The World of Children 2rd Edition by Cook - TB 2
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The World of Children 2rd Edition by Cook - TB 2

The World of Children 2rd Edition by Cook - TB 2   Instant Download - Complete Test Bank With Answers     Sample Questions Are Posted Below   TOTAL ASSESSMENT GUIDE   Chapter 6   Socioemotional Development in Infants and Toddlers       Topic (A-head)   Factual Conceptual Applied Socioemotional Development in Infants and …

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The World of Children 2rd Edition by Cook – TB 2

 

Instant Download – Complete Test Bank With Answers

 

 

Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

TOTAL ASSESSMENT GUIDE

 

Chapter 6

 

Socioemotional Development in Infants and Toddlers

 

 

 

Topic (A-head)   Factual Conceptual Applied
Socioemotional Development in Infants and Toddlers Multiple Choice   1  
True/False      
Short Answer      
Essay      
Attachment Multiple Choice 2, 3, 5, 6, 9–12, 17, 18, 19, 21, 27, 28, 31, 35, 38, 42–46, 48, 49, 51–53, 55, 147 4, 7, 13–16, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 30, 36, 37, 40, 41, 50, 54 8, 24, 29, 32, 33, 34, 39, 47
True/False 3, 5, 6 1, 2, 4  
Short Answer 1 2, 3  
Essay 3 1, 2, 4  
Temperament and Emotion Multiple Choice 56–59, 63–73, 75–77, 80, 83, 84–86, 88, 90–92, 94–97, 102–104 4, 59, 81, 82, 87, 93, 98, 99, 105, 106, 110, 112 60–62, 78, 89, 100, 101, 107, 108, 109
True/False 7–9, 12 10, 11, 13  
Short Answer 4, 5, 7 8 6
Essay 5, 7   6
Social Relations and Play Multiple Choice 111, 113, 115, 116, 118, 127, 128, 133, 135–140, 142, 145 112, 117, 119, 121, 122, 125, 129, 130, 132, 134, 141, 144, 146 114, 120, 123, 124, 126, 131, 143
True/False 14, 16–19 15  
Short Answer 9, 11 10, 12  
Essay   8  

 

Chapter 6       Socioemotional Development in Infants and Toddlers

 

6.1       Multiple-Choice Questions

 

6.1-1. Lisa wanted to start Christopher in another type of supervised child care because she thought he would benefit by having

  1. A) time away from his parents.
  2. B) a structured learning environment.
  3. C) different toys.
  4. D) someone who would not spoil him.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-1

Page Ref: 179

Topic: Socioemotional Development in Infants and Toddlers

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: B) a structured learning environment. Lisa wanted to start Christopher in another type of supervised child care because she thought he would benefit by having a structured learning environment and other children with whom to play.

 

6.1-2. Most of us call the emotional bond that develops between an infant and his or her primary caregivers

  1. A) security.
  2. B) trust.
  3. C) love.
  4. D) manipulation.

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.1-2

Page Ref: 180

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Factual

Answer: C) love

 

6.1-3. An emotional tie to a specific person that continues across time and space is called

  1. A) sensitive responsiveness.
  2. B) attachment.
  3. C) temperament.
  4. D) goal-corrected partnership.

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.1-3

Page Ref: 180

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Factual

Answer: B) attachment

 

6.1-4. Which of the following represents the foundation of modern attachment research?

  1. A) ethological theory
  2. B) Harlow’s infant experiments
  3. C) the Strange Situation
  4. D) social referencing

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-4

Page Ref: 181

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: A) ethological theory. Modern-day research on human attachment has been heavily influenced by the ethological theory of John Bowlby, by the classic experiments Harry Harlow conducted with rhesus monkeys, and by the well-known work of Mary Ainsworth.

 

6.1-5. “Attachment comes from traits and behaviors that have evolved over time to increase the infant’s chances of survival.” This is the basic tenet of what theory?

  1. A) Chess’s goodness of fit theory
  2. B) Harlow’s primate theory
  3. C) Bowlby’s ethological theory
  4. D) Ainsworth’s Strange Situation theory

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.1-5

Page Ref: 181

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Factual

Answer: C) Bowlby’s ethological theory

 

6.1-6. Which of the following is one of Bowlby’s stages of attachment?

  1. A) stranger anxiety
  2. B) goodness of fit
  3. C) secure-base attachment
  4. D) contact comfort

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-6

Page Ref: 181

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Factual

Answer: C) secure-base attachment

 

6.1-7. Newborns _____, a behavior that delights new parents.

  1. A) cry when they hear their mother’s voice
  2. B) wave their arms when their siblings approach
  3. C) turn their heads to look for their fathers
  4. D) follow adults with their eyes

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-7

Page Ref: 181

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: D) follow adults with their eyes. Newborns follow adults with their eyes, a behavior that delights new parents.

 

6.1-8. Keisha is 9 months old. She became distressed the first time her mother left her at a new babysitter’s house. According to Bowlby, what stage of attachment is Keisha in?

  1. A) orientation without discrimination
  2. B) orientation with discrimination
  3. C) secure-base attachment
  4. D) goal-corrected partnership

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-8

Page Ref: 181

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Applied

Answer: C) secure-base attachment. Infants and toddlers actively seek to be near their favored caregivers.

 

6.1-9. John Bowlby’s ethological theory proposes that the attachment figure provides a _____ base of emotional comfort for the infant.

  1. A) home
  2. B) safe
  3. C) secure
  4. D) nurturing

Difficulty: 2

Page Ref: 181

Question ID: 6.1-9

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Factual

Answer: C) secure

 

6.1-10. John Bowlby’s theory is based on

  1. A) anthropology.
  2. B) psychology.
  3. C) sociology.
  4. D) ethology.

Difficulty: 2

Page Ref: 181

Question ID: 6.1-10

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Factual

Answer: D) ethology

 

6.1-11. In Harlow’s experiments, when infant monkeys were placed in an unfamiliar setting, with the cloth mothers they showed

  1. A) fear of the cloth mother.
  2. B) anxiety.
  3. C) indifference to the cloth mother.
  4. D) a sense of security in the cloth mother’s presence.

Difficulty: 2

Page Ref: 181

Question ID: 6.1-11

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Factual

Answer: D) a sense of security in the cloth mother’s presence

 

6.1-12. In Harlow’s experiments, infant monkeys formed an attachment with

  1. A) a cloth-covered surrogate mother.
  2. B) a wire-mesh covered surrogate mother.
  3. C) only their real mothers.
  4. D) neither the surrogate nor the real mothers.

Difficulty: 2

Page Ref: 181

Question ID: 6.1-12

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Factual

Answer: A) a cloth-covered surrogate mother

 

6.1-13. The results of Harlow’s primate experiments contradicted which theory?

  1. A) ethological
  2. B) psychoanalytic
  3. C) social referencing
  4. D) gestalt

Difficulty: 3

Question ID: 6.1-13

Page Ref: 181

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: B) psychoanalytic. Harlow’s finding contradicted the psychoanalytic and behavioral theories that were popular at this time.

 

6.1-14. In _____, oral gratification during feeding establishes the initial bond between infant and mother.

  1. A) ethological theory
  2. B) psychoanalytic theory
  3. C) social referencing
  4. D) behavorial theory

Difficulty: 3

Question ID: 6.1-14

Page Ref: 181

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: B) psychoanalytic theory

 

6.1-15. In _____, food serves as a powerful reinforcer for behaviors related to attachment.

  1. A) ethological theory
  2. B) psychoanalytic theory
  3. C) social referencing
  4. D) behavioral theory

Difficulty: 3

Question ID: 6.1-15

Page Ref: 181

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: D) behavioral theory

 

6.1-16. Harlow’s experiments with infant monkeys gave support to the hypothesis that attachments form through

  1. A) food as a reinforcer.
  2. B) imprinting to the first moving object seen by the infant.
  3. C) close contact with a soft, comforting person or thing.
  4. D) oral gratification through feeding.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-16

Page Ref: 181

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: C) close contact with a soft, comforting person or thing. The critical ingredient in attachment formation is contact comfort.

 

6.1-17. The feeling infants get from clinging to a soft attachment figure is called

  1. A) surrogating.
  2. B) contact comfort.
  3. C) separation anxiety.
  4. D) coordinated imitation.

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.1-17

Page Ref: 181

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Factual

Answer: B) contact comfort

 

6.1-18. In Harlow’s experiments, when the wire mesh “mother” gave milk, the infant monkeys spent the majority of their time

  1. A) with the cloth mother.
  2. B) with the wire mother.
  3. C) in the corner of the cage, alone.
  4. D) hanging on to the side of the cage.

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.1-18

Page Ref: 181

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Factual

Answer: A) with the cloth mother

 

6.1-19. The Strange Situation consists of _____ episodes strictly scripted to allow researchers to observe attachment behaviors in human infants.

  1. A) 2
  2. B) 4
  3. C) 6
  4. D) 8

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.1-19

Page Ref: 182

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Factual

Answer: D) 8

 

6.1-20. Ainsworth’s Strange Situation was designed to measure

  1. A) temperament.
  2. B) attachment.
  3. C) activity level.
  4. D) the effects of day care.

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.1-20

Page Ref: 182

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: B) attachment. To investigate attachment in human infants, psychologist Mary Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation.

 

6.1-21. The Strange Situation test was designed by

  1. A) Harry Harlow.
  2. B) Margaret Harlow.
  3. C) Mary Ainsworth.
  4. D) John Bowlby.

Difficulty: 2

Page Ref: 182

Question ID: 6.1-21

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Factual

Answer: C) Mary Ainsworth

 

6.1-22. The correct order for the first 4 episodes in the Strange Situation procedure is

  1. A) introduction, mother leaves, stranger enters, unfamiliar room.
  2. B) introduction, unfamiliar room, mother leaves, stranger enters.
  3. C) introduction, unfamiliar room, stranger enters, mother leaves.
  4. D) introduction, stranger enters, unfamiliar room, mother leaves.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-22

Page Ref: 182

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: C) introduction, unfamiliar room, stranger enters, mother leaves. The episodes are introduction, unfamiliar room, stranger enters, mother leaves.

 

6.1-23. The correct order for the last 4 episodes in the Strange Situation procedure is

  1. A) reunion; stranger leaves, mother leaves again, stranger enters again, reunion; stranger leaves.
  2. B) reunion; stranger leaves, stranger enters again, mother leaves again, reunion; stranger leaves.
  3. C) reunion; stranger leaves, mother leaves again, reunion; stranger leaves, stranger enters again.
  4. D) stranger enters again, reunion; stranger leaves, mother leaves again, reunion; stranger leaves.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-23

Page Ref: 182-183

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: A) reunion; stranger leaves, mother leaves again, stranger enters again, reunion; stranger leaves. The correct order is reunion; stranger leaves, mother leaves again, stranger enters again, reunion; stranger leaves.

 

6.1-24. Jose is 10 months old. His mother enrolled him in day care now that she is returning to work full-time. On his first morning at the day care center, he cries when his mother leaves. Jose is showing

  1. A) insecure attachment.
  2. B) contact comfort.
  3. C) separation anxiety.
  4. D) orientation without discrimination.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-24

Page Ref: 183

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Applied

Answer: C) separation anxiety. The distress infants experience when separated from their primary caregivers is separation anxiety.

 

6.1-25. Separation anxiety in Ainsworth’s research is similar to which stage in Bowlby’s theory?

  1. A) orientation without discrimination
  2. B) orientation with discrimination
  3. C) goal-corrected partnerships
  4. D) secure-base attachment

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-25

Page Ref: 182

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: D) secure-base attachment. Does the infant use the mother as a secure base for exploring the new setting?

 

6.1-26. An infant who displays separation anxiety and stranger anxiety is considered

  1. A) to have no emotional attachment to any specific person.
  2. B) to have an insecure attachment.
  3. C) to be a normal infant.
  4. D) to have emotion contagion.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-26

Page Ref: 183

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: C) to be a normal infant. Although anxieties are not normally considered positive, you can see from this description that separation anxiety and stranger anxiety both signify that the infant has formed a special emotional attachment to a specific other person.

 

6.1-27. With insecure-avoidant attachment, seen in approximately _____ percent of infants studied in the United States, infants do not seem to use the mother as a secure base.

  1. A) 10
  2. B) 15
  3. C) 28
  4. D) 38

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.1-27

Page Ref: 183

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Factual

Answer: B) 15

 

6.1-28. Of the thousands of U.S. infants and parents observed in the Strange Situation, the majority shows which type of attachment?

  1. A) secure
  2. B) insecure-avoidant
  3. C) insecure-resistant
  4. D) insecure-disorganized

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-28

Page Ref: 183

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Factual

Answer: A) secure

 

6.1-29. Rasheed is 10 months old. His mother takes him to an unfamiliar neighbor’s house while she goes to the doctor. Rasheed cries when she leaves and is happy when his mother returns. Rasheed probably has which type of attachment?

  1. A) insecure-avoidant
  2. B) insecure-resistant
  3. C) secure
  4. D) insecure disorganized

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.1-29

Page Ref: 183

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Applied

Answer: C) secure. The healthy type of attachment between an infant and a caregiver is a secure attachment.

 

6.1-30. Mothers who respond positively, consistently, and warmly to their infants tend to have children with what type of attachment?

  1. A) insecure-avoidant
  2. B) insecure-resistant
  3. C) insecure-disorganized
  4. D) secure

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.1-30

Page Ref: 183

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: D) secure. The healthy type of attachment between an infant and a caregiver is a secure attachment.

 

6.1-31. Of the thousands of infants and parents observed in the Strange Situation procedure, approximately _____ percent show secure attachment.

  1. A) 42
  2. B) 52
  3. C) 62
  4. D) 72

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.1-31

Page Ref: 183

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Factual

Answer: C) 62

 

6.1-32. Baby Michael and his mother are doing the Strange Situation for a research project. When his mother leaves, Michael becomes upset, but when she returns he doesn’t want her to pick him up. This child would be considered to have which type of attachment according to Ainsworth’s classification system?

  1. A) insecure-disorganized
  2. B) insecure-resistant
  3. C) insecure-avoidant
  4. D) secure

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-32

Page Ref: 183

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Applied

Answer: B) insecure-resistant. These infants usually seek the proximity of their mother, but they do not seem to gain comfort from the contact.

 

6.1-33. Chantelle is a year old now. When she and her mother were tested in the Strange Situation, she did not get upset when her mother left and did not seem happy when her mother returned. Overall, Chantelle looked confused and dazed. Which type of attachment did Chantelle display?

  1. A) insecure-disorganized
  2. B) insecure-avoidant
  3. C) insecure-resistant
  4. D) secure

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-33

Page Ref: 184

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Applied

Answer: A) insecure-disorganized. Insecure-disorganized attachment is an unhealthy type of attachment indicated when infants seem confused or dazed or show contradictory behaviors in the Strange Situation.

 

6.1-34. Matthew’s mother abused him when he cried. She had been abused herself as a child. It is likely that Matthew will have which type of attachment?

  1. A) insecure-disorganized
  2. B) insecure-avoidant
  3. C) insecure-resistant
  4. D) secure

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-34

Page Ref: 184

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Applied

Answer: A) insecure-disorganized. Insecure-disorganized attachment is an unhealthy type of attachment indicated when infants seem confused or dazed or show contradictory behaviors in the Strange Situation.

 

6.1-35. Insecure-resistant attachment is seen in about _____ percent of infants.

  1. A) 2
  2. B) 4
  3. C) 6
  4. D) 8

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.1-35

Page Ref: 183

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Factual

Answer: D) 8

 

6.1-36. Another name for insecure-ambivalent attachment is

  1. A) insecure-resistant attachment.
  2. B) insecure-disorganized attachment.
  3. C) insecure-disoriented attachment.
  4. D) insecure-avoidant attachment.

Difficulty: 3

Question ID: 6.1-36

Page Ref: 183-184

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: A) insecure-resistant attachment. Some researchers label this category insecure-ambivalent attachment because the infant seeks proximity, but then shows ambivalence about contact with the caregiver.

 

6.1-37. The most recent category of attachment to be added is

  1. A) insecure-resistant attachment.
  2. B) insecure-disorganized attachment.
  3. C) sensitive responsiveness.
  4. D) insecure-avoidant attachment.

Difficulty: 3

Question ID: 6.1-37

Page Ref: 184

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: B) insecure-disorganized attachment. More recently, researchers have added another category called insecure-disorganized attachment, seen in nearly 15% of infants who have been tested.

 

6.1-38. Insecure-disoriented attachment is seen in nearly _____ percent of infants who have been tested.

  1. A) 5
  2. B) 10
  3. C) 15
  4. D) 20

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.1-38

Page Ref: 184

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Factual

Answer: C) 15

 

6.1-39. Mrs. Patel is reading to 13-month-old Puja. Puja sees a cat run across the front lawn and points to the cat. Her mother stops reading and carries Puja to the window, saying, “Look at the kitty.” Mrs. Patel is demonstrating

  1. A) overstimulating parenting.
  2. B) sensitive responsiveness.
  3. C) goal-corrected partnership.
  4. D) indifferent parenting.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-39

Page Ref: 185

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Applied

Answer: B) sensitive responsiveness. It is a quality of infant care in which caregivers respond quickly and warmly to the baby’s signals and adjust their responses to allow the infant to direct some of the interactions.

 

6.1-40. Based on her home observations, Ainsworth believed that indifferent parenting led to _____ attachments.

  1. A) insecure-disorganized
  2. B) insecure-avoidant
  3. C) insecure-resistant
  4. D) secure

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-40

Page Ref: 186

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: B) insecure-avoidant. Based on her home observations, Ainsworth believed that indifferent parenting led to insecure-avoidant attachments.

 

6.1-41. Based on her home observations, Ainsworth believed that inconsistent parenting led to _____ attachments.

  1. A) insecure-disorganized
  2. B) insecure-avoidant
  3. C) insecure-resistant
  4. D) secure

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-41

Page Ref: 186

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: C) insecure-resistant. Based on her home observations, Ainsworth believed that indifferent parenting led to insecure-avoidant attachments and that inconsistent parenting led to insecure-resistant attachments.

 

6.1-42. The Q-sort method is used to measure _____ in infants.

  1. A) temperament
  2. B) emotions
  3. C) attachment
  4. D) social interactions

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-42

Page Ref: 185

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Factual

Answer: C) attachment

 

6.1-43. Which country in the Cross-National attachment research study showed the lowest national percentage of attachment?

  1. A) Chile
  2. B) Sweden
  3. C) Japan
  4. D) Great Britain

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-43

Page Ref: 188

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Factual

Answer: A) Chile

 

6.1-44. Which of the following countries had the highest percentage of infants with secure attachments?

  1. A) Chile
  2. B) Germany
  3. C) Great Britain
  4. D) the United States

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-44

Page Ref: 189

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Factual

Answer: C) Great Britain

 

6.1-45. Within the United States, which ethnic group most values independence and competence in infants?

  1. A) African-American
  2. B) Puerto Rican
  3. C) Asian
  4. D) Caucasian

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-45

Page Ref: 189

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Factual

Answer: D) Caucasian

 

6.1-46. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

  1. A) Infants are as likely to form secure attachments with their doctor as with their mothers.
  2. B) The type of attachment an infant displays is usually inconsistent from mother to father.
  3. C) Infants form a secure attachment with their caregiver.
  4. D) Infants are as likely to form secure attachments with their younger siblings as with their mothers.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-46

Page Ref: 189

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Factual

Answer: C) Infants form a secure attachment with their caregiver.

 

6.1-47. Marcus, an 18-month-old, lives in a two-parent family. He is securely attached to his mother. According to research, what type of attachment is he likely to have with his father?

  1. A) insecure-avoidant
  2. B) secure
  3. C) insecure-resistant
  4. D) There is not enough research on father-infant attachment to know Marcus’s attachment.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-47

Page Ref: 189

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Applied

Answer: B) secure. The type of infant attachment tends to be consistent from one parent to the other.

 

6.1-48. Day care research in the 1980s suggested that attachment is affected if the infant

  1. A) spent more than 40 hours per week in day care.
  2. B) was placed in day care before 6 months old.
  3. C) was placed in day care after 9 months old.
  4. D) spent more than 20 hours a week in day care.

Difficulty: 3

Question ID: 6.1-48

Page Ref: 189

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Factual

Answer: D) spent more than 20 hours a week in day care

 

6.1-49. A recent nationwide study of time spent in day care by infants found

  1. A) day care of infants caused insecure types of attachment.
  2. B) time spent in day care only affected attachment if the mother was not sensitive and responsive.
  3. C) the age at which infants began day care affected the type of attachment.
  4. D) day care affected attachment only when there was not a father in the home.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-49

Page Ref: 189

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Factual

Answer: B) time spent in day care only affected attachment if the mother was not sensitive and responsive

 

6.1-50. Which of the following would be the BEST way to learn about the long-term effects of infant attachment on children’s development?

  1. A) cross-sectional research
  2. B) longitudinal research
  3. C) naturalistic observations
  4. D) correlational studies

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.1-50

Page Ref: 190-191

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: B) longitudinal research. Alan Sroufe, a psychologist and researcher at the University of Minnesota, and his colleagues continue to report on a longitudinal study of a large group of families.

 

6.1-51. Research on the long-term effects of attachment has found

  1. A) preschoolers who had been securely attached were happier and more compliant.
  2. B) preschoolers with secure attachments were less popular and had lower self-esteem.
  3. C) teens that had been securely attached as infants had more psychological problems.
  4. D) by age 10 years, children in the securely attached classification were still more dependent.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-51

Page Ref: 190-191

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Factual

Answer: A) preschoolers who had been securely attached were happier and more compliant

 

6.1-52. Of the world’s most economically successful nations, _____ has no paid leave benefits.

  1. A) Germany
  2. B) Singapore
  3. C) United States
  4. D) United Kingdom

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-52

Page Ref: 191

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Factual

Answer: C) United States

 

6.1-53. One country with no benefits for parental leave is

  1. A) United States.
  2. B) Great Britain.
  3. C) Turkey.
  4. D) Sweden.

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.1-53

Page Ref: 191

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Factual

Answer: A) United States

 

6.1-54. Out of the most developed countries in the world, _____ generally had the best family leave policies.

  1. A) nations in the European Union
  2. B) Great Britain
  3. C) Turkey
  4. D) Australia

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-54

Page Ref: 190-191

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: A) nations in the European Union. On average, nations in the European Union provide 36 weeks of paid leave to families with new babies.

 

6.1-55. Only about _____ percent of the U.S. workforce is covered by the Family and Medical Leave Act.

  1. A) 25
  2. B) 35
  3. C) 40
  4. D) 45

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.1-55

Page Ref: 190

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Factual

Answer: D) 55

 

6.1-56. An infant or child’s behavioral style or primary pattern of reacting to the environment is his/her

  1. A) attachment type.
  2. B) goodness of fit.
  3. C) temperament.
  4. D) threshold of responsiveness.

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.1-56

Page Ref: 194

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: C) temperament

 

6.1-57. How many temperament dimensions are present in Thomas and Chess’s classification system?

  1. A) 3
  2. B) 5
  3. C) 7
  4. D) 9

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-57

Page Ref: 194

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: D) 9

 

6.1-58. Thomas and Chess conducted longitudinal studies of infants to learn about

  1. A) attachment.
  2. B) temperament.
  3. C) cognitive development.
  4. D) social relationships.

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.1-58

Page Ref: 194

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: B) temperament

 

6.1-59. On the basis of detailed interviews with the parents, Thomas and Chess identified _____ temperament dimensions that seemed to capture the diverse behavior patterns exhibited among the infants.

  1. A) 3
  2. B) 6
  3. C) 9
  4. D) 12

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.1-59

Page Ref: 194

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: C) 9

 

6.1-60. Nyguen is 14 months old. He generally is a happy baby who “goes with the flow” and is predictable in his eating and sleeping routines. Which temperament type is Nyguen?

  1. A) difficult
  2. B) insecure-avoidant
  3. C) slow to warm up
  4. D) easy

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-60

Page Ref: 195

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Applied

Answer: D) easy. Temperament in which a child is primarily positive, smiles easily, is adaptive and flexible, and has regular patterns of eating and sleeping is easy.

 

6.1-61. Megan, now 9 months old, has been a handful for her parents. They have not been able to get her into a regular sleep or feeding schedule. Megan cries a great deal and her grandmother describes her as “colicky.” What temperament does Megan have?

  1. A) difficult
  2. B) insecure-disorganized
  3. C) slow to warm up
  4. D) easy

Difficulty: 3

Question ID: 6.1-61

Page Ref: 195

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Applied

Answer: A) difficult. Temperament in which a child is frequently negative, is easily frustrated, withdraws from new situations, is slow to adapt to change, and shows irregular patterns of eating and sleeping is difficult.

 

6.1-62. The mother of Leilani, a 6-month-old, has noticed that it seems to take Leilani more time to adjust to new things than it took for her older sister. For example, the first time Leilani was given strained carrots, she spit them out. Her mother tried giving her carrots again the next day with the same result. By the third day, however, Leilani ate the carrots. Which temperament type best fits Leilani?

  1. A) easy
  2. B) difficult
  3. C) insecure-resistant
  4. D) slow to warm up

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-62

Page Ref: 195

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Applied

Answer: D) slow to warm up. Temperament in which a child shows mildly negative responses to new stimuli and situations, but with repeated exposure gradually develops a quiet and positive interest, is slow to warm up.

 

6.1-63. Which of the following is one of the dimensions of temperament developed by Thomas and Chess?

  1. A) activity level
  2. B) goodness of fit
  3. C) coordinated imitation
  4. D) social referencing

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-63

Page Ref: 194

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: A) activity level

 

6.1-64. Which of the following is one of the dimensions of temperament developed by Thomas and Chess?

  1. A) quality of mood
  2. B) goodness of fit
  3. C) coordinated imitation
  4. D) social referencing

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-64

Page Ref: 194

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: A) quality of mood

 

6.1-65. In Thomas and Chess’s original study, 40% of the children were classified as

  1. A) easy.
  2. B) secure.
  3. C) slow to warm up.
  4. D) difficult.

Difficulty: 3

Question ID: 6.1-65

Page Ref: 195

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: A) easy

 

6.1-66. Of the 9 temperament dimensions, _____ is how predictable and regular the infant’s schedules are.

  1. A) activity level
  2. B) rhythmicity
  3. C) approach or withdrawal
  4. D) adaptability

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-66

Page Ref: 194

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: B) rhythmicity

 

6.1-67. Of the 9 temperament dimensions, _____ is the ease with which an infant modifies his or her responses in a desirable way when confronted with new or changing situations.

  1. A) activity level
  2. B) rhythmicity
  3. C) approach or withdrawal
  4. D) adaptability

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-67

Page Ref: 194

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: D) adaptability

 

6.1-68. Of the 9 temperament dimensions, _____ is the degree of motor activity during daily activities.

  1. A) activity level
  2. B) rhythmicity
  3. C) approach or withdrawal
  4. D) adaptability

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-68

Page Ref: 194

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: A) activity level

 

6.1-69. Of the 9 temperament dimensions, _____ is the degree of positive or negative responses to a new stimulus.

  1. A) activity level
  2. B) rhythmicity
  3. C) approach or withdrawal
  4. D) adaptability

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-69

Page Ref: 194

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: C) approach or withdrawal

 

6.1-70. Of the 9 temperament dimensions, _____ is the degree to which environmental stimuli interfere with ongoing behavior.

  1. A) threshold of responsiveness
  2. B) intensity of reaction
  3. C) quality of mood
  4. D) distractibility

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-70

Page Ref: 194

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: D) distractibility

 

6.1-71. Of the 9 temperament dimensions, _____ is the energy level of the response.

  1. A) threshold of responsiveness
  2. B) intensity of reaction
  3. C) quality of mood
  4. D) distractibility

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-71

Page Ref: 194

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: B) intensity of reaction

 

6.1-72. Of the 9 temperament dimensions, _____ is the intensity level of stimulation that is needed to cause a response.

  1. A) threshold of responsiveness
  2. B) intensity of reaction
  3. C) quality of mood
  4. D) distractibility

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-72

Page Ref: 194

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: A) threshold of responsiveness

 

6.1-73. Of the 9 temperament dimensions, _____ is the amount of pleasant or unpleasant response.

  1. A) threshold of responsiveness
  2. B) intensity of reaction
  3. C) quality of mood
  4. D) distractibility

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-73

Page Ref: 194

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: C) quality of mood

 

6.1-74. The _____ model emphasizes the complementary forces of nature and nurture.

  1. A) social referencing
  2. B) interactionist
  3. C) ethological theory
  4. D) behaviorist

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-74

Page Ref: 195

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: B) interactionist. Thomas and Chess proposed an interactionist model that emphasizes the complementary forces of nature and nurture.

 

6.1-75. Research has found that the heritability of temperament is

  1. A) moderately high.
  2. B) moderately low.
  3. C) very high.
  4. D) very low.

Difficulty: 3

Question ID: 6.1-75

Page Ref: 195

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: A) moderately high

 

6.1-76. The degree to which a child’s temperament and his/her environment go together is called

  1. A) social referencing.
  2. B) emotional contagion.
  3. C) goodness of fit.
  4. D) secure attachment.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-76

Page Ref: 196

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: C) goodness of fit

 

6.1-77. Heritability estimates range from about 44-_____ percent for traits such as anxiety, sociability, activity level, emotionality, task orientation, and control.

  1. A) 50
  2. B) 60
  3. C) 70
  4. D) 80

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.1-77

Page Ref: 195

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: C) 70

 

6.1-78. Tyrone is a very active child. Fortunately, his father played sports in college and enjoys playing ball with Tyrone. Tyrone’s mother is also athletic and takes Tyrone and his sister on long walks and is teaching them soccer. This compatibility between Tyrone’s temperament and his environment is called

  1. A) coordinated imitation.
  2. B) goodness of fit.
  3. C) emotional contagion.
  4. D) social referencing.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-78

Page Ref: 196

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Applied

Answer: B) goodness of fit. The degree to which the child’s temperament and environment are compatible or complementary leads to better developmental outcomes.

 

6.1-79. A poor match between a child’s temperament and his/her environment may lead to

  1. A) enhanced development.
  2. B) behavior disorders.
  3. C) parent-child compatibility.
  4. D) healthy development.

Difficulty: 3

Question ID: 6.1-79

Page Ref: 196

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: B) behavior disorders. When incompatibilities are severe, behavior disorders can emerge in the child.

 

6.1-80. Which of the following is TRUE?

  1. A) Measures of temperament are not very stable over time.
  2. B) Temperament is highly consistent from infancy through adulthood.
  3. C) Easy temperament is more consistent over time than difficult temperament.
  4. D) Of the dimensions of temperament, only distractibility was consistent over time.

Difficulty: 3

Question ID: 6.1-80

Page Ref: 196

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: A) Measures of temperament are not very stable over time.

 

6.1-81. Stability or instability of temperament over time is influenced by

  1. A) affluence.
  2. B) neighborhood.
  3. C) orientation without discrimination.
  4. D) threshold of responsiveness.

Difficulty: 3

Question ID: 6.1-81

Page Ref: 194

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: C) orientation without discrimination. Only 1 dimension (threshold of responsiveness) showed a reliable correlation when measures were taken 4 years apart.

 

6.1-82. Which of the following can lead to children’s temperament changing over time?

  1. A) siblings are born
  2. B) adaptations to their environment
  3. C) parents die
  4. D) they remain immature

Difficulty: 3

Question ID: 6.1-82

Page Ref: 196

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: B) adaptations to their environment. The way children express temperament can change over time.

 

6.1-83. Behavioral inhibition is another term to explain

  1. A) aggression.
  2. B) shyness.
  3. C) goodness of fit.
  4. D) adaptability.

Difficulty: 2

Page Ref: 196

Question ID: 6.1-83

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: B) shyness

 

6.1-84. Kagan describes temperament as having the six dimensions organized into three types that are:

  1. A) undercontrolled, overcontrolled, resilient.
  2. B) secure, insecure, resilient.
  3. C) negative, positive, resilient.
  4. D) inhibited, emotional, persistent.

Difficulty: 3

Page Ref: 196

Question ID: 6.1-84

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: A) undercontrolled, overcontrolled, resilient

 

6.1-85. A child high on the sensory sensitivity dimension of temperament would

  1. A) prefer quiet environments.
  2. B) prefer loud and noisy environments.
  3. C) prefer bright environments.
  4. D) prefer colorful environments.

Difficulty: 3

Page Ref: 196

Question ID: 6.1-85

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: A) prefer quiet environments

 

6.1-86. Peter is focused on building his tower of blocks; he rates high in Kagan’s temperament dimension of

  1. A) irritability/frustration.
  2. B) positive emotionality.
  3. C) activity level.
  4. D) attention/persistence.

Difficulty: 2

Page Ref: 196

Question ID: 6.1-86

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: D) attention/persistence

 

6.1-87. Kagan’s longitudinal research on shyness demonstrated

  1. A) little consistency from infancy to childhood in levels of shyness.
  2. B) stability in shyness from infancy through adolescence.
  3. C) high arousal thresholds in shy children.
  4. D) low arousal thresholds in children who were not shy.

Difficulty: 3

Question ID: 6.1-87

Page Ref: 196

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: B) stability in shyness from infancy through adolescence. Kagan suggested that these children had a genetic predisposition to shyness.

 

6.1-88. From his research, Kagan believes the roots of shyness in children are due to

  1. A) high levels of arousal.
  2. B) parental interactions.
  3. C) difference in the amygdala and hypothalamus.
  4. D) lower heart rates.

Difficulty: 3

Question ID: 6.1-88

Page Ref: 196

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: C) difference in the amygdala and hypothalamus

 

6.1-89. Hannah is 2 days old and lying quietly in her crib in the hospital nursery. The infant in the crib next to her wakes up hungry and begins crying. Hannah starts crying too. This is an example of

  1. A) difficult temperament.
  2. B) emotion contagion.
  3. C) coordinated imitation.
  4. D) social referencing.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-89

Page Ref: 197

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Applied

Answer: B) emotion contagion. Emotion contagion is the tendency of the emotional cues displayed by one person to generate similar cues or emotional states in other people.

 

6.1-90. Newborns are more likely to cry when they hear

  1. A) other newborns cry.
  2. B) a recording of their own cry.
  3. C) their older siblings cry.
  4. D) artificially produced crying sounds.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-90

Page Ref: 197

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: A) other newborns cry

 

6.1-91. When was the last time you experienced emotional contagion?

  1. A) when you heard other people around you laughing
  2. B) when you heard other people around you singing
  3. C) when you heard other people around you shouting
  4. D) when you heard other people around you moaning

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-91

Page Ref: 197

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: A) when you heard other people around you laughing

 

6.1-92. Researchers had mothers display joy, sadness, and anger in their facial expressions and voice. Their 10-week-old infants

  1. A) responded the same to each emotion.
  2. B) imitated their mothers’ facial expressions.
  3. C) showed more interest when their mothers acted angry.
  4. D) showed more interest when their mothers acted sad.

Difficulty: 3

Question ID: 6.1-92

Page Ref: 197-198

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: B) imitated their mothers’ facial expressions.

 

6.1-93. Although infants can discriminate between facial expressions, they

  1. A) cannot tell the difference between joy and anger.
  2. B) depend more on body movement to determine others’ emotions.
  3. C) rely more on vocal expressions to determine others’ emotion.
  4. D) do not respond to sadness.

Difficulty: 3

Question ID: 6.1-93

Page Ref: 198

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: C) rely more on vocal expressions to determine others’ emotion. It helps if they also have emotional sounds that correspond to the facial expressions.

 

6.1-94. Which of the following is FALSE?

  1. A) Two-month-olds respond differently to happy faces than to emotionless faces.
  2. B) Ten-week-old infants showed more joy and interest when their mothers displayed surprise.
  3. C) Four-month-olds can understand basic emotions such as joy, anger, and surprise.
  4. D) They made “mouthing” movements when their mothers were sad.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-94

Page Ref: 198

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: B) Ten-week-old infants showed more joy and interest when their mothers displayed surprise.

 

6.1-95. In a study of 12-month-old babies using the visual cliff, researchers found that most of the infants crossed to the “deep” side

  1. A) if an interesting toy was present.
  2. B) when their mothers displayed joy or interest.
  3. C) if their mothers displayed fear.
  4. D) when their mothers displayed anger.

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.1-95

Page Ref: 198-199

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: B) when their mothers displayed joy or interest.

 

6.1-96. In a study of 12-month-old babies using the visual cliff, researchers found that none of the infants crossed to the “deep” side

  1. A) when their mothers displayed sadness.
  2. B) when their mothers displayed interest.
  3. C) when their mothers displayed fear.
  4. D) when their mothers displayed anger.

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.1-96

Page Ref: 198-199

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: C) when their mothers displayed fear

 

6.1-97. In a study of 12-month-old babies using the visual cliff, researchers found that the infants were reluctant to cross to the “deep” side

  1. A) when their mothers displayed sadness.
  2. B) when their mothers displayed interest.
  3. C) when their mothers displayed fear.
  4. D) when their mothers displayed joy.

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.1-97

Page Ref: 198-199

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: A) when their mothers displayed sadness

 

6.1-98. In the study using the visual cliff and 12-month-olds,

  1. A) the majority of the babies refused to cross to the “deep” side.
  2. B) none of the babies crossed to the deep side even when their mothers displayed happiness.
  3. C) only the babies with easy temperaments crossed to the “deep” side.
  4. D) it was not clear whether the babies were responding to their mothers’ facial expressions or the loudness of their voices.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-98

Page Ref: 199

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: D) it was not clear whether the babies were responding to their mothers’ facial expressions or the loudness of their voices. Are they really responding to the meaning in the expression, or are they responding more to other aspects of the communication, such as the loudness of the mothers’ voices?

 

6.1-99. When infants look to their parents to determine their own emotions in ambiguous situations, they are using

  1. A) social referencing.
  2. B) self-conscious emotions.
  3. C) mutual gaze.
  4. D) coordinated imitation.

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.1-99

Page Ref: 199

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: A) social referencing. Social referencing is the tendency of infants and children to look for emotional cues from parents and other caregivers to get information in uncertain situations.

 

6.1-100. Thirteen-month-old Kayla is learning to walk alone. When walking across the kitchen, she falls. Kayla immediately looks at her father, who seems worried. Kayla starts to cry. This demonstrates

  1. A) self-conscious emotions.
  2. B) social referencing.
  3. C) mutual gaze.
  4. D) Kayla’s secure attachment.

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.1-100

Page Ref: 199

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Applied

Answer: B) social referencing. Social referencing is the tendency of infants and children to look for emotional cues from parents and other caregivers to get information in uncertain situations.

 

6.1-101. Josh’s mom is carrying him from the grocery store to their car when a strange looking homeless man approaches her. Josh looks at his mother’s worried face and begins crying. This is an example of

  1. A) sensitive responsiveness.
  2. B) goodness of fit.
  3. C) social referencing.
  4. D) Josh’s temperament.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-101

Page Ref: 199

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Applied

Answer: C) social referencing. Social referencing is the tendency of infants and children to look for emotional cues from parents and other caregivers to get information in uncertain situations.

 

6.1-102. When it comes to processing emotional expressions in people’s faces, the brains of _____ respond in ways that are similar to the brains of adults.

  1. A) 7-month-olds
  2. B) 1-year-olds
  3. C) 18-month-olds
  4. D) 2-year-olds

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.1-102

Page Ref: 199

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: A) 7-month-olds

 

6.1-103. Self-conscious emotions begin to emerge by

  1. A) 15 months.
  2. B) 6 months.
  3. C) 2 years.
  4. D) 3 years.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-103

Page Ref: 200

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: A) 15 months

 

6.1-104. Emotions that relate to a person’s self-image are called

  1. A) primary emotions.
  2. B) self-conscious emotions.
  3. C) negative emotions.
  4. D) coordinated emotions.

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.1-104

Page Ref: 200

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: B) self-conscious emotions

 

6.1-105. Before self-conscious emotions occur, the young child must have

  1. A) sensitive responsiveness.
  2. B) no sense of his/her own identity.
  3. C) a sense of what others expect.
  4. D) no sense of what others expect.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-105

Page Ref: 200

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: C) a sense of what others expect. For self-conscious emotions to emerge, the toddler must first have a sense of his own identity and a sense of what others expect of him.

 

6.1-106. Which of the following is a self-conscious emotion?

  1. A) pride
  2. B) fear
  3. C) surprise
  4. D) frustration

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-106

Page Ref: 200

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: A) pride

 

6.1-107. Roberto, age 2, puts on his socks by himself as his mother watches. The pride he feels in this achievement is

  1. A) self-conscious emotion.
  2. B) social referencing.
  3. C) coordinated imitation.
  4. D) emotional contagion.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-107

Page Ref: 200

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Applied

Answer: A) self-conscious emotion. Self-conscious emotions are those that relate to people’s self-images or what people think about themselves; they include shame, embarrassment, guilt, and pride.

 

6.1-108. While Marissa’s mother answers the telephone, Marissa tries to pour her own juice. Marissa, who is only 2 1/2, can’t manage the large bottle and it spills all over the floor. Which self-conscious emotion is Marissa likely to feel?

  1. A) surprise
  2. B) sadness
  3. C) guilt
  4. D) embarrassment

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-108

Page Ref: 200

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Applied

Answer: C) guilt. Self-conscious emotions are those that relate to people’s self-images or what people think about themselves; they include shame, embarrassment, guilt, and pride.

 

6.1-109. While Marissa’s mother answers the telephone, Marissa tries to pour her own juice. Marissa, who is only 2 1/2, can’t manage the large bottle and it spills all over the floor. If her siblings or others are watching, which self-conscious emotion is Marissa likely to feel?

  1. A) surprise
  2. B) sadness
  3. C) guilt
  4. D) embarrassment

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-109

Page Ref: 200

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Applied

Answer: D) embarrassment. Self-conscious emotions are those that relate to people’s self-images or what people think about themselves; they include shame, embarrassment, guilt, and pride.

 

6.1-110. If a child makes frequent mistakes, believing that he is a “bad boy,” he might feel

  1. A) shame.
  2. B) sadness.
  3. C) guilt.
  4. D) embarrassed.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-110

Page Ref: 200

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: A) shame. If he makes frequent mistakes, he might feel shame, believing that he is a “bad boy.”

 

6.1-111. At what age do infants typically show interest in other infants?

  1. A) 2 months
  2. B) 4 months
  3. C) 6 months
  4. D) 12 months

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-111

Page Ref: 201

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Factual

Answer: A) 2 months

 

6.1-112. The first interactions infants typically have with each other is

  1. A) sensorimotor play.
  2. B) symbolic play.
  3. C) coordinated imitation.
  4. D) mutual gaze.

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.1-112

Page Ref: 201

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: D) mutual gaze. Mutual gaze is one of the early social interactions in infancy.

 

6.1-113. By 6 months of age, infants interact with each other in all of the following ways EXCEPT

  1. A) babbling.
  2. B) smiling.
  3. C) touching each other.
  4. D) coordinated imitation.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-113

Page Ref: 201

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Factual

Answer: D) coordinated imitation.

 

6.1-114. Shayna is 3 months old. Her mother’s best friend from high school is visiting with her 4-month-old son, Manuel. Shayna and Manuel look at each other intently. This is an example of

  1. A) emotional contagion.
  2. B) mutual gaze.
  3. C) self-conscious emotion.
  4. D) sensitive responsiveness.

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.1-114

Page Ref: 201

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Applied

Answer: B) mutual gaze. Mutual gaze is one of the early social interactions in infancy.

 

6.1-115. By what age do infants typically reach out and grasp small objects?

  1. A) 3 months
  2. B) 6 months
  3. C) 9 months
  4. D) 12 months

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-115

Page Ref: 202

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Factual

Answer: A) 3 months

 

6.1-116. By what age do infants typically play by imitating each other and sharing toys?

  1. A) 6 months
  2. B) 9 months
  3. C) 12 months
  4. D) 2 years

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-116

Page Ref: 201

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Factual

Answer: C) 12 months

 

6.1-117. Infants who have more opportunities to interact with peers

  1. A) have higher levels of social skills.
  2. B) show less mutual gaze.
  3. C) have more conflicts.
  4. D) are more self-conscious.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-117

Page Ref: 201

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: A) have higher levels of social skills. When infants have more exposure to other infants their age, they show more frequency and skill in their social interactions than infants with less exposure to peers.

 

6.1-118. The play that is typical of young infants involves practicing using their senses and developing their movement skills. This type of play is called

  1. A) preoperational play.
  2. B) sensorimotor play.
  3. C) coordinated imitation.
  4. D) symbolic play.

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.1-118

Page Ref: 202

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Factual

Answer: B) sensorimotor play

 

6.1-119. The first noticeable signs of play activity in young infants is

  1. A) using toys appropriately.
  2. B) imitating other infants.
  3. C) repeating actions with their own bodies.
  4. D) intent eye contact.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-119

Page Ref: 202

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: C) repeating actions with their own bodies. The first noticeable signs of play involve activities infants discover with their own bodies.

 

6.1-120. Three-month-old Alex is lying in his crib. As he moves, he accidentally gets his foot in his mouth. He laughs and puts his foot in his mouth again. This activity is called

  1. A) assimilation.
  2. B) sensorimotor play.
  3. C) fine motor skills.
  4. D) symbolic play.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-120

Page Ref: 202

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Applied

Answer: B) sensorimotor play. Sensorimotor play evolves mostly around the practice of sensory activity and the development of new motor actions.

 

6.1-121. Around 3 months of age, infants’ hand-eye coordination improves. Their play typically involves

  1. A) small objects.
  2. B) large objects.
  3. C) household objects.
  4. D) their own bodies.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-121

Page Ref: 202

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: A) small objects. Small objects can now be grasped.

 

6.1-122. When playing, 6-month-olds typically

  1. A) pay attention to the characteristics of each object.
  2. B) treat all objects the same way.
  3. C) begin symbolic play.
  4. D) imitate their older siblings.

Difficulty: 3

Question ID: 6.1-122

Page Ref: 202

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: B) treat all objects the same way. At 6 months, babies incorporate every object into the action pattern they prefer at the moment.

 

6.1-123. Six-month-old Ryoko is given a plastic spoon to play with. She bangs it against her high chair. Her grandmother hands her a soft doll. What is Ryoko likely to do with the doll?

  1. A) hug it
  2. B) try to feed it
  3. C) bang it against her high chair
  4. D) put it in her mouth

Difficulty: 3

Question ID: 6.1-123

Page Ref: 202

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Applied

Answer: C) bang it against her high chair. At 6 months, babies incorporate every object into the action pattern they prefer at the moment.

 

6.1-124. Mr. Chen gives his 10-month-old a ball. Which of the following is the infant MOST LIKELY to do?

  1. A) put it in her mouth
  2. B) throw it
  3. C) bang it on the floor
  4. D) walk over and kick the ball

Difficulty: 3

Question ID: 6.1-124

Page Ref: 202

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Applied

Answer: B) throw it. At 9 months, however, infants pay more attention to the specific features of objects and begin treating objects differently.

 

6.1-125. Toys that respond to the infant’s actions, such as a jack-in-the-box,

  1. A) discourage the learning of cause-and-effect relationships.
  2. B) won’t allow the infant to be in control.
  3. C) teach them that the environment is responding to them.
  4. D) create passive children.

Difficulty: 3

Question ID: 6.1-125

Page Ref: 202

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: C) teach them that the environment is responding to them. They recognize that they are having an influence on their environment and that the environment is now responding to them.

 

6.1-126. Which of the following objects would be MOST interesting to a 10-month-old child?

  1. A) Tickle Me Elmo
  2. B) wind-up crib mobile
  3. C) blocks
  4. D) plastic car

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-126

Page Ref: 202

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Applied

Answer: A) Tickle Me Elmo. Children at this age especially delight in toys that respond to their own actions.

 

6.1-127. Interactions during which toddlers take turns copying each other, and are aware they are being copied, are called

  1. A) symbolic play.
  2. B) sociodramatic play.
  3. C) coordinated imitation.
  4. D) sensorimotor imitation.

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.1-127

Page Ref: 202

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Factual

Answer: C) coordinated imitation

 

6.1-128. Coordinated imitation typically becomes much more frequent at the age of

  1. A) 1.
  2. B) 2.
  3. C) 3.
  4. D) 4.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-128

Page Ref: 202

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Factual

Answer: B) 2

 

6.1-129. The earliest games played by toddlers usually involve

  1. A) concrete operational thought.
  2. B) taking turns imitating each other.
  3. C) banging objects.
  4. D) dropping objects

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.1-129

Page Ref: 202

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: B) taking turns imitating each other. Toddler playmates take turns imitating each other.

 

6.1-130. Which of the following are common games for toddlers?

  1. A) stacking and toppling blocks
  2. B) listening to nursery rhymes
  3. C) crawling
  4. D) waving their hands

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.1-130

Page Ref: 203-204

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: A) stacking and toppling blocks. Common games are stacking and toppling blocks; throwing and catching; putting toys in a pail and pouring; requesting, receiving, and returning items; running and chasing; and climbing and jumping.

 

6.1-131. Two toddlers are on a playground. Katie crawls through the pipe tunnel and yells “Look at me!” Sarah crawls through the tunnel, too, and then yells “Look at me!” Katie climbs the slide and shouts “Look at me!” before sliding down. Sarah climbs the slide, yells “Look at me!” and slides down. The girls are engaging in

  1. A) coordinated imitation.
  2. B) symbolic play.
  3. C) social referencing.
  4. D) emotional contagion.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-131

Page Ref: 202

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Applied

Answer: A) coordinated imitation. Interaction in which toddler playmates take turns imitating each other and are aware that they are being imitated is called coordinated imitation.

 

6.1-132. Interactions between toddlers help children

  1. A) acquire social skills.
  2. B) learn to be the boss.
  3. C) stick up for their own interests.
  4. D) learn to always play the same way.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-132

Page Ref: 204

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: A) acquire social skills. These early interactions help children to acquire important social skills such as learning to play as equals, maintaining fun and interest for both players, and adapting to the characteristics of different playmates.

 

6.1-133. Toddlers choose playmates largely based on

  1. A) goodness of fit.
  2. B) convenience.
  3. C) similar interests.
  4. D) similar personalities.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-133

Page Ref: 204

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Factual

Answer: B) convenience

 

6.1-134. Which of the following is a quality of a true friendship?

  1. A) It is one-sided.
  2. B) It persists over time.
  3. C) It is based on the other child’s toys.
  4. D) You were coerced into it.

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.1-134

Page Ref: 204

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: B) It persists over time. True friendship is mutual, voluntary, and close, and it persists over time.

 

6.1-135. By _____ years of age, pairs of children begin to select each other as mutually preferred playmates.

  1. A) 2
  2. B) 3
  3. C) 4
  4. C) 5

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.1-135

Page Ref: 204

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Factual

Answer: A) 2

 

6.1-136. According to the Professional Perspective in Chapter 6, what influences the kinds of toys companies manufacture for babies?

  1. A) social benefits of the toy
  2. B) the toys’ ability to stimulate the senses
  3. C) types of materials available to make the toys
  4. D) cost of supplies

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.1-136

Page Ref: 203

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Factual

Answer: B) the toys’ ability to stimulate the senses

 

6.1-137. According to Susan Tice, in order to be a product manager, you need at least a _____ degree.

  1. A) high school
  2. B) community college
  3. C) bachelor’s
  4. D) master’s

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.1-137

Page Ref: 203

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Factual

Answer: C) bachelor’s

 

6.1-138. According to the toy company executive interviewed in “Perspective Professional,” how is child development research used by toy manufacturers?

  1. A) They must know what characters are popular with children of each age group.
  2. B) They must know what skills a child of a certain age has developed.
  3. C) They must know how technology is important to children of each age group.
  4. D) They must know how much parents will spend for a toy.

Difficulty: 3

Question ID: 6.1-138

Page Ref: 203

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Factual

Answer: B) They must know what skills a child of a certain age has developed.

 

6.1-139. Conflicts among toddlers are common. What is the typical cause of these conflicts?

  1. A) different temperament types
  2. B) struggles over toys
  3. C) a lack of goodness of fit
  4. D) a dominant personality

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-139

Page Ref: 204

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Factual

Answer: B) struggles over toys

 

6.1-140. The researchers found that 2-year-old playmates averaged just over _____ instances of conflict for every 15-minute session.

  1. A) 2
  2. B) 3
  3. C) 4
  4. D) 5

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.1-140

Page Ref: 204

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Factual

Answer: A) 2

 

6.1-141. Children who lose in a conflict are more likely to

  1. A) give in.
  2. B) fight physically.
  3. C) start another conflict.
  4. D) make friends with someone else.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-141

Page Ref: 204

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: C) start another conflict. Children who lose in a conflict are more likely to start another conflict.

 

6.1-142. Which of the following is the BEST way to help toddlers resolve peer disputes?

  1. A) distracting them with another activity
  2. B) asking them to imagine how the other child feels
  3. C) making them feel ashamed of fighting
  4. D) resolve toddlers’ peer disputes for them

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.1-142

Page Ref: 205

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Factual

Answer: A) distracting them with another activity

 

6.1-143. The best example of the symbolic play of a 12-month-old would be which of the following?

  1. A) Safi pretends to row a boat using a mop and a broom as oars.
  2. B) Emily climbs into her parents’ bed and sings.
  3. C) Marcus uses toy dishes to pretend he is eating.
  4. D) Yuki puts on her mothers’ shoes and carries her diaper bag to pretend she is going to work.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-143

Page Ref: 205

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Applied

Answer: C) Marcus uses toy dishes to pretend he is eating. They might lie on the floor with a small blanket and pretend to go to sleep or use toy dishes to pretend to eat.

 

6.1-144. Between 2 and 3 years old, how does children’s symbolic play change?

  1. A) They primarily engage in sensorimotor play.
  2. B) They can pretend an object is something else.
  3. C) They no longer use imitation.
  4. D) They stop playing make-believe games.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-144

Page Ref: 205

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: B) They can pretend an object is something else. By two to three years of age, toddlers pretend that an object is something else.

 

6.1-145. Early symbols begin to emerge between _____ as toddlers pretend to act out common activities.

  1. A) 10 and 12 months
  2. B) 12 and 14 months
  3. C) 14 and 16 months
  4. D) 16 and 18 months

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.1-145

Page Ref: 205

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Factual

Answer: B) 12 and 14 months

 

6.1-146. In the opening story, Christopher’s temperament appears to be

  1. A) difficult.
  2. B) insecure-avoidant.
  3. C) slow to warm up.
  4. D) easy.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-146

Page Ref: 206

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: C) slow to warm up. It does not appear that Christopher has a difficult temperament. He might be slow to warm up.

 

6.1-147. Ainsworth believed that the key to an infant’s attachment style was the quality of _____ and the infant’s interaction with his or her caregiver in the first year of life.

  1. A) parenting
  2. B) breastfeeding
  3. C) stimulation
  4. D) temperament

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.1-147

Page Ref: 206

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Factual

Answer: A) parenting

 

6.2       True/False Questions

 

6.2-1. Infants only have emotional attachments to the people who provide their primary care.

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.2-1

Page Ref: 180

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: TRUE

 

6.2-2. Harlow’s experiments demonstrated that contact comfort is important to infant monkeys.

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.2-2

Page Ref: 181

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: TRUE

 

6.2-3. Using the Strange Situation, the most reliable indicator of secure attachment is how the baby responds when the mother returns to the room.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.2-3

Page Ref: 183

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Factual

Answer: TRUE

 

6.2-4. Ainsworth’s research supports the idea that parents who respond quickly to their babies spoil them.

Difficulty: 3

Question ID: 6.2-4

Page Ref: 185

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: FALSE

 

6.2-5. Research has found that culture does influence attachment in infants.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.2-5

Page Ref: 187-188

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Factual

Answer: TRUE

 

6.2-6. In the United States, attachment patterns show variability by ethnicity and socioeconomic status.

Difficulty: 3

Question ID: 6.2-6

Page Ref: 188

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Factual

Answer: TRUE

 

6.2-7. Thomas and Chess identified three main types of temperament in young children.

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.2-7

Page Ref: 195

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: TRUE

 

6.2-8. Research has found that 90% of the variation in temperament is due to genetics.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.2-8

Page Ref: 195

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: FALSE

 

6.2-9. Kagan found shy children to be behaviorally inhibited.

Difficulty: 3

Question ID: 6.2-9

Page Ref: 196

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: TRUE

 

6.2-10. Infants cannot mimic the facial expressions of adults until 5 months of age.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.2-10

Page Ref: 197-198

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: FALSE

 

6.2-11. By age 1, infants are able to discern and understand basic emotions expressed by others.

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.2-11

Page Ref: 200

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: TRUE

 

6.2-12. Self-conscious emotions emerge around 6 months of age.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.2-12

Page Ref: 200

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: FALSE

 

6.2-13. Infants are all the same in their level of social responsiveness.

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.2-13

Page Ref: 199

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: FALSE

 

6.2-14. At 6 months old, infants learn to treat objects differently depending on the features of the object.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.2-14

Page Ref: 202

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Factual

Answer: FALSE

 

6.2-15. Infants particularly like toys that respond to their actions.

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.2-15

Page Ref: 202

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: TRUE

 

6.2-16. By 9 months old, babies can adjust their play to fit the characteristics of the toy.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.2-16

Page Ref: 202

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Factual

Answer: TRUE

 

6.2-17. A longitudinal study found that young children who are successful at maintaining friendships were more cooperative when playing with others.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.2-17

Page Ref: 203-204

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Factual

Answer: TRUE

 

6.2-18. Most toddler conflicts are about toys.

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.2-18

Page Ref: 204

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Factual

Answer: TRUE

 

6.2-19. Symbolic play does not appear until age 4.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.2-19

Page Ref: 205

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Factual

Answer: FALSE

 

6.3       Short Answer: Questions

 

6.3-1. ________, ________ and ________ are behaviors that infants use to bring adults closer to them.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.3-1

Page Ref: 181

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Factual

Answer: Smiling; crying; calling

 

6.3-2. According to Ainsworth, the quality of ________ during infancy determines the type of attachment.

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.3-2

Page Ref: 185

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: parenting

 

6.3-3. Infants with secure attachments tend to display more ________ behaviors than those with insecure attachments.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.3-3

Page Ref: 185

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: positive

 

6.3-4. In Thomas and Chess’s original study, only 10% of the children were classified as having a ________ temperament.

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.3-4

Page Ref: 195

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: difficult

 

6.3-5. Goodness of fit refers to the compatibility of the child’s ________ and his /her ________.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.3-5

Page Ref: 196

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: temperament; environment

 

6.3-6. Andrew is a very “nervous” child. He is shy and easily frightened. His parents are very experienced from raising his three older siblings. They are patient with Andrew and help him calm down. Andrew and his parents have ________ between his temperament and their parenting.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.3-6

Page Ref: 196

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Applied

Answer: goodness of fit

 

6.3-7. The tendency of the emotional cues displayed by one person to generate similar emotional states in another person is called ________.

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.3-7

Page Ref: 197

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: emotion contagion

 

6.3-8. Emotions related to people’s thoughts about themselves are called ________ emotions.

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.3-8

Page Ref: 200

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: self-conscious

 

6.3-9. Infants one year and under practice sensory activities and movement using their own bodies. This is called ________ play.

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.3-9

Page Ref: 202

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Factual

Answer: sensorimotor

 

6.3-10. In coordinated imitation, toddlers not only take turns imitating each other, but they also become ________ that they are being imitated.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.3-10

Page Ref: 202

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: aware

 

6.3-11. Most conflicts between toddlers occur because of struggles over ________.

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.3-11

Page Ref: 204

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Factual

Answer: toys

 

6.3-12. According to Piaget’s theory, symbolic play occurs when ________ emerges.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.3-12

Page Ref: 205

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: symbolic thinking

 

6.4       Essay Questions

 

6.4-1. Summarize Bowlby’s ethological theory, highlighting the influence of evolution. How did Harlow’s and Ainsworth’s research add to what Bowlby theorized?

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.4-1

Page Ref: 181-183

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: Bowlby’s theory states that attachment comes from behaviors that increase the baby’s chance of survival. Infants use smiling, crying, and seeking to stay near their caregivers. Harlow showed it is contact comfort, not just food as oral gratification or reinforcement, that causes attachment. Ainsworth demonstrated that stranger anxiety and separation anxiety keep infants near their caregivers, which ensures safety and survival.

 

6.4-2. Describe the experiments performed by Harlow to investigate attachment in infant monkeys. What was the significant finding from his work?

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.4-2

Page Ref: 181-182

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: Students should explain the groups used in the research and the observed results, as well as specifically addressing the issue of contact comfort. Infants were separated from their mothers and raised with 2 types of surrogates: wire mesh and cloth. Food was available from one of the two surrogates. Even when the wire surrogate provided food, infants spent the most time with the cloth mother. When a feared stimulus was introduced into the cage, infants went to the cloth mother. Contact comfort was more important to the infants than which mother provided food.

 

6.4-3. Explain attachment and how Ainsworth’s Strange Situation is used to measure it in infants. Include a description of the types of attachments this procedure can reveal.

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.4-3

Page Ref: 182-184

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Factual

Answer: Students should define attachment, explain the main steps in the Strange Situation procedure, and describe the 4 types of attachments.

-Attachment is the emotional tie between an infant and the specific person or people who provide the infant’s primary care.

-The procedure systematically exposes the infant to an unfamiliar situation involving a stranger and separation of the infant from the caregiver.

-4 types of attachment:

–Secure attachment is healthy attachment wherein the infant is upset when separated from its caregiver, shows wariness of strangers, and uses the caregiver as a base for exploration.

–Insecure-avoidant is an unhealthy type of attachment where infants do not use their caregiver as a base for exploration, are not distressed by separation from their caregivers, and do not prefer their caregivers over unfamiliar adults.

–Insecure-resistant is an unhealthy attachment that is demonstrated by infants seeking proximity to their caregivers but not gaining comfort from contact with their caregivers.

–Insecure-disorganized is an unhealthy type of attachment indicated when infants seem dazed or confused, or show contradictory behaviors in the Strange Situation.

 

6.4-4. Describe the parent, infant, and cultural factors associated with attachment.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.4-4

Page Ref: 185-189

Topic: Attachment

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: Student should describe parenting styles, infant characteristics, and cultural influences.

-Parenting style

–warm and responsive, indifferent, inconsistent/abusive

-Infant characteristics

–alertness, activity level, mood/temperament, special needs/handicapping conditions

-Cultural

–expectations of a specific society for infant behavior, experiences in that society for interaction with strangers and separation from caregivers

 

6.4-5. Explain what temperament is and describe the three types of temperaments identified by Thomas and Chess.

Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 6.4-5

Page Ref: 195

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: Temperament is the infant/child’s behavioral style or primary pattern of reacting to the environment.

Three types of temperament:

–Easy temperament is when a child has mostly positive moods, is adaptive and flexible, and has a regular pattern of eating and sleeping.

–Difficult temperament is when a child is frequently negative, withdraws from new situations, is slow to adapt to change, and shows irregular eating and sleeping patterns.

–Slow to warm up temperament is when a child has mildly negative responses to new stimuli/situations, but with repeated exposure, gradually develops a quiet and positive interest.

 

6.4-6. Your cousin knows you are taking a child development course. She e-mails you asking for advice on handling her 2-year-old. From Chapter 6, you now realize that the child has a difficult temperament. Based on what you learned in Chapter 6, what advice could you give her on dealing with this child?

Difficulty: 3

Question ID: 6.4-6

Page Ref: 195-197

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Applied

Answer: Students should apply the information on difficult temperament, explain goodness of fit, and give concrete suggestions for dealing with a difficult toddler.

-Describe difficult temperament in terms of irregular eating and sleeping routines, negative mood, withdrawal from new situations/stimuli, dislike of changes.

-Explain goodness of fit as either matching of child’s and parent’s temperament or complementarity of child’s temperament and parenting style.

-Concrete suggestions for dealing with a difficult child:

–patient, supportive, nurturing parenting

–structured routines in daily life

–allow child time to adapt to new situations/stimuli without rushing him/her

–as child matures, teach him/her to control expressions of temperament

–with age, help child gain insight into own temperament and use that insight to adapt to the environment

 

6.4-7. Describe how Sorce et al. (1985) used the visual cliff to demonstrate that infants understand the meaning of basic emotions expressed by their mothers.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.4-7

Page Ref: 198-199

Topic: Temperament and Emotion

Skill: Factual

Answer: Students should include all the main steps in the experimental procedure and summarize the significant results.

-Procedure:

–12-month-olds were put on the shallow side and a toy on the deep side.

–Infants looked to their mothers before going to the deep side.

–Mothers were instructed to systematically display happy, sad, interested, angry, and fearful expressions.

-Results:

–Infants did not cross to the deep side when their mothers showed fearful expressions.

–Many infants crossed to the deep side when their mothers showed positive emotions.

 

6.4-8. Outline the progression of peer social interactions from infancy through age 3.

Difficulty: 3

Question ID: 6.4-8

Page Ref: 201-205

Topic: Social Relations and Play

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: Students should include the following stages in their responses.

2 months—mutual gaze

6 months—babble, smile, touch each other

12 months—seek each other, follow, talk

2 years—coordinated imitation, choose preferred playmates, conflicts are common

3 years—make-believe play and symbolic play

 

  • MyDevelopmentLab Questions

 

6.5-1. Encoding, or organizing sensory information so that the nervous system can process it, is a key function of

  1. A) short-term storage.
  2. B) working memory.
  3. C) long-term memory.
  4. D) sensory memory.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.5-1

Page Ref: MDL

Topic: Explore: Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval in Memory

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: D. Encoding or organizing sensory information so that the nervous system can process it is a key function of sensory memory.

 

6.5-2. The ability to recognize other’s emotional states is important to our survival. We are all genetically programmed to express our emotions and our facial expressions in the same ways. After reviewing the video “Recognizing Basic Emotions,” discuss why natives from another country would be able to tell what emotion you are expressing without language.

Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 6.5-2

Page Ref: MDL

Topic: IT Video Recognizing Basic Emotions

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: We are all genetically programmed to express our emotions and our facial expressions in the same ways, and also to automatically associate certain facial expressions with the emotions that they represent.

 

6.5-3. After watching the video “Temperament,” give at least one example from each child’s clip that helped you to identify the child’s temperament.

Difficulty: 3

Question ID: 6.5-3

Page Ref: MDL

Topic: Temperament

Skill: Conceptual

Answer: Answers will vary but must include examples for the easy child, the slow-to-warm up child, and the difficult child.

 

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