learning.

Page: 205

Topic: Preparedness

183. In the context of psychological constraints in learning, individuals with a growth mindset believe that their qualities are carved in stone and cannot change.

FALSE

APA Outcome: 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Summarize the impact of biological, cultural, and psychological factors in learning.

Page: 205

Topic: Mindset

184. In the context of psychological constraints in learning, from a growth mindset, failure tells a person what he or she needs to learn.

TRUE

APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Summarize the impact of biological, cultural, and psychological factors in learning.

Page: 205

Topic: Mindset

185. When we cultivate predictable environments and take control of circumstances, stress decreases.

TRUE

APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Summarize the impact of stress on learning.

Page: 207

Topic: Stress

                Category                                                                                                                                       # of Questions

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation                                                                                                                       185

APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology                          47

APA Outcome: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains                                         10

APA Outcome: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology                                                                                      22

APA Outcome: 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy                                                                        106

Bloom’s: Apply                                                                                                                                                      74

Bloom’s: Remember                                                                                                                                               37

Bloom’s: Understand                                                                                                                                              74

Difficulty: High                                                                                                                                                      55

Difficulty: Low                                                                                                                                                      56

Difficulty: Medium                                                                                                                                                74

Learning Objective: Explain behavior modification.                                                                                             2

Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.                                                                                              67

Learning Objective: Explain observational learning.                                                                                             9

Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.                                                                                               82

Learning Objective: Identify cognitive factors in learning.                                                                                   7

Learning Objective: Summarize the impact of biological, cultural, and psychological factors in learning.         9

Learning Objective: Summarize the impact of stress on learning.                                                                         2

Learning Objective: Summarize the types of learning.                                                                                          7

Page: 178                                                                                                                                                                9

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Page: 191                                                                                                                                                                17

Page: 191, 197                                                                                                                                                        1

Page: 192                                                                                                                                                                8

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Page: 205                                                                                                                                                                5

Page: 206                                                                                                                                                                1

Page: 207                                                                                                                                                                3

Topic: Applied Behavior Analysis                                                                                                                         2

Topic: Associative Learning                                                                                                                                   1

Topic: Classical Conditioning                                                                                                                                64

Topic: Discrimination                                                                                                                                             4

Topic: Generalization                                                                                                                                              3

Topic: Insight Learning                                                                                                                                          4

Topic: Instinctive Drift                                                                                                                                           1

Topic: Instinctive Learning                                                                                                                                    1

Topic: Latent Learning                                                                                                                                           3

Topic: Learned Helplessness                                                                                                                                 5

Topic: Learning                                                                                                                                                      5

Topic: Mindset                                                                                                                                                       5

Topic: Observational Learning                                                                                                                               8

Topic: Operant Conditioning                                                                                                                                  23

Topic: Preparedness                                                                                                                                               3

Topic: Punishment                                                                                                                                                  1

Topic: Purposive Behavior                                                                                                                                     1

Topic: Reinforcement                                                                                                                                             35

Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement                                                                                                                        14

Topic: Shaping                                                                                                                                                       2

Topic: Stress                                                                                                                                                           3