The World of Psychology, 7th Edition by Samuel E. Wood - Test Bank Instant Download - Complete Test Bank With Answers Sample Questions Are Posted Below 5 Learning Key: Answer, Page, Type, Learning Objective, Level Type A=Applied C=Conceptual F=Factual Level (1)=Easy; (2)=Moderate; (3)=Difficult LO=Learning Objective …
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The World of Psychology, 7th Edition by Samuel E. Wood – Test Bank
Instant Download – Complete Test Bank With Answers
Sample Questions Are Posted Below
5 Learning
Key: Answer, Page, Type, Learning Objective, Level
Type
A=Applied
C=Conceptual
F=Factual
Level
(1)=Easy; (2)=Moderate; (3)=Difficult
LO=Learning Objective
p=page
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Classical Conditioning: The Original View
Learning Objective 5.1 – What kind of learning did Pavlov discover?
Correct. Experience or practice that leads to a long-term behavior change is referred to as learning.
Incorrect. Adaptation is a sensory effect that describes a perceptual change to a given stimulus level. Perceptual changes are not behavioral changes and, thus, are not considered to be learning.
% correct 95 a= 95 b= 3 c= 1 d= 1 r = .21
% correct 96 a= 96 b= 4 c= 0 d= 0 r = .19
Correct. This is the correct definition of learning.
Incorrect. Generalization is a concept found within learning, both in terms of operant and classical conditioning.
Correct. Unlike learning, maturation is a biologically and genetically based process and not an experiential one.
Incorrect. Learning does involve experience, and the statement is true. The question asks which statement is NOT true.
ANS: a, p. 150, C, LO=5.1, (3)
% correct 93 a= 93 b= 4 c= 3 d= 0 r = .19
Incorrect. Observational learning involves watching others in a learning experience; in this example, Stephanie experienced these events herself.
Correct. Stephanie’s experience is an example of classical conditioning.
% correct 90 a= 3 b= 4 c= 90 d= 3 r = .22
Incorrect. In operant conditioning, the outcomes of a behavior come to mediate future occurrences of that action.
Correct. In classical conditioning, an organism learns associations between stimuli.
Correct. The dog has come to associate the sound of the keys with the departure of Maricella, and his sadness has become a conditioned response.
Incorrect. While the dog may experience the departure of Maricella as a punishment, this does not explain his association with the sound of her car keys.
ANS: a, p. 151, A, LO=5.1 (1)
Incorrect. Some of the earliest work in operant conditioning was done by Thorndike with rabbits.
Correct. It was Pavlov’s work studying the physiology of canine digestion that led to the theory of classical conditioning.
Correct. Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning and he was a physiologist.
Incorrect. Ivan Pavlov, a well-known Russian physiologist, discovered classical conditioning. Although some dog trainers may have had a reasonably pragmatic set of training principles, they didn’t scientifically study them or publish their findings.
% correct 74 a= 1 b= 0 c= 74 d= 24 r = .45
Incorrect. Skinner was a well-known contributor to the study of learning but his work centered on operant or instrumental conditioning.
Correct. The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was Pavlov.
% correct 96 a= 1 b= 3 c= 0 d= 96 r = .19
Correct. Pavlov was studying digestion, and salivation is one of the initial processes in digestion.
Incorrect. Pavlov was not concerned with feelings or any other internal mental states in his initial experiments. He was studying the physiology of digestion.
% correct 64 a= 64 b= 15 c= 7 d= 15 r = .51
Incorrect. The consequence, or outcome, of a stimulus is called a response.
Correct. This is the definition of a stimulus, and it is the key to both operant and classical conditioning.
Correct. A stimulus is any event or object in the environment to which an organism responds.
Incorrect. An animal or a person can be conditioned to respond to a stimulus, but this is not the correct answer to the question.
Correct. The show has come to elicit the response of coming to the dining room. Therefore, the show is a stimulus.
Incorrect. A habit is a response that has been learned so effectively that it becomes almost automatic.
Incorrect. Pavlov was not studying his assistant’s reactions; he was interested in the salivation of the dogs.
Correct. Pavlov was fascinated with why the dogs learned this connection between the assistant and the food.
% correct 100 a= 0 b=0 c= 0 d= 100 r = .00
Learning Objective 5.2 – How is classical conditioning accomplished?
Correct. A classically conditioned response occurs when the subject learns to make a reflexive response to a new stimulus.
Incorrect. Operant conditioning deals with voluntary behavior and not reflexive responses that occur automatically. Classical conditioning entails learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original.
% correct 77 a= 77 b= 12 c= 2 d= 8 r = .42
% correct 82 a= 82 b= 11 c= 0 d= 7 r = .39
Correct. The food powder elicited a response without learning taking place, so it was the US.
Incorrect. The bells only elicited a response after learning occurred, so they were a CS.
Correct. The unconditioned response is a naturally occurring process when the animal is stimulated. Salivation is such a process in response to food.
Incorrect. Although salivation is part of digestion, the best answer is the unconditioned response because it is more specific and part of Pavlov’s conceptualization.
Incorrect. A conditioned response is a reaction to a stimulus that has been learned.
Correct. A reflex is a response to a stimulus that is innate, unlearned, and automatic.
ANS: d, p. 152, F, LO=5.2, (2)
__________
Correct. The food acted as an unconditioned stimulus that automatically evoked the conditioned response. Food automatically causes one to salivate.
Incorrect. The food acted as an unconditioned stimulus that automatically evoked salivation. The conditioned stimulus is previously neutral and food is not a neutral stimulus.
% correct 86 a= 14 b= 86 c= 0 d= 0 r = .36
Incorrect. Unconditional statement is not a term associated with learning theory.
Correct. US stands for unconditioned stimulus.
Incorrect. A conditioned stimulus only evokes a response after learning has occurred.
Correct. Unconditioned means unlearned, so the stimulus that evokes a response without learning is called an unconditioned stimulus.
that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light. In this example, the
__________ is the unconditioned stimulus.
Incorrect. Alan’s presence is not what brings about a response, either conditioned or unconditioned, in this example.
Correct. The fish food is the unconditioned stimulus because by definition food is an unconditioned stimulus.
% correct 49 a= 1 b= 3 c= 46 d= 49 r = .53
Incorrect. A conditioned stimulus only evokes a response after learning has occurred.
Correct. Unconditioned means unlearned, so the stimulus that evokes a response without learning is called an unconditioned stimulus.
Incorrect. UR stands for unconditioned response, which is a part of the classical conditioning paradigm. The abbreviation is not used for a reinforcement term.
Correct. UR stands for unconditioned response.
Incorrect. If they do not need to be conditioned, then the response cannot be a conditioned response!
Correct. This innate, automatic, reflexive behavior is called an unconditioned response.
Incorrect. Conditioned responses must be learned. Those in this question are unlearned.
Correct. Because these responses happen automatically (without learning), they are unconditioned responses.
salivation was a(n) __________
Correct. The salivation was reflexive to the presentation of food and, thus, was an unconditioned response.
Incorrect. Because salivation was initially reflexive for food and not to another stimulus, such as a sound, salivation would be considered an unconditioned response.
ANS: a, p. 152, F, LO=5.2, (2)
% correct 83 a= 83 b= 5 c= 11 d= 1 r = .38
% correct 93 a= 93 b= 7 c= 0 d= 0 r = .30
Correct. Pavlov realized that the salivation reflex was the result of learning, so he called it a conditioned reflex.
Incorrect. Because salivation happens automatically, it is a conditioned reflex. The stimulus that elicits the response is what has to be acquired through learning.
Incorrect. It is the unconditioned response that is an instinctual, innate behavior.
Correct. In classical conditioning, the only thing that can evoke a CR is the CS.
Correct. CS stands for conditioned stimulus, which refers to an event that produces a response after learning has taken place.
Incorrect. Conventional structure is not a term that is used in learning theory.
ANS: a, p. 153, C, LO=5.2 (1)
Correct. A conditioned stimulus is one that has been a signal for the US. In this case the door sound signals food.
Incorrect. The sound cannot be a response because the sound was a stimulus presented to the dog.
% correct 87 a= 7 b= 87 c= 0 d= 6 r = .39
Incorrect. Allen’s aversive reaction to the unpleasant odors in the restroom is reflexive, and thus is an unconditioned response.
Correct. Allen has learned to associate that door with his unpleasant work tasks. Therefore it is a conditioned stimulus.
electric can opener. In this example, the __________ is the conditioned stimulus.
Correct. The sound of the can opener is a stimulus that causes a conditioned response in the cat.
Incorrect. Although the dish might also have become a conditioned stimulus, in this example Harmony noticed that salivation came in response specifically to the sound of the can opener.
% correct 95 a= 5 b= 95 c= 0 d= 0 r = .20
% correct 97 a=0 b= 97 c= 0 d= 3 r = .20
this example, the sound of the can opener is the __________
Correct. In this example, the sound of the electric can opener is the conditioned stimulus because it causes a natural, reflexive response of salivation in the cat.
Incorrect. In this example, the sound of the electric can opener is the conditioned stimulus. You might think the cat enjoys hearing the sound and it takes on reinforcing properties. However, the question focuses on the behavior and, thus, the sound acts as the conditioned stimulus.
% correct 91 a= 7 b= 1 c= 91 d= 1 r = .18
Correct. The dogs had to learn to respond to the tone, so that makes it a learned, or conditioned, response.
Incorrect. The salivation to the food (the meat powder) was the unconditioned response.
Incorrect. CR stands for conditioned response. The abbreviation is specifically defined as conditioned response even though conditioned reinforcement is a term used in learning theory.
Correct. CR stands for conditioned response.
Correct. Allison has learned, even on an unconscious level, that the sound of a camera indicates the coming of a flash. Her pupil constriction before the flash even occurs is an example of a learned, or conditioned, response.
Incorrect. The constriction of Allison’s pupils to the actual camera flash is reflexive and occurs without learning. That is the unconditioned response.
after a few days the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the student’s footsteps. The salivation to the sound of the
footsteps was a __________
Correct. Since salivation is not a natural reflexive response to footsteps, the situation was one in which salivation became a response to the sound and, thus, is referred to as a conditioned response.
Incorrect. A reinforcer is a stimulus, whereas the salivation is a response—in this case, a conditioned response.
% correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 100 d= 0 r = .00
Correct. This process is called higher-order conditioning because another, or higher, layer of associations is being added.
Incorrect. Responding to a similar stimulus is called generalization; in this case, it is not a similar stimulus but an entirely new stimulus that is paired with the original.
ANS: a, p. 153, F, LO=5.2, (2)
% correct 57 a= 57 b= 6 c= 11 d= 26 r = .45
Correct. The use of a strong CS to create a second CS is called higher-order conditioning.
Incorrect. Stimulus generalization doesn’t involve pairing a CS with another different CS. It refers to stimuli that are similar to the CS evoking a CR without that similar stimulus ever having been used as part of the conditioning process.
% correct 62 a= 3 b= 62 c= 2 d= 32 r = .30
Correct. This process of using a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus to create a new conditioned stimulus out of the neutral stimulus is called higher-order conditioning.
Incorrect. Operant conditioning refers to voluntary responses, such as bar presses for food, not involuntary responses, such as salivation.
ANS: a, p. 153, C, LO=5.2, (3)
Correct. This process is called higher-order conditioning because another, or higher, layer of associations is being added.
Incorrect. Responding to a similar stimulus is called generalization; in this case, it is not a similar stimulus but an entirely new stimulus that is paired with the original.
ANS: a, p. 153, F, LO=5.2, (2)
% correct 57 a= 57 b= 6 c= 11 d= 26 r = .45
Correct. The use of a strong CS to create a second CS is called higher-order conditioning.
Incorrect. Stimulus generalization doesn’t involve pairing a CS with another different CS. It refers to stimuli that are similar to the CS evoking a CR without that similar stimulus ever having been used as part of the conditioning process.
% correct 62 a= 3 b= 62 c= 2 d= 32 r = .30
Correct. This process of using a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus to create a new conditioned stimulus out of the neutral stimulus is called higher-order conditioning.
Incorrect. Operant conditioning refers to voluntary responses, such as bar presses for food, not involuntary responses, such as salivation.
ANS: a, p. 153, C, LO=5.2, (3)
Incorrect. Operant conditioning, or instrumental learning, occurs when the outcomes of a behavior mediate future occurrences of that action.
Correct. This is the correct definition of higher-order conditioning.
Incorrect. Denny has had to learn that each stimulus is bringing him closer and closer to the dentist. This is not an example of reflexive learning (or conditioning).
Correct. Denny is allowing multiple stimuli to become linked, all of which lead to his fearful response.
Correct. Pavlov found that the pairings took several – 20 or more – repetitions to effectively result in classical conditioning.
Incorrect. The more often you pair the NS with the US, the more effective learning will be. Pavlov needed only about 20 pairings, however, before the dogs acquired the new response.
Learning Objective 5.3 – What kinds of changes in stimuli and learning conditions lead to changes in conditioned responses?
Incorrect. Spontaneous recovery is when a previously extinguished CR reappears for no apparent reason.
Correct. When the CS is presented without the US, eventually the CR fades away. This is called extinction.
Incorrect. Testing is not a term used in this paradigm.
Correct. Extinction occurs when the CR no longer predicts the CS and the organism no longer responds to the stimulus.
ANS: c, p. 154, C, LO=5.3, (2)
Correct. The CR will fade in a process known as extinction or when a repeated presentation of the CS leads to the fading of the CR.
Incorrect. Generalization fading is not a term used in our conditioning models.
% correct 100 a= 0 b= 100 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00
Incorrect. Counterconditioning would have occurred if the animal was conditioned to some other stimuli, but this was not the case.
Correct. Milo’s response spontaneously recovered.
Incorrect. Generalization is when a conditioned response is elicited by a stimulus that is similar, but not identical, to the conditioned stimulus
Correct. Spontaneous recovery is when a previously extinguished CR reappears for no apparent reason.
Incorrect. Counterconditioning occurs when the animal is conditioned to some other stimulus.
Correct. The reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction is called spontaneous recovery.
% correct 98 a= 1 b= 0 c= 98 d= 1 r = .19
Correct. When a conditioned response briefly reappears after it has been extinguished, this is called spontaneous recovery.
Incorrect. Higher-order conditioning refers to a chain of conditioned responses established from the first pairing, which is not the situation described here. The reappearance of an extinguished response is called spontaneous recovery.
% correct 95 a= 95 b= 2 c= 1 d= 2 r = .35
Incorrect. Discrimination is the organism’s recognition that different stimuli should evoke different responses.
Correct. Spontaneous recovery is when a previously extinguished CR reappears for no apparent reason.
Incorrect. Spontaneous recovery is when a previously extinguished CR reappears for no apparent reason.
Correct. Generalization is when a conditioned response is elicited by a stimulus that is similar, but not identical, to the conditioned stimulus.
Incorrect. Spontaneous recovery is when a previously extinguished CR reappears for no apparent reason
Correct. Generalization is when a conditioned response is elicited by a stimulus that is similar, but not identical, to the conditioned stimulus.
Correct. Generalization is when a conditioned response is elicited by a stimulus that is similar, but not identical, to the conditioned stimulus.
Incorrect. Spontaneous recovery is when a previously extinguished CR reappears for no apparent reason.
Correct. Responding to a similar stimulus is called stimulus generalization.
Incorrect. The subject is generalizing to a stimulus and, thus, the process is called stimulus generalization.
ANS: a, p. 154, F, LO=5.3, (1)
Learning Objective 5.4 – How did Watson demonstrate that fear could be classically conditioned?
Incorrect. The toy dog wasn’t a conditioned stimulus because seeing it repeatedly probably wouldn’t have helped Albert. He needed to see the rat repeatedly.
Correct. Showing Albert a rat without the loud noise would teach Albert that nothing scary coincides with the presence of the rat.
Correct. In spontaneous recovery the conditioned response can briefly reappear when the original CS returns, although the response is usually weak and short-lived.
Incorrect. Although the statement is true, it doesn’t answer the question about spontaneous recovery, which involves the resurfacing of the fear even after it has seemingly been extinguished.
% correct 86 a= 86 b= 0 c= 13 d= 1 r = .19
Incorrect. Peter was the name of the boy who was the subject of Watson and Jones’s study in 1924.
Correct. The case of Little Albert is famous in discussions of classically conditioned fears.
Incorrect. A bell was used in the classic studies done by Pavlov with his salivating dogs.
Correct. The bar and hammer were used to frighten the baby when he was exposed to a white rat.
Incorrect. The unconditioned response, in the case of Little Albert, was the fear of the loud noise.
Correct. Little Albert was not afraid of the rat before the loud noises, but came to fear the rat as an extension of his fear of the noise. This makes his fear of the rat a conditioned response.
Incorrect. Albert’s spreading of his fear to other white, furry stimuli is generalization, which is the opposite of discrimination.
Correct. Albert generalized his fear of the white rat to other white, furry stimuli.
Incorrect. Behavior modification is a clinical technique that uses conditioning. Stimulus generalization was the issue.
Correct. Stimulus generalization occurs when a conditioned response spreads to a similar stimulus. In this case, it was from rat to rabbit.
% correct a= 14 b=0 c= 0 d= 86 r = .49
Incorrect. Albert did not have a reflexive fear response to the rat so it couldn’t be the unconditioned stimulus. He did have a reflexive fear response to the noise, and that was the unconditioned stimulus.
Correct. Noise was the unconditioned stimulus as it automatically evoked fear.
% correct 76 a= 21 b= 76 c= 2 d= 1 r = .25
Correct. The child was conditioned to respond to this stimulus with fear, even though he was not originally afraid of the rat.
Incorrect. An unconditioned stimulus is one that the child automatically responds to with fear, such as a loud noise.
% correct 51 a= 3 b= 3 c= 51 d= 43 r = .21
% correct 57 a= 18 b= 0 c= 57 d= 25 r = .19
Incorrect. Counterconditioning does not necessarily deal with emotional responses like the one seen in the case of Little Albert.
Correct. The case of Little Albert was used to demonstrate conditional emotional responses.
ANS: b, pp. 155-156, C, LO=5.4 (1)
Incorrect. The rat was a neutral stimulus that didn’t at first elicit a fear response and, thus, was the CS.
Correct. The UCS was a loud noise because it automatically evoked a fear response.
% correct 69 a=31 b= 69 c= 0 d= 0 r = .29
% correct 76 a= 24 b= 74 c= 0 d= 0 r = .36
Correct. The white rat was a neutral stimulus that at first didn’t elicit a fear response but that, after conditioning, became a conditioned stimulus.
Incorrect. The US was the loud noise because it automatically evoked a fear response.
Correct. Watson took a neutral stimulus, the rat, and paired it with a fear-producing noise to make the rat a fear-inducing stimulus.
Incorrect. There was no focus on the unconscious in Watson’s experiment. He was demonstrating the relationship of classical conditioning to phobias.
% correct 86 a= 86 b= 4 c= 9 d= 1 r = .40
Incorrect. While it is possible to learn phobias through innate learning, the best answer is conditioned emotional response.
Correct. Fears often develop as a result of classical conditioning, a process known as a conditioned emotional response.
ANS: d, pp. 155-56, C, LO=5.4 (2)
Incorrect. This would (1) not be a case study because of the manipulation of the boy’s fears, and (2) not be an ethical experiment because of the distress caused to the child.
Correct. IT would be unethical to expose a child to that amount of discomfort, and even more unethical to not “undo” the damage after the research was completed.
Incorrect. Peter lost his fear of the rabbit and of other similar stimuli as well.
Correct. Through the process of controlled exposure, Peter’s phobia first diminished, and then disappeared. This is similar to the modern therapy called systematic desensitization.
Classical Conditioning: The Contemporary View
Learning Objective 5.5 – According to Rescorla, what is the critical element in classical conditioning?
Incorrect. Jones worked with Watson to show how to eliminate a conditioned fear, but the best answer to this question is Rescorla.
Correct. Rescorla has modernized our thinking on classical conditioning by introducing cognitive components to the effects discovered by Pavlov.
Incorrect. Generalization, or the spread of the response to various stimuli, isn’t a new addition to the theory.
Correct. Rescorla explained that animals must make a prediction created by the pairing of a stimulus (or absence of a stimulus) with an unpleasant experience.
ANS: d, p. 157, C, LO=5.5, (3)
Incorrect. Rescorla theorized that the CS has to provide information about the coming of the US and predict the latter’s coming. Substitution was an earlier theory of Pavlov’s.
Incorrect. Pavlov suggested that stimulus substitution, and not expectancy, explained classical conditioning.
Correct. The cognitive explanation of classical conditioning was proposed by Robert Rescorla.
ANS: c, p. 157, F, LO=5.5 (2)
Incorrect. Rescorla found that the CS must predict the US for conditioning to take place. A simultaneous appearance would not give any information useful in prediction.
Correct. Rescorla found that the CS must predict the US for conditioning to take place.
Learning Objective 5.6 – What did Garcia and Koelling discover about classical conditioning?
Incorrect. Skinner studied operant conditioning, whereas this effect is a classical conditioning phenomenon.
Correct. Garcia worked on taste aversion.
ANS: d, p. 158, A, LO=5.6, (3)
Incorrect. Latent learning has occurred when an animal or person seems not to learn something but later demonstrates the learned behavior in question. In this example, the farmer is attempting to cause a conditioned taste aversion in local coyotes to protect his sheep.
Correct. The farmer hopes that the taste of the sheep will evoke a conditioned response.
Correct. Taste aversion is the term for a learned aversion to a particular food based on a previous bad experience with that food.
Incorrect. Operant conditioning relates to voluntary behavior, whereas a taste aversion, such as the one Walter experienced, is an involuntary response.
% correct 95 a= 0 b= 95 c= 5 d= 0 r = .48
Incorrect. Taste of food in mammals such as rats is associated with nausea, not shocks.
Correct. The rats will not develop an aversion to saccharin because rats are biologically prepared to associate taste with nausea, not shock.
Incorrect. Birds respond to sight more than smell, so the parakeet would not pay attention to how a food smells in deciding whether or not to eat it.
spaghetti.
Correct. Birds find food through sight and will avoid anything that looks similar to something that made them sick in the past—in this case, the long thin pasta.
% correct 86 a= 7 b= 8 c= 86 d= 0 r = .19
Learning Objective 5.7 – What types of everyday responses can be subject to classical conditioning?
Incorrect. During drug recovery making major life changes is not the best idea, but the worst thing a recovering addict can do is go back to old partying habits.
Correct. Drug counselors try to help recovering addicts change the stimuli in their lives so that they will not be likely to revert back to the same (in this case pathological) responses.
Learning Objective 5.8 – Why doesn’t classical conditioning result every time unconditioned and conditioned stimuli are paired together?
Correct. Research has found that if consequences follow very shortly after the behaviors to which they are attached, the behavior changes that are desired are much more likely to occur.
Incorrect. The time sequence between the behavior and the outcome is the relevant factor in this example.
Incorrect. The CS occurring after the UCS has been found not to yield strong classical conditioning.
Correct. Pavlov found that the CS and UCS must be only seconds apart in order to condition salivation. Longer intervals were not successful.
% correct 90 a= 0 b= 10 c= 0 d= 90 r = .19
% correct 86 a= 0 b= 11 c= 2 d= 86 r = .24
Correct. One of the basic principles of classical conditioning is that the CS must come before the UCS.
Incorrect. This statement is true but does not explain that the conditioning didn’t work because the CS must precede the UCS.
Operant Conditioning
Learning Objective 5.9 – What did Thorndike conclude about learning by watching cats try to escape from his puzzle box?
Correct. The law of effect states that behaviors that are followed by positive outcomes will be likely to be repeated in the future.
Incorrect. Reinforcing successive approximations is known as shaping.
Incorrect. Skinner is credited with the principles of operant conditioning, not the law of effect.
Correct. Edward Thorndike is credited with having posited the “law of effect.”
Incorrect. This quote is attributed to Thorndike, not Skinner.
Correct. Thorndike is credited with having made this assertion.
Incorrect. Placing a dog in a shuttlebox is the basis of Seligman’s work on learned helplessness.
Correct. Running cats through puzzle boxes is what was the basis for Thorndike’s law of effect.
Incorrect. Thorndike first explored and outlined the laws of voluntary behavior. Skinner later greatly expanded on his work.
Correct. Thorndike was the pioneer of the laws of voluntary behavior.
Correct. Thorndike was known for his work with a puzzle box.
Incorrect. Modeling was a much later process proposed for observational learning.
Incorrect. Watson is best known for work that was done much later than that of Thorndike.
Correct. Thorndike proposed the law of effect.
Correct. Thorndike put cats in a puzzle box to demonstrate his law of effect.
Incorrect. Seligman is the theorist most noted for using dogs in his demonstration of learned helplessness.
ANS: a, p. 161, F, LO=5.9 (1)
Incorrect. Although it sounds like a statement of positive reinforcement, it is not. Positive reinforcement is defined differently.
Correct. Thorndike’s law of effect speaks to both pleasurable and unpleasurable consequences.
% correct 89 a= 9 b= 2 c= 89 d= 0 r = .19
Incorrect. Watson’s research with Little Albert involved classical, not operant, conditioning.
Correct. Skinner took the idea that rewarded behaviors would increase and let it be the foundation for his entire theory.
Learning Objective 5.10 – What is the process by which behaviors are acquired through operant conditioning?
Correct. These behaviors are called successive approximations.
Incorrect. Secondary reinforcers are previously neutral stimuli that have acquired reinforcing qualities by being paired with primary reinforcers.
% correct 92 a= 3 b= 92 c= 2 d= 2 r = .41
Incorrect. An operant is a voluntary behavior.
Correct. A reinforcer can be thought of as a reward, and its goal is to strengthen behaviors.
Correct. This is the definition of shaping.
Incorrect. Extinction occurs in operant conditioning when reinforcement is withheld and the target behavior decreases.
Incorrect. A Skinner box is sometimes referred to as a reinforcement chamber, but this is not the best answer to the question.
Correct. It makes sense that it was named after the person who created it, doesn’t it?
Correct. Billy probably rewarded the rats as they got closer and closer to the target behavior.
Incorrect. It is highly unlikely that the use of punishment would effectively teach rats to play basketball.
ANS: b, p. 162, A, LO=5.10, (2)
Correct. Two-Ton was probably rewarded as he got closer and closer to the desired behavior.
Incorrect. Because standing on one foot is not an inborn, reflexive behavior, it would not involve classical conditioning.
Correct. Operant conditioning involves a choice to move and is, thus, voluntary behavior.
Incorrect. Classical conditioning involves involuntary responses, such as salivation.
% correct 89 a= 89 b= 7 c= 4 d= 0 r = .32
Correct. The dog’s blinking its eyes is not operant behavior because it is reflexive, involuntary behavior, whereas operant behavior is voluntary.
Incorrect. The rat’s pressing the bar is operant behavior because it is voluntary.
% correct 80 a= 6 b= 4 c= 80 d= 10 r = .44
Correct. The child’s voluntary behavior—eating his dinner—is rewarded with the cookie.
Incorrect. If this were an example of social learning, the child would have to watch someone else get a reward for eating dinner.
% correct 83 a= 14 b= 83 c= 0 d= 3 r = .41
Incorrect. Classical conditioning involves involuntary responses and Skinner boxes use voluntary responses to study operant conditioning.
Correct. A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on operant conditioning. Skinner developed the box in his work on operant conditioning.
% correct 79 a= 16 b= 79 c= 2 d= 3 r = .39
Incorrect. The box in question is called a Skinner box. Subjects undergo many trials but the term is not used for the apparatus.
Correct. The box is called a Skinner box.
% correct 91 a= 2 b= 5 c= 2 d= 91 r = .22
% correct 96 a= 0 b= 4 c= 0 d= 96 r = .19
Correct. Reinforcement causes the association between the stimulus and the voluntary response to be learned.
Incorrect. Although principles like the Law of Effect suggest emotional linkages, the correct answer needs to consider reinforcement as the necessary principle.
ANS: a, p. 162, C, LO=5.10, (3)
% correct 100 a= 100 b= 0 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00
Incorrect. Negative reinforcement involves terminating an unpleasant stimulus.
Correct. Mary is given praise for every step that gets her closer to the desired behavior, a process called shaping.
Correct. Shaping uses approximations of a response to generate a complex behavior.
Incorrect. Stimulus generalization refers to a subject’s responding to stimuli that are similar to the original US.
ANS: a, p. 162, F, LO=5.10, (2)
Incorrect. The goal of reinforcement is to strengthen, not weaken, a target behavior.
Correct. When reinforcement is withheld, behaviors tend to stop. This is the definition of extinction in operant conditioning.
Incorrect. If the behavior had stopped despite there still being adequate pellets, this would have indicated satiation. In this case, the lack of reinforcement led to extinction.
Correct. The removal of the reinforcement caused the desired behavior to extinguish.
Correct. This pigeon is generalizing the response to similar stimuli as the one to which he was initially reinforced.
Incorrect. Extinction would be seen if the pigeon got no reinforcement and slowly stopped pecking at the yellow disk.
Incorrect. If Bryant had remembered where he was and which show he was hosting, this would have demonstrated discrimination.
Correct. Bryant forgot that he should make a clear distinction between the two shows, even though they may have had similar sets (cameras, dressing rooms, etc).
Incorrect. If Pouncer only got excited when he saw an orange shirt or jacket, this would demonstrate discrimination.
Correct. Pouncer is starting to assume that any bright color, not just orange, is an indication that he is going to get to go hunting.
Incorrect. Neutral stimuli are used in classical conditioning, not in operant conditioning.
Correct. Ever the psychologist-in-training, Lori understands that her dad’s good mood is a signal that she can get what she wants, even if it normally would not have occurred.
Correct. These stimuli are designed to let a person/animal “discriminate” which behavior is called for.
Incorrect. Unless you are born knowing that “red means stop” and “green means go,” these are not unconditioned stimuli. They must be learned.
Incorrect. Stimulus generalization occurs when one reinforcement can encourage a different behavior.
Correct. This stimulus is designed to let a person/animal “discriminate” which behavior is called for.
Correct. The whining will extinguish because the behavior is not being reinforced.
Incorrect. The behavior will extinguish. It might show spontaneous recovery later after Bob’s father extinguishes his behavior but the initial situation as presented will lead to extinction.
Correct. This is an example of generalization, the process in which the same response is evoked by similar stimuli.
Incorrect. Discrimination occurs when subjects are trained not to respond to similar stimuli.
Correct. Professor Rochelle’s door being open was a discriminative stimulus for asking questions because it let students know what response to make—flee from her wrath or ask her a question.
Incorrect. Professor Rochelle’s door being open was a discriminative stimulus and not a discriminative response.
% correct 75 a= 75 b= 5 c= 18 d= 2 r = .20
% correct 74 a= 74 b= 0 c= 21 d= 8 r = .28
Correct. A discriminative stimulus lets one know whether a particular stimulus will lead to reinforcement.
Incorrect. A discriminative stimulus is not a cue for a reinforcement schedule.
Correct. A stop sign is a discriminative stimulus because one has to determine the different response that a stop sign should elicit when compared to all other signs.
Incorrect. The rat did not have to be picked from a set of other stimuli and, thus, was not a discriminative stimulus. A stop sign is a discriminative stimulus because one has to decide what to do from all the other signs.
Learning Objective 5.11 – What are the effects of positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement?
Incorrect. A reinforcer strengthens a behavior while a punisher weakens a behavior.
Correct. A reinforcer strengthens a behavior while a punisher weakens a behavior.
ANS: d, pp. 163-168, C, LO=5.10-5.13 (1)
Incorrect. Negative reinforcement occurs when an aversive stimulus is removed, not applied, after a response.
Correct. This is the definition of positive reinforcement.
Correct. The student will be given good grades and this will, hopefully, increase the likelihood that they will study hard in the future.
Incorrect. If a student studied hard so that they would be taken off of academic probation, this might be an example of negative reinforcement.
Correct. The action (studying) is rewarded by the removal of an unpleasant outcome (bad grades).
Incorrect. Punishment would serve to decrease the target behavior. In this case the goal is to increase the target behavior.
131.Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
Correct. The action (taking the medicine) is rewarded when the aversive stimulus (the pain) is removed.
Incorrect. This is an example of positive, not negative, reinforcement.
ANS: c, p. 164, C, LO=5.11, (3)
Correct. A primary reinforcer satisfies basic, biological needs.
Incorrect. A secondary reinforcer gains its value through an association with a primary reinforcer.
ANS: a, p. 164, F, LO=5.11 (1)
Incorrect. Praise is not a biologically based necessity, such as food or drink.
Correct. A primary reinforcer is one that relates to food, drink, shelter, touch, or other biologically based necessities.
ANS: d, p. 164, A, LO=5.11, (1)
Correct. A cupcake relates to food, drink, shelter, touch, and other biologically based needs, whereas a certificate does not.
Incorrect. A gold star is an example of a secondary reinforcer, whereas a cupcake is an example of a primary reinforcer.
% correct 68 a= 68 b= 14 c= 11 d= 8 r = .27
Incorrect. A gold star is a secondary reinforcer because it is learned to be reinforcing. Shelter meets a basic biological need for comfort and, therefore, is a primary reinforcer.
Correct. A gold star is a secondary reinforcer because it has no intrinsic biological value.
Correct. The “negative” part refers to something being removed, and the “reinforcement” part refers to the goal of increasing a particular behavior.
Incorrect. The goal of punishment is to reduce, not increase, a particular behavior.
Correct. This is the definition of a primary reinforcer.
Incorrect. A secondary reinforcer is any reward that is not a primary reinforcer.
Correct. Primary reinforcers satisfy basic biological needs.
Incorrect. Bobby is accumulating rewards that are crucial for his survival. This makes them primary reinforcers.
Incorrect. Generally speaking, most primary reinforcers need to be “enjoyed” pretty quickly if they are to do their job of preserving survival.
Correct. By exchanging secondary reinforcers for rewards that are more personally valuable, an individual can increase their sense of having been rewarded.
Incorrect. Primary reinforcers, such as food, water, and sleep, are tied into our biological survival requirements.
Correct. Secondary reinforcers are rewards that do not naturally satisfy one of our basic biological needs.
Correct. Negative reinforcement entails removing a noxious stimulus to get the subject to learn to do a behavior.
Incorrect. A negative reinforcer is one that is already present and then is removed in order to increase the probability of a response. A stimulus whose presentation decreases the probability of a response would be an example of positive punishment.
ANS: a, p. 164, C, LO=5.11, (3)
% correct 76 a= 76 b= 4 c= 6 d= 12 r = .46
Incorrect. Positive reinforcement would occur if Bill’s wife gave him something to reward him for bathing the dog, but in this case she removed something unpleasant—his having to do the dishes.
Correct. Bill’s wife negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog by removing something unpleasant—the task of cleaning up the kitchen.
Incorrect. Positive reinforcement occurs when someone gets something positive as a reward for certain behavior. In this case, Fred is not getting anything, rather he is having his anxiety removed by his avoidance of spiders.
Correct. The termination of a stimulus, in this case panic, is negative reinforcement.
% correct 83 a= 0 b= 3 c= 14 d= 83 r = .48
% correct 78 a= 0 b= 0 c= 22 d= 78 r = .57
Correct. The cookie is a positive reinforcer because it increases the probability that the child will clean her room.
Incorrect. A conditioned response is an involuntary behavior in response to a conditioned stimulus.
% correct 100 a= 0 b= 100 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00
Incorrect. Any reinforcer makes the target response more likely to occur again regardless of whether it is a positive or negative reinforcer.
occur.
Correct. Any reinforcer makes the target response more likely to occur again regardless of whether it is a positive or negative reinforcer.
% correct 50 a= 0 b= 47 c= 3 d= 50 r = .18
Correct. Both positive and negative reinforcement seek to increase a particular behavior.
Incorrect. Punishment is used to decrease behaviors, whether it is positive or negative punishment.
Incorrect. The parents are not attempting to increase their son’s screaming, but rather to make it stop.
parents to remain married.
by the cessation of screaming.
Correct. The parents are using punishment, and they are negatively reinforced as cessation of screaming is a classic negative reinforcer.
variable-interval schedule of reinforcement.
Learning Objective 5.12 – What are the four types of schedules of reinforcement, and which type is the most effective?
Incorrect. Partial reinforcement is more resistant to extinction, but does not condition behaviors as quickly or effectively as continuous reinforcement.
Correct. Presenting a reinforcement after every instance of a desired response is the best way to condition that behavior.
Incorrect. Partial reinforcement occurs when the reinforcement is received after some, but not all, responses.
Correct. Each and every response is followed by a reinforcer
ANS: c, p. 164, A, LO=5.12 (1)
partial or intermittent reinforcement.
Incorrect. Continuous reinforcement leads to very quick extinction as the animal or subject quickly learns the conditioning contingency is no longer operative. Extinction is delayed by partial reinforcement.
reinforcement.
Correct. Partial reinforcement leads to behaviors that persist longer as the subject keeps looking for eventual reinforcement.
periods of time.
% correct 35 a= 1 b= 57 c= 35 d= 6 r = .36
Incorrect. It is rare that we find situations in real life where we “always” get the reward (or punishment) that we deserve.
Correct. It is rare that we find situations in real life where we “always” get the reward (or punishment) that we deserve.
Correct. Because Billy does not know how often he’ll have to tantrum to get his way, he is likely to tantrum quite often.
Incorrect. Billy is being reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement.
Incorrect. If Jackie could somehow be sure that she’d get at least one new card in every third pack she bought, this would demonstrate fixed-ratio reinforcement.
Correct. Jackie does not know how many times she’ll have to buy a new pack of cards before she will get a new one to add to her collection.
accumulates six As on her tests?
Incorrect. Gradual reinforcement is not a term used in the conditioning paradigm.
Correct. Sally is on a partial reinforcement schedule because she is not reinforced for every behavior; she is reinforced only after a certain number of behaviors.
Correct. Ratio schedules’ reinforcement is based on the number of responses made by a subject.
Incorrect. Interval schedules are based on the time between responses. Ratio schedules’ reinforcement is based on the number of responses made by a subject.
ANS: a, p. 165, C, LO=5.12, (1)
% correct 79 a= 79 b= 15 c= 4 d= 3 r = .39
Correct. In a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement, the pattern is rapid response and short breaks after each reinforcement. In this case, the $5 represents the reinforcement.
Incorrect. Her pattern of shirt completion is most likely to be rapid shirt completion with a short break after each five completed.
ANS: a, p. 165, A, LO=5.12, (3)
Correct. A fixed-ratio schedule demands a set number of responses, in this case 25.
Incorrect. A fixed-interval schedule is based on the time between responses.
% correct 86 a= 8 b= 86 c= 14 d= 1 r = .27
Correct. A specific amount of time must pass for a reinforcement to be received in a fixed-interval schedule.
Incorrect. In a fixed ratio schedule, the reward would be based on a specific number of behaviors, not the passage of time.
Correct. The students never know how much time will pass before the next quiz (or disaster, depending on whether you’re an optimist or a pessimist) will occur!
Incorrect. If the teacher gave the exams every Thursday, this would demonstrate fixed interval reinforcement.
Correct. The employees never know how much time will pass between the visits when they might get rewarded with some spare cash.
Incorrect. If the owner made it a point of showing up every other Tuesday, for example, this would be fixed interval reinforcement.
Correct. Angus doesn’t know how often he will have to do the behavior (dial the phone) before he gets rewarded (talks to Jean).
Incorrect. If Angus was waiting to get a phone call from Jean and had no idea how long he’d have to wait, this would demonstrate variable interval reinforcement.
Incorrect. Toya is not truly using punishment, and the behaviors are not reducing in frequency.
Correct. Behaviors that receive partial reinforcement are more resistant to extinction than those that receive continuous reinforcement.
for each and every correct response).
Correct. The response will be more resistant to extinction than a response that receives continuous reinforcement (a reinforcer for each and every correct response).
for each and every correct response).
Incorrect. The response will be more resistant to extinction than when a reinforcer is given for each and every correct response as in a continuous schedule. The variable schedules teach the animal or subject to persevere at the behavior in order to get a reward.
reinforcement (a reinforcer for each and every correct response).
for each and every correct response).
% correct 76 a= 76 b=22 c= 0 d= 2 r = .30
Learning Objective 5.13 – Why don’t consequences always cause changes in behavior?
Incorrect. This is one of the factors that influences operant conditioning.
Correct. Strangely, the quality of the reinforcement is not one of the most crucial factors in determining the effectiveness of operant conditioning.
Correct. Reinforcement is most effective if it immediately follows the behavior it is designed to encourage.
Incorrect. In order for the reinforcement to effectively encourage toileting behavior, it must only be given when the correct behavior occurs.
Correct. Motivation plays a large role in the effectiveness and efficiency of operant conditioning.
Incorrect. Michael may come to enjoy the social aspects of the game, but it will take longer for him to learn the skills than a student who is highly motivated to learn tennis.
Learning Objective 5.14 – How does punishment affect behavior?
Incorrect. Negative reinforcement is a type of reinforcement. Punishment is the opposite of reinforcement.
Correct. Reinforcement is designed to increase behavior, while punishment is designed to reduce behaviors.
Incorrect. People often misunderstand negative reinforcement, but they confuse it with punishment, not with positive reinforcement.
Correct. People often fail to remember that negative reinforcement is a means to increase behavior, while punishment is a means to reduce behavior.
Correct. Punishment is defined as a stimulus that causes a decrease in the likelihood of a behavior.
Incorrect. Negative reinforcement increases the probability of a response.
Correct. Punishment is defined as a stimulus that causes a decrease in the likelihood of a behavior, and punishment involving a stimulus that is presented or applied is punishment by application.
Incorrect. Negative reinforcement, which is often mistaken for punishment, increases the probability of response by removing a noxious stimulus.
% correct 32 a= 32 b= 18 c= 46 d= 4 r = .26
Correct. A decrease in response is accomplished by punishment, and when that punishment involves the removal of some stimulus, it is punishment by removal.
Incorrect. Although the term “negative” implies removal, reinforcement always increases the probability of a response.
Correct. This is the opposite of the truth. In general, punishment produces short-term results but no long-term behavioral changes.
Incorrect. The wrong type of punishment can lead to fear, anger, and aggression, particularly in children.
behavior.
ANS: a, p. 169, C, LO=5.14, (2)
Incorrect. This is not the only thing that occurs. All of these statements regarding punishment are true.
Correct. All of these statements regarding punishment are true.
behavior.
Incorrect. Olivia’s punishment led her to be aggressive. In any case, kicking the dog outside is punishment and not negative reinforcement.
Correct. Olivia is modeling the aggressive behavior and that is a problem with punishment.
% correct 94 a= 1 b= 5 c= 94 d= 0 r = .21
Correct. Punishment can also lead to the child acting aggressively.
Incorrect. This answer might make sense but increased nightmares haven’t been reported. Aggression has.
% correct 93 a= 93 b= 0 c= 7 d= 0 r = .23
Correct. Punishment seems to have temporary effects and, thus, is not recommended as the only method of behavior change.
Incorrect. Punishment is known only to temporarily suppress or inhibit a behavior. Spontaneous recovery refers to an extinguished response that recovers strength. That is not the case here. We are dealing with punishment and not extinction. They are different effects.
Correct. Making the punishment only occur on a partial, sporadic schedule will not increase its effects.
Incorrect. Experts recommend that punishment should be used with as little severity as possible.
ANS: a, p. 170, C, LO=5.14, (2)
Learning Objective 5.15 – When is avoidance learning desirable, and when is it maladaptive?
Correct. These students have learned to avoid an unpleasant event before it occurs.
Incorrect. These students are very much in control of their situations, as they have opted not to place themselves in classes that would make them uncomfortable.
Incorrect. Sammy is not “avoiding” a headache before it happens. He is “escaping” it once it already has happened.
Correct. Similar to the effects of negative reinforcement, Sammy has learned that he can escape the unpleasant situation by engaging in a specific behavior.
Correct. This group of partiers has learned that avoiding the negative outcomes of driving after drinking will be in their best interest.
Incorrect. On the contrary, this group is taking active steps to control their circumstances. This is the opposite of learned helplessness.
Incorrect. There is a strong relationship between avoidance learning and learned helplessness, but avoidance learning is not the best answer to this question.
Correct. Learned helplessness is Seligman’s term for those who come to believe that they have no influence or control in the events that affect their lives.
ANS: b, p. 172, C, LO=5.15, (1)
Correct. Seligman was the discoverer of the important phenomena of learned helplessness.
Incorrect. Bandura was most concerned with observational learning.
% correct 25 a= 33 b=2 1 c= 25 d= 21 r = .19
Correct. Since the dogs did not try to escape even when they could, it is as if they learned to be helpless.
Incorrect. The effect is one of learned helplessness because the dogs do not try to escape as you might predict in an aversive conditioning situation.
ANS: a, p. 172, C, LO=5.15, (2)
% correct 97 a= 97 b= 0 c= 3 d= 0 r = .19
Correct. Since the dogs did not try to escape even when they could, it is as if they learned to be helpless.
Incorrect. The effect is one of learned helplessness because the dogs do not try to escape as you might predict in a latent learning situation.
ANS: a, p. 172, C, LO=5.15, (2)
% correct 93 a= 93 b= 0 c= 4 d= 3 r = .38
Correct. Students’ lack of success in the past “taught” them to not even bother trying, a phenomenon Seligman called learned helplessness.
Incorrect. The students did not show that they learned the problems, so it could not be latent learning of the problem. Because they did not try, it was a case of learned helplessness.
Correct. Because victims may feel helpless to control their situation, this would be an example of learned helplessness.
Incorrect. Although fear may well play into this situation, Seligman’s work focused on the concept of learned helplessness.
ANS: b, p. 172, A, LO=5.15 (3)
Learning Objective 5.16 – What are some applications of operant conditioning?
Correct. Despite Skinner’s views, the pig had some built-in behaviors that came to the fore—the principle of instinctive drift.
Incorrect. Reinforcement was necessary.
Correct. The Brelands discovered that animals revert to instinctual behavior in gathering food, a phenomenon they called instinctive drift.
Incorrect. The law of effect was proposed by Thorndike; since the bird isn’t getting the fruit, that principle is not applicable here.
Correct. Biofeedback is an operant conditioning technique that allows someone to control his or her own biological response.
Incorrect. Contingency training is too generic a term. The more specific term is biofeedback as it refers to control of a biological response.
Incorrect. Biofeedback is related to operant conditioning because it involves voluntary control. Classical conditioning is involuntary in nature with no control.
Correct. Biofeedback utilizes operant conditioning because it involves voluntary control of previously involuntary processes.
Incorrect. There is promising research that suggests biofeedback can be an important part of treatment for those with spinal cord injuries.
Correct. Biofeedback has not been shown to be an effective intervention for the treatment of cancer.
Incorrect. While there is a healthy dose of observational learning that may take place in some behavioral modification systems, the best answer is operant conditioning.
Correct. Behavior modifications make primary use of reinforcement, but also punishment to a lesser degree. These are the foundations of operant conditioning.
Correct. The use of a token economy has been found to be an effective form of behavioral modification.
Incorrect. The use of prizes for appropriate behavior is a token economy.
ANS: a, p. 173, F, LO=5.16, (2)
Correct. The teacher is using tokens as rewards for desired behaviors.
Incorrect. The students are being reinforced for their behaviors, but the reinforcement is positive, not negative.
ANS: a, p. 173, A, LO=5.16 (1)
Incorrect. Getting to school on time is a voluntary response, whereas biofeedback techniques involve involuntary, biological responses.
Correct. Conditioning executives to reduce their blood pressure would be an appropriate use of biofeedback because they are trying to control a biological process that normally isn’t under voluntary control.
Incorrect. Primary reinforcement satisfies a basic need, such as hunger, which is not the case here; the token is a secondary reinforcer.
Correct. Behavior modification is the use of operant conditioning to bring about desired behavior, which is exactly what the school is trying to do.
% correct 86 a= 8 b= 7 c= 0 d= 86 r = .24
Cognitive Learning
Learning Objective 5.17 – What is insight, and how does it affect learning?
Correct. Reacting is a behavior, not a cognitive function.
Incorrect. Memory is a cognitive process.
Incorrect. Observational learning occurs when a person learns a behavior by watching another individual, called a model, demonstrate a particular action.
Correct. Insight occurs when you have that wonderful “aha” moment when trying to solve a problem.
ANS: c, p. 175, C, LO=5.17, (3)
Incorrect. The “aha!” experience is known as insight learning. Latent learning was an effect studied by Tolman.
Correct. The “aha!” experience is known as insight learning.
Incorrect. Insight was first studied with chimps.
Correct. Humans and apes are capable of insight learning. We are very similar genetically and have a common evolutionary ancestor.
of insight learning.
Incorrect. The “aha!” experience or sudden realization is known as insight learning. Latent learning was an effect studied by Tolman.
Correct. You have just demonstrated insight learning similar to Köhler’s chimps.
ANS: d, p. 175, A, LO=5.17, (2)
% correct 61 a= 4 b= 0 c= 34 d= 61 r = .38
Correct. Köhler is best known for studying insight in animals.
Incorrect. Tolman’s work focused on latent learning.
% correct 27 a= 27 b= 23 c= 13 d= 38 r = .27
Learning Objective 5.18 – What did Tolman discover about the necessity of reinforcement?
Incorrect. Watson would have been opposed to studying latent learning because he focused only on observable behaviors.
Correct. Tolman, in contrast to the behaviorists of his time, thought that latent learning was important and demonstrated the role of cognition in learning.
Correct. Since the learning was not observable, it was deemed to be latent.
Incorrect. Innate learning would imply a genetically based process. Latent learning referred to the animal not making a response to a situation but demonstrating that it had retained information about that situation.
Incorrect. Insight refers to a sudden realization of a solution in a problem-solving situation.
Correct. Since the learning was not observable, it was deemed to be latent.
Correct. Sarah is demonstrating that she learned this route before she actually used that knowledge. This is the concept of latent learning.
Incorrect. Sarah’s demonstration of learning significantly after the learning took place is an example of latent learning.
Correct. Latent learning is demonstrated when there is a delay between the teaching of a concept or skill and the actual reproduction of that learned material.
Incorrect. Latent learning is a type of operant conditioning, but the best answer is latent learning.
Correct. A cognitive map, which is a mental representation of objects and images, would be useful in helping you avoid turning on a light.
Incorrect. Insight learning is described as having an “aha” moment when trying to solve a problem. The best answer to this question is a cognitive map.
Correct. A cognitive map is a mental (or unseen) representation of the layout or location of specific objects/locations. For example, your ability to get around your own house, even in very dark rooms, is because you have a cognitive map of your home.
Incorrect. There is nothing in this question that demonstrates the ability to learn a concept or skill by observing another person.
ANS: a, p. 176, F, LO=5.18, (1)
Incorrect. Tolman postulated that such an example would be due to the formation of a cognitive map. Cognitive maps were his explanation of latent learning effects.
Correct. Tolman postulated the concept of the cognitive map, which was in marked contrast to the behaviorist views of the time.
Learning Objective 5.19 – How do we learn by observing others?
Incorrect. Insight refers to a rapid problem solution and does not necessarily involve observation of others.
Correct. Observational learning is based on seeing the actions of others and their consequences.
Incorrect. Thorndike was responsible for the law of effect. Observational learning is one of Bandura’s discoveries.
Correct. Observational learning theory’s foremost proponent is Bandura, and it has contributed greatly to our knowledge of media effects on society.
is trying to solve.
Incorrect. This is a demonstration of insight learning, not observational learning.
greatly improved.
Correct. This demonstrates the concepts of observational learning, and specifically the modeling effect, because Ingrid repeated a behavior that she observed in another.
Incorrect. The girl’s learning to share is an example of observational learning theory. Contingency theory is not related to the concept.
Correct. Learning by watching others is known as observational learning.
ANS: d, pp. 176-177, C, LO=5.19, (3)
% correct 86 a=0 b= 0 c= 15 d= 86 r = .18
Incorrect. Unless there is some sort of intervention where Michael is taught that his father’s actions are inappropriate, he is more likely to emulate them than to rebel against them.
father.
Correct. Bandura’s concept of observational learning suggests that children tend to repeat the behaviors that they see in respected authority figures, including their parents.
ANS: b, pp. 176-177, A, LO=5.19 (3)
Correct. Bandura’s work is most relevant to their discussions.
Incorrect. Bandura’s work is most relevant to their discussions. Skinner was not concerned with observational learning, which is the core phenomenon under discussion.
Correct. The modeling effect suggests that we can learn to do a behavior by watching it, without actually doing it ourselves.
Incorrect. In this question, there is no example of a reflexive response that is being spread from one stimulus to another.
Incorrect. The inhibitory effect occurs when behaviors do not occur as a result of observational learning. In this question, the disinhibitory effect is demonstrated.
Correct. A classic example of peer pressure is when one’s friends are doing (and encouraging) a behavior that one has previously suppressed.
Learning Objective 5.20 – What has research shown regarding learning from various media?
Incorrect. Children imitated and repeated behaviors that they saw take place in real life, not on television.
Correct. Children tended to imitate and repeat the aggression that they saw adults direct at the inflatable Bobo doll.
Incorrect. The term Bobo refers to the inflatable doll that was used in the study.
Correct. The term Bobo refers to the inflatable doll that was used in the study.
ANS: d, p. 178, F, LO=5.20, (1)
Correct. They are worried that children will imitate the aggression they see modeled on TV, which is a process called observational learning.
Incorrect. Insight learning concerns rapid problem solving that is not necessarily based on observing others.
ANS: a, p. 178, A, LO=5.20, (2)
% correct 89 a= 89 b= 0 c= 0 d= 11 r = .19
Correct. Research has found that video games can help to enhance the special cognitive skills of women.
Incorrect. Despite the popularity of such games as “Guitar Hero” and “Rock Band,” video games have not (yet) been effectively used to teach real guitar techniques.
TRUE OR FALSE
ANS: F, p. 150, LO=5.1
ANS: F, p. 151, LO=5.1
ANS: F, p. 154, LO=5.3
ANS: F, p. 156, LO=5.4
ANS: F, p. 157, LO= 5.5
ANS: T, p. 157, LO=5.5
ANS: T, p. 158, LO=5.6
ANS: T, p. 162, LO=5.10
ANS: T, p. 164, LO=5.11
ANS: F, p. 164, LO=5.11
16 Positive reinforcement strengthens behavior, negative reinforcement weakens behavior and punishment eliminates behavior altogether.
ANS: F, pp. 163-164 & 168-169, LO=5.11 & 5.14
ANS: F, p. 165, LO=5.12
ANS: T, p. 165, LO= 5.12
ANS: T, p. 166, LO=5.12
ANS: F, p. 167, LO=5.12
ANS: T, p. 170, LO=5.14
ANS: F, p. 175, LO=5.17
ANS: T, p. 178, LO=5.20
SHORT ANSWER
pp.168-169, LO=5.14
ESSAY
According to the principles of classical conditioning, why does the professor become scared of the previously harmless intersection? What can he do about this, as going via the other route is very time consuming? Be specific. Break down the situation into its parts, and show how the principles of learning apply.
(a) Give an example of a positive response that could be formed through higher-order conditioning.
(b) Give an example of a negative response that could be formed through higher-order conditioning.
(c) In what ways might higher-order conditioning contribute to racism and prejudice?
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
